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II.1 Les Fourmis: Agents De Contrôle Naturels

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II.1 Les Fourmis: Agents De Contrôle Naturels UNIVERSITE CHEIKH ANTA DIOP DE DAKAR ECOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES DE LA VIE, DE LA SANTE ET DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT FACULTE DES SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES ANNEE : 2015 N° d’ordre : 194 THESE DE DOCTORAT Spécialité : Ecologie et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Présentée par : Lamine DIAME Relations entre le fonctionnement des agroécosystèmes à base de fruitiers et les fourmis (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). Impacts sur le développement des mouches des fruits (Diptera : Tephritidae) Soutenue le 12 février 2016 devant le jury composé de : M. Bhen Sikina TOGUEBAYE Professeur, UCAD, Sénégal Président du jury M. Jean-François VAYSSIERES Directeur de Recherches, CIRAD/IITA, Bénin Rapporteur M. Emile Victor COLY Directeur de Recherches, DPV, Sénégal Rapporteur Mme. Constance AGBOGBA Maître de Conférences, UCAD, Sénégal Rapporteur M. Kandioura NOBA Professeur, UCAD, Sénégal Examinateur M. Jean-Yves REY Chercheur, CIRAD/ISRA, Sénégal Examinateur M. Karamoko DIARRA Professeur, UCAD, Sénégal Directeur de Thèse Co-encadrants : Dr Rumsaïs BLATRIX, CEFE/CNRS, France; Dr Isabelle GRECHI, CIRAD, France; Dr Jean-Yves REY, CIRAD, France A tous ceux qui ont, de près ou de loin contribué à la réalisation de ce travail. Je vous remercie tous. i Remerciements Cette œuvre est le résultat d’un travail réalisé au Laboratoire « Equipe Production et Protection Intégrées en Agro-écosystème Horticole » (2PIA) du Département de Biologie Animale de l’Université de Dakar (SENEGAL) sous la direction du Professeur Karamoko DIARRA, au Laboratoire d’Entomologie du Centre pour le Développement de l’Horticulture (CDH/SENEGAL), au Laboratoire Fonctionnement Agro-écologique et Performances des cultures horticoles du CIRAD (Montpellier) sous la direction du Docteur Isabelle GRECHI et au Laboratoire Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE/Montpellier) sous la direction du Docteur Rumsaïs BLATRIX. La coordination des différentes activités de terrain était sous la responsabilité du Docteur Jean-Yves REY, initiateur de ce projet d’étude. Le travail a bénéficié du soutien financier du Programme de Développement des Marchés Agricoles du Sénégal (PDMAS) et d’un appui du Centre International de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) à travers le programme « Actions incitatives » de soutien aux doctorants du Sud. Je rends d’abord grâce à Dieu de m’avoir donné la santé et la possibilité de pouvoir réaliser ce travail. Je tiens à remercier très sincèrement mes encadrants: le Professeur Karamoko DIARRA, les Docteurs Jean-Yves REY, Isabelle GRECHI, Jean-François VAYSSIERES et Rumsaïs BLATRIX pour avoir accepté de former le comité de cette thèse, pour m’avoir soutenu et encouragé, mais aussi pour la confiance qu’ils ont portée en moi tout au long de cette étude. Un grand merci particulièrement au Dr Jean-Yves REY pour m’avoir donné l’opportunité de faire cette thèse. Je voudrais manifester particulièrement ma profonde gratitude au Dr Isabelle GRECHI (CIRAD, Ile de La Réunion) qui a suivi et encadré la partie « analyses statistiques » avec attention et dynamisme et qui a énormément suivi les corrections des articles rédigés au cours de cette thèse ; au Dr Jean-François VAYSSIERES (CIRAD/IITA- Bénin) pour la disponibilité, les conseils et les orientations scientifiques qu’il m’a apportés durant cette thèse; au Dr Rumsaïs BLATRIX (CNRS/CEFE, Montpellier) pour avoir accepté de m’accueillir dans son laboratoire sans me connaitre au préalable, pour m’avoir aidé à séparer mes morphotypes de fourmis et pour m’avoir initié à des techniques d’analyses écologiques relatives à ma thématique de recherche mais aussi pour sa pleine participation à la rédaction et aux corrections des articles. Je salue sa disponibilité, ses précieux conseils et son assistance sans faille à toutes les initiatives que je prenais. ii A tous ces encadrants, un grand merci pour leur sympathie, leur aide sans faille à intervenir sur mes préoccupations scientifiques et tous les efforts qu’ils ont fournis pour la finalisation de ce travail. Un grand merci au Dr Hubert DE BON (CIRAD, Montpellier) pour ses assistances administratives et pédagogiques mais aussi et surtout les relations scientifiques et professionnelles qu’il a su créer entre d’autres chercheurs et moi. Je remercie également le Dr Brian TAYLOR, d’abord pour l’identification de mes espèces de fourmis, son aide sur la documentation liée aux fourmis africaines et pour la révision de l’anglais de mes articles. Mes remerciements vont à l’endroit du Dr Anaïs CHAILLEUX (CIRAD/Montpellier) pour ses conseils scientifiques et ses propositions de raisonnement dans mes articles et pour avoir accepté de relire ma thèse. Merci également pour les démarches entreprises auprès des traducteurs et éditeurs. Merci aux Docteurs Emile Victor COLY et Dieynaba Sall SY respectivement ex et actuel chefs du CDH, pour avoir accepté de m’accueillir dans leur laboratoire d’entomologie et dans leurs bureaux. Je souhaite aussi remercier toute l’équipe « Arboriculture fruitière » du CDH particulièrement les collègues doctorants Cheikh Amet Bassirou SANE, Paterne DIATTA, Ardachir YASMINE et Jeanne DIATTA (CERAAS-Thiès), pour leur sympathie quotidienne et pour avoir contribué au bon déroulement à des activités de ma thèse. Un grand merci aux cartographes Céraphin DOREGO (CNRA, Bambey), Ibrahima THIAW (LERG-ESP) et Justin Fagnombo DJAGBA (AfricaRice, Bénin), aux statisticiens Ahmadou DICKO (UCAD) et Diariatou SAMBAKHE (CERAAS-Thiès), au documentaliste Annie BOYER (CIRAD-Dist) pour toute l’aide qu’ils m’ont apportée. Je remercie mes camarades thésards Babacar LABOU, Mamadou DIATTE et Aguibou DIALLO pour leur collaboration et les échanges fructueux que nous avons partagés. Un grand merci aux techniciens de laboratoires, aux propriétaires de vergers pour leur aide, leur ouverture et leur disponibilité. Je tiens à remercier du fond du coeur à ma bien aimée Awa DIENG pour sa loyauté, sa générosité et sa patience. Un grand merci à tous mes amis et aux personnes qui me sont chères pour leurs constants encouragements ; à ma famille qui m’a toujours soutenu et qui a supporté mes longues périodes d’absence, particulièrement mon père et ma mère. Je remercie mes frères et sœurs. Je remercie également ma famille d’accueil à Thiès (famille BADJI) iii pour sa générosité et sa profonde sympathie envers ma personne. Je remercie aussi très fortement, pour leur soutien, des personnes qui me sont chères: Moustapha NDIAYE, Fallilou DIOP, Abib NIANE, Cheikh FAYE, Alassane NDIAYE, Mamadou NONG, Karamo SARR, Binetou THIAM, Fatou Ismaïla SARR, Seynabou COLY, Mor Talla NDONG, Omar DIONE, Pape Cheikh SARR… Je remercie les étudiants de Fimela à travers leur amicale qui a joué un rôle important dans ma formation et carrière d’études. Un grand merci à mon ami et frère Gilbert DOGUE. Je remercie les bonnes personnes que j’ai rencontrées à Montpellier et qui m’ont apporté un soutien énorme durant mes séjours. Je veux nomer Fall CISS et sa femme Leslie VINCENT, le Dr Laurence ARVANITAKIS et sa famille, ainsi que le Dr Dominique BORDAT. Je veux remercier Danielle COSTEPLANE et son époux Bernard, le couple Françoise et Marc BASOIN pour m’avoir accueilli respectivement à Marmande et à Bordeaux. Mention spéciale à mes camarades de classe au BSI (British Senegalese Institute): Khady DIOUF, Mame Diarra Bousso MBACKE, Djibril DIOUF, Mohamed BA, Adama SOW, Kevin Iyan Laity FALL. Merci à mes enseignants en Anglais: Amadine NGOM et Amadou Kabir NDIAYE pour leurs conseils et encouragements. Merci à mes amis du club Anglais notamment Abdoul TAMBADOU et Mohamed ASSEGBA pour leur sympathie sans faille. Je remercie également la famille BARRY à Thiès. Un grand merci également à Khatary MBAYE et sa famille. Les personnes auxquelles je n’ai pas pu citer les noms retiendront seulement que je ne dispose pas assez de place pour les remercier assez. A tous ceux qui ont de près ou de loin contribué à la réalisation de ce travail, je vous remercie sincèrement. iv Sommaire I.1 L’importance de la production fruitière dans les Niayes et le plateau de Thiès ......... 6 I.2 Les variations dans les caractéristiques des agroécosystèmes à base de fruitiers ..... 6 I.2.1 Les caractéristiques et les modes de fonctionnement des agroécosystèmes de fruitiers ................................................................................................................................ 7 I.2.2 Description des types de verger ............................................................................... 7 I.3 L’espèce Bactrocera dorsalis et ses incidences économiques ................................... 11 I.3.1 Présentation de Bactrocera dorsalis ...................................................................... 11 I.3.1.1 Systématique ................................................................................................. 11 I.3.1.2 Origine et répartition géographique ........................................................... 12 I.3.2 Incidences économiques de Bactrocera dorsalis au Sénégal ................................ 13 I.4 La fourmi Oecophylla longinoda ............................................................................... 14 I.5 Conclusion partielle: émergence de deux questions de recherche ............................ 15 II.1 Présentation de la zone d’étude ................................................................................. 16 II.1.1 Localisation des agroécosystèmes ......................................................................... 16 II.1.2 Le milieu physique ................................................................................................
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