BC Lake Stewardship Society (BCLSS) 203 - 1889 Springfield Rd. Kelowna, BC V1Y 5V5 Phone: 250.717.1212 Fax: 250.717.1226 Toll Free: 1.877 BC LAKES E-mail: [email protected] Visit us on the web: www.bclss.org

Volume 11, Issue 4 January 2009

Reducing Phosphorus Loading in St. Mary Lake Using Hypolimnetic Aeration

S t. Mary Lake, located on Salt Spring Island, has experienced cultural eutrophication due to human activities in the watershed. St. Mary Lake is a very important resource for residents as it supplies drinking water and is the focus of considerable recreational activity. Several resorts are located around the lake perimeter and recreational angling has been an impor- tant part of their operations.

The water quality of St. Mary Lake has deterio- rated considerably since 1970. Taste and odour problems, low transparency, year-round cyanobacteria blooms and severe hypolimnetic oxygen depletion have impacted habitat

and degraded the drinking water supply. The decline in water quality has been attributed to In this issue... increased phosphorus (P) loading from water- shed development (septic tank discharges, JANUARY’S FEATURES PAGE road building and land clearing) to the point

where the lake sediments have become a net Reducing Phosphorus in St Mary Lake 1 - 2 source of P under anaerobic conditions. Ice Safety Tips 3 - 4 Lake Life - Burbot 5 Internal loading from the sediments was iden- New Environmental Threat in N.A. Lakes 6 - 7 tified as the main source of P to the lake, with Fish Composition Impacts in 11 - 12 lesser amounts originating from septic tanks, groundwater, dustfall and natural watershed loading. In the 1980’s, St. Mary Lake was se- BCLSS BUSINESS UPDATE lected as a study lake to evaluate the effec-

Announcements & Events 8 tiveness of hypolimnetic aeration as a tech- Wetlandkeepers Announcement 9 nique for improving water quality and fish BCLSS Membership / Sponsorship Form 10 habitat. An aerator was installed in St. Mary continued on page 2... 1 Volume 11, Issue 4 BC Lake Stewardship Society January 2009 ….continued from page 1 Lake in 1985 by the Ministry of Environment and operated successfully until the early 1990’s, reducing P concen- trations. It was dismantled in 1994 because of structural corrosion of the inlet and outlet tubes.

Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for produc- tivity in lakes and is absorbed by algae from the water. When algae and other organisms die and sink, P is transported to the bottom where it remains bound to sediments. Under anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion, a common oc- currence in many lakes, P is released and made available throughout the water column when the lake turns over, often resulting in al- gal blooms. Hypolimnetic aeration is one strat- egy used to mechanically reduce anoxic condi- tions and prevent the internal loading of P in lakes.

Now St. Mary Lake often experiences algal blooms, impacting water quality and contribut- ing to an oxygen deficit. The lake is thermally stratified during the summer months and circulates freely during the winter, rarely experiencing ice cover. The fact that St. Mary Lake circulates all winter has likely prevented the lake from further water quality degradation, as oxygen is present throughout the water column and sediment- water interface for several months allowing the sediments to function as a nutrient sink during these periods.

In a review of restoration options for St. Mary Lake, Ashley (2008) identified hypolimnetic aeration as a strong candidate for selection of in-lake water quality improvement techniques. Internal loading is the single largest P source to St. Mary Lake; if the hypolimnion can be kept aerobic, the P inputs can be significantly re- duced and water quality would improve accordingly.

In 2008 the North Salt Spring Waterworks District commissioned the construction of a new aeration system, consisting of two units, which were installed in October. Funding for the project was assisted with grants from the Habitat Conservation Trust Fund and the Capital Re- gional District. The new aerators (the largest in Canada) operated for one month to monitor for problems, and then were shut down for the winter. Operation of the units will resume in late May after thermal stratification of the water column has occurred and will run until the lake turns over in the fall, around mid-October. Over several years of operation, the aerators are expected to decrease the internal loading of P, and the frequency and severity of algal blooms.

Aeration on its own, however, does not provide the complete answer. The core activity of a water quality improvement program for St. Mary Lake must include a watershed management program to control point and non-point source nutrient loading. Without this approach, no lake restoration technique will be effective in the long term.

Sources: Ashley, K. 2008. Review of St. Mary Lake restoration options. Ken Ashley and Associates Ltd. Bob Watson, Salt Spring Island.

All photos in this article courtesy of K. Ashley

2 Volume 11, Issue 4 BC Lake Stewardship Society January 2009 Ice Safety Tips Sources: www.besmartbesafe.ca and C. Swan, MoE - Cariboo region

n December 30, 2009, a 57 year-old Armstrong man drowned after he fell through the ice on Sugar Lake Oduring a fishing trip. In light of this tragedy, the BCLSS would like send out some helpful reminders to anyone who may be heading out onto the ice.

1. Measure ice thickness in several locations Local conditions such as currents and water depths can affect ice thickness. White ice has air or snow within it and should be considered suspect for recreational use. The recommended minimum ice thickness for new, clear, hard ice is as follows: • 3” (7 cm) or less: STAY OFF • 4” (10 cm): ice fishing, walking, cross-country skiing, skating • 5” (12 cm): one snowmobile or ATV • 8-12” (20-30 cm): one car or small pickup • 12-15” (30-38 cm): one medium truck (pickup or van) Be sure you drill test holes along the way to your destination. Watch for slush or unusual looking areas on the snow or ice. In case of thin ice, lay down and spread out your weight and take a new route out of the area (as the ice you already walked on may be compromised now)

2. Avoid travelling on ice at night or when it is snowing. Reduced visibility increases your chances of driving onto an open or weak ice area. This is a frequent cause of ATV and snowmobile-related drowning.

3. Never go onto ice alone. A buddy may be able to rescue you or go for help if you get into difficulty. Each person should carry their own throw rope. Before you leave shore, tell someone where you are going and what time you expect to return.

4. Stay off river ice and avoid the narrows between lakes . River currents and moving water at the narrows where one lake flows into another can quickly change ice thickness or have much thinner ice than other locations on the river or on the lake.

5. Wear a thermal protection buoyant suit or a lifejacket If you don’t have a thermal protection buoyant suit, wear a lifejacket or PFD that isn’t too bulky over your snowmobile suit or layered winter clothing to increase your survival chances if you go through the ice.

6. Take safety equipment with you Pack ice picks and a rope, and carry a small personal safety kit (i.e., a pocketknife, com- pass, whistle, fire starter kit and cell phone) in your pocket. continued on p. 4...

3 Volume 11, Issue 4 BC Lake Stewardship Society January 2009 … continued from p. 3 The ice pick should be 'ready to go’ as they are essential for climbing back onto the ice mantle with minimal energy expenditure. Do NOT keep them in a pocket as they may be too hard to find while you are dog pad- dling to stay afloat.

7. Avoid alcohol Alcohol impairs your judgment, coordination and reaction time and speeds up the onset of hypothermia.

8. Don't drive on ice if you can avoid it. If you can’t avoid it, have an escape plan. . Open your windows, unlock your doors, and turn on your lights to allow for a quick escape from your vehicle. Some ice-safety experts recommend that you have your seatbelt unfastened and your door slightly ajar to speed up an escape. Don't wear a lifejacket while riding inside an enclosed vehicle; the extra bulk and flota- tion could hamper your escape through a window.

9. Always supervise children playing on or near ice. Children playing on or near ice should always be with a buddy and under adult supervision.

10. Tips in an emergency situation: • self rescue comes first • if you have to rescue someone do NOT go in the water yourself • throw a rope or reach out with a long object, • follow a new path on the ice to tow the person out.

Photo credit: Vaeltaja www.flickr.com

4 Volume 11, Issue 4 BC Lake Stewardship Society January 2009 Lake Life - Burbot (Lota lota)

urbot are the only true freshwater cod (Family Gadidae) found in BC and occur in lakes and rivers through- Bout central and eastern BC. Adults prefer the cool, deep areas of lakes and rivers while juveniles can be found along rocky lake shores and weedy areas, or hiding between the rocks in tributary streams. Adult burbot are typically 30 – 75 cm in length (maximum length of 90 cm) and 1 – 7 kg in weight (maximum weight of 9 kg).

Burbot are predators, able to swallow fish nearly their own size. There is one report of a 38 cm burbot whose stomach contained a 30 cm walleye! Burbot hunt at night ambushing their prey after locating them first by smell, then by vibrations as the prey get closer. When the prey is within range, they make a rapid, close-range attack. Burbot over 50 cm in length feed almost exclusively on fish including whitefish, kokanee, juvenile salmon, suckers, stickleback and perch, as well as crayfish and fish eggs in streams. They also feed on Mysis shrimp and younger fish feed on aquatic insects and invertebrates. As burbot grow larger, they tend to eat big- ger fish, not more.

Burbot spawn in January through March, under the ice. Spawning takes place at night, in about 1 m of water, over sand and gravel and usually occurs in lakes. Although they occasionally spawn in rivers, burbot are not strong swimmers and need slower water to make their spawning migrations. Adult burbot spawn together in a squirming mass of 10 to 12 individuals, moving over the bot- tom shedding milt and tiny eggs. Burbot do not make nests or provide offspring with parental care. Female burbot can carry more than a million eggs, which hatch after about 30 days. Burbot are one of the few freshwater fish in BC that go through a larval stage before growing into fry. In Canada, Burbot spawning burbot can live to a maximum age of about (Photo source: http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~keeley/lota.htm) 23 years.

Though not pretty, burbot are becoming a popular target for ice fishermen because of its delicious white meat. The burbot is yellow-listed in BC (i.e. the is not at risk) and are doing well in most areas of the province, although some populations in rivers have been affected by changes to flows.

Sources: Scott, W.B. and Crossman. 1973. Freshwater of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

BC Fish Facts: http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/fishfacts/burbot.pdf

Photo source: http://www.utahspearfishing.com/Burbot3.jpg

5 Volume 11, Issue 4 BC Lake Stewardship Society January 2009 New Environmental Threat Found in North American Lakes Source: Queen’s News Centre Press Release – Thursday November 27, 2008 new and insidious environmental threat has been detected in North American lakes by researchers from Queen’sA and York Universities.

Along with scientists from several Canadian government laboratories, the team has documented biological damage caused by declining levels of calcium in many temperate, soft-water lakes.

Calling the phenomenon “aquatic osteoporosis”, Queen’s PhD candi- date Adam Jeziorski, lead author of the study, notes that calcium is an essential nutrient for many lake-dwelling organisms. “Once cal- cium declines below a certain threshold, some keystone species can no longer reproduce,” he says. “These species and other organisms that feed on them are endangered.”

The study was published November 28, 2008 in the prestigious jour- nal Science.

The researchers examined a water flea, Daphnia, known to be a key component of many aquatic foodwebs. Having identified the calcium levels that would damage Daphnia in a laboratory setting, they worked with government scientists to assemble hundreds of “water quality time series” from across Ontario, explains Biology professor Norman Yan from York University, the Canadian research lead on the threat to aquatic life of calcium decline. “Our hope was to determine if damage was already occurring at key sites, and then see how com- mon these conditions were across the province,” he says.

However, calcium decline occurred in many lakes before people knew about the problem and monitoring programs had been put in place. By studying tiny fossils and other indicators in sediment accumulated The water flea, Daphnia, is a key compo- at the bottom of each lake, Queen’s paleoecologist professor John nent of many aquatic foodwebs.

continued on pg. 7... Planning Services Department

Phone: (250) 469 - 6227

Fax: (250) 762 - 7011

Email: [email protected]

Address: 1450 KLO Road Kelowna, B.C. V1W 3Z4 General Inquiries: (250) 763 - 4918 Website: www.regionaldistrict.com

6 Volume 11, Issue 4 BC Lake Stewardship Society January 2009

...continued from pg. 6.

Smol, Canada Research Chair in Environmental Change, and his colleagues were able to reconstruct environ- mental trends over the past 200 years. The researchers found that key invertebrate species were disappearing in the lakes with declining calcium levels, often starting in the 1970’s.

Linking the problem to the long-term effects of acid rain on forest soils, as well as to logging and forest re-growth, the researchers note that, despite signs of chemical recovery from recent reductions in sulphur dioxide emissions, lower calcium levels may delay the biological recover of lakes from acidification. “This has important management implications,” says team member Dr. Andrew Paterson of the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and adjunct professor at Queen’s University. “It was a combination of experimental work, paeloecological research and long-term monitoring that helped to identify this emerging threat,” he adds.

The authors conclude that the phenomenon of calcium decline is causing widespread transformation of aquatic food webs in boreal lakes in North America, and in other acid-sensitive regions of the globe. While their work focuses on the water flea Daphnia, they note that all life in lakes requires calcium, and many creatures including crayfish, molluscs and fish have quite high calcium demands. They are all at risk, say the researchers, but we don’t yet know if calcium levels have fallen to the point of damage.

“This is all very worrisome,” concludes Dr. Smol, recipient of the 2004 Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Herzberg Gold Medal as Canada’s top scientist and co-director of Queen’s Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research and Laboratory (PEARL). “The good news is that we have found the ‘miner’s canary’ in the form of these water fleas that track the decline in calcium levels. The bad news is that many lakes have already passed these critical thresholds.”

PLEASE NOTE: A PDF copy of the study and JPEG images are available upon request (contacts below).

Contacts:

Nancy Dorrance, Queen’s News & Media Services, 613.533.2869 Molly Kehoe, Queen’s New & Media Services, 613.533.2877

7 Volume 11, Issue 4 BC Lake Stewardship Society January 2009 Announcements & Events Announcement BCLSS Library Additions We are happy to announce that 5 lake reports have recently been added to the BCLSS website. To view the lake reports for Lajoie (Level 1), Fork, Horn, & Timothy (Level 2), Eaglet, & Purden (Level 3), please visit http:// www.bclss.org/library/cat_view/60-bclsmp-lake-reports.html. We anticipate the addition of more lake documents in the near future.

Events 2009 Northwest Stream Restoration Design Symposium February 2nd - 5th, 2009, Skamania Lodge, Stevenson, Washington. For more information, please visit http:// www.rrnw.org/stevenson2009/

State of the Fraser Basin Conference: The Many Faces of Sustainability February 19th - 20th, 2009, Vancouver, BC. Visit http://www.fraserbasin.bc.ca/action/index.html to register or for more information.

Call for Papers: Columbia Mountains Institute Wetlands Conservation Conference Conference details and submission guidelines are at www.cmiae.org. Submissions are due February 20, 2009.

Share Your Regional BCLSS Contacts

Information With Us!! Cariboo Bonnie Winter, 108 Mile Ranch 250.791.9240 Norm Zirnhelt, Williams Lake 250.398.4545 O ne of the primary objectives of the BC Lake Steward- ship Society is to provide a public forum to discuss infor- Kootenays Brian Nickurak, Invermere 250.341.3738 mation on specific lakes and watersheds, lake conserva- Susanne Ashmore, Wasa Lake 250.422.3547 tion issues/concepts and educational programs relevant to British Columbia’s freshwater resources. Lower Mainland Irene Calbick, Burnaby 604.522.0024 The BC Lake Stewardship Society Board of Directors wel- comes written submissions, whether short articles, adver- Okanagan Darryl Arsenault, Kelowna 250.862.4832 tisements, or photos/figures relevant to British Columbia’s lakes from both BCLSS members and the community at Omineca large. If you have information on BC’s lakes, please for- Bruce Carmichael, Prince George 250.565.6455 ward it to us for publication in our quarterly newsletter. The Peace BC Lake Stewardship Society Editor will be pleased to as- Reg Whiten, Moberly Lake 250.788.9635 sist you with your submission upon request. Smithers/North Coast Please send articles and lake information to: Lisa Torunski 250.847.1484

203 - 1889 Springfield Rd. Thompson-Nicola Kelowna, BC V1Y 5V5 Bob Grace, Kamloops 250.371.6287 Don Holmes, Kamloops 250.573.2928

Phone: 250.717.1212 Vancouver Island Toll Free: 1.877 BC LAKES Dr. Rick Nordin, Victoria 250.472.5021 Fax: 250.717.1226 Eric Bonham, Victoria 250.474.5252 Kevin Rieberger, Victoria 250.387.1188 Email: [email protected] Deborah Epps, Nanaimo 250.751.3146

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Volume 11, Issue 4 BC Lake Stewardship Society January 2009

BC Wildlife Federation - Wetlandkeepers: Sea to Sky Series 2009-2011

Wetland Education and Conservation — Horseshoe Bay to Whistler

C Wildlife Federation’s (BCWF) Wetland Education Program is excited to announce the Sea to Sky Series, a seriesB of eight Wetlandkeepers Workshops in the Sea to Sky Corridor from 2009 — 2011! The Sea to Sky Corri- dor, extending from West Vancouver to Pemberton, is a highly diverse ecosystem that has been impacted from the widening of the Sea to Sky Highway. Through hands-on fieldwork and training at different sites, wetlands will be restored, rehabilitated and conserved. Upon completion of a two and a half day Sea to Sky Series work- shop, participants will enhance a wetland and gain knowledge to implement community-based stewardship pro- jects in their own backyards!

In the summer of 2009, workshops will be held at wetlands in Whistler and Horseshoe Bay, while planning for the remaining sites is underway.

These projects will raise awareness and education about the benefits of wetland conservation to the communi- ties, government, tourists and developers along the Sea to Sky Corridor. The Wetlandkeepers Sea to Sky Series will leave lasting legacies showcasing restored and conserved wetlands in the are for future generations.

For more information about the workshops, to provide input or to get involved please contact:

Carolyn Anne Budgell Wetlands Program Coordinator Tel: 1.888.881.2293 ext. 232 Mobile: 604.970.9707 Email: [email protected] Website: www.bcwf.bc.ca

#200 - 2800 29th Street. Vernon, B.C. V1T 9P9 Phone: (250) 545-3672 Email: [email protected]

Lakeshore Environmental Ltd. J.S. HART AND ASSOCIATES LTD. Environmental Hydrology and Terrain Science Consulting 2009 Paul Lake Rd. Kamloops, BC V2H 1N8 Sandy Hart, P.Geo. Phone/Fax: (250) 476-1120 Phone: 250.573.2928 Email: [email protected] Fax: 250.573.2930 Web: www.jshart.ca Email: [email protected] Mail: Box 18 Tatla Lake, BC V0L 1V0

9 Volume 11, Issue 4 BC Lake Stewardship Society January 2009 Thank you to our generous funders...

BC Gaming Commission

Ministry of Environment

Become a BCLSS Member or Sponsor

Sponsorship Information Benefits of Becoming a Member:

Corporate sponsorship of the BCLSS has many benefits! Steward of BC lakes Donations will be gratefully acknowledged with either a Quarterly newsletters tax-deductible receipt or a non-tax-deductible receipt Monthly e-newsletter, the Loonie News with the following benefits: Water quality monitoring brochures for your lake Platinum ‐ $1000 or more Training and support Assistance from director in local region • Advertisement (1/2 page) in quarterly newsletter Insurance for active volunteers • Logo, link and company description on BCLSS Annual Conference and Workshops website Part of an extensive network of lake • Exhibition space at BCLSS Conference stewards • Listing at events attended by BCLSS Access to limnological & water quality library • Framed certificate

Gold ‐ $500 ‐ $800 Don’t delay—sign up today!

• Advertisement (1/3 page) in quarterly newsletter To become a BCLSS member or sponsor, fill out this form • Logo, link and company description on BCLSS and return it to BCLSS with a cheque or money order, website payable to BC Lake Stewardship Society: $10 student, • Exhibition space at BCLSS Conference $20 individual, $40 group or your sponsorship amount. • Listing at events attended by BCLSS • Certificate suitable for framing Name:

Silver ‐ $200 ‐ $400 Mailing Address:

• Advertisement (1/6 page) in quarterly newsletter Phone: • Logo and link on BCLSS website • Exhibition space at BCLSS Conference Fax: • Listing at events attended by BCLSS Email: Bronze ‐ $50 ‐ $100 Other information: • Listing and link on BCLSS website • Listing (business card size) in quarterly newsletter

10 Volume 11, Issue 4 BC Lake Stewardship Society January 2009

Recent Impacts on the Fish Species Composition in Lake Baikal, Siberia

By Vitaly Ostroumov & Elena Ostroumov EBA Engineering Consultants Ltd. R ussia’s Lake Baikal is the oldest and deepest lake on earth, and contains 1/5 of the world's freshwater. Its geological age is estimated to be between 20 and 25 million years. Baikal is home to unique living organisms – more than 2/3 of the fauna and flora are endemic to Lake Baikal and the surrounding area. The lake's surface area is 31,500 km2, and its maximum depth is 1,637 m. Baikal’s water is always at low temperatures, containing very low amounts of mineral elements, and enriched in oxygen, through all water depths (1).

Lake Baikal is home to 2,565 species, including more than 50 fish species and subspecies and 1,000 species of plant, 2/3 of which are unique and cannot be found anywhere else (1). In 1996, Lake Baikal was de- clared a World Heritage Site and inscribed on the UNESCO list (2).

We would like to introduce you to 2 very abundant endemic fish species from Lake Baikal in more detail. The small golomyanka (Comephorus dybowskii), a pelagic spe- cies, is a representative of the endemic family Comephori- dae. The species populates the whole water column making diurnal vertical migrations to feed on pelagic crayfish - ep- ishura and macrohectopus – as well as its own fry and the fry of the big golomyanka. A well developed per- mits it to hunt successfully at great depths. The small golomyanka spawns at the age of 2 – 3 years old, giving birth to live larvae, which develop in the body of a female in 90 – 100 days. The biomass of golomyanka in Lake Baikal is enormous – about 100,000 tons. This fish are of no com- mercial importance because they do not form schools to allow efficient catching. However, the golomyanka contains up to 70% unsaturated fat which is an essential component of the diet for the (nerpa) and the Small golomyanka - photo by V. Ostroumov (whitefish) (3).

The yellowfin ( grewingki) is a small pelagic fish (about 10 cm long), occurring at depths up to 250 m. It feeds on plankton and spawns under stones in the coastal zone at 2 – 3 years of age. The sculpin population forms three seasonal spawning shoals that spawn at different times: May, August and March. The sculpin has a complicated territorial behaviour. Mature males approach the spawning area first and start releasing a spe- cific chemical attractant (sex pheromone) with urine, which, when distributed in water, helps female fish identify the males’ locations under flat rocks, where spawning takes place (4). Sculpin offspring concentrate in coastal areas and serve as food for omul and other fish species. To avoid preda- tion, the sculpin's fry have an inborn defensive response to the smell of predatory fish (3).

Long-term monitoring along the shore of Lake Baikal’s west coast (near Baikal Biological Station Bolshie Koty) showed that between 1990 and 2000, the near shore surface water temperature in August gradually increased from 12 to 20oC Yellowfin sculpin - photo by V. Ostroumov (with maximum 24oC). This change has had a dramatic effect continued on p. 12...

11 Volume 11, Issue 4 BC Lake Stewardship Society January 2009 … continued from p. 11 on the littoral fish community (5). As a result of excessive water warming, fish species composition of the littoral zone started to undergo significant changes. Typical cold water species, such as an arctic grayling, lake whitefish, char, and arctic cisco have de- clined (5, 6) while warm-water species, such as dace, perch, pike, carp, and the Amur catfish, are in- creasing. Other spe- cies atypical for the studied area include bream and the Chi- nese sleeper, al- Lake Baikal - photo by V. Ostroumov though their occur- rence is rare (5, 6).

We can expect that a combination of factors, including anthropogenic factors, will result in changes in fish popula- tion trends and distribution. Higher water temperatures bring privileges for warm-water species and depress cold- water species. Along the west coast of Lake Baikal, warm-water species became dominant in the summer and fall, with unusual species starting to inhabit new areas (6, 7).

Changes in the species composition of fish inhabiting the littoral zone are strong evidence that, recently, some dramatic alterations to Baikal’s hydrological conditions have occurred. This has allowed fish populations, previ- ously typical for bays and gulfs, to inhabit the littoral zones of open Baikal (5, 6, 7). Research has shown that cold- water fish from Baikal have biochemical and physiological adaptations to life in habitat cold water (7) and are compromised under these new thermal conditions.

REFERENCES

Galaziy G.I.. Baikal in questions and answers. Eastern-Siberian Publishing Company, 1987, 384с. UNESCO website http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/754 (retrieved January 12, 2009) Baikal website by A. Mantsevoda - Fish description and pictures by V. Ostroumov http://www.baikal.ru/ old.baikal.ru/baikal/copyr_e.htm (retrieved January 12, 2009) Ostroumov V.A. The Role of Chemical Signals in the Regulation of Fish Maturation and Reproductive Behavior. J. of Ichthyology, 37 (1), 1997. pp. 112-119 Ostroumov V.A., Kozhova O.M., Ostroumov E.A. Species composition and some characteristics of fish on the South-Western coast of Lake Baikal. Problems of the Biodiversity preservation. Novosibirsk, Edition of the Russian Academy of Science. 1998, p. 66-69 Ostroumov E.A., Ostroumov V.A. Global Warming Effect on Littoral Fish Community in Lake Baikal. NALMS 28th International Symposium Lake Changing in a Changing Environment. November 11-14, 2008, Lake Louise, Alberta Ostroumov E.A. The Adaptation of Baikalian hydrobionts to the low temperatures of their environment. Conference "The problems of Ecology", Irkutsk, Russia, 1999, v.1, p. 55-57

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