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Servants of My People First : an Examination of the Political Literacies of the Black Liberation Front International (BLFI), 1969-1973

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Servants of My People First : an Examination of the Political Literacies of the Black Liberation Front International (BLFI), 1969-1973 University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-2014 Servants of my people first : an examination of the political literacies of the Black Liberation Front International (BLFI), 1969-1973. Joilynn Karega-Mason University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Karega-Mason, Joilynn, "Servants of my people first : an examination of the political literacies of the Black Liberation Front International (BLFI), 1969-1973." (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 725. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/725 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SERVANTS OF MY PEOPLE FIRST: AN EXAMINATION OF THE POLITICAL LITERACIES OF THE BLACK LIBERATION FRONT INTERNATIONAL (BLFI), 1969-1973 By Joilynn Karega-Mason B.A., University of Kentucky, 2006 M.A., University of Louisville, 2008 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky May 2014 Copyright 2014 by Joilynn Karega-Mason All rights reserved SERVANTS OF MY PEOPLE FIRST: AN EXAMINATION OF THE POLITICAL LITERACIES OF THE BLACK LIBERATION FRONT INTERNATIONAL (BLFI), 1969-1973 By Joilynn Karega-Mason B.A., University of Kentucky, 2006 M.A., University of Louisville, 2008 A Dissertation Approved on April 11, 2014 by the following dissertation committee _______________________________ Bruce Horner Dissertation Director _______________________________ Min-Zhan Lu _______________________________ Carol Mattingly _______________________________ David Anderson _______________________________ Keith Gilyard ii DEDICATION To Chui Karega, My father and the inspiration beyond this project Min Zhan-Lu Who has always believed in my abilities and challenged my thinking, J. Blaine Hudson, Who, despite a busy schedule as Dean and Professor, always kept his door open for me. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the members of my committee, Bruce Horner, Min-Zhan Lu, Carol Mattingly, David Anderson, and Keith Gilyard, for their patient and diligent work with me on this project. Thank you for pushing me in my thinking on every aspect of this project. I would also like to thank the members of the reading-writing groups who provided useful information and feedback on this project. Thank you to the BLFI activists who graciously gave their time and dedicated themselves to the labor of this research project as my co-researchers. Thank you to the love of my life, my daughter Zaria. I could not have asked for a more mature and understanding daughter. You’ve been with me throughout this whole graduate school experience, never complaining. Mom and Dad, thank you for the love and support you have provided to your “odd” second child. Jimmie Mason, thank you for being a co-parent to our daughter. I could not have done this without your devotion to and care in raising our daughter. To all the friends who have supported me throughout this journey, I can’t name you all, thank you. iv ABSTRACT SERVANTS OF MY PEOPLE FIRST: AN EXAMINATION OF THE POLITICAL LITERACIES OF THE BLACK LIBERATION FRONT INTERNATIONAL (BLFI), 1969-1973 Joilynn Karega-Mason April 11, 2014 This dissertation is a multifaceted project. First, it is a historical work of subversion and revision designed to do two things: (1) apply pressure to trends in rhetoric and composition historiography that have left under-challenged a politics of representation that historically and systematically marked Black college students of the late sixties and early seventies as under-prepared, lacking in linguistic and rhetorical resources and agency, and politically militant yet academically apathetic; and (2) construct a more nuanced portrait of the writer agency of the Black college students of the late sixties and early seventies by examining the political writings of members of the Black Liberation Front International (BLFI), a Black-led undergraduate student organization at Michigan State University from 1969 to 1973. Second, this dissertation is an attempt to make use of the BLFI activists’ experiences with political literacy to inform and shape disciplinary pedagogical practice. This dissertation is divided into six chapters with a concluding Epilogue. Chapter One explains the impetus behind this project, establishes the BLFI activists’ political writing practices as the focus of this dissertation study, and introduces the analytic v framework for this project. Chapter Two introduces the research methodology that guided this project. Chapters Three and Four reconstruct a comprehensive — though not exhaustive — portrait of the BLFI activists’ “traffic” experiences. Chapter Five presents the findings of my analysis of the strategies the BLFI activists adopted for their positional writing practices. Applying pressure to the politics of representation and trends in rhetoric and composition which have left this politics of representation under-challenged, I demonstrate the ways in which the BLFI activists negotiated and developed their literate practices to not only construct themselves politically on a subjective and organizational level, but also to intervene in campus and communal politics. Chapter Six continues my efforts to construct a more nuanced portrait of the BLFI activists’ writer agency by discussing the stylistic aspects of a language practice Chui Karega, the BLFI’s Minster of Information, adopted for an editorial he composed as editor-in-chief for the Mazungumzo Journal of African Studies. The Epilogue discusses the implications of and future work for this dissertation project. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………………iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………iv ABSTRACT ……................................................................................................................v CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………..1 2. RESEARCH METHDOLOGY …………………………………………………37 3. HUSH HARBORS AND THE BLFI ACTIVISTS’ INTRODUCTION TO THE FUNCTIONING PURPOSE AND POWER OF THE HIDDEN TRANSCRIPT ……………………………………70 4. TRACES OF MEANING AND SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND DISCURSIVE COMMITMENTS: THE BLFI ACTIVISTS, THE PEOPLE’S HOUSE, AND THE MALCOLM X COMMUNICATION ACADEMY ……………………………………………104 5. THE BLFI ACTIVSTS’ POSITIONAL WRITING PRACTICES: RECONTEXTUALIZATION, TRANSFER, AND COUNTER-LITERACIES …………………………………………………….171 6. LANGUAGING AS POLITICAL PRACTICE: MAKING IT PLAIN FOR THE MASSES …………………………………………...............222 EPILOGUE …………………………………………………………………….............257 REFERENCES …..…………………………………………………………………….264 CURRICULUM VITAE ……………………………………………………………….274 vii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION In this chapter, I explain the purpose of this dissertation project, contextualizing its relevance and exigency in terms of rhetoric and composition historiography and disciplinary conversations about language diversity and translingual approaches to literacy. In the first section, I explain the impetus behind this project, and I examine what I define as a politics of representation and its work in marking Black college students of the late sixties and early seventies as under-prepared, deficient and in need of remediation, and politically militant yet academically apathetic. With this examination as a base, in the second section of this chapter, I argue for the production of disciplinary historical work that applies pressure to trends in rhetoric and composition historiography which have left under-challenged this politics of representation. To this end, I propose the adoption of a translingual approach to literacy for this kind of revisionist historiography, I establish the BLFI activists’ political writing practices as the focus of this dissertation study, and I introduce what I define as a traffic model analytic framework for examining the agentive strategies the BLFI activists used in putting together and reconfiguring in their political writing a range of linguistic, discursive, and cultural resources for their own purposes and in light of the contexts, circumstances, and commitments informing their work. I conclude with a mapping of chapters for this dissertation project. 1 “Failed Engagements” in the Writing Center and the Politics of Representing Black Students of the Late Sixties and Early Seventies I began the professional development component of my graduate program as a consultant in the University Writing Center. Five days a week I counseled student- writers, helping them negotiate the demands of academic writing for their coursework. I read essays written by students for first-year writing courses — argumentative essays supporting or disavowing everything from abortion to affirmative action and proposing everything from the development and administration of feed-the-homeless campaigns to the implementation of a national health care system. I also reviewed papers for students composing for upper-level discipline-specific
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