Populärmusik, Kluster Och Industriell Konkurrenskraft

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Populärmusik, Kluster Och Industriell Konkurrenskraft DANIEL HALLENCREUTZ Populärmusik, kluster och industriell konkurrenskraft En ekonomisk-geografisk studie av svensk musikindustri Doktorsavhandling för filosofie doktorsexamen i ekonomisk-geografisk framlagd vid Uppsala universitet 2002 Akademisk avhandling för avläggande av filosofie doktorsexamen i kulturgeografi vid Uppsala universitet, 2002. ABSTRACT Hallencreutz, D. (2002): Populärmusik, kluster och industriell konkurrenskraft. En ekonomisk- geografisk studie av svensk musikindustri. [Popular music, clusters, and industrial competitiveness. Economic-geographical studies of the Swedish music industry. 69 pp. Uppsala.] 69 s. Uppsala. The economic importance of design-intensive and cultural-products industries has grown in recent decades. One case in point is Sweden, where internationally competitive industries have emerged in areas such as multimedia, fashion, and music. During the 1990s, research in economic geography and related disciplines concerned with the link between geographical location and competitive advantage has found an important source of inspiration in the cluster approach. The thesis examines the relationship between spatial clustering and industrial competitiveness by undertaking a series of empirical studies that explore various dimensions of the Swedish music industry. The thesis demonstrates that the Swedish music industry embraces a multitude of actors in a complex, spatially clustered production system characterised by dense social networks, which transcend individual firms. Processes and mechanisms that have enhanced the creation and diffusion of strategic knowledge as well as co-operative competition further promote the competitiveness of this cluster. Moreover, the thesis demonstrates that it is necessary to carefully consider the relation between the local milieu and the global music industrial production and distribution system in order to fully understand competitiveness in the music industry. Finally, the thesis examines how the cluster concept has been put into practice in Swedish industrial and regional policies concerning cultural industries. Key words: economic geography, industrial clusters, competitiveness, music industry, cultural industries, Sweden. Daniel Hallencreutz, Department of Social and Economic Geography, Uppsala University, Box 513, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden E-mail: [email protected] © Daniel Hallencreutz 2002 Printed in Sweden by Geotryckeriet, Uppsala, 2002. Distributor: Uppsala University, Department of Social and Economic Geography, Box 513, SE- 751 30 UPPSALA, Sweden. ARTIKLAR I AVHANDLINGEN Hallencreutz, D., Lundequist, P. och Malmberg, A. (2000): Production of popular music: on the industrial geography of the Swedish music cluster, Nordisk Samhällsgeografisk Tidskrift, 30, 37–59.1 Hallencreutz, D., Lundequist, P. och Malmberg, A. (2002, kommande): Local embeddedness and international competitiveness: the case of the Swedish music cluster. I Amin, A., Goglio, S. och Sforzi, F. (eds.), The institutions of local development. London: Ashgate. Hallencreutz, D. och Lundequist, P. (2002, kommande): Making knowledge funky: localised learning and SME competitiveness in the Swedish music cluster. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development. Accepterad för publicering efter viss omarbetning. Power, D. och Hallencreutz, D. (2002, kommande): Profiting from creativity: The music industry in Stockholm, Sweden and Kingston, Jamaica. Environment and Planning, A. Accepterad för publicering efter viss omarbetning. Hallencreutz, D. och Power, D. (2002, kommande): Cultural industry cluster building in Sweden. I Oinas, P. och Lagendijk, A. (eds), Proximity, distance and diversity: Issues on economic interaction and local Development. London: Ashgate. Hallencreutz, D. (2002): So you wanna be a rock ’n’ roll executive: gender and employment structure in the Swedish music industry 1990-1999. Artikel skickad till Economic and industrial democracy. 1 Den tryckta versionen av denna artikel innehöll ett par grafiska fel. Därför har jag valt att inkludera den digitala versionen. 3 4 FÖRORD Denna avhandling är en del av ett projekt – ”Populärmusik och produktionsmiljö – lokal miljö och internationell konkurrenskraft inom svensk musikindustri” eller kort och gott ”POP-projektet” – som under professor Anders Malmbergs ledning bedrivits på Kulturgeografiska institutionen mellan 1998 och 2001. Från 1999 har projektet finansierats av Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. I avhandlingen betonas betydelsen av relationer mellan olika aktörer i ett industriellt system. Därför är det i allra högsta grad på sin plats att tacka ett antal aktörer som haft stor betydelse i ”produktionen” av denna avhandling. Först och främst skulle jag vilja rikta ett stort tack till min handledare Anders Malmberg, som för övrigt även är medförfattare till två artiklar: tack för allt stöd, alla kommentarer och alla ”tvättningar” av texten. För att tala musikindustrispråk: du har varit en utmärkt ”demonproducent”. Ett stort tack vill jag också rikta till de två andra medförfattarna: Per Lundequist och Dominic Power. En mycket viktig resurs var den ”läsgrupp” på kulturgeografiska institutionen som kommenterade mitt manus i slutfasen av avhandlingsarbetet. Göran Hoppe, Kjell Haraldsson och Mats Lundmark bidrog med mycket konstruktiva synpunkter och felet är helt mitt om jag inte gjort dem rättvisa. När jag ändå är inne på forskarutbildningen vill jag också passa på att tacka de personer som – förutom Göran Hoppe och Anders Malmberg – varit forskarutbildningsansvariga under min tid som doktorand: Sture Öberg och Sune Berger. I synnerhet Sune, som var min handledare under min första tid som forskarstuderande, vill jag skänka ett speciellt tack. Ytterligare en person på kulturgeografen som måste tackas är Ewa Hodell. Ett stort tack också till Taher Mazloomian på Geotryckeriet. Denna avhandling är alltså en del av ett projekt. Därför vill jag sända ett stort tack till Johan Jansson, Tommy Berg och Linda Runarsdottir-Svensk för era empiriska bidrag till denna avhandling inom ramen för POP-projektet. Vill även passa på att tacka Katarina Petterson, Jan Amcoff och Anders Waxell. Katarina Hallencreutz har hjälpt till med korrekturläsning. Detta avhandlingsarbete har finansierats av framförallt Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. Därtill finansierade Arbetslivsinstitutet som genom projektet ”Svensk Modell i Förändring” – SMiF – skrivandet av en av artiklarna. I detta sammanhang vill jag framförallt tacka Jan Ottosson, Lars Magnusson samt – inte minst – Karsten Lundequist som bland annat hjälpte mig att inte drunkna i LOUISE-databasen. 5 Sist – men absolut inte minst – vill jag självfallet tacka alla de personer i den svenska musikbranschen som ställt upp för intervjuer, ingen nämnd och ingen glömd. Ett stort tack för att ni tog er tid. Uppsala i april 2002 Daniel Hallencreutz 6 INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING 1. Bakgrund...............................................................................................................9 1.2 Syfte och disposition .......................................................................................12 2. Centrala begrepp samt forskningsläget ...........................................................17 2.1 Några centrala begrepp: populärmusik, kluster och (musikindustriell) konkurrenskraft .....................................................................................................17 2.2 Geografisk forskning om musikindustri och forskningsläge rörande svensk musikindustri.............................................................................................21 3. Avhandlingens utgångspunkter: kluster och lokala miljöers påverkan på industriell konkurrenskraft ....................................................................................25 3.1 Ett klusterperspektiv på konkurrenskraft .........................................................26 3.2 Ett utvidgat klusterbegrepp .............................................................................29 3.3 Kritik mot klusterbegreppet i teori och praktik .................................................32 3.4 Ett klusterperspektiv på musikindustriell produktion........................................36 4. Artiklarna.............................................................................................................43 5. Slutdiskussion ....................................................................................................49 6. Käll- och litteraturförteckning ...........................................................................55 Bilaga 1 Intervjupersoner.......................................................................................65 Bilaga 2 Intervjumall...............................................................................................67 7 8 1. Bakgrund Under 1990-talet har intresset för olika kultur- och upplevelsenäringars ekonomiska betydelse för nationella och regionala ekonomier ökat (Björkegren, 1996; Braczyk et al., 2000; Caves, 2000; Pratt, 1997; Scott, 2000; Power, 2002). Sverige utgör i detta sammanhang inget undantag.2 Denna avhandling behandlar en sådan näring, som har kommit att utvecklas till en internationellt konkurrenskraftig exportnäring, nämligen den svenska musikindustrin (se Burnett, 1996, 1997; Durrant, 2000; Forss, 1999, 2001). När det talas om svensk musikexport är det oftast artisterna som lyfts fram. Detta är kanske inte så konstigt mot bakgrund av att grupper som ABBA, Roxette och Ace of Base skördat stora framgångar internationellt. ABBA har till exempel sedan 1970-talet
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