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TRANSIT STATIONS AND URBAN DESIGN IN CALGARY retrofitting innercity neighbourhoods Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-37660-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-37660-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. 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Canada ABSTRACT Transit stations and urban design in Calgary retrofitting innercity neighbourhoods Francisco Alaniz Uribe 4 September 2007 Prepared in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree Master of Environmental Design (Urban Design) in the Faculty of Environmental Design, The University of Calgary Supervisor Dr. Beverly A. Sandalack Key Words: transit stations, transit oriented development, retrofitting, Calgary, urban design, light rail transit The City of Calgary is one of the fastest growing cities in Canada. With a population of almost a million people the most important issue in the minds of its inhabitants is transportation. One of the most efficient ways of moving people in a city is Light Rail Transit. Calgary's LRT system or C-Train was established in 1981 and is still being developed as the city grows. Although the City of Calgary is committed to expanding its LRT system according to some of the principles of transit oriented development (TODs), to date there has not been a comprehensive approach to incorporating urban design of existing stations and their surrounding neighborhoods, as a way to increase ridership. The purpose of this project is to demonstrate how the Calgary LRT system efficiency can be increased by urban design, retrofitting existing settlements in order to transform them into a physical form that encourages the use of public transit. The study demonstrated that there is a relationship between the variables of density, diversity and design and transit use. The three variables, when combined, can increase transit ridership. By having dense and mixed-use neighbourhoods, the stations can be nodes for employment and recreation while providing a sustainable and accessible form of transportation to the people living around them. The reconfiguration of land with high value for the city as a whole is necessary in order to take advantage of LRT infrastructure and maximize its potential. There are several potential locations where the variables producing true transit oriented developments can be improved, as a way of increasing ridership and consequently reducing the effects of continued sprawl. CONTENTS Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 7 2. Purpose, Objectives and Methodology 9 2.1 Purpose 2.2 Objectives 2.3 Methodology 3. Background 11 3.1 Urban Design and Transit 3.2 LRT in Calgary 3.3 Transit and Urban Form 4. Analysis of Selected Stations 17 4.1 City-wide overview 4.2 Station selection and analysis 4.3 BanffTrail 4.4 Lions Park 4.5 Franklin 4.6 Erlton/Stampede 4.7 39th Avenue 4.8 Sunnyside 4.9 All stations - Summary 5. Precedents 43 5.1 Pearl District - Portland 5.2 Jackson-Taylor 5.3 Hillhurst/Sunnyside 5.4 The Bridges 6. Case Study - BanffTrail 51 6.1 Historic evolution 6.2 Current situation 6.3 Issues and opportunities 7. Design Proposal 69 8. Conclusions and Recommendations 84 8.1 Summary comments 8.2 Recommendations 8.3 Conclusions References 87 Appendix 88 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project is the final result of a long and arduous process and could not have happened without the support of many people around me. First and foremost my parents, Francisco and Esperanza, without their guidance, support and love I would never have gotten so far in my personal development; and are my foundation in life. Thanks to Bev I had the great opportunity of pursuing this masters degree. During the process she always kept me on track and encouraged me to do better. I have been fortunate to count on not only her mentoring, but also her invaluable friendship. My good friend Marc, who always kept me cheerful and positive and took it upon himself to help me whenever I needed an extra hand. His friendship has been an incredible support since I arrived in Canada. Doug Carlyle, who took the time and interest to help me with the development of this project. And all my teachers and fellow students from whom I learned in many ways over the past few years. •& 1. INTRODUCTION Calgary is one of the fastest growing cities in Canada workable nexus between their mass transit services with a population of just over a million people, and urban settlement patterns" (Cervero, 1998). According to a report by the Canada West Foundation (Looking West 2007), the most important issue in the A Transit Oriented Development is an alternative to minds of Calgarians is transportation. Traffic, roads, communities that link urban design directly with the affordable housing and transit were placed as top four use of public transit. Transit oriented development is priorities.TheCityof Calgary expends 36% of its budget defined as "a mixed use community within an average on transportation (Budget Executive Summary 2006- 2,000-foot walking distance of a transit stop and core 2008, City of Calgary), consisting of roads and transit, commercial area"(Calthorpe, 1994: p. 56). maintenance, improvements and future growth. InCalgarytherehaveonlybeentwoprojectsattempting The cost of moving people is one of the main to incorporate transit oriented development at preoccupations of every large city in the world. One existing LRT stations. At Bridgeland/Memorial Station of the most efficient ways of moving people in a city is the redevelopment of the site of the Calgary General Light Rail Transit (Thomas, 2003). Calgary's LRT system, Hospital has included higher densities and mixed or C-Train, was established in 1981 and is still being use buildings, while at the Heritage Station a plan is developed as the city grows. It currently has two lines underway to redevelop the land the City owns near with thirty six stations and plans to expand. the station. These projects are important efforts, but they lack a comprehensive plan for the land around Some of these stations have a daily ridership of the stations, between 10,000 to 19,000 passengers, while other stations barely have a ridership of 1,000 (Weekday ons Although the City of Calgary is committed to and offs based on counts conducted in Spring 2005, expanding its LRT system according to some of the Calgary Transit, LRT statistics). LRT systems should principles of TODs, to date, little has been done to have a catchment per stop of 4,800-9,000 (Thomas, incorporate methods of urban design into existing 2003), and it appears as if some stations are being stations and their surrounding neighborhoods as a under utilized. way of increasing ridership. The Heritage Station Redevelopment Plan boundary shown below While Calgary continues to expand its LRT network, only includes City owned land close to the station. (Heritage Station it should be thinking of taking full advantage of Redevelopment Plan Calgary Transit, 2007) the infrastructure in place. As Calthorpe stated, the "investment in transit must be supported by land use patterns which put riders and jobs within an easy walk of stations* (1994: p. 19). Research by Robert Cervero, a specialist in sustainable transportation policy and planning, has shown that public transit use is directly related to the urban physical form. "Spread out development has proven to be especially troubling for mass transit [however] suburbanization has not crippled transit systems everywhere". Some cities have adapted and "found a 2. PURPOSE, OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Purpose The purpose of this project is to speculate on how 2. Analysis of selected LRT stations: Stations with Calgary's LRT system efficiency can be increased by low ridership will be selected. The relationship urban design, retrofitting existing neighbourhoods between utilization and the physical form of the in order to transform them into a physical form that neighbourhoods will be analysed. supports the use of public transit. 3. Qualities of physical form conducive to transit use: A summary of qualities of good urban form, conducive After the first phase of research and analysis a case of transit, will be derived from the previous analysis study is selected and an urban design proposal and literature review.