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Taxonomy of Marine Molluscs of India: Status and Challenges Ahead

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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303333869 Taxonomy of Marine Molluscs of India: Status and Challenges Ahead Chapter · May 2016 READS 195 2 authors: Ravinesh R Biju Kumar University of Kerala University of Kerala 18 PUBLICATIONS 12 CITATIONS 90 PUBLICATIONS 211 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, Available from: Ravinesh R letting you access and read them immediately. Retrieved on: 11 June 2016 Taxonomy of Marine Molluscs of India: Status and Challenges Ahead Biju Kumar, A. 1 & Ravinesh, R. Systematics Mollusca represents the second largest animal phylum on our planet and recent estimates show that the extant species diversity is around 45,000 to 50,000 marine 25,000 terrestrial and 5,000 freshwater (Appeltans et al., 2012; Rosenberg, 2014; MolluscaBase, 2016). Originated in the early Cambrian period almost 550 million years ago, molluscs entered almost every ecosystem in the world, though their diversity is enormous in the marine realm, occupying all habitats from the pelagic areas to the ocean trenches and representing roughly one-quarter of the marine species described (MolluscaBase, 2016). They are the morphologically megadiverse faunal group in the marine ecosystem, exhibiting enormous diversifications in body plan and habitat preferences and playing critical ecosystem roles, besides forming a noticeable element in marine fisheries. The ten classes recognised under phylum Mollusca are Caudofoveata, Solenogastres (worm-like organisms in sea bed, 200-3000 meters), Polyplacophora (chitons, rocky tidal and sea bed), Monoplacophora (cap-like single shell, living forms discovered in 1952, generally deep sea form 1,800- 7,000 meters), Gastropoda (snails and slugs, in sea, land and freshwater), Cephalopoda (marine), Bivalvia (marine and freshwater), Scaphopoda (tusk shells, marine), Rostroconchia (marine), and Helcionelloida (marine); the latter two classes are extinct and known only from their fossil records (Haszprunar, 2001). Caudofoveata and solenogasters were also put into one class, the Aplacophora (vermiform molluscs) by earlier workers (Healy, 2001). Aplacophorans and polyplacophorans may represent the early evolved living groups of molluscs (Sigwart and Sutton, 2007). Of late, good quality molecular phylogenetic analyses support the polyphyletic origin of Mollusca and place the molluscs in the Lophotrochozoa, along with annelids, brachiopods, bryozoans and several 1Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala E-mail: [email protected] 67 | P a g e Training Manual st 1 International Training Workshop on Taxonomy of Bivalve Molluscs other phyla (Halanych et al., 1995; Sigwart and Sutton, 2007). The existing ‘aculiferan’ model of molluscan phylogeny considers two subphyla, Conchifera, the ‘shell-bearing’ molluscs, and Aculifera, ‘spiny’ molluscs (Aplacophora and Polyplacophora), while ‘testarian’ model group polyplacophorans together with conchiferans under Testaria (Sigwart and Sutton, 2007). The consensus model considers the traditional concepts of Aculifera and Conchifera, while Scaphopoda was considered in the clade along with Gastropoda and Bivalvia and the details are given in Fig. 1 (Stöger et al., 2013). Fig.1. Schematic representation of phylogenetic relationship of various classes of Mollusca (modified from Stöger et al., 2013) The total diversity of molluscs recorded from India is 5,169 species (MoEF, 2014), representing around seven percent of the total global molluscan diversity. With an extensive coastline of 8,129 kilometres, 0.5 million square kilometres of continental shelf and 2.02 million square kilometres of EEZ, marine biodiversity of India is impressive. Marine mollusan diversity of India include 3,400 species (Rao, 1991, 1998; Venkataraman and Raghunathan, 2015). According to Rao (1991, 1998) 5,100 species of molluscs have been recorded from freshwater (22 families, 53 genera 183 species), land (26 families, 140 genera and 1,487 species) and marine habitats (242 families 591 genera, 3,400 species) of India. There is no consensus among various authors on the total number of marine molluscs from India. In a report on coastal marine biodiversity of India, Venkataraman and Wafar (2005) considers 3,370 marine molluscs in India, while Tripathy and Mukhopadhyay (2015) report 2,300 species. As such there is no well-defined and updated checklist on 68 | P a g e Training Manual st 1 International Training Workshop on Taxonomy of Bivalve Molluscs marine molluscs of India. The hotspots of marine molluscan biodiversity in India are Andaman and Nicobar islands (more than 1,000 species), Gulf of Mannar (around 428 species) and Lakshadweep (around 424 species) (Venkataraman and Wafar, 2005), all representing important coral reef ecosystems of India. Molluscan taxonomy research in India A comprehensive review of molluscan taxonomy research is not attempted in this note and the important studies are grouped into three phases, with Phase 1 listing major studies conducted before independence of India, Phase 2 compiling studies done after independence and Phase 3 documenting studies after the year 2000 (excluding all single species records and publications in predatory journals). Phase 1: Taxonomic studies on molluscs of India were initiated by the Asiatic Society of Bengal (1784) and the Indian Museum, Kolkata (1814). The first scientific paper on Indian marine Mollusca was perhaps that of Benson (1830). HMS Challenger put into sea by England in 1872 for oceanographic research surveyed Indian Ocean and collected information on various groups of organisms including molluscs. Collection of faunal samples by a series of cruises by the Royal Indian Marine Ships (RIMS) since 1881 collected and described marine molluscs from seas around India. Gardiner and Sewell (1899-1900) carried out studies along Lakshadweep (Minicoy). Sewell carried out investigations in seas around Andaman and Nicobar islands and led the John Murray expedition (1933-34); primary objective of this expedition was the study of the biology of the Arabian Sea, especially the benthic organisms such as molluscs. Smith (1894) published notes on Mollusca dredged from Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during the expedition of the H.M Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘Investigator’. During the latter half of the 19th century Abercrombie (1893a,b), Adam (1939), Alder and Hancock (1864), Comber (1906), Crichton (1940, 1941), Eliot (1903), Hornell (1921, 1949), Hoyle (1905), Melvill (1892, 1893, 1893-1894, 1898, 1909), Melvill and Ponsoney (1898), Melvill and Standen (1898), Prashad (1930, 1932), Preston (1910, 1911), Robson (1926), Smith (1878, 1894, 1895, 1896,1899, 1903, 1904, 1906), Thurston (1890) and Winckworth (1927a,b, 1928, 1929, 1936, 1940) contributed knowledge to malacological studies. This was 69 | P a g e Training Manual st 1 International Training Workshop on Taxonomy of Bivalve Molluscs the initial phase of explorations and expeditions to record marine biodiversity of seas around India. Phase 2: The beginning of the 20th century was the most productive and significant period in the history of Indian malacology, with the lead role taken up by Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), along with contributions from Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) and several maritime universities of India. This helped consolidating information on marine molluscs of India. Few general surveys on the taxonomy of the molluscan fauna of Indian coasts are those of Appukuttan (1983), Appukuttan et al. (1989), Apte (1993), Apte (1998), Bertsch and Attilio (1980), Hornell (1951), Hornell and Tomlin (1951), Kohn (1978), Kundu (1965), Kurian (1948), Menon et al. (1961 and 1967), Mookherjee (1985), Nagabhushanam and Rao (1972), Narayanan (1968), Panicker (1977, 1978), Pinn (1990), Rajagopal and Mookherjee (1978, 1982), Ramakrishna and Dey (2000), Rao (1970, 1977), Rao (1980), Rao and Dey (1984, 1986), Rao and Rao (1981, 1991, 1993), Ray (1949 a, b; 1951, 1956), Rockel et al. (1995), Santhakumaran (1973), Satyamurti (1952, 1956), Silas et al. (1985), Rao et al. (1991, 1992), Subrahmaniyan et al. (1952) and Tikader et al. (1986). This phase witness good quality publications, especially from Dr NV Rao and his team from ZSI based on exploratory studies on various ecosystems of India. Phase 3: Recent studies on marine molluscan studies remain centred primarily around certain charismatic groups such as opisthobranchs (Apte, 2009; Apte and Bhave, 2014; Apte et al., 2010; Apte et al., 2012; Bhave and Apte, 2011, 2013; Carmona et al., 2014; Raghunathan et al., 2010; Ramakrishna et al., 2010; Sreeraj et al., 2012). There was no systematic all taxa studies in any of the specific ecosystems of India. Major publications during the phase include those of Apte (2004, 2009, 2012), Apte and Bhave (2014), Apte et al. (2010, 2012), Bhave and Apte (2011, 2013), Bijukumar et al. (2015), Carmona et al. (2014), Dey (2006), Dey and Ramakrishna (2007), Franklin et al. (2009), Hylleberg and Kilburn (2002), Lutaenko (2006), Modayil (2007), Mukhopadhyay et al. (2012), Pati and Sharma (2012 a, b), Raghunathan et al. (2010), Ramakrishna and Dey (2000, 2003, 2010), Ramakrishna et al. (2007, 2010), Rao and Sastry (2005), Sreeja et al. (2012, 2016), and Venkataraman et al. (2004, 2012). 70 | P a g e Training Manual st 1 International Training Workshop on Taxonomy of Bivalve Molluscs
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    10TH ANNIVERSARY ISSUE Check List the journal of biodiversity data LISTS OF SPECIES Check List 11(1): 1497, January 2015 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.1.1497 ISSN 1809-127X © 2015 Check List and Authors Marine mollusks of Bahía Málaga, Colombia (Tropical Eastern Pacific) Luz Ángela López de Mesa1* and Jaime R. Cantera2 1 Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Biology, 6300 Ocean Dr. CS 239 annex, Corpus Christi, TX, USA 2 Universidad del Valle, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Calle 13 # 100-00, Cali, Colombia * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: A checklist of mollusks reported in Bahía Málaga hence high biodiversity. Its littoral zone, with an area of 136 (Valle del Cauca, Colombia) was developed through recent km2, is composed of different ecosystems, such as rocky and samplings in the zone (2004–2012), together with bibliograph- sandy shores, muddy flats, and mangrove forests (Cantera ic and museums’ collections reviews. Species’ distributions 1991). in Bahía Málaga were established through 18 different sub- Rocky shores in Bahía Málaga may consist of cliffs and/or regions, which included the inner, middle and outer zones of boulders. The range in the size and texture of the particles the bay. A revision of the western American distribution for present in the rocky shores allow for a variety of microhabi- the species was also carried out. A total of 426 species were tats, making it a very diverse ecosystem (INVEMAR et al. found, of which 44 were new reports for the Colombian Pacific 2007). Sandy beaches consist of very fine particles that may coast.
  • From the Tuamotu Archipelago

    From the Tuamotu Archipelago

    A. Wakefield & T. McCleery NOVAPEX 6(1-2): 19-30, 10 mars 2005 Three new species of Cystiscus Stimpson, 1865 (Gastropoda: Cystiscidae) from the Tuamotu Archipelago Andrew WAKEFIELD 14 Forest Side, Buckhurst Hill, Essex, IG9 SSL, U.K. Tony McCLEERY The Moat House, Fort Road, St Peter Port, Guemsey, GYl IZU, CL KEYWORDS. Cystiscidae, Cystiscus, Tuamotu Archipelago, new species. ABSTRACT. Three new species oî Cystiscus (Stimpson, 1865) are described from upper reef substrates of the Tuamotu's. Thèse are Cystiscus carinifer n. sp., C mosaica n. sp. and C nebulosa n. sp., and their study is based upon the material and data accumulated during two private expéditions to the région undertaken by the second author in 2001 and 2003. Information on the variability of the animal and radula of each species within their respective populations, and discussion of microhabitats and other field observations are provided. Thèse are the first records of the group Chthe/Cystiscus from this part of French Polynesia. and the likelihood of the existence of more species in the région is considered to be high since it is generally accepted that the diversity of the group is underestimated in most locations. It is considered that similarities in pattems of animal chromatism, shel! morphology, and radular morphometry show potential for enabling similar species within the group Crithe/Cystiscus to be associated together into subgroups. However, the overall taxonomic reorganisation and subdivision of the gênera Crithe and Cystiscus at this time is considered to be prématuré and too problematic given the current poor understanding of the extent of their global diversity and variability.