OPERATION EYE OF THE TIGER – FINAL REPORT SUBMITTED TO SAVE THE TIGER FUND FOR THE PERIOD APRIL 1996 TO JUNE 2003

A.J.T.JOHNSINGH AND A.S.NEGI

To help save the tiger, OPERATION EYE OF THE TIGER – INDIA (OETI), a Dehra Dun based Non-Government Organization, was launched in April 1996. Mr. A.S.Negi of the Indian Forest Service (a former Field Director of the renowned Corbett Tiger Reserve - CTR, and former Chief Wildlife Warden of the state of Uttaranchal where CTR is situated), Dr. R.Sukumar, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and Dr. A.J.T.Johnsingh, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun were its founder trustees. The fieldwork in Corbett Tiger Reserve was implemented by Shri N.S. Negi and Shri P.D.Sharma, retired Range Forest Officers, with immense experience in the Reserve. Besides, we had also posted 4-8 local assistants around the Reserve to provide us with information on illegal wildlife related activities in and around the Reserve. They also helped us in gathering data on the status of tiger, leopard, elephant and wild ungulates in the area of our operation. OETI is a people’s project and the major objectives of the programme were to help :

1. Improve the morale of the guards in prime tiger habitats; 2. Enhance protection to tiger, its prey species and habitat; 3. Carry out ecodevelopment and conservation education; and 4. Promote research on tiger, its habitat and allied species

The focus of work was CTR, which is about 1300 km2, and forms part of the Rajaji-Corbett Tiger Conservation Unit (TCU). This is one of the three Level-I TCUs with alluvial grasslands and subtropical moist deciduous forests and one of the eleven Level-I units in the Indian subcontinent (Dinerstein et al. 1997). The total area of this TCU is around 7500 km2.

CTR has a National Park area of 520 km2, a Sanctuary area (Sonanadi Wildlife Sanctuary) of 300 km2 while the rest is managed as buffer zone. There are 20 villages inside the Reserve and 78 deras (colonies) of 500 pastoral gujjars who graze about 1500 livestock, largely buffaloes, within the Reserve. Besides, there are another 184 villages within 5 km of the Reserve’s boundary. These villages have a human population of about 100,000, a large number of who depend on the Reserve for their firewood, fodder 2

and small timber needs. About 5,000 scrub cattle from these villages graze in the Reserve. Cattle grazing can potentially lead to two problems – one, transmission of diseases domesticated cattle to wild ungulates; and the other, deliberate poisoning of cattle carcasses killed by leopard and tiger, to kill the cats when they come back to feed.

One may note that CTR is hardly 250 km from Dudhwa TR, on the border, which is notorious for tiger poaching for bones. As such the poachers can target CTR at any time. All these imply that in order to secure a long-term future for the tiger, the following needs to be done:

1. Reduce the dependency of the people living around the Reserve on the tiger habitat; 2. Win the support of the people for conservation; 3. Reduce the number of unproductive cattle; and 4. The guards should be motivated to be vigilant against poachers.

The programmes of OETI addressed the above four objectives through the following schemes. The programmes at CTR has been carried out in two phases. Between April 1996 and October 1998, conservation work was done through minor assistance from various government agencies. From November 1998 to October 2002, the programmes were carried out with the assistance of SAVE THE TIGER FUND. This report summarizes the activities of OETI for the period April 1996 to October 2002.

PROGRAMMES FOR THE VILLAGERS

1. Our studies have shown that, on an average, one family uses 3,000-4,000 kg firewood annually. We thought that if people started using LPG for fuel, it would significantly reduce the use of firewood and also lower the number of people going into the forest for fuel wood collection. So far, 1137 families in the buffer zone villages of the Reserve have been given assistance to acquire cooking gas. Of these, 295 families were given a one-time assistance of Rs. 1,000 each, while 842 families were given Rs. 500 each for gas connections. We hope that in a “spirit of competition and acquisition” other families all around the boundary of the Reserve would also go in for cooking gas connections, thereby reducing their dependency on the Reserve for fuel wood needs.

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So far 100 solar lanterns have been distributed to the villagers living along the northern and eastern boundary of the Reserve and who do not have electricity. The cost of each lantern is Rs. 2,300. Each beneficiary family paid Rs. 1,300 while the rest was paid by OETI. We have also helped the villagers get 28 solar lights with batteries free of cost from the Government.

2. Till date, we have conducted 25 medical camps along the northern and southern boundaries of the Reserve, which are remote and do not have such medical facilities. In all, at these camps 2729 patients were treated for various ailments. Each camp was run for two days by three trained medical doctors including a lady doctor. Medicines were given out free and patients suffering from prolonged diseases like tuberculosis were given assistance for continued treatment. In fact, 16 patients were successfully treated for tuberculosis, which is widely prevalent in the Himalaya. Banners displayed at these medical camps said that we care for you because you care for tiger and other wildlife.

3. So far three bulls (Jersey-Sindhi-Holstein cross) and 39 cross-bred Jersey cows have been distributed among people who are capable of maintaining them. For each Jersey cow given, up to five scrub cattle from the owner were taken away. The idea behind this programme is to encourage stall feeding of the cattle, and hope that the gradual spread of the good cross-bred milch cows would reduce the number of less productive scrub cattle grazing in the Reserve. So far, 80 scrub cattle have been taken away from the villages and placed in far away “Cow Homes” maintained by Hindu Religious Endowments. Rs. 501 per cattle has been paid to the “Cow Homes” for their maintenance. However, this programme towards the end faced a set back as the “Cow Homes” were not willing to take any more cattle. We are exploring the possibility of solving this problem.

In April 1997, foot and mouth disease spread in Mandal valley which is in the buffer along the northern boundary of CTR. The disease was successfully combated with the help of the local Veterinary Officers and their staff. Preventive measures were taken to check the spread of this disease by inoculating all other cattle (about 1000), in the villages where the disease broke out. When the medicines were found to be in short supply, necessary medicines were supplied by OETI to the veterinary staff free of cost.

4. A Community Welfare Centre was set up in the Mandal Valley in the northern boundary of the Reserve for training village women in sewing and knitting. This training will help them in extra income generation. The duration of training course is six months. Four sewing machines and furniture, etc. have been provided at the above centre. A lady instructor has been appointed to impart the training. So far, 120 women have completed their training. In the Rajaji-Corbett corridor 69 women and in the Nikhal-Bhakhra 21 were trained in tailoring. These women were persuaded to act as voluntary corridor guards. 4

5. To create awareness in the younger generation, “Bagh Mitra” (Tiger Friend) clubs have been set up in six Intermediate Schools, two High Schools, two Junior High Schools and in one post-graduate college in Kotdwar (a large town at the south-east corner of Rajaji Corbett corridor) in the surrounding area of the Tiger Reserve. Three hundred and ten students have so far been enrolled as members of the club. Necessary literature, school bags and stationery etc. have been provided to these student members.

OETI has won the support of the people in the northern boundary so much so that a villager has donated us 0.2 acre land in Kanda nallah (stream) village near the road. A two-room house was built on this land, one room was used as a training centre for women in sewing and the other as the place for our staff to stay.

ASSISTANCE TO THE STAFF

We had two programmes to boost the morale of the wildlife staff and motivate them in conservation. One was the offer of financial assistance to the family members of staff who had died on duty, and the other the offer of scholarships to the meritorious children of staff who have secured more than 60% in their school final exams.

1. We had given financial assistance to 13 families who had lost their men while on duty in and around the CTR. Each family was given an assistance of Rs. 5,000 to 10,000. One elephant mahout in Dhikala, with an excellent service record, who was bedridden for six months, was also given an assistance of Rs. 5,000 to pay-off his debts. With the savings we have made (from the 10% administrative charges we are levying on the project) we have extended this programme to other parts of India as well. The families of a Range Forest Officer who was kidnapped and killed by insurgents in Assam, a Range Forest officer who was killed by an elephant in Assam, two wildlife guards who were killed by land-mines planted by timber smugglers in Bihar and a guard and a driver who were killed while on duty in Tamil Nadu were given this assistance. Each family was given Rs. 7,500. Such assistance assures the wildlife staff that there are organizations to care for them and one can expect them to be much more loyal to the cause of conservation henceforth. Shri Ramsthanu Moorthy, Forest Ranger of Kalakad – Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu and his team were awarded Rs. 5,000 for nabbing sambar poachers.

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2. Meritorious children of wildlife staff of Corbett Tiger Reserve, studying in classes IX and above were given scholarships at the following rates:

Class IX to X Rs. 150 each per month, Class XI to XII Rs. 250 each per month, Graduation Rs. 300 each per month

Twenty-four children in total have benefitted from the programme as follows:

Class IX to X 09 (nine) Class XI to XII 05 (five) Graduation 09 (nine) (BA, B.Sc., B.Com. –3), (B.Tech –1) Post-graduation 01 (one) Total 24 (twenty four)

3. We also provided other small-scale assistance to the wildlife staff of the Reserve. An assistance of Rs. 500/- was given to a guard whose clothing and trunk were destroyed by a wild elephant. A guard whose leg got fractured in an accident was given Rs. 1,000/- for treatment. Medical Relief by way of Rs. 1,500/= was paid to Shri Khushi Ram, a daily wage labourer of Rajaji National Park (RNP). Rs. 1,000/= was paid to Shri Jaipal Singh, Forester of RNP. Field kit including 14 winter jackets, 26 pullovers and 100 wind cheaters costing Rs. 73,843/- were purchased and issued to various staff who brave winter to perform their duties. The motor boat at Sonanadi Wildlife Sanctuary, which is now part of CTR, was repaired and put to service at a cost of Rs. 10,500/-.

It may be noted that, in order to maintain a good relationship with the Reserve officials, we give this assistance to the staff only through the Reserve Director.

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ASSISTANCE TO CORBETT (WILDLIFE) TRAINING CENTRE

We provided 10 binoculars, at the cost of Rs. 37,200/-, to the Centre based at Kalagarh at the southern western end of the Reserve. This training centre is used by the wildlife staff of (now the new state of Uttaranchal) and by the various training centres at Dehra Dun including Wildlife Institute of India.

ASSISTANCE TO FOREST DEPARTMENT TO CURB POACHING

Although there is sufficient evidence to prove that poaching is the major reason for the paucity of wild ungulates outside protected areas (for example, our assistants had a reliable information about a jeep possibly belonging to a tourist resort carrying a sambar which in all probability was poached), we are not able to do much to help curb this illegal activity.

In August 1999, we distributed hundreds of pamphlets in the villages in and around Corbett Tiger Reserve informing people that an award of Rs. 70,000 and Rs. 6,000 will be given to a village community if it helps the Forest Department to arrest a tiger or wild ungulate poacher, respectively. So far no village community has come up to claim the award. Later we informed all the wildlife staff in the Tiger Conservation Unit (TCU), including the staff of the protected areas, that an award of Rs. 30,000/- and Rs. 4,000/- will be given to the forest staff if they arrest a tiger and ungulate poacher respectively. This has elicited some enthusiasm among the staff. We have received a list of poaching cases detected by the forest staff during the year 1999-2002. The cases relate mainly to the poaching of ungulates. In all 29 poaching cases (22 in RNP and 7 in other areas) have been detected. We have given suitable rewards to the staff who have detected these cases.

SURVEY OF TIGER AND LARGE UNGULATE ABUNDANCE OUTSIDE THE TWO PROTECTED AREAS

One achievement of our programme, in collaboration with the Uttar Pradesh Forest Department staff, has been the information we have gathered on the status of tiger and leopard outside the two protected areas (RNP and CTR) in the TCU. We did not aspire to estimate the numbers but only recorded the presence and absence of tiger and leopard, based on their pugmarks. We have also quantified the disturbance factors - cattle, cattle camps and people.

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Our staff and the Forest Staff were trained to locate and identify tiger and leopard pugmarks. They walked along selected streambeds (locally called as rau) for 3-5 km from November 1999 to April 2001, recording the above evidences. When tiger and leopard pugmarks were seen they were not traced but their length and breadth were measured and the measurements were later used to differentiate already recorded and new pugmarks located on the transects.

Our staff and forest staff who worked in teams of two searched for and counted these evidences in a width of 2-3m all along the transect. While returning they walked along the other side of the riverbed (where it was more than 10m broad) looking only for pugmarks. Cattle and people seen while doing the transect were counted and the entire length of the riverbed within the forest was later walked to count the number of cattle camps. Between November 1999 and April 2001, during the winter months, we walked over 550km covering forest divisions of Shivalik, Narendranagar, Dehra Dun, Lansdowne, Bijnor, Kalagarh, Hardwar, Ramnagar, Haldwani, west, Terai Central, South Pithoragarh and Terai East.

The following picture emerged as a result of these surveys. In the Rajaji-Corbett Tiger Conservation Unit, from River in the west to in the east, tiger occurs in three isolated habitat blocks.

♦ One habitat block is from the river Yamuna to the west bank of river Ganga which includes forest divisions of Shivalik, Narendranagar, Dehra Dun (ca. 1000 km2) and Rajaji-Motichur (ca. 500 km2) part of Rajaji National Park. Our surveys along the west bank of the Ganga show that due to enormous disturbances tigers do not use the west bank, although still other species such as leopard, sambar and elephant use it. There could be 6-10 tigers in this habitat block.

♦ The second is from the east bank of river Ganga to the Kathgodam-Haldwani-Lalkuan road or Gola River. This tract is about 4000 km2 and includes the Chilla part of RNP, CTR, and forest divisions such as Lansdowne, Kalagarh, Hardwar, Bijnor, Ramnagar and Terai west. This area may have a minimum of 50 adult tigers.

♦ The third is from Gola River to Sharda River in the east. This area is about 1800 km2 and includes the Haldwani, South Pithoragarh and East Terai forest divisions. There could be 5-10 tigers in this block.

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Two disturbing results emerged:

1. Danger of further fragmentation of tiger habit between the Chilla portion of RNP and CTR. These two protected areas are connected by a forest tract of about 250 km2 (part of Lansdowne division), and at some places this corridor is as narrow as 5km. Between November 1999 and March 2000, we walked a total of 155 km along the riverbeds, which run across this forest area. The encounter rate of tiger pugmark was .02, leopard 0.56, cattle 7.35 and people 5.1. It is apparent that the tiger use of this area of enormous disturbance is extremely negligible. If these disturbances persist or grow, the tiger will eventually stop using this corridor area and we will end up having an isolated population of 4-6 tigers in the Chilla part (ca. 400 km2) of RNP.

2. The near absence of tigers in the ca. 1000 km2 forest tract west of Rajaji-Motichur portion of RNP (Shivalik, Narendranagar and Dehra Dun forest divisions). We walked 87 km here and the encounter rate for tiger pugmark was 0.011, leopard 0.28, cattle 4.69 and people 2.34. The 6-10 tigers found in Rajaji-Motichur part seem to be a dwindling population and in the absence of vigorous breeding and no opportunities for immigration of new tigers, the population west of Ganga River is likely to become extinct in due course of time. It should be recorded here that there are no tigers west of river Yamuna in the state of Haryana.

Interestingly the status of tiger in the eastern part of TCU (between Kathgodam-Haldwani-Lalkuan road and river Sharda) is not as bleak as it is in Shivalik, Narendranagar and Dehra Dun forest divisions, although the biotic disturbances in the former are as high as in the latter divisions. We walked here 81 km and the encounter rate of tiger pugmark was 0.1, leopard 0.19, cattle 6.43 and people 2.14. Based on the enormous amount of traffic along Kathgodam-Lalkuan road west of Gola River, we rule out any immigration of tigers into this area from forest areas (CTR, Ramnagar Division Terai west and Central) west of the road. But we believe that there could still be some immigration of tigers from Nepal (Royal Suklaphanta Reserve) into the forest areas west of river Sharda. During our foot surveys along the west bank of the Sharda river in January 2000 and 2001, we did not come across any tiger evidences but in April 2001 pugmarks of two separate tigresses were seen.

There is an opportunity to strengthen the status of tiger in the forest tract between Gola River and Sharda River. This can be easily achieved by establishing a protected area (Nandaur Valley Wildlife Sanctuary ) in Haldwani Forest Division. Nandaur is a small beautiful river that flows from the outer Himalaya through Haldwani Forest Division. Fortunately there are no villages in the catchment area of this river, and only temporary cattle camps exist. These cattle camps should be removed, and a 300 km2 9

Sanctuary covering the catchment area of Nandaur river should be established and poaching of wild ungulates should be brought under control. It is possible to implement these recommendations, which can significantly improve the survival prospects of the tiger in this area.

The status of tiger in Rajaji - Corbett Tiger Conservation Unit can be summarised as follows:

• Given the magnitude of growing biotic disturbances, the survival prospects of tiger in the forest areas west of Ganga River are bleak. The problems can be mitigated only when this area is freed of disturbances through successful gujjar relocation, control of grass collection and poaching.

• Tigers do not use the west bank of Ganga River which means tigers do not move across Ganga River between Chilla and Motichur part of Rajaji National Park. Here again the situation can be improved if Chilla-Motichur corridor is created and all the gujjars from the proposed National Park are settled outside.

• If the present level of biotic disturbances in the Rajaji-Corbett corridor area continue or increase, then there is every chance of tigers stop using the corridor area. This will result in an isolated, small population (4-6) between the river Ganga and the corridor area.

• The population and the habitat between the Rajaji-Corbett corridor and Gola River is the most viable unit in the entire state of Uttar Pradesh (now Uttaranchal). There could be a minimum of 50 adult tigers here. This unit needs to be saved, protected and nurtured at all costs.

• Survival prospects of tiger in the forest tract between Gola River and Sharda River can be improved significantly if Nandaur Valley Wildlife Sanctuary can be created and poaching there brought under control. Both are feasible. In this regard tiger movement across Sharda River, between Nepal and India needs to be monitored. The findings were eventually published (Johnsingh and Negi 2003).

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INFORMATION ON RAJAJI-CORBETT CORRIDOR

Using Survey of India Toposheets and ground - truthing we have enumerated 50 villages along the southern boundary of Rajaji- Corbett corridor in a width of 5-km from the forest boundary. These villages have about 4000 families with a human population ranging from 20,000 to 30,000. As a result of this large human population there are 40 trails leading into the 27-km long boundary of the corridor between Laldhang and Kotdwar. These trails are used by the people to go into the forest for fodder and fuel collection and graze livestock. The gujjar and bhotia tribes living in the forest also use the trail.

Similarly along the northern boundary of the corridor in a 3-km width 36 villages were enumerated with about 3000 families and a human population of 15000-20000 people. Reducing the dependency of these people on the corridor forests enabling more large mammals to use this area should be the objective of Conservation Community.

Rajaji-Corbett Corridor has two forest ranges Laldhang and Kotdwar. Laldhang range (94 km2) has 34 gujjar dheras (settlements) with 203 gujjars, 330 buffaloes and 4 bhotia dheras with 17 people, 800 sheep and 250 goats. Gujjars and bhotias are pastoral people the former depend on buffaloes and the latter on goats and sheep. Kotdwar range (92 km2) has 6 gujjar dheras with 57 gujjars, 82 buffaloes and 6 bhotia dheras with 38 people, 990 sheep, 290 goats and 17 ponies. Eventually these dheras should be settled outside the corridor forests to enable the wildlife habitat to become disturbance free. Bhotias use the forests only in winter. Summer they go up in the . Appendix I and II give details of these settlements.

One way of getting the support of the local people in protecting this corridor forest is by convincing them that this forest is crucial to sustain the flow of water which emanate from the forest. In this regard five streams have been identified of which three are perennial (Rawasan, Malan and Khoh) and two (Maili and Sigaddi) have water till the boundary of the forest till March. These remain dry from April-June. This information is being used to protect the catchment area of all the streams. The villagers are being convinced that if the forests are not protected even the streams which are perennial now will face the future of the streams which have become ephemeral now.

OPERATION MONSOON

In January-February 2001, poachers killed at least 8 tuskers in Corbett Tiger Reserve. As monsoon season July-September is conducive to poaching, we assisted the Reserve staff in combing the Reserve looking for poachers. 11

MISCELLANEOUS SUPPORT FROM OUR SAVINGS (10% ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES)

At the request of the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun, a training workshop on Eco-tourism and Planning was sponsored in January 2001 by the OETI, towards which Rs 10,000/- were contributed.

A sum of Rs. 10,000/= was paid to Ms. Divya Cauvery Mudappa, a researcher from Wildlife Institute of India who has studied small carnivores in Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, the southern most tiger reserve in the country and the funds will be used to prepare a wildlife poster on small carnivores for educational purposes.

OPERATION EYE OF THE TIGER-INDIA hopes to continue its endeavor to monitor and save the tiger in Rajaji-Corbett Tiger Conservation Unit. Toward this, OETI will –

1. Continue to assist the Forest Department to curb poaching throughout this TCU.

2. Lobby with Government of India and Government of Uttaranchal to try and resettle the gujjars and some forest villages so as to reduce the biotic pressures in this TCU.

3. Lobby with Government of India and Government of Uttaranchal to try and create the Chilla-Motichur corridor. According to Johnsingh et al. (1990), this corridor is much more important to tigers than to elephants.

4. Work very closely with the Forest staff of Lansdowne division so that efforts could be made to reduce the biotic and poaching pressures in the corridor between Chilla and CTR. This may enable tigers to use this area much more.

5. Continue our ongoing work with the villagers and forest staff in and around CTR so that the status of tiger, prey species and habitat will not decline any further in this area of vital conservation importance.

6. Work with Government of India and Government of Uttaranchal to create Nandaur Valley Wildlife Sanctuary so that the conservation status of tiger in the forest tract between Gola River and Sharda River can be further strengthened.

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7. Monitor movement of tigers across Sharda River.

REFERENCES

Dinerstein, E., Wilkramnayake, E., Robinson, J., Karanth, U., Rabinowitz, A., Olson, D., Mathew, T., Hedao, P., Connor, M., Hemley, G. and Bolze, D. 1997. A framework for identifying high priority areas and actions for the conservation of tigers in the wild. World Wildlife Fund, USA. Johnsingh, A.J.T. and Negi, A.S. 2003. Status of tiger and leopard in Rajaji-Corbett Conservation Unit, northern India. Biological Conservation 111:385-393. Johnsingh, A.J.T., Prasad, S.N. and Goyal, S.P. 1990. Conservation status of the Chilla-Motichur corridor for elephant movement in Rajaji-Corbett National parks area, India. Bioogical Conservationn 51:125-138.

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Appendix I: Gujjar deras in the sots of Lansdowne Forest Division, Rajaji-Corbett Corridor

Name of Name of sot Sl. Name of Gujjar GPS Location No. of animals No. of How long Range No. Derra Buffalo Cows Sheep Horses Dogs people do they stay es & goat Laldhang Ravasan 1. Fakar Deen S/o 29-51-23/ 8 4 3 - 1 9 Full year Nadi Alisain 28.20.07 2. Fakir Ali S/o Ali 29-51-29/ 78- 7 - - - - 7 --do-- Hussain 20-09 3. Shafique S/o 29-51-25/ 11 - - - - 3 8 Months, Jumman 78-20-11 March to October 4. Alisher S/o 29-51-25/ 5 - - - - 7 --do-- Jumman 78-20-11 5. Gulam Mustafa 29-51-05/ 7 - - - - 2 --do-- S/o Roshan 78-21-26 6. Gulam Mustafa 29-51-05/ 8 - - - - 9 --do-- S/o Noor Alam 78-21-26 7. Jauhar Hussain 29-51-10/ 12 - - 1 - 4 --do-- S/o Roshan 78-22-04 8. Kasam, S/o 29-51-20/ 6 - 1 - - 8 --do-- Hasan Deen 78-22-20 9. Fakeera S/o 29-51-20/ 3 - - 1 - 5 --do-- Munsi 78-22-20 Jaspur Sot 1. Safi S/o Roshan 29-49-07/ 5 5 - - - 4 Permanent 78-20-36 2. Dhumman, S/o 29-49-07/ 5 6 - - 2 8 --do-- Roshan 78-20-36 3. Momammed 29-49-08/ 7 - - - 1 6 --do-- Sharif S/o Abdul 78-20-34 Gafoor 4. Nabab Din S/o 29-49-08/ 6 4 2 - 1 6 --do-- Baggu 78-20-33 Bandariya 1. Hasan ali, S/o 29-50-20/ 5 - - - - 7 8 months. Sot Masardeen 78-19-45 Oct. to 14

March 2. Alam Gir, S/o 29-50-20/ Deer exist but did not Come this year --do-- Shukardin 78-19-45 Chamaria 1. Noor Alam, S/o 29-50-05/ 10 - 1 - - 11 8 months Sot Noor Sain 78-20-20 Oct. to March 2. Mohammad 29-50-05/ 4 - - - - 4 --do-- Alam, S/o Noor 78-20-20 Alam 3. Masrudin, S/o 29-50-03/ 12 - - - 1 7 Permanent Baggu 78-20-24 4. Mastu S/o 29-50-03/ 5 - - - - 2 8 months. Masardin 78-20-24 Oct. to March 5. Shamsher S/o 29-50-12/ 5 - - - 1 2 --do-- Fakar Ali 78-20-37 6. Fakar Ali S/o 29-50-12/ 5 - - - 1 8 --do-- Noor Sain 78-20-37 7. Yusuf S/o Fakar 29-50-12/ 3 - - - - 2 --do-- Ali 78-20-38 8. Mahi Ali S/o Ali 29-50-17/ 8 - - - 1 11 --do-- 78-21-07 Nalgaddi 1. Gami S/o 29-48-33/ 9 2 2 2 - 6 Permanent Sot Sirajdin 78-22-02 2. Gami S/o 29-48-32/ 14 2 2 - - 8 --do-- Umardin 78-22-01 3. Wazir Ali S/o 29-48-35/ 10 2 6 - - 14 --do-- Dittu 78-21-07 Khadda-pani 1. Husn Bibi W/o 29-48-01/ 14 - - - 1 10 --do-- Sot Kasam 78-23-03 2. Noor Bibi 29-48-01/ 15 2 - - - 3 --do-- (Noora) W/o 78-23-03 Firoz Mali sot 1. Lal Hussain, S/o 29-49-07/ 8 4 - - - 5 Permanent Fakar Ali 78-21-44 15

2. Ibrahim S/o 29-49-07/ 5 - 3 - - 7 --do-- Mohd. Sharif 78-21-45 3. Shamsher S/o 29-49-48/ 10 - - - - 5 8 months Shiraz 78-22-05 Oct. to March 4. Ali Sher S/o 29-50-02/ 5 - 6 - - 7 --do-- Shiraz 78-22-12 5. Kasam S/o Noor 29-50-31/ 5 - - 1 - 3 --do-- Hussain 78-22-31 6. Mastu S/o Gami 29-50-24/ 6 - - 1 - 6 --do-- 78-22-39 7. Saira Bibi W/o 29-49-43/ 10 - 1 - - 6 --do-- Haji Noor Hasan 78-22-16 Sukha Sot 1. Alamgir S/o 29-50-43/ 8 - - - - 5 --do-- Alamgir 78-19-20 2. Vinyabin S/o 29-50-44/ 6 - - - - 2 --do-- Alamgir 78-19-20 Sigaddi Sot 1. Gulam Nabi S/o 29-48-24/ 7 4 - - 1 7 Permanent Firozdin 78-24-41 2. Mohammed 29-48-55/ 13 2 - - - 9 --do-- Alam S/o Baggu 78-24-18 Total 292 37 27 6 11 234

Kotdwar Sigaddi Sot 1. Roshandin S/o 29-48-14/ 15 1 - - - 12 --do-- Range Firozdin 78-24-49 2. Masardin S/o 29-48-14 10 2 - - 2 04 --do-- Firozdin 78-24-49 3. Yameen S/o 29-48-14/ 10 - - - - 05 --do-- Firozdin 78-24-49 4. Kasim S/o Ismail 29-48-14/ 10 1 - 2 - 16 8 months 78-24-49 Oct. to March 5. Roshan S/o 29-48-16/ 5 1 - - - 05 --do-- Dulla 78-24-48 6. Bano W/o Gama 29-48-14/ No animals - - - 02 Permanent 16

78-24-49 7. Mohd. 29-49-04/ 7 1 - - - 07 --do-- Yusuf/Yamin 78-24-18 S/o Kalu Sukhrau Sot 1. Mastu S/o Ilam 29-46-45/ 9 4 - - - 08 8 Months Din 78-30-24 Oct. to March 2. Mohammed Safi 29-47-00/ 10 2 - - - 05 --do-- S/o alam 78-30-05 Tili sot 1. Yusuf S/o Mahi 29-47-21/ 12 1 - - 1 08 --do-- 78-26-29 2. Shakardin S/o 29-47-30/ 7 1 - - - 06 --do-- Ali Hasan 78-26-29 Giwain Sot 1. Ali Sain S/o 29-46-23/ 10 - - 3 1 12 --do-- Noor Sain 78-31-57 2. Isa S/o Noor 29-46-23/ 10 - - 3 2 09 --do-- Sain 78-31-57 Total 115 14 - 8 6 99

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Appendix II. Bhotia (Bakriwala) deras in Laldhang and Kotdwar Ranges of Lansdowne Forest Division, Rajaji-Corbett Corridor

Name of Sl. Name of Dera No. of animals No. of Dogs Period of stay Remarks Range No. Sheep Goats Horses people Laldhang 1. Inder Singh s/o 200 50 2 4 3 8 months Oct. to No fix dera so GPS cannot Range Chauhan (Sigaddi March be taken Block) 2. Shalor Singh S/o 200 50 2 5 4 --do-- --do-- Rikhiaram (Sigaddi Block) 3. Madan Singh S/o 200 50 5 4 4 --do-- --do-- Daan Singh (Jaspur Block) 4. Prem Singh S/o 200 50 5 4 3 --do-- --do-- Agandru (Sigaddi Block) Total 800 200 14 17 14

Kotdwar 1. Bishan Singh 250 50 03 8 4 8 months Oct. to --do-- Range March 2. Kedar Singh 120 45 03 5 2 --do-- --do-- 3. Kewal Singh 115 50 03 5 2 --do-- --do-- 4. Chander Singh 150 50 03 6 - --do-- --do-- 5. Khushal Singh 155 45 02 6 2 --do-- --do-- 6. Gaur Singh 200 50 03 8 3 --do-- --do-- Total 990 290 17 38 13