2019 Annual Report

Sugar Research Institute of Fiji

PARLIAMENT OF FIJI PARLIAMENTARY PAPER NO. 172 OF 2019 1

FOREWORD 2019 S UGAR

A R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH R EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

F IJ I

Naidu Prem N. Officer Chief Executive Acting andother boardmembers fortheir guidance and support. Chairman the thank to like also would I and Institute the to commitment and support their contributions the acknowledge I trials were established. The cropused in these trials was black gram. manuring green 15 and transfer technology under topic major the was improvement health disseminate to continued is key on demonstrations field Institute The year. next planted on program this Underfarmers. the to programtransfer technology the through be information to laboratory the in are plante were seedlings culture tissue 2000 laboratory that was set up last year started culturing of cane to produce seedlings for planting. The production of hot water treatment seed 2 cane which continued of during out the infestationyear. termite for hundredsurveyed were One farms fourteen yield. on observed were changes significant no and bacteria fixing nitrogen on conducted were trials Three disease. this encounter to place in put been has Biosecurity world that has not been affected by SMUT disease. An incursion plan in collaboration the in country only the is Fiji stools. FLG diseased 3112 removed and hectares 6424 of area the of placed were part As nematodes. parasitic plant to integrated pest management of the major pest toleranceCane Weevil Borer (CWB), 160 split bait traps and response their for varieties during continued disease has managed this very well. Routine screeningof the major disease inFiji, Fiji leaf gall (FLG) Institute the and task priority high a is pest and diseases against industry the of protection r fertilizer for analysed were samples foliar 72 and losses and the results showed that losses were accelerated after 48 hours. 2020. in trial mill large the and identifiedbeen LF11 variety promising One successfully. out carried were program breeding plant were seedlings 4,200 and poor, was germination obtained Fuzz 2019. in made crosses the from collection and 20 overseas varieties from A parents. bi 152 included that set were compared to 2018. The breeding program activities progressed smoothly in 2019, 337 crosses cane the affected and Two tropical cyclones F OREWORD . The evaluation, selection and advancement of varieties from different stages in the e foeig e ws salse wt 10 aite fo te germplasm the from varieties 120 with established was bed flowering new

in farmers’ fields. farmers’ in

seed cane seed –

production. TC Mona in January and TC Sarai in December brought heavy rainfall

the year. A pot trial was conducted to screen selected sugarcane selected screen to conducted was trial pot A year. the A project was initiated to study the effect of cane delay on sugar on delay cane of effect the study to initiated was project A -

sues that will improve production are conducted. In 2019, soil 2019, In conducted.are productionimprove will that sues parental and 185 poly crosses using 57 female and 201 male 201 and female 57 using crosses poly 185 and parental

multiplication was done in 2019 with the intention the with 2019 in done was multiplication

The Crop Protection unit inspected 1959 farms covering an covering farms 1959 inspected unit Protection Crop The from all the staff in our substations and the head office for office head the and substations our in staff the all from

There was an increase of 0.1m tonnes of cane in 2019 in cane of tonnes 0.1m of increase an was There VISA Cane d in the field and approximately 10,000 seedlings 10,000 approximately and field the in d PARLIAMENTARY PAPER NO. 17

ecommendations and research trials. research and ecommendations . A total of 319 packets of fuzz was sown

PARLIAMENT O S

UGAR 0 farms were infested. were farms 0 R

A total of 1517 soil ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

The tissue culture

A 2 NNUAL

I OF 2019 NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE of planting of - F FIJI 233 has 233 with the R EPORT

The F

IJI IJI

FOREWORD 3

MISSION STATEMENT GrahamMr. Clark Mr Dr Professor Ravendra Naidu S Mr Mr Professor Ravendra Naidu Ms Mr Dr Professor Rajesh Chandra B Fiji Sugar Industryproductive andsustainable. through science that supports innovative activities in sugar related industries and to To advance the industry by excellence in technology transfer emanating from research results M 2019 S UGAR CIENCE OARD OARD ...... ISSION .

Sanjay Anand Sanjay Anand Ashween Nischal Ram Raj Sharma Ashween Nischal Ram Graham Clark Reshmi Kumari

A R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH M A EMBERS R UDIT UDIT S EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE TATEMENT

OMMITTEE OMMITTEE F IJ I

- -

Chairman Chairman

M EMBERS

make the F G A A S T C R C M F C INANCIALS OREWORD RIF RIF ECHNOLOGY BBREVIATIONS PPROVED ROP ONTENTS ESEARCH LOSSARY ISSION ONTENTS Rarawai Estate Rarawai Estate Labasa Estate Drasa Mill Rarawai Mill Labasa Lautoka Mill Overview Facp Cultu Tissue Production cane Seed Protection Crop Management Crop Improvement Crop Meteorology Audit Science Members Board E P STATES RODUCTION

...... S

......

TATEMENT & V ......

...... ARIETIES

...... T EVELOPMENT

RANSFER

......

...... re

......

Committee Members Committee

......

...... S ...... UGAR ...... R ESEARCH ESEARCH ...... 2019 ......

...... A NNUAL ...... I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE ...... R ...... EPORT ...... 106 108 102 105 116 114 107 107 113

F 86 29 95 85 18 87 70 51 75 73 71 IJI IJI

6 4 2 5 3 3 3

CONTENTS 5

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 2019 S UGAR

A R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH

R EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

F IJ I

R ESEARCH ESEARCH &

D EVELOPMENT

cultivation, fertilizer application, weedicide application andharvesting activi farm possible on farmers to advice an becomes which Institute provides a summary statement towards the Fiji Sugar Cane Rainfall Outlook (FSCRO) country. the for forecast weather of predicting and summary climate produce climat The records. our for kept and compiled are districts eight the from sector each from figures rainfall Similarly, Nadi. Centre Meteorological Specialized Regional m each of endthe At daily. and 50cm, 24 hours rainfall, amount of cloud, visibility, wind force and wind direction at 9am bulb, wet bulb, maximum and minimum), earth temperatures situated at depths of 5cm, 10cm Climatological station is manned by observers who recording Climatological daily other three and Lautoka in office head its at (FMS) of meteorological instrumentsand maintained with the help of the Fiji Meteorological Service The Meteorological Station at Sugar Research Institute of Fiji (SRIF) is eq Introduction Highlights M ETEOROLOGY 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

significantrainfall being observed which led floodingto in some parts ofFiji. Sarai TC National Climate Outlook Forum was held in Nadi in November to discuss the following half ofthe year. mill Refresher training on “Climate Observation” was Lautoka conducted by Sajiva during the while 2353mm of rainfall recordedthe leastannual rainfall of1354mm. annual highest the recorded mill Labasa andApril were the wetter months. Looking at all the mill areas, May andinflicted heavy rain which resulted infloodingaround the country. TC Mona d. c. b. a.

andaccessi user views andobtain feedbackfor improvement of climate products,services interpreted andunderstood by stakeholders andusers climate information, including uncertainties and limitations are communicated, Co specific factors affecting user outcomes -

- -

design tailored produc formed towards the end of December and was a Category 2 system with system 2 Category a was and December of end the towards formed developedin January,attained maximum intensityaCategory2system of onth, data is compiled in a designated F211 form and forwardedtoand form F211a designated incompiled isdata onth,

bility

was the driest month while January, February, March ts to addressto ts decision

take climate readings of temperatures (dry

- is uh sln preparation, land as such ties making needs S

UGAR for

uipped with a range R sugarcane areas. ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 e

data is used to used is data

The Research The A NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

centers R latter EPORT t he F IJI IJI : .

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 7

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT the highestannual rainfall while Lautoka mill recordedthe leastannual rainfall. May was the all mills between 2000mm 3000mm. to From the table below, it can be seen thatthe rainfall total for f usually is region the in cyclones for period peak Thecold. or heat of extremeswithout climatemaritime tropical a enjoys Fiji Rainfall especially duringthe wet season (November to April). and higher than average rainfall cloudiness in decrease winds, trade the of strength in increase and SOI, persistent of values by positive accompanied usually is cooling The Ocean. Pacific the of cooling sustained st to moderate during especially can, which Fiji of most over rainfall in reductions and Pacific the in cloudiness in increase winds, trade the negative values ofSouthern Oscillation Index (SOI), a decrease inthe strength or reversal of accompan usually is warming This Ocean. Pacific equatorial eastern and Niña. Scientists now refer to an El Niño event as sustained warming over a large part of central t in temperaturessurface Sea of cooling and warming persistent of cycleirregular an is ENSO NiñoEl Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 2019 S he tropical Pacific Ocean. The warm extreme is known is El Niño and the cold extreme, La extreme, cold the and Niño El is known is extreme warm The Ocean. Pacific tropical he Average Total December November October September August July June May April March February January M for 2019 Mills All for figures (mm) Rainfall 1: Table UGAR onth

R NNUAL

ESEARCH ESEARCH ,

except Lautoka,

R driest month while January to April were the wetter months. Labasa mill recorded EPORT I Rainfall NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE Lautoka mill Lautoka (mm) 1354 113 158 239 187 220 220

12 69 86 86 10 61 6

F Days IJ Rain I was in the annual average rainfall range.

111 17 19 16 20

3 2 9 8 6 9 6 1 4

Rainfall

Rarawai Rarawai mill for most of Fiji with frequent and sometimes severe flooding, (mm) 2036 170 190 108 131 127 278 314 214 523 o Nvme t Arl Te nul vrg rifl is rainfall average annual The April. to November rom 85 13 49 4

Days Rain 104 11 14 12 12 19

9 7 8 5 2 5 6 3

Rainfall rong events, lead to drought. to lead events, rong Labasa millLabasa (mm) 2353 196 414 185 127 369 270 272 491

57 85 41 29 15

Days Rain 122 10 15 14 18 18 28

7 9 3 2 2 4 2

Rainfall Generally Penang mill Penang (mm) 1990 166 160 197 498 240 255 295 97 44 75 56 53 20

e b persistent by ied Days

Rain (table 1 below) 165

14 11 14 23 22 24 28

9 9 7 6 5 7 La Niña is a is Niña La

Rainfall (mm) 1384 1010 1530 Sum 923 331 400 376 261 196 318 960 44

, Mill Labasa Mill Penang Mill Rarawai Mill Lautoka % of avg 2018) 49 No. of Monthly rainfall 5 Table % of av 2018) 49 No. of Monthly rainfall Table % of avg 2018) 49 No. of Monthly rainfall 3 Table % of 2018) 49 days No. rain of Monthly rainfall 2 Table yrs. yrs. yrs. yrs. A

rain days rain days rain days rain

4 vg av av a A g. : : : : vg vg

. . . Monthly Rainfall figures for for figures Rainfall Monthly Monthly Rainfall figures for Labasa Mill with the Long with the Mill Labasa for figures Rainfall Monthly for figures Rainfall Monthly the Long with Mill Rarawai for figures Rainfall Monthly g. g.

. .

(1970 (1970 (1970

(1970

- - - - Jan 136 384 523 Jan Jan 118 415 491 360 220 19 Jan 385 295 28 61 20 77 28

Feb

354 214 Feb Feb 220 327 357 272 60 12 Feb 369 255 67 16 76 18 69 24

Mar

358 314 Mar Mar 320 187 363 270 Mar 88 12 363 240 58 19 74 18 66 22

Apr

204 278 137 Apr 123 195 239 Apr 142 260 369 14 Lautoka Mill Lautoka Penang Apr 195 256 498 17 14 23

May

May May May 147 90 104 86 10 15 3 4 4 19 20 7 2 6 2

Mill with the Long with the Mill

Jun 127 163 Jun Jun 125 101 127 78 Jun 18 68 12 6 72 74 53 3

with the Long with 5

126 122 Jul Jul 39 49 Jul 114 50 61 Jul 60 48 29 5 49 14 56 4 2

Aug

Aug Aug Aug 63 13 21 15 69 10 352 197 59 70 41 2 56 1 2

Sep Sep 131 178 116 Sep Sep - 101 73 74 86 - Term Averages Term - 84 85 - 5 Term Averages Term 6 99 76 75 Term Averages Term Term Averages Term 3

7 S

Oct Oct UGAR 105 101 Oct 162 115 185 Oct 11 85 81 85 86 121 9 36 11 44 9

Nov

Nov ESEARCH ESEARCH 134 2019 150 108 Nov Nov 148 52 69 72 178 38 57 6 8 54 97 7

A Dec Dec 194 158 237 190 Dec Dec NNUAL 158 263 414 82 I 252 160 80

NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

15 8 63 7

Sum 1977 1354 Sum

2135 2036

Sum 111 2370 2355 Sum 2283 1990 104 68 122 165 R 95 99 87 EPORT

Avg Avg.

277 113 Avg Avg F 302 170 41 IJI IJI 198 196 322 166 56 9 99 10 52 14

9 .

. .

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 9

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 2019 S UGAR

Rainfall (mm) Rainfall (mm) Rainfall (mm) A 200 100 300 600 600 250 150 400 400 R 200 200 100 100 500 500 300 300 NNUAL 50 ESEARCH ESEARCH 0 0 0 R 220 491 523 Jan Jan EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

220 Feb Feb 214 272 Figure 1: Monthly rainfall for Lautoka mill Figure Monthly 2: rainfall for Rarawai mill Figure 3: Monthly rainfall for Penang mill F IJ I

Mar Mar 187 270 314 239 369 Apr Apr 278 May May 15 6 4 Jun Jun 127 127 12 Months Months Months Jul Jul 61 49 29 Aug Aug 10 41 13 Sep Sep 131 86 85 Oct Oct 185 86 85 Nov Nov 108 69 57 Dec Dec 414 190 158

Olosara Cuvu Lomawai Nawaicoba Malolo Yako Meigunyah Legalega Natova Saweni Drasa Sector Mill the Lautoka of Sector each for figures (mm) Rainfall 6: Table

Rainfall (mm) Rainfall (mm)

600 2000 1000 400 2500 1500 200 100 500 300

500

0 0

295 Jan 1681 234 401 218 304 525 292 336 390 428 360 409 Figure 5: Total Rainfall received for each sector under Jan

Feb 255 143 119 127 176 202 Feb 1668 64 74 74 62 57 77 Figure 4: Montly rainfall for Labasa mill

Mar 136 119 273 330 114 235 309 284 219 222 Mar 73 240 2369

275 181 207 412 548 216 342 411 401 320 252 Apr 498 Apr

May 1767 39 31 0 0 1 3 1 1 3 6 0

Lautoka Mill May 20 109 111 142 Jun 66 73 85 26 70 60 65 61 1512

233 116 188 Jul Jun 96 13 53 50 86 33 65 73 53 Months Sectors

1022 Aug 21 47 41 42 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jul 56

124 103 Sep 125 198 2369 81 58 57 99 28 75 71 Aug

197 113 191 141 186 130 118 136 Oct 59 65 75 38 1669

Sep 75 Nov 133 151 138 116 209 58 83 40 49 54 96

S UGAR

1260 Dec 168 208 103 218 137 178 155 198 357 Oct 44 90 88 R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

Total 1668 1681 1626 1423 1260 1669 2369 1022 1512 1767 2369 1423

Nov A 97 NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

Sector Avg 139 140 136 119 105 139 197 126 147 197 1626 Dec 85 160 R . EPORT

A 138 Mill F vg IJI IJI .

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 11

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 2019 S Ellington II Nanuku Malau Ellington I Sector Mill the Penang of sector each for figures (mm) Rainfall 8: Table Yaladro Drumasi Tagitagi Naloto Varavu Veisaru Rarawai Koronubu Mota Varoko Sector Mill the Rarawai of sector each for figures (mm) Rainfall 7: Table UGAR

Rainfall (mm) A

2000 1000 3000 2500 1500 R NNUAL

500

ESEARCH ESEARCH

R 295 375 332 258 229 323 640 338 475 523 435 803 546 Jan EPORT Jan 1767 I Figure 6: Total Rainfall received for each sector under 74 NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

213 196 109 275 146 165 168 308 214 302 Feb 255 160 333 180 Feb 2721

F Mar Mar IJ 275 210 240 161 403 296 335 303 355 355 322 320 314 352 I

2026 785 278 475 295 257 233 261 343 317 205 278 247 286 128 Apr Apr

May May 10 27 22 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 7 0 5 2035

Rarawai Mill 170 115 136 126 127 110 163 Jun Jun 53 64 41 90 88 95 99

1883 163 Jul Jul 52 75 46 52 53 54 20 36 49 28 53 47 Sectors 5

Aug Aug 57 17 19 36 48 32 16 13 13 20 33 1633 1 0 0

120 Sep 136 155 139 211 142 131 118 184 116 Sep 68 75 41 61

2510 Oct 73 12 41 70 Oct 24 20 33 67 25 42 85 68 84 54

Nov 184

Nov 130 100 206 100 108 149 89 97 40

86 82 95 86 1792

Dec 304 114 160 138 Dec 234 245 235 317 174 138 190 251 352 192

1782 Total 1611 1782 1792 2510 1633 1883 2035 2026 2721 1767 Total 2865 1341 1791 1116

Avg Sect Avg Sect 134 149 149 209 136 157 170 169 227 147 239 112 149 1611 93 . .

A 165 A Mill vg 148 Mill vg .

Seaqaqa Wainikoro Bucaisau Labasa Vunimoli Wailevu Waiqele Sector the of sector each for figures (mm) Rainfall 9: Table

Rainfall (mm) Rainfall (mm) 2000 2000 1000 1000 3000 3000 2500 2500 1500 1500 3500 3500 500 500

0 0

Waiqele Figure 7: Total Rainfall received for each sector under 596 590 430 491 649 474 518 Jan Figure 8: Total Rainfall received for each sector under 2383 EllingtonI

1116 234 314 341 272 403 291 362 Feb

Wailevu Mar 372 286 284 270 358 314 269 2245

336 500 349 369 530 288 369 Apr

May Vunimoli 42 16 21 54 51 15 23 3084 Malau 1791 Penang Mill

Labasa Mill 152 130 110 169 194 127 175 Jun

107 Jul 40 48 28 30 29 76 Sectors Sectors Labasa 2353

Aug 31 50 36 68 19 41 61

Labasa Mill Labasa Sep 143 120 72 79 70 85 94 Nanuku Bucaisau 1341

2365 119 135 160 239 137 185 133 Oct

Nov 140 291 156 97 63 88 57 S UGAR Wainikoro

2852 Dec 325 267 345 400 322 414 426 R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

EllingtonII Total 2245 2383 2677 2852 2365 2353 3084 2865

A NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE Seaqaqa

Avg 2677 Sect 187 199 223 238 197 196 257 R .

EPORT A 214 Mill vg F IJI IJI .

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 13

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 2019 S Table 10: Total Rainfall Figures for all the Four Mills for the past 24 years 24 the past Mills for Four the all Figures for Rainfall 10: Table Total UGAR

Rainfall (mm) Years 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

A 500 R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH 0

1996 R Figure 9: Total rainfall recorded by 4 mills in the past 24 EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE 1997 1998

1999 2000 Lautoka F

IJ 2001 I

2002 1354 2129 1739 2098 1043 1199 2501 3744 3028 1228 2870 2502 2337 1844 1580 1488 1459 1704 2041 3017 3457 1213 2319 2242 2003

2004 2005 2006 Years 2007 2008 Rarawai 2009 years 3140 1686 3556 3052 2805 2194 1749 1955 2033 1741 2121 3464 3354 1266 2648 2704 2010 2036 2228 2134 1883 1158 1318 2353 3265 2011

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

2017 Penang 3239 1644 3041 3380 2616 1824 1517 1573 1886 1819 2114 3750 3848 1274 3174 2404 2018 1990 2940 1802 2126 1310 2110 2343 3957 2019

Labasa Labasa Penang Rarawai Lautoka 2831 2321 2480 2612 2786 1429 1794 1568 1834 2418 2147 3655 3141 1585 2734 2716 2355 2971 2122 1773 1168 1654 2757 2894

while the lowestminimum temperature of15℃ was recordedfor the month ofSeptember. The highest maximum temperature of 35℃ was recorded for the month of February and May Temperatures 4 30cm yrs50 10cm yrs50 5cm thermometers Earth pan Raised Evaporation minimum Lowest maximum Highest Mean yrs50 minimumMean yrs50 Maximum Mean Temperature Air yrs50 Humidity (%) Relative 2019 Lautoka Fiji, of Institute Research Sugar for data Meteorological 11: Table yrs

Temperature (℃) . 40 20 25 30 10 35 15

. . . . . avg

avg avg avg avg avg Mean Maximum

and mean (maximum minimum)+ with higest maximum and

Jan Figure Figure 10: Graph showing mean maximum, mean minimum 24 28 34 23 32

Feb 20 24 28 32 35

Jan 165 Mar 30 30 29 29 27 29 23 34 28 24 24 32 32 75 74 22 34 23 32 27

Mean minimum Feb 162 29 30 28 29 29 29 20 35 28 24 24 31 32 77 82 Apr 24 28 34 23 32

Mar 233 29 29 26 28 29 28 22 34 27 24 23 31 32 75 79 lowest lowest minimum May

18 25 30 21 35 Apr 227 29 29 27 28 27 29 23 34 28 24 24 31 32 74 77

May Jun 20 29 19 25 33 179 Mean Month 28 27 24 25 26 26 18 35 25 22 21 30 30 74 77

Jun 118 Jul 20 16 25 30 33 27 27 24 25 24 25 19 33 25 20 20 28 29 72 88

Highest maximum 114 Jul 27 26 23 25 24 25 16 33 25 20 20 28 30 70 95 Aug 20 26 34 21 31

Aug 331 27 27 24 26 24 27 20 34 26 20 21 28 31 69 97 Sep

20 25 30 15 33 Sep 292 S 27 27 28 25 26 27 15 33 25 21 20 29 30 70 95 UGAR

Oct 20 34 23 27 31 Oct 132 R 29 28 27 27 27 28 20 34 27 26 23 31 31 66 84 ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

Lowest minimum Nov Nov 364 20 26 22 32

31 A 29 28 28 27 29 28 20 32 26 23 22 31 31 69 78 NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

Dec 122 Dec 29 29 28 28 29 29 20 34 28 23 23 31 32 72 76 20 28 34 23 32 R

EPORT Avg 203 F 28 28 26 27 27 27 19 34 26 23 23 30 31 72 83

IJI IJI

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 15

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT monitored and cleanedfor dirt/debris andalgae growth. constantly is pan The 203mm. be to calculated was year this for evaporation average The Evaporation 28℃. The 30cm thermometer was newly installed in 2016, thus, the 4 yea of thermometers at depths 5cm and 10cm were calculated to be 27°C and 26°C respectively. The earth thermometers at SRIF are at depths of 5cm, 10cm and 30cm. The 50 years average Earth 2019 S

UGAR

22 Temperature23 24 25 26 27 (℃28 ) 29 30 31 Evaporation (mm) A R NNUAL

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Thermometers ESEARCH ESEARCH 50 0 Jan 29 30 R 165 Figure 12: Monthly evaporation compared with annual Jan Figure 11: Earth Thermometers at depths 5cm, 10cm and EPORT I

NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE Feb 29 30

162 Feb F Mar

IJ 28 29 I

Mar 233 Apr 28 29 227 Apr 5cm May 25 27 May Evaporation 179 average Jun 25 27 30cm Months 118 Jun 10cm Months Jul 25 26 114 Jul

Aug 26 27 Average Aug 331 30cm Sep 25 27 292 Sep rs average calculated was Oct 27 28 132 Oct Nov 27 28 Nov 364 Dec 28 29 Dec 122

Some ofthe global trendsthatwere looked into 15: Figure andclimate change isto thinkabout how theyoperate ondifferenttime scales. together. work to partners theseenable and institutions coordinate to was forum the of objective main The A stakeholder consultation was held in Nadi in December. Topics that were covered included; National climate outlook forum has been made to FMS to have a recorder Therecurrently is nosunshine recorder installedtheat Drasa (V77555) station butarequest Sunshine the The average humidity for the year was calculated to be 83%. This value was 11% higher than Relative Humidity 4. 3. 2. 1. 50 GLOBAL TRENDS

- year Impact Grouppresentation of sector specific organisations Translating climate outlookproducts into sector specific statement/adv Productsand services offered FMSby

Different timescales Different

average. -

basedforecasting risk & One way to understand the difference betw difference the understand to way One

temperatures ocean acidification sea levelrise - basedwarnings installedtheat site.

een weather, climate variability climate weather, een

S UGAR R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 isories

NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

EPORT F IJI IJI

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 17

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Some ofthe climate productsand services include Some ofthe climate projections included 2019 S UGAR 4. 3. 2. 1.

R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH cyclones cyclones Tropical Sea level over the 21st century acidification Ocean future Air Temperature R EPORT I

NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

sea level isexpected continue to rise to

F IJ - I

indicate that the annual average air temperature will increase in the -

rjcin tn t so a erae n rqec o tropical of frequency in decrease a show to tend projections

acidity of sea waters in the Fiji region will continue to increase to continue will region Fiji the in waters sea of acidity

CLIMATE SERVICES CLIMATE PRODUCTS

: Early Action Rainfall Climate Summaries

Drought Bulletin Climate Outlook Sector Specific Annual Climate ENSO Update Sugar Sugar Sector (EAR) Watch Data Data Bank Summary :

inover Fiji the 21st century. -

high have some have shown outstanding traits in terms of biochemical rato first and plant the evaluating After records. flowering profuse and after the first ratoon evaluation. The selected varieties are mainly with high POCS percentage bed flowering the to transferred been have germplasm Rarawai from varieties 120 of Total flowering the and procedure same the using by weigh and mil small the to samples sending by These varieties andRarawai inreplicate plots. Drasa in planted were varieties 320 of Total Drasa. in located was whichgermplasm old the plots grow to Due harvesting. S plots of the germplasm in Drasa andRarawai evaluationpast years the andus The SRIF germplasm is located at Drasa Estate in Lautoka and at Rarawai Estate in Ba. In the Germplasm Recommendation Highlights C ome plots have mixed canes (volunteers) probably due to scattering of ROP ROP ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ .

was difficult

I S Manual harvesting of germplasm. Successfully planted the large mill trial for promisingvariety LF11 to of introduction the with pool geneticcurrent the of Expansion MPROVEMENT tage 4

bed the ed

. to Dobuilevu arrowingbed.

are being varieties to be included get an estimate of yield of estimate an get fibe .

In 2017 aprojectwas initiated replant to the available varieties presen

r , and some have high dry weight. Field assessment was carried was assessment Field weight. dry high have some and ,

evaluate

of these volunt these of

d of thegermplasmof haslimitedbeen

andcharacterize l for biochemical analysis and each plot was harvested was plot each and analysis biochemical for l

into germplasm for . This year 2019, second evaluation were conductedwere evaluation second 2019, year This . has resulted in damage to stools anda data

eer canes in the roadways (gaps) separating the separating (gaps) roadways the in canes eer

ahrd a ue t slc varieties select to used was gathered d . data

The plantcrop . Few have high POCS percentage, expanding S UGAR . M . genetic 120 was on crop few varieties few crop on billets echanicalharvesting - R 233

ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 overseas evaluated in 2018

base (

A canes loss of whole NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE .

varieties ) during f R o out EPORT r

t the

F to in IJI IJI

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 19

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Flowering Beds traits varieties 640 These Figure1: vigorous stool growth, stalksize and heights. some note 2019 S UGAR Figure 2: Planting 120 varieties in Dobuilevu flowering bed (transferred from Rarawai Rarawai from (transferred bed flowering Dobuilevu in varieties 120 Planting 2: Figure

R andwill be planted accordinglyin different forplots breeding in 2020. NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH Weighing of Drasa & Rarawai Germplasm Rarawai & Drasa of Weighing

R hscl character physical EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

(replicate of 320 varieties) 320 of (replicate F IJ I

s Fw aite hv show have varieties Few . germplasm)

will be characterize be will

dsrbe etrs n em of terms in features desirable n d

according to to according

desirable

is it concerns above of delayed in some early floweringparents and experimental crosses could be made. light In germination. fuzz that recommended and pollination affect also dew) effect on seed set. In delay The covered. be to has that area large the to due to be viable is between 20 male flowers to shed pollen during anther dehiscence. The actual time available for the pollen thestationisscatteredatoverarea. long alargeta takesIta toarea cover time to the crosses.themake to parents desiredfind difficultto is the season,theyare underu for setting crosses, speed of flowering and timing of flowering. When varieties flower early in most varieties in the flowering bed cannot be productively utilized because of space limitations no been has there as exhausted almost have crosses set crosses w shed was not ready therefore 2 temporary tents were set The original plan was to set varieties set were crosses 13 on commenced season crossing 2019 The Crossing in propagated used Rarawai germplasm ha floweredprofusely crossing. for from choose to varieties 480 and plots 240 beds, Rarawai and Drasa and also farmer’s field in Vunikavikaloa. Flower

Experimental crosses Poly count Bi combinations combination Cross Crossing 1: Table - parental during the s

sd o 21 cosn ws rm the from was crossing 2019 for used as ere

male parents.

setin the open plot 2020 crossing - p 12 bi (152 up s whilenotdid others

in Dobuilevu which willbe introduce t e ht pro house period photo he addition, ve

Female - been planted inDobuilevu. The flowers from these varieties will be 25 minutes and it is not practical to pollinate all crosses in this time - up Bi tilized becauselimited number ofthe ofvarieties available andit

- without lanterns. aetl n 15pl) sn 5 varieties 57 using poly) 185 and parental

25 32 the variable climatic conditions (off season rainfall and morning season 6

- parental crosses in the new crossing shed, but

. Total of 20 varieties from visa

flowerat all. Male 144 57 12

r alternative or th The varieties available from the germplasm to

a ad ne o 15 on ended and May flowering At

The area available for setting crossessettingavailable areafor The otal ofotal120varieties d -

to to the flowering bed in 2020.

up for poly

expansion of the collection. All or All collection. the of expansion

in tapping flowers could have an have could flowers tapping in e i Dobuil in bed The flowering beds consists of 10

s ntle s ta foeig is flowering that so installed is Some of Some S - cane have been UGAR cross th R as v, emls in germplasm evu,

June. ESEARCH ESEARCH the 2019 es

transferred eae n 201 and female

and bi

varieties have varieties

A oa o 337 of Total the breeding NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

- parental planted R

p thep EPORT from F IJI IJI

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 21

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT selection was again carriedout this year. and Brixing out. ploughed was it therefore 5% than less was percentage germination the The trial was brixed and selection was made in 2018 but due to severe drought after planting LF2016 STAGE 1 log. availabilit fuzz as such factors some in afterinitiatedcyclone Winstonleftsevere damagesin planted. were stage one trials which are LF2016 and LF2017 which were brixed and LF2018 and LF2019 y This desirability. agronomic and appeal physical of terms in considerationtakeninto is appeal clonethe cases, some In canejuice. insolids soluble total inherited character i.e. sugar which is estimated on the basis of the brix with the standards in rows of 20 seedlings. The selection criterion is limited to the most basic field the in side by side planted are crosses the from seedlings the trials, one stage the In consiprogram breeding Plant Early Stage Selection more than 460. toone as low as fromsubstantially varies cross germinate per seedlingsthat of number The from the 2019 crossing. Total of 184 packets germinated (58%) and produced 4200 seedlings. commencedon 26 In 2019 fuzz sowing was delayed due to unviability of fuzz since no fuzz were in stock. Sowing Fuzz Sowing and Raising of 3: Figure 2019 S UGAR

place in place

A R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH LEFT LEFT

previous yearsprevious R EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE h fu sre i sae i de o the to due is 1 stage in series four The -

Temporary tents for poly crosses poly for tents Temporary

July andended on 14 F IJ

rectify measuresrectify st of four different stages from fuzz sowing to varietal release.varietal to sowing fuzz from stages different four of st Seedlings y and weather pattern played a major role in this back this in role major a played pattern weather and y

August. A total of 319 packets of fuzz and put the put and

RIGHT RIGHT the

breedingprogram. Effort eaiiain rga wih was which program rehabilitation program back on track but due todue but track on back program -

Collected p Collected ear there ear . Brix ollen at Dobuilevu at ollen were

is a measure of four series of series four were s

was

sown that put

ha Mana selection. of mark bench the as used was standards for deterioration trial, this in cane of growth vigorous 2018 May on planted was trial This LF2017 STAGE 1 will beassessed selectedvarietiesFew in out was selectionand brixing The two. stage trial plotmeters six linesingle to advanced were cultivars 238 of total A 2017. in planted was which varieties 4800 of consists trial The TRIAL DETAIL Viwa Kaba Naidiri Qamea Varieties Standard 2: Table Selection

September.

of seedcane material. Pre

in stage 2.

ranges

Figure Figure with Standards Average Average Standards

desirable traits but habutdesirabletraits

4 : : LF2016 Stage1 LF2016 and scheduled and a decision was made to brix the trial earlier to avoid to earlier trial the brix to made was decision a - Brix 20.5 22.0 23.0 24.0 brixing was carriedinout Februaryand average brix

Brixing and Selection and Brixing d Selection Range Range Selection

relatively lowrelativelybrix

for evaluation in May 2019 May in evaluation for 20.5 22.0 23.0 18.0 > (Brix) – – – -

20.5 21.9 22.9 23.9 24.0 d

S the lowest brix mean of mean brix lowest the UGAR been

R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

also selectedandalso No of varieties of varieties No

A . D . NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE Selected ue to the to ue carried R EPORT 14 44 81 67 35 F IJI IJI

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 23

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT the time of planting which enhance February. The moisture level of the soil was in goodcondition due to continuous rain prior to were seedlings 6300 of Total LF2018 STAGE 1 low ha varieties selectedwerevarieties 290 of Total ha brix average standard The April.increased in out carried was 1 Stage LF2017 the for Brixing VARIETIES STANDARD wasbrix phase, 13.8 Naidiri 12.8, 2019 S

Average Table Mana Kaba Naidiri Viwa Varieties Standard Table Table 3: Commercial brix Commercial 3: Table UGAR Variety er

Brix 3 Brix 2 Brix 1 Brix A

NNUAL

brix than standard but gotselected because ofgood physical appearance.

ESEARCH ESEARCH 4 10 varieties were randomly 5

: : : above the loweststandard brix.

Test varieties Test Brix selection range based on commercial varieties commercial on based range selection Brix compare Commercial varieties Commercial

d R 1504

EPORT 14.7 I 15.0 15.0 14.0 NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE a higher brix than the four the than brix higher a Average

and Kaba with the highest 15 highest the with Kaba and

d Brix 3 Brix 2 Brix 1 Brix 3 Brix 2 Brix 1 Brix

1653 to to pre 16.3 15.0 17.0 17.0 Standards Average F IJ

brix I

brixing inbrixing February.

1783 16.7 17.0 17.0 16.0 planted as LF2018 Stage 1 in Rarawai Estate field 6 on 13 on 6 field Estate Rarawai in 1 Stage LF2018 as planted

picked from d

and progressed to progressedand 1716 seedlingestablishment. 14.3 18.0 15.0 10.0 Brix Brix 15.2 15.3 15.3 15.5

standards

1646 15.3 14.0 16.0 16.0

the field for pre .0 Selection Range .

Since February falls in the grand growth grand the in falls February Since , Mana 1716 1 29 were within the range the within were 29 14.7 12 15 11 12 14 13 14.0 12.0 18.0

2.8 stage 2 trial. Majority of the selected the of Majoritytrial. 2 stage 15.2 15.3 14.4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0

> (Brix) – –

- 1731

15.0

- 16.0 17.0 12.0 15 15.3 15.5 15.5 brixing .2 “

Naidiri 1643

14.7 and all these varieties 14.0 20.0 10.0 13.8 15 15 13 15 15 10 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 No of varieties of No

1643 15.0 14.0 15.0 16.0

a Selected nd 10 ha 10 nd

1643 Kaba 15 14.0 15.0 15.0 12.0 14 14 16 15 16 15 251 10 13 16 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 “ th d d

Figure (368.2 mm) within two weeksafter planting. The seedlingshave establishedwell. of 1.24 acres 2019 The LF2019 series stage 1 single stools were planted in Field 6 at Rarawai Estate LF2019 STAGE 1 Figure . 4440. seedlingsthatwere (4500) 98%ofthe potted total were transplanted inan area 5 6 : : : T LF2019 Stage LF2019 ransplanting ransplanting as single stools. The

1 Seedling transplanted in Field 6 Field in transplanted Seedling 1 LF2018 Stage 1 Stage LF2018 field w as

irrigated prior to planting and also received rainfall

S UGAR R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

A in NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

December R EPORT F IJI IJI

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 25

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Theeffect (FFE). andare farmerfirstvarietiesscrutinizedratoonfeel usingselecteddata for caneseed initi is crop plant in data good showing varieties for propagation cane seed The crop cycles 3 for carriedassessmentsare yield and field biochemical,the andlocation each at replicates plantedstatisticalareusingdesign(RCBD trials mill location thus referred to as multi location or Genetic x Environment assessment trials. The in established commercial for potential Advance Stage trials are the finalof trials set done before identifying varieties with improved Advanced Stage Trials done ona timelybasis select biochemical using varieties selected the The trial was planted LF2014 STAGE 3 Evaluation andselection for 3 stage will becarriedout in 2020. 2 Stage The LF2017 Stage 2 trial was planted LF2017 STAGE 2 the hybrid progenies which willbe closelymonitored in 2 stage andstage 3 trials. w irrigation clones 238 of Total LF2016 STAGE 2 assessmenton to biochemical ( According to the small mill LF2014 STAGE FINAL2 ASSESSMENT 2019 S rx PC, and POCS, Brix,

UGAR

stage 3 stage

A edand advanced to stage 3 observation plot. R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH trial.

form the Stage 4 trial as well as the Stage 4 seedvarietiesStagebed. Thesefurther 4 asaretheaswell trial Stage4 theform as observation plot trial plot observation – R d

EPORT I

plant (P), firstratoon (1R) andsecond ratoon (2R). ata NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE done pre and post planting when needed. Among the selected clones, 10 are are 10 clones, selected the Among needed. when planting post and pre done h fed a wl peae ad irrigation and prepared well was field The advance and planted in the following year March year following the in planted and advance second ,

a total of 62 varieties62 total of a

Purity advanced to advanced i n O . F

ratoon crop. IJ I

) ctober 2019. The selection was carriedout this year by reassessing Atr the After . analysis cultivation . Data record for these for record Data .

Stage 2 Stage

a total of 154 varieties were well above standard Te ede fr aite ietfe i Sae is 3 Stage in identified varieties for seedbed The . i n first April were d ata and field evaluation. Total of 57 varieties 57 of Total evaluation. field and ata

single line single - round

201 selected. – 9. Total of 290 clones

randomizedcompleteblockdesi

il assmn ad oprsn with comparison and assessment field All the maintenance workin this trial was

trial. The field was w was field The trial. A

57 total of 57 varietiesof57total was

varieties will be kept for further for kept be will varieties

oe r ad ot planting. post and pre done -

April planting season at all at season planting April were selected for this ell prepared and prepared ell wereadvanced ated using ated infourgn)

varieties were

cane whereasmillsLF12 2 Based on the above presented data, LF12 standards(commercial varieties planted with The below. presented are Penang and Drasa Rarawai, from selection of details the and out carried were assessments 2 in evaluated was crop plant and Labasa and Penang The trials forthisseries were establishedin 2017 atall mill locations namelyRarawai, Drasa, LF2012 Series respective trials in 2019. anal be will cycle crop first establishedandwasseries LF2015 whilst crop plant i.e.cycle crop first in wasseries LF2013 selection. of part integral field Ragnar Naidiri Mana LF12 LF12 LF12 LF12 LF12 LF12 LF12 LF12 LF12 LF12 LF12 LF12 LF12 LF12 LF12 LF12 LF12 Variety Bio 6: Table ------

observation

for other 2varieties are already being propagatedbased onplantcrop data. 76 74 63 40 34 31 282 276 255 253 233 22 2 154 153 114 112

better than data of thandata better - Tph chemical data for LF2012 varieties in 3 locations 3 in varieties LF2012 for data chemical 105 74 75 84 95 55 88 85 63 90 85 67 67 75 85 89 25 78 86 65

data, disease data and biochemical d biochemical and data disease data, Fiber 10 10.5 13.2 12.1 12.5 11.2 11.6 11.8 13.2 10.6 12.2 11.4 10.4 11.3 Rarawai - 8.4 9 8.4 9.1 9.6 9 282 could be re be could282 .0 .0 .0

Pocs In 2019, LF2012 series was in second crop cycle i.e. first ratoon, first i.e. cycle crop second in was series LF2012 2019, In 12.1 13.2 12.1 11.5 11.1 11.4 13.7 12.9 10.2 12.3 13.4 11.2 11.2 10.7 11.7 12.4 13.5 13.3 12.2 13.2 ysed in 2020. Following are details of evaluation carried out for out carried evaluation of details are Following 2020. in ysed black

standard varieties standard

Tsh ihihe ae ae o dt big etr r qa to equal or better being data on based are highlighted 10 11 11 10 12 11 12 10 11 10 11 9 9 7 8 9 9 8 8 3 -

looked in second ratoon. Except forsecondLF12 Exceptinratoon. looked Tph 121 -

82 63 70 54 64 41 57 83 77 55 61 54 81 81 47 71 79 69 153, LF12 -

the trial) Fiber 10.5 10.4 10.3 12.1 11.6 13.9 11.1 10.1 11.4 12.8 14.7 11.6 14.2 10.6 11.8 12.5 8.8 8.7 9.3 Drasa -

- Pocs 2 and LF12 . 13.3 14.6 13.7 12.5 12.9 11.1 13.5 14.7 11.6 12.8 11.6 12.7 12.6 12.5 14.9 14.2 14.4 12.9

ata together with yield data form an form data yield with together ata 018. In 2019, the second crop cycle crop second the 2019, In 018. 14 -

Tsh 11 10 13 10 10 11 10 10 11

9 7 8 6 8 8 8 7 7 9 - -

40 are consistent at least at Tph S UGAR 49 49 62 56 51 54 60 60 58 58 49 61 56 51 80 61 60 59 54 56

R Fiber ESEARCH ESEARCH 10.6 10.8 14 12 12.7 12.2 11.8 13.1 13 11.4 13.8 11.1 10.9 13.3 2019 Penang 9.5 9.8 8.6 9.8 9 9.4 .0 .0 .0 .0

A - 40, the 40, NNUAL Pocs I 12.7 12.4 13.5 12.6 12.5 10.2 11.5 12.7 12.9 10.2 13 14.6 10.2 11.7 12.4 13.1 14.2 12 13.7 12.1 NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

.0 .0

R EPORT seed Tsh 10 F 6 9 7 6 6 7 8 7 6 6 9 6 6 8 8 7 8 7 6 IJI IJI

ESEARCH EVELOPMENT R & D 27

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT evaluated in2019. seriestrialsfor this The allestablishedat weremilllocations2018 crop was cycle inand first LF2013 series 2019 LF13 LF13 LF13 LF13 LF13 Variety Table Naidiri Mana LF14 LF13 LF13 LF13 LF13 LF13 LF13 LF13 S

UGAR

A ------

427 410 405 238 116 452 543 485 468 460 454 452 441 R NNUAL

7 ESEARCH ESEARCH

: Bio :

better than data of standard of standard thandata better R - EPORT chemical data for LF201 for data chemical I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

Tph 121 113 104 114 140 107 108

87 93 74 96 90 78 92 98 The data from

F IJ I

Fiber 10.2 15.4 Rarawai 9.8 7.8 8.1 9.1 9.8 9.8 9.6 8 8.9 9 9 9.7 8.6 .0 .0 .0

Figure Figure two

Pocs 12.5 14.5 10.5 12.7 12.1 11.9 12.4 13.7 13.5 12.2 13.2 13.4 13.4 12.5 13.9 varieties

3 mill locationspresented is 7

varieties in in varieties : LF2013 harvesting LF2013 :

Tsh 14 13 10 13 14 17 15 13 13 12 12 12 17 9 8

locations Tph 100 131 113 122 104 99 86 68 85 98 82 77 50 87

below: Fiber 12.7 10 Penang 7.6 9 8.8 8.5 9.2 8.2 8.2 9.5 7.9 9.3 8.2 9.8 .0 .0 -

Pocs 10.4 10.7 10.5 10.4 11.7 11.7 11.2 7.7 9.3 8.2 8.8 9.5 9.4 9.4 -

Tsh 10 10 11 12 11 11 10 7 9 7 9 8 7 6 -

*P variety is plannedin year 2021 and below table the in provided is standards comparisonto in variety March in LMT plant to established been has seedbed currently and 2015 in established was 4 stage series LF2011 The LF2011 series Large Mill Trial *P identifiedfor large mill trial and farmer and monitored LF20 from varieties five The Farmer Feel Effect commercial varieties LF13 being better than the i Basedon the above presented data, NAIDIRI MANA LF11 Variety Ta Naidiri Kaba Mana LF09 LF09 LF09 LF09 LF09 Variety Table nstead, variety LF13 ble ble – –

------

Plant, 1R Plant, 1R

233 635 1707 1632 1558 1536 8 ae oh utd o Pnn (aiai ein we cmaig o h standard the to comparing when region) (Rakiraki Penang for suited both are 485

9 8

: Bio : :

Bio

- - chemical data for LF201 for data chemical chemical data for LF2013 varieties in 2 locations 2 in varieties LF2013 for data chemical 11.0 11.2 10.1 12.3 10.9 – – 9.6 9.3 9.5 9.4 6.9 8.1

P first ratoon, 2R first ratoon, 2R

Fiber Fiber

- 13.1 12.0 13.3 15.5 12.7 12.7 13.5 12.9 planted inthe same location. 10.4 10.1 standard commercial varieties 454 is better suited to Rarawai mill area with bio 1R 9.0 1R feedback

10.1 10.5 9.4 9.0 7.2 8.2 8.5 8.0 8.4 8.4 2R 9.6 2R 9 eis ht ee lne i 2 am i 21 wr closely were 2018 in farms 2 in planted were that series 09

seedcane

– – noted.

secondratoon 15.7 13.8 15.5 15.6 15.6 15.3 13.0 14.9 secondratoon 11.8 13.4 13.0

to be released either same year or2022.

none of the varieties are adapted to both trial locations P P 3

Pocs The varieties in in varieties Pocs 10.5 14.5 13.8 13.3 12.1 12.5

7.2 7.7 7.9 9.7 5.9 1R propagation forthis variety has been initiated. P variety highlighted variety

13.2 13.8 12.8 13.1 13.3 13.5 14.3 13.8 16.1 15.0 14.7

2R 1R

Mana and Naidiri.

locations 144 104 111 122 133 125 106 114 116 106 2R 92 one P

Tph

Tph variety has been identified and identified been has variety 125 114 122 105 102 118 128 104 135 125 1R

91 (LF09 April 2020. The data for this for data The 2020. April

. The large mill trial for thisfor trial mill largeThe .

S UGAR - Similarly, 2R - 1707) 57 62 52 44 35 46 49 59 70 62 77 chemical performance P

R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 22.0 16.0 14.0 18.0 14.0 18.0 19.0 17.0 14.0 16.0 13.8

1R below has been has below P

A LF13

NNUAL I Tsh NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE Tsh 10.0 12.0 13.0 18.0 15.0 12.8 5.0 6.0 6.0 9.0 7.0 1R 2R - 427 and

EPORT

11.0 10.0 11.3 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 7.0 9.0 7.0 6.0 2R F IJI IJI P ,

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 29

ESEARCH EVELOPMENT R & D and NIR through analyzing and samples the crushing Polarimeter. for interval planned a in days (whole stalk, 6” billet, 8” billet, 10” billet, 12” billet). This experiment was carried out over 10 and green the indeterioration sucrose the determine is Sucrose is the chief component of cane that is refined to f table sugar. cane It isburnt a and disaccharide which green of deterioration sucrose and problem processing major issues facing the Sugar Industry in Fiji. The delay contributes to juice viscosity, factory the of one is cane burnt and green of crush to harvest between delay time of impact The Abstract Experiment to determine the effect of Cane delay on Sugar Losses of samples crushed total of 2025 samples were crushed and analyzed A in audit. 20 field as or experiment diseases, and pest of to impacts practices, response agronomic various in sugarcane of quality the quantify to out carried is analysis This breeding. til stage initial from determination selection varietal for aspect vital a trial ongoingvarious on %POCS small The Biochemical analysis of Sugarcane C 2019 S

UGAR ROP ROP compose

A R NNUAL Low POCS Low ESEARCH ESEARCH M ANAGEMENT CaneLoss

mil d R

EPORT I of 2 monosaccharide (fructose & glucose). An experiment was carried out to to out carried was experiment An glucose). & (fructose monosaccharide 2 of NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE 2% provide Figure 1: Summary of the Biochemical Analysis 2019 - LTK Mill LTK

and s

F necessary information on cane such as %pol, %brix, %fiber and the and %fiber %brix, %pol, as such cane on informationnecessary

IJ analyzed. I

s . These analyses also quantify the purity of sugarcane. It is Itsugarcane. purityof thequantify analysesalsoThese .

1 burnt cane composing of 5 treatments5 ofcomposing cane burnt 9 . The breeding trials had the majority Pre Breeding Brixing 88% - Harvest Harvest 2% te ia sae of stage final the l rom cut to crush. to cut rom

Pre-Harvest Brixing Pre-Harvest POCS-LTKLow Mill CaneLoss Breeding

storedinto allocated cagedbin. ca billeted The size. treatment billet respective into cut were samples cane green cane. The burnt cane was harvested first and sampled followed by the green cane. The samples 85 and burnt from were samples 85 together, tied stalks 6 were there sample a In as soon as done harvested was sampling and day next the 6am at out carried was prior to the harvesting day, inthe burnt was cane The samples. cane burnt the for burnt was plot one other, each to opposite sucrose deterioration analysis in 10 days period. andread through Polarimeter andfiber weighed andoven cut from SRIF estate. It was analyzed through the NIR, juice extracted through a cover press the at days 10 over out carried was experiment The Mate reduc sugar recoverable as problem a is and quantified not is crush to cut from delay by caused losses The 1995). boil, du Morel 1996: Lionnet, press: in b, 2001a, Richard & Legendre, difficulti processing factory determine to used were crush to cut of delay and deterioration sucrose cause products several that reported have technologists sugar the of sugar The tableto sugar. which causes sugar losses in milling. In sugarcane, sucrose is a chief component that is refined c to cut between delay the is sucrose or sugar recoverable high obtaining in challenges pp.109 No.2 Vol.112009 Tech harvested(Sugar is it as soon as Sugarcane Introduction

cut to crush to cut

es rials and Methods and

and .

problem inmilling(Gillian, E., Jacob, K., Anthony, P.,Benjamin, (2008) L., is considered to be a perishable commodity which must be processed into sugar into processed be must which commodity perishable a be to considered is

T 6 Whole stalk 1: Table 12 10 8 otal Soluble Solids(TSS

- -

inch billet (6” billet) billet) (6” inch billet inch billet (8” billet) (8” inch billet - - inch billet (1 billet inch billet) (10” billet inch delay 5 treatments of the burnt and green cane green and burnt the of treatments 5 lowers sucrose content which leads to the reduction of recoverable of reduction the to leads which content sucrose lowers

2 ” billet)

afternoon at 2pm. Harvestingof the burntand green cane

- Fiber)

increases

There were 2 plots chosen for the experiment Green ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ i nstitute

driedfor 3 days with the objectof

where - 123 ref). One of the major the of One ref). 123

Burnt S

170 cane samples were samples cane 170 UGAR ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 ne samples were samples ne es (Eggleston, es h cn was cane the

A NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE ) . A. few R EPORT rush F IJI IJI

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 31

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT crush delayof 12,24, 72 and96 hours couldbe due sampling to error. content. sucrose in decline rapid is there hours, 48 After delay of the Green Whole stalk Sugarcane to an was there hours, 48 After 16. from hours. sucrose in decline 72 accelerated and 24 12, at delay crush to cut for sucrose in The sucrose content over 10 days ranged between 10 Whole stalk green cane Sucrose content for cut tocrush delay samples in sucrose the linear decline trend and the red line shows the day from which there is accelerated decline to assess sucrose loss in cane delay from cut to crushing. range falls between 17% ( sugar experiment. the for used was that Green and Burnt cane samples were analyzed. In this experiment 5 treatments, Whole stalk, 6” billet, 8” billet, 10” billet and 12” billet of the Results and Discussion carried24hratout interval from day 3to day 10. day on 48hr and 30hr by following 1 day for 24hr and 20hr, 16hr, 12hr, 8hr, 4hr, 0hr, follows as delay time to according out carried was analysis The analysisThe procedure of each sample at different hour 2019 S

UGAR

Sucrose % A 16 14 18 10 12 R 15 13 11 17 NNUAL 9 ESEARCH ESEARCH TSS .

) R

ranges from 7% fromranges EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

F IJ I -

7% for gr Figure 2: Sucrose Whole stalk

13% for green, 7%green,for 13%

It has been observed from the data that the that data the from observedbeen has It een and burnt within 10days. Time delay from cut to crush to cutfrom delayTime 7 % to 10.1% on day 3 day on 10.1% to %

obtain high sucrose (>12 There was only one commercial variety (Mana)

- 13% for burnt within 10days and sucrose and within10days burnt for 13% .0

–

The orange line on the graph shows 17.8%. There was a slight decrease

The low sucrose values for cut to cut for values sucrose low The 2. Thereafter the analysis was analysis the Thereafter 2. -

Green on

The analysis was conducted

day 10. day .0

%) is within 48 hours.

The cut to crush to cut The total soluble total

120 the After hours. 120 within is (>15.3%) sucrose high obtain to sugarcane billet 24 accelerated decline in sucrose the from 15.3% on delay crush to cut for sucrose in The sucrose content over 10 days ranged between 9.3 6 of 120, 168 and 192 hours could be due to samplingerror. hours, there is rapid decline in sucrose content. Burn 14 acceleratedfrom sucrose declinein an was there hours, 72 After 16hours. to 0 from delay crush to cut for sucrose in decrease sucrose The Whole stalk burnt cane - inch billet g

Sucrose % (>14 sucrose high obtain to Sugarcane stalk Whole t Sucrose % 16 16 14 14 10 10 12 12 15 15 13 13 11 11 17 17 9 9 8 otn oe 1 dy rne bten 12 between ranged days 10 over content reen cane Figure 4: Sucrose 6 Figure 3: Sucrose Whole stalk

Time delay from cut to crush to cutfrom delayTime Time delay from cut to crush to cutfrom delayTime .0 % to 12 to % -

9.3%. th

- The high sucrose values for cut to crush delay

inch billet .0 or Atr h 120 the After hour.

% on day 6.day on % The cut to %

– .0%

16.

.0 - - %) is within 72 hours. After 72 After hours. 72 within is %) 5

Green Burnt crush delay of the green 6 %. There was a slight decrease –

The cut to crush delay of theof crush delayto cut The

64. hr ws slight a was There 16.4%. S UGAR th

or tee a an was there hour, R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

A NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE th R

EPORT - hour inch F IJI IJI

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 33

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 8 c content. sucrose in decline rapid is there hours, 96 After delay of the Burnt 6 there was an accelerated 12 4, the on delay crush to cut for sucrose in decrease 12. between ranged days 5 within content sucrose The 6 16,20,30, and48 ofdelay crush to cut for valuessucrose high The content. sucrosein decline rapid a is there 2019 S rush delayof 8, 24,96, 120 and148 hours could be due to samplingerror. - - UGAR inch billet treatment inch billet treatment

Sucrose % Sucrose % A 16 16 14 14 10 10 12 12 R 15 15 13 13 11 11 17 17 NNUAL 6 9 6 9 8 8 7 7 ESEARCH ESEARCH R EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

inch billet sugarcane to obtain high sucrose (>15. hour could be due F Figure 6: Sucrose 8 IJ Figure 5: Sucrose 6 I

decline insucrose15. from - -

Green Burnt

Time delay from cut to crush to cutfrom delayTime Time delay from cut to crush to cutfrom delayTime

to samplingerror. - - inch billet inch billet 4%

- –

20, and 72 hours. After 96 After hours. 72 and 20, 6%

The high sucrose values for cut to cut for values sucrose high The

8 . - - 0 Burnt Green % on% day10. -

63 . hr ws slight a was There %. 16.3 4 %) is within 96 hours.

The crush cutto hours ,

values forcutto crush delayof 120 and144 hour could be due to samplingerror. is within 72 hour 8 Burnt the of delay crush to cut The accelerated decline insucrose from 15.3 20 the on delay crush to cut for sucrose in decrease content sucrose The 8 values forcutto crush delayof 20 96within is Greenof8 thecrush delayto cut The an accelerated decline sucrose in from 15. decrease insucrose forcutto crush delay on the 8,20 12.2 between ranged days 7 within content sucrose The - inch billet treatment Sucrose % 16 14 18 10 12 15 13 11 17 9 8 7 hours s . After 72 hour . After 96After . ihn dy rne bten 11.6 between ranged days 7 within Figure 7: Sucrose 8 -

hours Burnt s , there is rapid decline in sucrose content. , there is rapid decline in sucrosecontent. declinein rapid is there ,

and Time delay from cut to crush to cut from delay Time - - i inch billet sugarcaneobtainhighinchbillet to

nch billet sugarcane to obtain high sucrose (>15.3%)sucrose high obtain to sugarcane billet nch 30 % th 4%

– hour could be due samplingto error.

8.2%on day 10.

- -

inch billet 12.2%on day 10. th –

hour. After 72 After hour. 30 hours. After 96 % % -

– Burnt

17. 15.

7 8 S

. hr ws slight a was There %. UGAR . hr ws slight a was There %. hours R

sucrose(>15. ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

The high sucrose

hours The low sucroselow The , there was an was there ,

NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE , there was

R EPORT 4 %) F IJI IJI

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 35

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 10 Burnt the of delay 10.day8.7%on to 5 on day 12.7%acceleratedsucrose froman decline in The sucrose 10 sucrose values forcutto crush delayof the hour 10 Green 24 the on delay crush to cut for sucrose in decrease 11. between ranged days 4 within content sucrose The 10 2019 S UGAR - - inch billet treatment inch billet

A Sucrose % s Sucrose % , there is rapid decline in sucrose content from 11.5 from content sucrose in decline rapid is there , 16 16 14 18 10 12 14 10 12 R 15 15 13 11 13 11 17 17 NNUAL 6 9 6 9 8 8 7 7 ESEARCH ESEARCH - inch billet sugarcane to obtain high sucrose (>11. sucrosehigh obtain sugarcaneto billet inch R content over 5 days ranged between 15.0 EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE treatment

- F nh ilt uacn t oti hg scoe >55) s ihn 72 within is (>15.5%) sucrose high obtain to Sugarcane billet inch IJ Figure 8: Sucrose 10 Figure 9: Sucrose 10 I

– –

Green Burnt

Time delay fromdelayto crush cutTime Time delay from cut to crush to cutfrom delayTime 96 th

hour could be due to samplingerror. - - inch Billet inch Billet % th

hour. – 3%

17. % 3

%) is within is %)

7 - –

- The cut to crush delay of the of delay crush to cut The Green %. After 120 hours, there was – Burnt

68 . hr ws slight a was There %. 16.8

7. 5 % on day 10. day on % 72

The cut to crushtocut The hour s

. After . The high The

in sucrose forcut to crush delayfrom 30 The sucrose content over 4 days ranged between 17.2 12 to due be could hours samplingerror. 12 and 4 of delay crush to cut for values sucrose low The hours. 12 Green the of delay 14. from sucrose in decline anaccelerated was there hours, 96 After hours. 12 the on delay crush to cut for sucrose in decrease 15.6 between ranged days 3 over content sucrose The 12 crush delayof 4and 8hours could be due to samplingerror. content. sucrose in decline is there hours, 72 After hours. - - Sucrose % inch billet treatment Sucrose % inch billet treatment 16 16 14 18 10 12 14 10 12 15 15 13 11 13 11 17 17 6 9 6 9 8 8 7 7

- Figure 10: Sucrose 12 Figure 11: Sucrose 12 inch billet Sugarcane to obt to Sugarcane billet inch – –

Green Burnt Time delay from cut to crush to cutfrom delayTime

Time delay from cut to crush to cutfrom delayTime 7 – % on day 4 to 8.3% on day 10. day on 8.3% to 4 day on %

96 hours andthis could be due sampling to error. - - inch Billet inch Billet ain high sucrose (>11.7%) is within 96 within is (>11.7%) sucrose high ain %

–

14.2 %. There was a sl %

The low sucrose values for cut to cut for values sucrose low The

– -

- Green 17 . hr ws slight a was There %. 11.7 Burnt S UGAR R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

The cut to crush to cut The

A ight increase NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE R EPORT F IJI IJI

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 37

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT in POCS for cut crushto delayfrom 12 betweenranged8. days 10 overcontent POCS The Whole stalk treatment rapiddecline in POCS content. with is (>10.8%) POCS high obtain to Sugarcane stalk 11. from POCS in decline 4 from delay crush to cut for POCS in 7.3 between ranged days 10 over content POCS The Whole stalk treatment POCS could be due samplingto error. withinhours.96is (>14.2%) 10. day After 96 hours, there was an accelerated decline in sucrose from 13.1% on day 4 to 7. 2019 S UGAR

Sucrose % Sucrose % A 14 10 12 16 14 10 12 R NNUAL

6 8 6 8 ESEARCH ESEARCH

The cut to crush delay of the Burnt 12 Burnt the of delay crush to cut The R EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

F IJ I

Figure 12: POCS Whole stalk 6 Figure 13: POCS wholestalk – - % to 7.3% on day 2. The cut to crush delay of the Green Whole Green the of delay crush to cut The 2. day on 7.3% to %

Green Burnt

The low sucrose values for cut to crush delay of 0 and 8 hours8 and 0 crushdelayof to sucrosevaluescutlowfor The

– Time tocut delay from crush Time delay from cut to to crush cut from delay Time -

24 hours. After 120 hours, there was an accelerated 16 hours. After 48 hours, there was an accelerated an was there hours, 48 After hours. 16 - inch bille inch 7% %

in 48 hours. After 48 hours, there is there hours, 48 After hours. 48 in – –

t Sugarcane to obtain high sucrose high obtain to Sugarcane t

14. 14. - - 6 Burnt Green 1

%. %. There was slight decreaseslight was There %. There was slight decrease slight was There 9 % on

6 168 content. POCS in decline rapid inch bil an accelerated decline in POCS from 8.12 % on day 7. The cut to crush delay of the Green 6 POCS for cut to crush delay from 16 POCScontentTheover 6 hours could be due to samplingerror. content. POCS in decline stalk Sugarcane to obtain high POCS ( 10. from POCS in decline - - inch billet treatment inch billet treatment

Sucrose % hours could be due to sampling error. Sucrose % 15 15 13 13 11 11 9 9 5 5 3 3 1 1 7 7 let Sugarcane to obtain high POCS (1 8 Figure 14: POCS 6 Figure 15: POCS 6

3 The high POCS values for cut to crush delay of delay crush to cut for values POCS high The days rangeddays between8.1 - – % to 8. to %

Burnt Green

The high POCS values for cut to crush delay of delay crush to cut for values POCS high The

% on day 5. day on % -

12 20 hours and 30

Time tocut delay from crush . 9 Time tocut delay from crush %) is

1 . 8 - - %) is within

within inch billet inch billet

The cut to crush delay of the Burnt Whole Burnt the of delay crush to cut The %

– 3 –

0 hours. After

12.9%.wasThere decrease slightin 96 hours. After 168 hours, there was 4 - - 8 hours. After Green Burnt S UGAR 3 0 hours, there is rapid R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 120 4 8 hours, there is , 192 and 240 and 192 ,

A 120, 144 and144 120, NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE R EPORT F IJI IJI -

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 39

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 8 hours could be due to samplingerror. content.POCS in declinerapid is inch billet Sugarcane to from POCS in decline accelerated The POCScontent over 8 be due to decline in POCS content. (> POCS high obtain to Sugarcane from POCS in decline 12 4, from delaycrush to cut for POCS The POCS content over 2019 S - - UGAR inch billeted treatment inch billet treatment

Sucrose % Sucrose % A 15 15 13 13 11 11 17 R NNUAL 9 9 5 5 3 3 1 1 7 7 ESEARCH ESEARCH

sampling error. R EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

F 11 8 IJ 9 obtain high POCS (>1

Figure 16: POCS 8 I Figure 17: POCS 8 The

. days ranged between 4.4 days ranged between 8. 1 –

o dy . h ct o rs dly f h Brt 6 Burnt the of delay crush to cut The 7. day on % Green – low

Burnt

The high POCS values for cut to crush delay of delaycrush to cut for valuesPOCS highThe POCS values for cut to crush delay of 4, 12 11.1

.8 % on day 7. day on % .8

Time delay from cutto crush %) is within is %) -

20 hours. After hours.20 Time tocut delay from crush 2 - - . 1 inch billet inch billet %) is within 9% %

The cut to crush delay of the Green 8 Green the of delay crush to cut The

– 8 hours. After hours. 8 –

14.5 %. There was slight decrease in 12. 4 8 hours, there was an acceleratedan was therehours, 8 1 %. After%. - - 48 Green Burnt

hours. After 4 96 8 hours, there is rapid is there hours, 8

hours, there was an 12

- 48

hours, there hours could 72 and 120 and 72 - nh billet inch -

10 hours could be due to samplingerror. content. POCS in decline rapid is inch billet Sugarcane to obtain high POCS (> from POCS in decline accelerated The POCScontent over 10 be due to sampling error. rapid decline in POCS content. billet accelerated decline in POCS from The POCScontent ove - -

Sucrose % inch billet treatment Sucrose % inch billet treatment 15 15 13 13 11 11 s 9 9 5 5 3 3 1 1 7 7 ugarcane to obtain high POCS (> POCS high obtain to ugarcane r Figure 18: POCS 10 8 8 Figuer 19: POCS 10

days ranged between 4. days ranged between 5. - –

Burnt Green

The high POCS values for cut to crush delay of 30 hours could

11.9 The high POCS values POCS high The 10.6

% on day % on day 5. The cut to crush delay of the Green 10 Green the of delay crush to cut The 5. day on % Time tocut delay from crush Time tocut delay from crush 11 . 9 10.6 %) is within is %) - - 2 inch billet inch billet %) is within . 5% 4%

The cut to crush delay of the Burnt 8

– –

14.5%.After 13.

for cut to crush delay of 24, 72 24, of delay crush to cut for 48 4 %. After%.

- - hours. After hours. 72 Green Burnt

hours. After S UGAR 48 72

hours, there was an hours, there was an R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 48

72 hours, there is there hours,

NNUAL hours, there I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE R EPORT - inch - 96 F IJI IJI -

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 41

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 12 of 72 of the Green 10 from POCS in accelerateddecline The POCScontent over 12 of 48 of the Burnt 10 accelerated decline inPOCS from 1 The POCScontent over 2019 S UGAR

96 and144 72 - - hours, there is rapid decline in POCS content. hours, there is rapid decline in POCS content. inch billet treatment inch billet treatment

Sucrose % Sucrose % A

15 15 13 13 11 11 R hours could NNUAL 9 9 5 5 3 3 1 1 7 7 ESEARCH ESEARCH 0hr R EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

hours couldbe due samplingto error. 4hr - - inch billetSugarcane to obtain high POCS (>1 inch billet Sugarcane to obtain high POCS (>1

be due sampling to error.

8hr F IJ 7 9 12hr Figure 20: POCS 12 I Figure 21: POCS 12

days ranged between 5.0 days ranged between 7.6 – – 16hr

Green Burnt 20hr 12.5% 3.7%

24hr Time tocut delay from crush Time tocut delay from crush

– –

5.08% on day 4 to day 10. 7.6% on day 4 to day 10. The cut to crush delaycrush to cutThe 10. day to 4 day on 7.6%

30hr -

- 48hr inch billet The high POCS values for cut to crush delay The high POCS values for cut to crush delay inch billet % %

72hr – –

14.6%.After 1 3.0 96hr %. After%. - - 3 Green 2.5 Burnt 120hr . 7 %) is within %) is within 144hr 48 72

The cutto crush delay

168hr hours, there was an hours, there was an 192hr 48 72

hours. After hours. After 216hr 240hr

the suitable periodfor burntcane be harvested to andcrushed is within 1 day. a rapi theresults, burntcane samples,rapid decline ofPOCS andsucrose occur d the from observed been has It showedthateach treatmenthas an effecton the delayof cane sugar losses differently. treatment each of data experimental The basis. hour on or day on deteriorates treatments of effect the on based was experiment The Conclusion POCS high POCS values forcut crush to delay of 10 Burnt the of from POCS in accelerateddecline contentPOCSover The Treatment → Treatment burnt and green for reading 2: Table Pocs Period ( Period Crushing Crushing 240hr 216hr 192hr 168hr 144hr 120hr d decline in POCS and sucrose percent of the green cane. In regards to the burnt cane, 96hr 72hr 48hr 30hr 24hr 20hr 16hr 12hr

8hr 4hr 0hr h

rs.

suitable period forsuitableharvestingcrushingiswithinthere perioddays and 2days. is 2 After

)

↓

- inch billet Sugarcane to obtain high POCS (> POCS highobtain to Sugarcanebillet inch Whole 10.40 11.13 11.56 11.02 13.23 13.70 11.13 12.59 10.84 11.53 13.17 14.08 11.97 stalk 7.30 9.47 8.27 9.88

11.70 11.23 11.92 10.72 10.75 11.82 12.55 10.89 11.85 12.91 12.24 11.45 12.19 10.75 days rangedbetweendays 13. 3.84 6.97 8.13 6”

Green 10.34 10.75 11.21 12.82 11.73 12.15 11.76 11.85 12.91 12.50 11.10 12.48 11.54 11.04 ata above that irrespective of the billet sizes of green and green of sizes billet the of irrespective that above ata Billet sizes Billet 12.5% 5.65 6.61 8.87 8”

10.62 12.47 11.32 11.45 12.04 12.67 13.38 12.69 10.51 10.63 – 9.52 5.36 5.52 6.59 8.16 7.84 9.37

72 and 10”

6. cane c 6 ane delay on sugar losses and to find out how out find to and losses sugar on delay ane

% on day on % 11.05 12.33 12.32 12.72 11.49 11.75 12.92 11.02 12.10 10.42 11.28 12.53

over the crushing period crushing over the

5.00 7.03 7.62 9.69 9.88 96 hours could be due to sampling error. 12” 3%

Whole 6. 2 12.87 10.70 12.70 11.51 14.56 12.42 11.17 12.55 10.25 11.42 10.17 10.11 stalk

9.28 9.59 8.69 8.87 9.89 6 to day 10. day to %. After %. s after 2days 12.5

11.47 12.35 12.74 10.96 10.63 10.82 14.15 13.37 10.50 10.17 11.14 %) is within is %) 9.89 4.43 4.70 7.09 9.64 9.83 S 6” UGAR

48 The cut to crush delaycrush to cutThe

Burnt

hours, there was anwasthere hours, 11.87 13.76 11.71 11.42 12.34 12.37 12.67 11.42 14.44 10.82 11.58 R 4.84 4.93 7.71 8.80 6.87 9.55 ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

. According. theto 8”

A NNUAL 13.71 12.80 11.74 12.84 12.88 12.29 11.74 12.26 14.60 10.24 11.49 11.86 I

NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE 5.46 5.25 5.08 8.34 9.93 hours. Thehours. 10”

R EPORT

13.19 11.66 12.46 12.60 13.29 11.41 12.35 12.55 12.05 12.81 11.32 4.31 4.20 6.59 8.76 8.44 7.24 F 12” IJI IJI

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 43

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT harvested cane.CASE 4000 has asingle exhaustfan comparedto CASE7000. 7000 CASE than shorter harvesteriselevatorthethis caneandwhen of collectcuttingthe all able to not harvesteris operation in is 4000 CASE whennoticed was Following s Harvester to matter due is matter extraneous High Extraneous High also an indication of immature cane. is and contentsugar influence will content fiber Low Mill. the in crushedwas cane same the The above results show that Samples Cane the factory. field) in the raw material (cane) is ready POCS (Low Determine cane maturity (field cane brixing) of standing cane of Maturity effectof weather. investigated I Low POCS in Lautoka Mill 2019 S nvestigat AZ 227 BF CM Truck Number sample) (composite Drasa at field farmers from Cane Analysis 4: Table 115 47 115 14134 Number Farm sample) (composite Drasa at field farmers from Cane Analysis 3: Table UGAR

- - 428

A 928 R NNUAL

ESEARCH ESEARCH

ion

–

EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

n the on Maturity of cane,cane samples from Mill analysis, high extraneous matter and f

rom Mill Analysis Mill rom

ass f o PC a Luoa mill Lautoka at POCS low of causes F

that is used by the Miller. Due to this more trash remains in the in remains trash more this to Due Miller. the by used is that

fi b er Brix 13.7 14.3 14.7 15.

Brix for harvesting 14. 13. 16.1

content in cane was low both from field samples and when 4 7 4

The same fields cane was to be sampled from z. ot f h hretr ae AE 4000. CASE are harvesters the of Most ize. Purity Purity 84.8 84. 85.7 88. 86. 8 90.9 5.0 4 8 5

– -

this will help us determine whether loss of cane in the field that is thisis that field the in cane of loss ( 09 c 2019 POCS POCS 10. 10.6 11. 12. 11. 10.0 13.4 rushing 3 2 4 3

) . P arameters Fiber Fiber 10.3 8.0 7.9 8.6 9.4 9.1 9.5

Thi maturing. contributing factor to low sugar contentat affectedLautoka mill. adversely and growth cane favoured July and received in April and rain continued to fall during June and July. The rainfall during April, June i The table below shows the rainfall received in the Lautoka Mill sectors. Rainfall The peak rainy season of Effect affectsmaturity. thisandcrushing season the in evengrow continue to will canefertilizer, ofapplication late, are crops ratoon when is application fertilizer for time correct The cane. of maturity minimum thethe data, From weather cane.of analysis in content sugar better to contributes Labasa at Naidiri of presence The sugar levels throughout the season. the Labasa, At Labasa. than d Rarawai at lower was content sugar variety maturing late to middominance athe Mana of to due mills but other phase) comparedmaturingto during Analyzing The effectof weather was alsostudiedto ascertain effect its on maturity of cane. weather of Effect Av Sep Aug Jul Jun May Apr 5: Table s from January to March and in April rain starts to ease off but in 2019 good rainfall was rainfall good 2019 in but off ease to starts rain April in and March to January from s ominant variety is Naidiri which is an early maturing variety that has the ability to retain to ability the has that variety maturing early an is which Naidiri is variety ominant g.

M Max

30.4 30.0 30.8 29.9 29.2 29.9 32.4 the weather data, Rarawai had favourable conditions (lower minimum temperatures aximum and minimum temperature with with rainfall temperature minimum and aximum

21.1 20.0 21.1 19.9 20.3 20.6 24.5

Min

Lautoka Other factors that contribute to low sugar content are time of fertilization. of time are content sugar low to contribute that factors Other

10.0 10.0 Diff 9.3 9.7 8.9 9.3 7.9

111.0 Rain 41.2 40.0 40.0 27.8 23.9 4.7

Max 30.5 30.3 30.3 30.3 29.7 30.8 31.8

temperatures

19.4 18.2 19.0 18.6 18.5 18.6 23.2 Rarawai Min

11.2 12.1 11.3 11.7 11.2 12.2 Diff 8.6

have

Rain 23.9 34.8 14.1 47.4 35.3

9.0 3.0 not played a significant role in role significant a played not 2019

Max 30.8 30.4 30.1 30.7 30.9 32.0 2 maturity maturity S - UGAR 4

weeks old. If there is there If old. weeks R 21.1 21.0 22.2 20.1 22.1 20.3 cud lo e a be also could s Min ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 Labasa season

A 10.6 11.7 NNUAL Diff I

NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE 9.7 9.4 7.9 8.8

R 137.9 100.4 333.7 Rain EPORT 82.2 72.6 17.7 F IJI IJI

ESEARCH EVELOPMENT R & D 45

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT un their about asked were stakeholders The stakeholders. industry sugar the with interviews involved study case The Interview Upstream Interviews the in research. involved communities including audiences, various to relevant are that outputs of climate change and disaster risks in the Pacific. This will be done through developi to resilience community on learning to contribute to is project this of objectives the of One Outputs group focus interviews, including consultations di undertook researchers ISF research, project was funded by DFAT, through the Australia Pacific Climate Partnership. As part of this fa sugarcane the on resilience,focusingcommunity to making was program thiscontributions the understand to aimed Researchers (COSPPac). Pacific the for Program Support Ocean and Climate the and change climate to resilience Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga and Kiribati. This research will provide significant learning on community resilience to climate insightschange and disasters capturein the Pacific, focusing to on 4 Pacific study Island Countries: a undertaking are (UTS) Sydney T Pacific Community Resilience Case Study 2019 July June May April March Feb Jan Month 7: Table S

wo researchers from the Institute for Sustainable Futures (ISF), University of Technology of University (ISF), Futures Sustainable for Institute the from researchers wo UGAR scussions andworkshops with communitymembers inwestern VitiLevu.

NNUAL

ESEARCH ESEARCH

2019 Lautoka Mill Lautoka 2019

R 252 222 202 409 EPORT 13 73 I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE 0 Drasa

rming industry in industry rming

329 187 220 220

61 12

6 Lautoka

F IJ 320 219 176 360 I

96 66 0

esadn ad h eggmn wt te OPa program. COSPPac the with engagement the and derstanding Saweni

rainfall (mm) rainfall 188 142 401 284 127 428 disaster risks in the Pacific the in risks disaster 0

Natova

selected communities in western Viti Levu. Viti western in communities selected 411 309 390 73 61 77

6 Legalega

342 235 336 65 65 57 3 Meigunyah

111 216 114 292 33 62

1 Yako

109 548 330 525 86 74 1

. Malolo

In Fiji, the research focused on researchfocused the Fiji, In

bu cags n community in changes about 412 273 304 50 60 74

3 Nawaicoba

207 119 119 218 53 70

1 Lomawai

116 181 401 26 31 73 64

Cuvu

This research This ng a range 233 275 136 143 234 85 39 Olosara

324 208 116 343 89 73

8 Avg

members community 2 Figure views onclimate change andthe impactit had on their lives and the lives of their family. carried was women and men with discussion groupdiscussion A group Focus s and change perceived changes in resilience climate over recent years. of perceptions on based also was Discussion program. COSPPac the Sugarcane Interview farmers were also interviewed about their understanding and the engagement with Community Industryalong with Ministry of in changes perceived and change resilience over recent climate years. of perceptions on based also was Discussion

ugarcane farmers Figure Figure 3

& 24 & 22 :

: : D LEFT LEFT iscussion with a lady farmer lady a with iscussion , p ersons withdisabilities

Women attending group discussion group attending Women

Stakeholders interviewed included representatives fro Agriculture

andFiji Meteorological Services.

and

(left) e

lder Community members interviewed

and a person with disability with person a and ly

out. Each separate gender had their had gender separate Each out. people on , RIGHT RIGHT , life history S -

UGAR W orkshop attended by by attended orkshop R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

A NNUAL m the Sugar I

NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE (right) included R EPORT

F IJI IJI

ESEARCH EVELOPMENT R & D 47

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT recommendation correct the get production to analyzed soils their have must plant samples. the in The analytical laboratoryat SRIF; allanalytical procedures are fully documented. from and recommendation fertilizer for Labasa and Lautoka Rarawai, Penang, namely districts cane sugar all from received are samples leaf and Soil Analytical services provided at SRIF analytical laboratory includes soil, foliar and cane analysis. risingcost of fertilizers and maintainto optimum production in the fut the to due essential is service This programs. research and advisory for services analytical providing by industry the and growers the between link a as acts laboratory analytical The Introduction Analytical Laboratory improvements for Suggestions Findings Major findingswere discussed andsuggestions forimprovementwas noted A Workshop 2019 S UGAR presentation was made to the community on the final day of the case study. The major The study. case the of day final the on community the to made was presentation ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

R NNUAL - ESEARCH ESEARCH house validated analytical methods will deliver consistent and reliable lab reports on reports lab reliable and consistent deliver will methods analytical validated house the farmers andthe community residents. The ISF,UTS team to discuss inadvance the date(s) of an them given but optimistic outlookon life. “helpless” people made not have challengers Environmental social connections andinfrastructural development. communities, but the recovery period also brought opportunities for developi Perception of climate change FMS productsthat FMS releases. theirw get villagers Most Most villagers were unaware ofthe COSPPac program

EPORT I Soil and leaf testing for recommended fertilizer recommended for testing leaf and Soil NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

F IJ I

eather forecast by listening to the radio and rarely from thefrom rarely and radio the tolistening by forecasteather – past natural disasters had a devastating effect on many

–

interview anddiscussion with RF eerh ras A the At trials. research SRIF all cane farmers planning to planning farmers cane all

as follows: ure.

o optimum for

ng tighter

Potassium (K) andSodium (Na) levels are asfollows Bases nature. in acidic is field thefieldnutrientratingof The suitable forcane cultivation. and field this 21498 No. Request Tribunal The Industry Sugar s efficiently.andThe quicklysamplesprocess equipped to is as they become available from the laboratory to the FSC extension staffs. The laboratory staff hundred and eighty thirty and thousand one of comprising analysis for received were samples soil (1517) seventeen and hundred five thousand one of total A Analysis Soil in the cane area onthe basis ofsoil andleaf growers to recommendations fertilizer gives laboratory The farming.sugarcane into venture status for new farm assessmentis provided to the sugarcane farmers and those that want to Farmers Beneficiaries ix weeksix from the date sample • • • Sugar Industry Tribunal requested for a re a for requested Tribunal Industry Sugar

– is highlysaline andmay have serious effecton growth ofsugarcane. ConductivityElectrical Potassium Calcium

- C

fertilizer advisory service (FAS) which includes fertili includes which (FAS) service advisory fertilizer ations in

Labasa for its suitability for cane cultivation. The soil samples weresamples soil Thecultivation. cane for suitability its for Labasa owre t te nttt fr hmcl nlss to analysis chemical for Institute the to forwarded

& Magnesium .

& Sodium ae o amnu aeae ehd Clim C) Mgeim (Mg), Magnesium (Ca), Calcium method, acetate ammonium on Based - three Total Labasa Penang Rarawai Lautoka Mill 2018 for samples soil of 8: Table Summary

Phosphorus

(483) research soil samples.

–

- high

is very high EC rating of 0.85 mS/cm indicates that the top the that indicates mS/cm 0.85 of rating EC s are

as below; pH

- received.

is generally present in very low levels. Exchangeable levels. low very in present generally is Advisory

1034

sample analysis from their fields. 251 322 401

60 - -

- all the compositesamplesthe allindicates thatthe assessment of the land in Agriculture lease Agriculture in land the of assessment four (1034) advisory soil samples and four and samples soil advisory (1034) four

; Research

Reports are released by email as soon 483 295 analysis isanalysis 70 34 84

zer recommendation and soil and recommendation zer

Total 1517 546 392 485 S eemn wehr t is it whether determine 94 UGAR completed withincompletedtwo

R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

A soil (0 soil NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE taken fromtaken - R 20cm) EPORT F IJI IJI -

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 49

ESEARCH EVELOPMENT R & D e Micronutrientsare those elementswhich in are very small (micro) needed quantitiesare that of the micronutrientstatus inthe sugarcane soils. w that indicated 2015 and 2014 in sugarcane SRIF soils are deficient in Zinc by micronutrient on out carried survey recent A Introduction Studies laboratory. Acetate is still in use to clarify the juice the i.e. Pol bagasse, grinded method the from juice classic the using mill smallshredding for disintegrator operate to continues substation Labasa m t plantoutdigestionnocarrysetupto is there L laboratory 2020 in operational lab A lab Labasa analyzed andfertilizer recommendations sentfor the next been have samples 52 analysis. for samples plant 78 received had laboratory analytical The Analysis Leaf be ploughed into the soil improve to the organic matter content. cane can be planted institute The Recommendation 2019 S he eaf samples will be sent to Drasa lab Drasa to sent be will samples eaf ssential for plant growth. The essential micronutrients include boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Cu), copper (B), boron include micronutrientsessential The growth. plant for ssential UGAR hile adequate amounts of other nutrients were found. This led to a planned detailed study detailed planneda to led This found.were nutrients other of amounts adequate hile acronutrients(calcium, magnesium andpotassium). Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS500)

A oratory R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH on , andfertilizer recommendations sentto the FSCextension team. oratory

Micronutrient Status

EPORT I similar advised that major drainage work needs to be carried out on this land before land this on out carried be to needs work drainage major that advised NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

setup and training and setup

and to plant a cover crop after incorporating to the one at Drasa, Lautoka is being is Lautoka Drasa, at one the to A F l ol n wtr ape fo Vna eu il e analyzed be will Levu Vanua from samples water and soil ll IJ I

and grinding the cane samples, juice extractor for extracting the extracting for extractor juice samples, cane the grinding and , along with other micronutrients such as arimeter

of oratory .

Soils A total of 120 cane samples were analyzed

at Labasa.at and refractometer for the for refractometer and

in for analysis and fertilizer recommendations asrecommendations fertilizer and analysis for

t he Sugarhe

. This instrument

The soil samples will be analyzedThesamples soilbe will by

year ratoo b setup in Labasa in setup elt elt

lime has the ability to analyze n crop , the cover crop should sugar .

iron and copper,

and should be should and analysis. Lead analysis. at

Labasa t this at

be will trials results, the conducted address to the micronutrientdeficiencies. on Based 2020. in presented be will samples soil the of results sectors different from collected were samples soil 272 Results analyzed to mapareas with micronutrientdeficiencies. wereResults iron. and manganesezinc, copper, pH, matter, organicnitrogen, phosphorous, season. planting next for preparation under were which land from taken were samples Soil field. growers’ T Methodology determineto rates of micronutrientfertilizer requiredfor good growth of sugarcane plants. laid be then will trials Field content. nutrient of determination for sector each from collected the Thus, deficiencies. measure to aims project The Objectives practices contributes to decliningnutrient content in soil. 2005). (Nixon, deficiencies copper and boron manganese, zinc, iron, revealed Malawi and Africa South in sugarcane on conducted Studies sugarcane. of requirements micronutrient the on available is information Boron is found largely as the borosilicate minera in occur also manganese and copper Zinc, ferromagnesian rocks. minerals. igneous of sulfides from originate molybdenum and copper, Zinc, minerals. ferromagnesian of constituent major forms of it as source main the soils In (Zn). most is Ironformed.was soil whichthe from materialparent the is micronutrients zinc and (Mo) molybdenum (Mn), manganese (Fe), he project started with taking soil samples at depths of 0 of depths at samples soil taking with started project he

S i smls ee re, rne ad nlzd o ptsim cal potassium, for analyzed and grinded dried, were samples oil

rjc will project

Years of mono of Years micro

e mlmne i to hss Si smls il be will samples Soil phases. two in implemented be nutrient - cropping, trash burning and improper cultivation improper and burning trash cropping, s l, tourmaline. According to Nixon (2005), little n uacn goig ol ad address and soils growing sugarcane in

and the analysis is in progress. in is analysis the and

–

20 cm and 20 and cm 20 S UGAR R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 –

NNUAL 40 cm from cm 40 I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

abundant R cium, EPORT

The F

IJI IJI

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 51

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT means were separated usingthe Fisher’ protected LSD attest 5% probabilitylevel. treatments, among differences significant indicated AVOVA When 9. statistic using ANOVA was 120 at sterilized was soil untreated The from farmer’s field which showedhigh density of plantparasitic nematodes. design with treated and block complete randomized a in arranged pots in conducted were trials The soil. untreated and treated with pots 5L in planted sugarcane of varieties eight of consists experiment The nematodes andtolerances. varieties commercialsugarcane selected screening of aim the with out conducted on 19th September 2019 in a poly plantparasiticto resistant aresugarcane identifythatvarieties sugar. of production on improve to is sugarcane Fiji in nematodes of suppression biological and resistance the implementing of importance The onout nematodes associated withsugarcane inFiji. Krishnamurthi.studi Dr.NoandNarain Ram by Fijinematodesin borne wereconductednematicidesontheeffectsof andrainfall onthe population densitiesofsoil onnematodesstudyassociatedconductedandexperimentsa inwith 1976;sugarcaneFiji in Kir 1977, In banana. on Cobb by Fiji in out carried was studynematodes first The count. populationundertakingnematodes andsamples soil outcarrying identified by be only can It identifythe nematodes causingdamage to crops. Plant to eyes tolerance for naked the to visible not is organism This sugarcane.includingproducts agricultural of range Varieties wide a on feeds which earth, on individualsmulticellular abundant most the are Nematodes Sugarcane Screening Nematodes C 2019 S UGAR ROP ROP

A recorded at 48 days after planting. The growth measurement was subjected to general to subjected was measurementgrowth The planting. after days 48 at recorded except underexcept the R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH P ROTECTION

R EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

F microscopelaboratories.agricultufieldin the In

IJ untreated soil with four replications. The untreated soil was collected I

⸰ c for 20 minutes to get treated soil. Data on growthon Data soil. treated get to minutes 20 for c - house at Drasa, Lautoka. This study was carried

Parasitic Nematodes Parasitic

The aim of this project is to test and test to is project this of aim The nematodes.The rist will not be able toable rist not be will

es have been carriedbeen es have for their response to to response their for

pot trial was trial pot

by - different(P<0.05) amongthe treatment asshown inANOVA table 1 untreated in than The result of this study show that the average growth of cane was high in treated soil (22. = 22.96 CV=Replication*Variety*Treatment 18.44 = Replication*Variety CV= withstandthe consequence ofnematodes inthe untreated soil. to able are Vatu and Kaba as where planting after days 48 at soil untreated in nematodes 1 Figure Total Error Variety*Treatment Treatment Replication*Variety Error Variety Replication Source 1: Table Growth Measurement 20 25 30 10 35 15 Replication*Variety*Treatment 0

is showing that showing is Analysis of variances of Analysis

Vomo

soil (21. soil Figure 1: Average Growth Height of Cane

Kaba

growth in growth 3cm

). The growth measurement at 48days was not significantly not was 48days at measurement growth The ).

Ragnar Vomo and Mali varieties are varieties Mali and Vomo Treated

Varieties Beqa Untreated DF 55 21 18 6 1 6 3

527.000 860.214 59.929 16.071 291.50 57.500 Kiuva SS

143.369 25.095 16.071 16.194 19.167 affected by affected 9.988 S

above UGAR MS Mali

R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 .

0.40 0.64 8.85 plant parasitic plant

A NNUAL I F NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

Vatu R 0.8719 0.4325 0.0001 EPORT 4 5% cm) F IJI IJI

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 53

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT can to get the caged plants, asants devour the eggsof hoppers. plants are placed on the cement pad and care is taken to ensure that no ants or other insects plan been have which plants, 10 Fiji infected over put then then transferred to the hopper cages. Each cage has approximately 1000 hoppers. These are and females ten every to male one of proportion the in tubes test the into guided are They collection begins assoon asthe hoppers are collection for available is hopper out find to year each April February/ around done is 10 Fiji variety susceptible resistance. gall leaf Fiji for series The aim of this routine project is to conduct screening of (disease carryingagent), calledplanthopper ( Fiji the in successfully used in Australia and Fiji to manage outbreaks of FLG. been Mana the have dominant varietyvarieties Resistant resistance. varietal is FLG managing of method primary The periodic outbreaks. 3 FLG threatened the existence of the Fiji Sugar industry in stage the late 1800s and there have been from leaf(FLG, galldisease) FijiFiji firstdescribedandFiji was iswidespread in in the clones Disease Screening Gall Leaf Fiji 2019 S UGAR

A R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH S R ugar EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE I ndustry is intermediate to susceptible to FLG. FLG is FLG FLG. to susceptible to intermediate is ndustry

Figure 2: Nematode screening (plot trial) at Lautoka at trial) (plot screening Nematode 2: Figure

F IJ I

LF2016 series for FLG resistance resistance FLG for series LF2016 . The selected field should not have fully grown cane. The cane. grown fully have not should field selected The .

opr uvy f ae field cane of survey Hopper

discernible. Pe rkinsiella vitiensis rkinsiella hybrid

ted in 5 in ted

clones from stage 3 (LF 2015)

). - pint planters. The caged The planters. pint n ptig f infected of potting and

spread by a vector a by spread

Fiji IslandsFiji if sufficient if . clones were susceptible. study has showed that 65.5% clones were resistant, 11 the day of inoculation, and continued every alternate day till the plants are 100 days old. The 2015 series for screening against Fiji Disease Virus. symptoms. disease the of cleardistinction in helps it as necessary is plants the of growth rapid A fertilized. and ground the to On completion of the trial is avoided asitmaylead to the death of the hoppers. hoppers are killed by spraying with a household insecticide. During the 14 leaves and are They plant. allowed to per feed on 20 the test varieties of for 14 d rate the at released are hoppers bred newly the and insectary the At growth. even an 12testedvarietiessingleThe ,

Figure Figure h vrs s asd n o h pat truhte aia O te 4h a the day 14th the On saliva. the through plants the to on passed is virus the

of the 14 3 : Chopping and potting of F.10 for screening LF2015 series LF2015 screening for F.10 of potting and Chopping : -

day period of infection the varieties are shifted from the insectary on 2 - leaf - eye setts areOfthes planted.setts eye

tg te rpiain o ec vrey r pae i the in placed are variety each of replications 6 the stage A total of 84 clones were received from sta from received were clones 84 of total A ays. During this period, as they puncture the stalk

Screening the plants begins .9% clones were moderate and 22.6% e only 6 are only6 e

S UGAR - selected day period watering R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

A 30 days after NNUAL

I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE whichhave ges 3 ges R EPORT -

F LF IJI IJI

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 55

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT hoppers cages plant up of filling and Collection 4: Figure 2019 Figures Figures S UGAR

A R NNUAL Figure Figure ESEARCH ESEARCH 5 : Selection of test clones and randomly arranged inside the insectary for release release for insectary the inside arranged randomly and clones test of Selection : R EPORT 6 I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE : Successfully bred nymphs and release on test clones for clones test on release and nymphs bred Successfully :

(right) F IJ I

for breeding on host plant. host on breeding for

(left) of vectors. of

using test tube test using

(middle)

from commercial farms farms commercial from

inoculation.

Vanua123 Levu. length affected.weight % % and damage internode, % infestation, % obtain to analyzed further was data collected The internodes, total as such damage recorded internodes, length of st were parameters The analyzed. was farm per stalks 100 period. harvesting the during selected was sector per farms 10 Levu. Vanua and Levu Fields were randomly selected to analys Assessment Damage trappedout of which 7526 were male and9721 were female. CWBlarvawasandlaid onby rat.Thethisfarmtrap adults (18574). of 17, A247total were split of field team onspindle beginUpon dried. investigation it FSC the from complaint a receiving after sector Legalega placement in farm a on laid were traps 160 and Preparation Cane Weevil Borer in the sugarcane growingareas. th minimize and contain to was project this of objective The milling. for cut are they after cane undamaged as well as keep not do and lighter are stalks Damaged dextran. corre a that can be extracted and the percentage of sucrose that is present in the juice. This leads to tunneling of the borer larvae within the stalk internodes directly decrease the amount of juice result CWB by prevalent in all the sectors of the cane belt and is a major concern to the industry. Infestation Borer borer,weevil Cane Weevil Cane Varoko Lomawai Lovu Natova Lautoka Drasa sector. Olosara each in Meigunyah level Malolo borer of Legalega incident the Sector Showing 2: Table

sponding decrease of juice purity and an increase in total organic non organic total increaseinan and juicepuritydecrease spondingof

in reduction perce reduction in Sample farms were from Viti Levu and 20 farms were from Vanua Levu (table 2).

No. of No. Rhabdoscelus obscurus Rhabdoscelus

500 500 500 500 200 500 250 500 500 100

Infestation alk, length of infected stalks, total weight and infected weight.

143 farms were analysed for CWB damage in Viti Levu and Levu Viti in damageCWB for analysed were farms 143 - ntage of purity of cane (pocs). The internal chewing and chewing internal The (pocs). cane of purity of ntage cane traps cane 10.4 12.6 14.5 10.0 6.6 6. 6.0 6.8 7.2 3.0 % e 4

the damage caused by CWB in cane belt area of Viti

is an introduced pest of sugarcane in Fiji. CWB is CWBFiji. sugarcane ofin introducedpest an is

% Internode Internode % Damaged

was foundthatthe cropwas damage 1. 4.0 1.3 1.3 2.1 0.9 1. 1.4 0.9 0. 6 7 5

% Length Length % Infested Infested S UGAR 0.9 1. 0.6 0.7 1. 0. 1. 1.3 0.8 0. R 5 1 9 2 3 ESEARCH ESEARCH

2019

- sugars suchas sugars

A NNUAL % Weight % I e spread of spread e NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE affected affected R EPORT 6. 7.0 5.5 4.8 4. 7.9 4.8 5. 8. 2.2 4 2 1 6 F

IJI IJI

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 57

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT near cane fields contributes to the increasingnumber ofthe disease foundin some Districts. of vitiensis pathogen the of availability the given time any at up flare can disease the that The trend on which Fiji Leaf Gall Disease is increasing in the sugarcane farms ha plantcrops and4,719 ha were ratooncane. The roguing Roguing 2019 S *P *P Total DEC NOV OCT SEP AUG JUL JUN MAY APR MAR FEB JAN Rouging 3: Table Total Penang Ba/Tavua Sigatoka Labasa Nadi January from Lautoka Report District Rouging Mill Summarized 4: Table UGAR Month Saccharum

–

R NNUAL Plant crop and R R and crop Plant

ESEARCH ESEARCH

), weather conditions and planting of only one major variety

R team EPORT I

NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE Inspected edule 60 15 Lautoka 2 24 43 51 4 4 93 68 33 31

P 1 2 1 4 1 0

Farms covered an area of 6,424 ha during their crop inspection. Of this total 1,707 No.

1,959

area – 131 425 306 353 267 477

Duruka, an alternate host o host alternate an Duruka, of F s IJ –

22 I

inspected inspected Ratoon crop Ratoon 244 13 18 200 28 234 16 220 271 20 10 66 infested R 6 9 3 5 2 0

No. of No. farms farms 21.32 93 13 57 31 0 0 2 January

Rarawai 3 3 63 80 62 32 13 P 6

2 1 0 1 2 0 0 infested

% farm farm % 30.1 18.6 - 0.0 3.1 0.0 8.0 0.4 November 2019 November 121

62 10 140

54 4 36 37 88 48 22 15 R 2 4 6 2 0 f Fiji Leaf Gall Disease planted along and along planted Disease Gall Leaf Fiji f

Area Rouged (Ha) Area Rouged - November 2019 November 1,705 Plant 687 100 31 179 687 28 13 Labasa 27 1 53 55 60 9 9 7 8 56 7 6 4 9 P 5 6 1 6 0 8 0

(ha)

– 1222 Ratoon

Mana. 123 124 525 4, 5 81 2 60 57 4 73 51 1213 122 122 R

9 7 2 0 720

449 53

74 3 3 8 Also,

is an indication 100 No. of FLGD of FLGD No. Penang

21 3 2 10

( P the planting 9 4 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 2 Pe

Rouged rkinsiella rkinsiella stools stools 3,112 2728

258 109 74 17 53 1 R 0 0 7 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ha plantcane inspected, only15.01% qualif for usedbe DiseasemaySRIF (DCU)that Control by inspected estate. Nasorowaqa at planted was varieties identifiedplantedwithunapproved varietymixed withothervariety.32.28 unapprovedha of The reason being, the growers ha rot) and termite infestation. unapproved varieties being planted, poor germination due to sett rot (fusarium and pineapple often resou is of limitation the that to due management neglected sugarcane of aspect an is production cane seed this, of spite In planted. is quality poor of cane seed if attained be not will crop a of yield potential The production. the in use for intended is which propagationofsugarcane.Planting goodqualitycrucial forcanep is seed material plant sugarcane any as defined is cane Seed Certification Cane Seed sugarcane diseases,which has noeconomic effecton cane yield. inspection of major diseases in commercial cane field, the DCU team also identifies the minor infectedin stools most the have Sigatoka material. planting clean and healthy good, a having as such This can be credited to disease free area or good field management practices used by farmers Figure Figure 7 2019. Out of the total 1959Duringinspectedfarms wererouged.total stoolsthe 3112 of the Out 2019.

: : Minor diseases of sugarcane sugarcane of diseases Minor

used uncertified planting material. Total o rces. – ied

Brown Rust, Ring spot and Red Leaf Spot. Leaf Red and spot Ring Rust, Brown This year the institute received complaints on complaints received institute the year This

l pat ae n l te etr hv been have sectors the all in cane plant All to to be usedas seedmaterial.

seed material. Of the 1, 705 1, the Of material.seed

S UGAR R rofitable sugarcanerofitable ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

f 72 farms were

A NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE R EPORT

F IJI IJI

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 59

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT (6 soot resembles that chlamydospores of is made up of a hard core of parenchyma and fibro ruptures, the black, powdery spores become more highly visible. The w whipinitially is covered bya thin membrane,giving ait slivery Smut, one of the most easily recognized diseases, has a black whip of varying thickness. The Description Contextual areas globally spreadharvesters.spores via Sugarcane smutisdevastating a and cuttings infected spore of use the of through spreads also mode disease the but main wind the is The dispersal disease. the of management in assist also can plants infected seedcan of treatment water hot free operations scale disease smaller of On use seedcane. the with along option, management effective most the is resistance sorus (whip), which is a modified inflorescence is (Smut Fungi of symptom Australia, conspicuous2013). The habit. growth grassy a to lead may varieties susceptible cultivation records its spread in susceptible varieties 1949) (1945, McMartin observed. again was disease the that later years 60 than more until not was it and successfulwere stools infected of destruction the at aimed measures Control variety known as‘china cane’,Syd which was destroyedby it scitaminea on India as identified was fungus the where Kew, to forwarded were Europe, in appear to first the were which disease, the of Specimens culture. sugarcane of days early the during 1877, around Natal the by report 1882 committee anof the Victoria Planters’ Association, states that the disease was from first discovered quoting (1945), McMartin easy. diagnosis made symptoms scitamineum). by caused disease fungal major a is smut Sugarcane Introduction Sugarcane Smut 2019 S UGAR - 8 µm) andfeel smooth when rubbedbetween one’s fin

A R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH

acau sotnu L spontaneum Saccharum

(Antoine, 1961) (Antoine, R

EPORT Ustilago sacchari Ustilago I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE (Waktola, 2014) It was one of the first sugarcane diseases to be recognized, as the conspicuous . In these early years, smut was reported to be making after making be to reported was smut years, early these In .

F IJ I

. Smut causes a whip a causes Smut .

Rabenh., an organism which had previously bee previously had which organism an Rabenh., (ig 15) Te ae a ltr hne to changed later was name The 1956). (King, . –

in 1945 and these were immediately withdrawn from

hence the name ‘smut’. The spores are very small very are spores The ‘smut’. name the hence - like structure, dusty black in color and in and color in black dusty structure, like - vascular elements surrounded by millions Sporisorium scitamineum (Ustilago (Ustilago scitamineum Sporisorium (Antoine,1961) gers. -

grey appearance; when these diseasein sugarcanegrowing

hip is unbranched and .

ad ouig of rogueing and e

effects in the in effects Smut varietal n found in found n

the U. U. in tapes. spores.SRIF will be workingdiligently with be to are samplers Spore Runningof smut spore traps Strategy andthis is sugarcane andNotFiji. much can be doneprevent to wind growing countries between move people when applied are controls border quarantine strict forsugarcane countriesexceptallcropping in occurs Smut Fiji In Status hig ahigherlevelofvarietalsmut; needed areasresistance is whileregionsin dry with relatively wind via occurs crop a within disease the of spread se diseased dispersal; spore rapid loss of spore viability (a matter of weeks). The primary spread of the disease is through fairlyto leads soil wet whilelongevity peri spore favourconditions Dry conditions.environmental long for soil the in survive may teliospores shoots. mature infect usually not do spores These crop. ratoon or plant the in either soil, the through emerging shoots young infect may soil the on landing spores Alternatively, healthy stalks may infect these buds, leading to disease adjoiningin the of cane buds plan axial the on landing Spores stool. infected the to close fall many though the so through emerging shoots young infect may soil the on landing kilometers) (many distances long travelling some wind, the via dispersed then and whip the from released are Spores infected an When Life Cycle a more acute angle. carriedat and andstiff short be mayLeaves cane.healthy thanfaster grow that internodes grass slender long, include stool infected an in symptoms earliest The Symptoms h rainfall maybe able to plantvarieties ofgreater susceptibility. il, either in the plantor ratoon crop. These spores not do usually infectmature shoots.

–

how smut was thought to have sprea Immediate Action Plan Action Immediate

sett is planted, some or all of the subsequent shoots may develop whips. develop may shoots subsequent the of all or some planted, is sett

placed

ed - ics sts as ps a infcn rs. ai secondary Rapid risk. significant a pose also (setts) pieces

in the major port of entries for firsthand detection of smut of detection firsthand for entries of port major the in Biosecurity d many to countries aroundthe world. d, p o 2 months 12 to up ods, - blown spores. Hot dry conditions favour conditions dry Hot spores. blown Authority of Fiji - borne spread over longdistances Fiji . It is important therefore thatimportantthereforeis It

S UGAR

ted from this material. for the analysis of the - like shoots with long with shoots like R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 –

eedn on depending

A NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE R EPORT

The F IJI IJI

ESEARCH EVELOPMENT R & D 61

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT potential dist consideration the smut resistance ratings, the most resistant varieties should be multiplied for The most judicious, positive long term approach rests with resistant varieties. Thus taking into ass smut of quantities significant propagate and prepare “ A Initial preparations Role ofthe STC formed; the technical committee willcomprise members from: anIf Establishment ofSmut Technical Committee (STC) used be will microscopy anda molecular techniques(PCR). test two needed; be will identity spore smut of Confirmation Spore identification 2019 S UGAR essmentand distribution, pre mt eitn secn vrey multiplication variety seedcane resistant smut

A incursionwereoccur,teamto representinga appropriate authoritative instituteswill be R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Decide onthe emergencyresponse budgetallocation. the where on dependingincursion firstoccurs. SOP, survey delimiting the of details the on Decide international as well as agencies organizations/ parties. government other with liaise will STC The Emergency Biosecurity possible any on declaration thatneeds to Fiji of Authority Biosecurity Advise guideto actions to be takenthe at time ofthe identification ofan incursion document key a be will This SOP. Plan Response Emergency an of Development InvitedScientist (Plant Pathologist) Sugar Cane Growers Fund Sugar Cane Growers Council Fiji Ports Ministry of Agricul Biosecurityauthority of Fiji Fiji sugar cooperation Sugar research institute of Fiji R ribution. EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

F IJ I

ture

smutincursion.

be made when an incursionfirst is identified.

- free seedcane of resistant varieties for varieties resistant of seedcane free poet hud e ntae. To initiated. be should project ”

light Institute. sugarcane, Research infected Sugar SMUT 8: Figure predicted byresistance screening as undertaken by Sugar Research Australia. varieties, Fijian commercial current for ratings resistance smut the are below Detailed Resistantvarieties IS * resistance SMUT and varieties commercial of List 5: Table HR -

intermediately susceptible intermediately -

highly highly

LF05 LF91 MQ33 resistant YASAWA RAGNAR NAIDIRI Variety QAMEA GALOA KIUVA VOMO MANA - - AIWA BEQA VATU KABA MALI 1502 1925 - 371

, ,

IR -

intermediately resistant intermediately , , Rating Number Rating HS Photo credit: Harry Dass, Research Officer, Mauritius Mauritius Officer, Research Dass, Harry credit: Photo -

highly susceptible highly 7 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 1 1 8 8 7 7

, , I -

intermediate * Rating Class Rating S ratings UGAR

HR HR HS HS IR IS S S S S I I I I I I

ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE R EPORT F IJI IJI

ESEARCH EVELOPMENT R & D 63

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT (4 reps) 5 varieties potted withsterilized compost + bacteria 5 varieties potted withcompost trial Pot againstsoil microbes was carriedinout SRIF nursery. (LF11 variety promising a and Viwa) Kiuva, Mana, (Naidiri, varieties commercial pots.Four in filled and soil top with mixed was This carrier. a N identified sugarcsuchonbacteriacalculate impactof the to future in thedone be may found in the marine was present, this could be the result of flooding, however, further studies tropici. A number of plates were sent to CABI for ID and was identified as The extraction ofN Discussion in Lautoka (31/05),Nadi (23/05) andLabasa (04/06). fixing Nitrogenresources.Three natural preserve and people of condition use fertilizers ofbio would economic provide benefits farmers,to improve the socioeconomic cro of yields higher for nitrogen of source inexpensive an is it because systems farming crop in compounds formed from decomposition of organic matter in the soil. by absorbed Nitrogen stage,at which the stage nitrogen fixation of nodules begins to decrease rapidly. flowering the aftereven plants by up taken be to continuesnitrogenmuch However, plants. Rhizobium, nitrogen. fixed from is growth plant for requirednitrogen the of solution.Much soil inammonium and non is onlyavailable avery to range of organisms symbiotically associates with higher plantsand Nitrogen is abundant in nature, it often limits plant productivity because atmospheric nitrogen Introduction Nitrogen 2019 S UGAR ps. This process diminishes the need for expensive chemical fertilizer. Thus the extensivethe expensive Thuschemicalfertilizer. for need diminishesprocessthe This ps. -

A symbiotically. Nitrogen in legumes originates legumes in Nitrogensymbiotically. R NNUAL

ESEARCH ESEARCH

Along with these N these with Along

- ot ie ntoe i togt o oe rm nitrogen from come to thought is nitrogen fixed Most

Fixing Bacteria

- R Bradyrhizobium, Mes Bradyrhizobium,

fixing bacteria was mass produced and added to sterile compost,which acted as compost,whichacted sterile to added andproduced mass was bacteriafixing EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

fixingsoil microbes were successfully isolated. F eue i te ae sae ae huh t b iognc nitrogen inorganic be to thought are stages later the in legumes IJ I

fixing bacteria an aquatic bacteria of family Rhodobacteraecae, family of bacteria aquatic an bacteria fixing

orhizobium, orhizobium, or Sinorhizobium, Sinorhizobium, from nitrogen in the air, as well as nitrate as well as air, the in nitrogen from -

233)

was planted. was in the nodules of leguminous nodulesof the in Azotobacter - iig ybot, uh as such symbionts, fixing

Bio fertilizer is important

Trials on sugarcane on Trials

trials were plantedwere trials ane health.ane

and

Rhizobium Rhizobium

The Trial Drasa Treatments a fertilizer normal well as provided application. was Irrigation adopted. was design block complete randomized A Labasa. and Nadi Lautoka, in planted were trials field Three Trial Field in the greenhousewas that subjected to uncontrolledrainfall. pl the to due be also couldexpectations the to comparison in difference results. positive showed Kiuva However, trials. pot uninoculated and inoculated Analysis was there that trials pot the from concluded be can It Statistical height Leaf Table 6: List of treatments for the trial the for treatments of 6: Table List

Treatment No. Treatment T5 T4 T3 T2 T1

Figure Figure

9 : : Drasa F 11 Trial Trial 11 F Drasa

Compost with bacteria with Compost in bacteria Dip sett Treatment Millmud with bacteria Millmud with Control Millmud

Planting no the between differencesignificant

UGAR acement of the pots the of acement R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

d weedicide nd A NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

h little The R EPORT F IJI IJI

ESEARCH EVELOPMENT R & D 65

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 2019 S UGAR

A R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH Figure Figure R EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

: : Trial Marking and cane dipping in bacteria as a treatment a as bacteria in dipping cane and Marking Trial F IJ I

Figure Figure 10 : : Trial planting in Labasa in planting Trial

into the air. reachingmaturity,alatesafter Soon before the flight. The emergence is related to a series of changes in the activity of the colony. a dispersal. for The winged forms caste with long a wing by retained been have adults alate the when three castes: workers, soldiers, and the reproductive (queens and males). Termites have specialized castes to perform specific colony functions. The termite colony has produc also the most destructive and economically important insect pest of wood and other cellulose termites are consideredone oftheeconomically most important inpests the world.Theyare Termites are a social insect of Introduction Termites untilharvesting All comparisons LSDwhich showed more using groups formation through at 5 months. done Data collection was will take analysisplace Further insignificant. was differences, it some however, showed trial and Lautoka, Drasa, the for done was analysis Statistical

ts.

Figure Figure

the order Isoptera. They are pale and soft bodied. Subterranean 12 : :

Trial planting in Malolo, Nadi. Malolo, in planting Trial (male and female) leave the nest in a swarm and fly upfly and swarm ina nest thefemale) leave(maleand - pads are usually present in the colony few months ige esnl irto or migration seasonal single

S UGAR

R The life cycle starts ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

A NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE -

Pairwise R EPORT F IJI IJI

ESEARCH EVELOPMENT R & D 67

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT (OPERATION KADIVUKA).The number of infested farms recordedin this surveywas 45. 2014 in Institute the and Fiji of Authority Biosecurity with jointly out carried was infestation district. Lautoka the in confined currently is sugarcane in Termites Discussion affectsthe sugarcane cropfrom the germination stage to the millable cane sources. food reach to tubes (mud) earthen through travel termites that so calamities and wildfire conditions, weather extreme from termites protect to ground the into deep 7m to 6m from range may termites subterranean the of colony the of cavity The moisture source through mudtubes. termites, subterraneangestroi Asian Coptotermes byinfestation damage The soil. moist with filled is and intact remains rind the tissues, inner the on feed termitesepidermis; coning the within soil with filled are and tunneled are canes The cane infested with termite shows symptoms of yellow and drying of outer are useful in combat and protecting the colony, however, are incapable of feeding themselves. tunnels eggs per day. (Biosecurity Authority of Fiji factsheet), workers are responsible for constructing chamber after which the incomplete metamorphosis begins. A queen lays approximately 1000 or days few after eggs the lays (queen) female The chamber. first the make have female and male the after occurs Mating flutteringabout forashorttime, the termites breakoff their wings andlocate amate. swarmemergebuildings,withinthey a when they and light, to attracted are termites Winged light. to themselves expose not do castes other and trees. These dark During late September, swarms of the reproductive caste may be noti the main colonyand then theyleave from holes, slitedin the ground, moundand or wood. from away assemble they flight, alate the before addition, In species. different the between the time which is needed for reachingthat level of size to alert the production process va Once the size of colony reaches a certain point, the reproduction process launched. However, 2019 S UGAR

A R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH andchambers as well as feeding and groomingother termite castes.

R EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

on sugarcane is approximately - colored, winged termites are the stage most commonly seen, since the F IJ I

ottre gestroi Coptotermes (3 - 6) weeks from the establishing of the pair in their first their in pair the of establishing the from weeks 6)

bout doors and windows.crawlingandAfteror doors bout

del n et ado tes n attain and trees and/or nests in dwell . 60cm from the base of the millable stalk.

A survey on the termite the on survey A ced in infested buildings

s. These insect pest insect These

Soldier termites

leaves. Millable

ried

sources be to branchedtoout cater for clean seedmaterials. Research Institute ofFiji andthe Biosecurity Authority of Fiji. Management and consistent monitoring had continued by a collabor Seedcane Inspection has been noincidence oftermite attack yet. there analysis visual to according and basis trial on Attrathor with sprayed were farms Two Lautoka, Drasa andLovu sector. December. till October prepared. willbe report a whichafter resourceslimited to Due of the spread/ infestation level oftermites. in 2018. A survey was undertaken beginning from mid t withyears the over declinedfarms of number The Figure Figure

u o te 1 sree 2 frs ee on ifse, l i the in all infested, found were farms 20 surveyed 114 the of Out 13 this survey was not completed in 2019 and wouldand 2019 incompleted not was survey this : Percentage Percentage :

Till date, a total of 114 farms has been surveyed fromsurveyedbeen has farms 114 of total a date, Till of infested and uninfested farms uninfested and infested of

he use of bait traps from 45 to 16 farms 16 to 45from traps bait of use he -

October to ascertain the current status

Planunderway is for seed cane ative work between Sugar S UGAR R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

continue in 2020in continue

A NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

R EPORT F IJI IJI

ESEARCH EVELOPMENT R & D 69

ESEARCH EVELOPMENT R & D 2019 S UGAR

A R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH R EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE Figure Figure

Figure Figure F IJ 1 I

5 : : 14 Field training with BAF Staffs and SRIF staffs SRIF and Staffs BAF with training Field :

Seedcane inspection by BAF and SRIF and BAF by inspection Seedcane

C ROP ROP P RODUCTION

S UGAR R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

A NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE R EPORT F IJI IJI

CROP PRODUCTION 71

CROP PRODUCTION the of because distribution cane quantity of sugarcane in Labas cane Seed Labasa Mill Area farms.Mother plots will now be establsihed inNadi andSigatoka Districts. Lautoka district imposed from by Biosecuirty authority of Fiji movementdue to termite infestation in nearby seedcane of restriction is project seedcane for setback major A been establishedin Tunalia joint venture farm as distribution s of hectares 15 of total A SRIF. by faciliated was which project Venture Joint by farmer About 285 Lautoka Mill Area S 2019 S UGAR CANE EED Figure

A R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH s 1

tonnes seedcane from the mother and distribution plots planted in 2018 was taken in near by locality and Nadi district. Majority of the seedcane was taken by Tunalia : inspection initiative started this year this started initiative inspection R

Good q EPORT P I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE RODUCTION

uality and F IJ I

a . Most of the farms inspected has not been approved for seed v igorously mixed

aite patd n h fed n as patn of planting also and field the in planted varieties growing with the aim of aim the seed cane in SRIF MO in Drasa.

plot .

improving the quality and quality the improving

ugarcane has ugarcane

sugarcane

level. seed cane and this needs to be a mandatory requirement before planting is approved at sector uptake needs to be addressed via farmer more astringenthence measures. cane SRIF had seed embarked clean the establishing in put being is time and resources of lot A 2020 season. the summarizes table following The distribution.Unfortunately, the uptake had been very lowdue followingto reasons: approx with varieties the summarizes table following seed treated water hot from production cane seed The Rarawai Mill Area breakdown offarms certifiedis in the table below. their on improve th dominatingalmostwhich varietiesunapproved Table 2: 2: Table plot cane Seed 1: Table 4. 3. 2. 1.

Indiscriminate burningat the Estate. linkPoor between FSCextension and SRIF. Lackof irrigation resources withfarmers hence delayin uptake of Planting outside normal planting/ re LF91

Variety Qamea

Naidiri LF91 - Mana Mana KABA Kaba 1925 Variety Qamea seed cane seed - Mana Kaba 1925

Viwa

2R 2R 1R P 1R 2R 2R Crop

summary production by planting one common variety in their field. The field. their in variety common one planting by production seed cane seed

Area Area (Ha) -

planting window 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4

plots established in 2019 for distribution in distribution for 2019 in established plots e whole field. whole e

imate Area ae a cniud n 09 The 2019. in continued was cane 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.7

hence ons ht a aalbe for available was that tonnes

Farmers wereFarmers seedcane S UGAR Approximate R seedcane Approx. ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

encouraged not ready.

A NNUAL I in certifying NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

Tonnes .

Tons R EPORT

10 25 15 25 30 30 30 10 35 60 30 30

F to IJI IJI

CROP PRODUCTION 73

CROP PRODUCTION of 5varieties propagated inthe lab: Qamea, Viwa,Aiwa, LF91 procedures Cleaning environment). controlled includes glass wares cleaning, general alab cleaning and sterilization practi in survive to explant the for hormones growth plant and micronutrients macronutrients, (with preparation medium stage, Rooting 15 of intervals in culturing sub to stage first very the from substitute method in event of any viral disease outbreak. of materials The major focus of sugarcane tissue culture at the institute is to produce disease free Project Details mother plantand show characteristics identical to the mother plant. micro as known a method in plant a of clones produce to used widely is culture tissue Plant tissue plants. raised called culture are produced plantlets The environment. controlled under medium culture diseases. under time short a in plants fungal and bacterial of free are process of the in produced seedlingsTheconditions. controlled propagation rapid for used is technique culture Tissue fr microorganisms of types various prevent to conditions sterile alterations. The plant of interest is taken through the tissue culture process and grown under genetic undergo cases some in which plants, new of growing for research plant in applied under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. Tissue cul cells plant grow and maintain to used techniquesmicro of collection a is culture tissue Plant Introduction plantlets planted in the field. first and opening official an through culture tissue of recognition as Initiation, Multiplication, Shooting, Rooting and Acclimatization. The year also marked as a 10,170 plantlets were achieved through the process ofmicro propagation dividedstages into after ashort training in micropropagation in 2018 to fully startwith the production. produce it as quality in but culture tissue plant small of decade a After Summary T 2019 S UGAR ISSUE ISSUE

A R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH C

ULTURE A whole plant can be regenerated from from regenerated be can plant whole A

R clones EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

with selected varieties, which aids in seed cane production and acts as a as acts and production caneseed in aids whichvarieties, selected with seed cane F IJ - scale production in 2017 a new proposal was set forth to continue to forth set was proposal new a 2017 in production scale - I

propagation

irpoaain o produce to micropropagation

material, hence tissue culture lab was renovated and extended

where the plantlets produced are a true copy of the of copy true a are produced plantlets the where a small tissue or plant cells in a suitable a in cells plant or tissue small a

The lab work comprises Inoculation ed cane seed - 20 days to different stages different to days 20 - 1925 andNaidiri. set of tissue culture raised raised culture tissue of set m fetn te process. the affecting om

aeil Te da to idea The material. ces.

There is a total

A total of planting ture is

till - successfully transferred theto field. a been has It field. production the as the year successful to material cane seed the of production initial the from months 18 after sugarcane cultured tissue the from stalks cane seed receive can farmers The Conclusion shows the progress from the time procedures were changed and how it has been performing. of total a with gr the to material seed clean and quality This will supplement the seed material being produced through hot water treatment to provide Graphical Analysis May-19 Nov-19 Nov-18 Mar-19 Sep-19 Jan-19 Jul-19

10,170 Initiation 0

plantlets with increasing number of new plantlets. new of number increasing with plantlets 2000 Multiplication (M0-M4) Figure Production2: analysis Figure of

10,000 plantlets were achieved and first hardening trial hardeningfirst andachieved were plantlets10,000

4000 3 : : Multiplication stage Multiplication owers. The current lab set up has space limitation space has up set lab current The owers. No. No. plantletsof 6000 Multiplication (M5-M6) 8000

S UGAR Shooting 10000 R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

The trend below trend The

A NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

R EPORT - 24 F IJI IJI

CROP PRODUCTION 75 Tonnes cane crushed cane Tonnes harvested cane Tonnes for season average purity Cane %POCS N.T. 94 sugar cane Tonnes hectare per N.T. 94 tonnes Yield sugar N.T 94 Tonnes (tonnes) actual make Sugar (tonnes) quotas harvest farm Total (hectares) harvested area Total (hectares) cultivated area Total (hectares) area registered Total (tonnes) registrations allotments basic farm Total (Numbers) Total 2018 with compared 2019 season featuresof Main 1: Appendix Rarawai Mills 2: Appendix Lautoka Year → Year → Mill Penang Labasa CROP PRODUCTION F 2019 S

ACP UGAR

No. of years of No.

R NNUAL 121 130 133 110

ESEARCH ESEARCH Monthly rainfall(mm) for 2019 compared with long term average long average term with compared 2019 for rainfall(mm) Monthly per tonnes tonnes per yrs. yrs. yrs. yrs.

avg. to 2019 to avg. 2019 to avg. 2019 to avg. 2019 to avg.

2019 actual 2019 actual 2019 actual 2019 actual 2019 EPORT I sugar sugar

NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

Lautoka

457480 457480 948321 60256 57856 10990 22967 2018 9132 5425

F 81 11 11 IJ Jan 431 295 361 491 358 523 306 220 7 I

657160 474914 957700 60825 58439 21156 23119 Feb 9283 5474 2019 358 255 364 272 360 214 326 220 79 10 11 7

Rarawai 466233 479625 964105 Mar 42947 38017 401 240 378 270 358 314 322 187 10225 10956 22182 5357 2018 77 10 12

Apr 377 498 239 369 285 278 185 239 966969 487428 523920 48001 44830 10895 11052 22229

5370 2019 80 10 11 May 121 108 4

20 15 78 96

4 6 Labasa

929944 620328 620328 67011 64332 14473 15338 20049 4117 2018 Jun 127 127 72 53 65 39 65 12 82 12 5 9

Open 941352 661919 661919 Jul 68007 65435 14214 21156 19780 52 56 47 29 29 49 51 61 4151 2019

81 11 10 5 Aug

197 Penang 93 52 41 92 13 67 10 274458 139937

3275 3497 8069 1747 2018 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A NIL Sep 101 100 131 85 75 85 72 86

276654 145808 Oct 144 103 185 143 3251 3413 8046 1759 2019 44 85 91 86 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A NIL

All mills Nov 152 202 216 108 125 3116828 1544041 1697370 97 57 69

60256 57856 37105 40781 73267 16646

2018 Dec

81 11 11 245 160 253 414 238 190 189 158 7

1806507 1806561 3142675 Total 168702 58944 37643 56777 73174 16754 2530 1990 2274 2355 2296 2036 1895 1354 10.35 2019 80.2

11 6

Total Expt./Others Viwa Qamea Kiuva LF91 Waya Vatu Naidiri Mana Mali Kaba Galoa Beqa Aiwa Ragnar cane total harvested) of (% crushed Varieties Avg.yield/ha ratoons Other ratoon 2nd ratoon First Plant (tch) hectare per cane tonnes Yield Total ratoons Other ratoon 2nd ratoon First Plant (tonnes) harvested Cane Total ratoons Other ratoon 2nd ratoon First Plant (hectares) Areas harvested 3: Appendix Penang Labasa Rarawai Lautoka Mill at mill (mm) centres Rainfall 4: Appendix

1925

Crop production details production Crop Lautoka For 12 months ended 31st December 31st ended months 12 For 457480 348146 25896 39011 44428 1310 1167 1101 2015 2018 9132 7245 974 90.6 50.1 48.1 54.1 59.8 58.8 100 478 653 756 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 2.1 0.0 2.7 0.7 1.2 0.0 1.5 nil nil

474914 350286 33250 45664 45714 2086 1773 1908 2072 2016 9283 7151 2019 91.7 55.0 49.0 56.4 59.7 58.8 777 100 590 765 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 1.3 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.1 2.0 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.6

Rarawai 479625 294392 18662 70173 96398 10225 1799 2122 1993 1721 2017

6686 1340 1799 2018 90.3 46.9 44.0 46.7 52.4 53.6 100 400 0.3 1.0 0.3 1.2 0.3 6.0 0.3 0.3 nil nil nil nil nil nil

523920 310378 57904 87813 67825 10895 2940 2971 2228 2129 2018 6696 1174 1716 1309 2019

49.0 46.0 49.0 51.0 52.0 90.1 100 0.3 1.3 0.3 0.7 0.1 6.4 0.2 0.5 nil nil nil nil nil nil

Labasa 620328 385580 59588 94983 80177 14473 1990 2355 2036 1354 2019 9541 1351 1908 1673 2018 42.9 40.4 44.1 49.8 47.9 10.3 45.4 20.2 100 0.5 0.3 0.3 2.7 5.4 0.0 8.9 0.5 5.5 0.1 nil nil

For 12 months ended 30th September 30th ended months 12 For 661919 384261 105423 83429 88806 14214 5452 1519 2015 8786 1687 1929 1812 2019 49.0 44.0 49.0 55.0 49.0 49.4 20.7 998 991 100 0.4 0.2 0.5 3.1 4.6 8.7 0.0 7.5 0.2 4.5 0.0 0.1 nil

Penang 139937 94571 17847 11386 16134 1685 1167 1768 1666 2016 3275 2324 2018 42.7 40.7 58.3 58.9 35.7 96.5 306 193 452 100 0.1 0.1 2.2 0.1 0.2 0.7 nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil

S UGAR

145808 R 95700 11186 16758 22164 1711 1471 1547 1380 2017 3251 2254 2019 ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 47.0 42.0 49.0 49.0 52.0 97.0 228 342 428 100 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

A All mills NNUAL 1697370 1122689 I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE 121633 215553 237137 37105 25796 2787 2981 2286 2070 2018 2535 4094 4680 2018 45.7 43.3 50.8 55.2 49.0 12.7 69.4

100 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 1.0 1.5 2.6 2.3 2.4 1.6 0.3 0.1 5.7

EPORT 1806562 1140626 185769 255658 224509 F 37643 24888 2171 2099 2042 1442 2019 IJI IJI 3679 4751 4326 2019 19.2 56.8 50.0 46.0 50.0 54.0 52.0 100

0.3 0.1 0.0 0.3 1.8 1.7 3.2 2.8 2.5 1.7 0.0 0.3 9.1

CROP PRODUCTION 77 Month 5 Appendix

CROP PRODUCTION 2019 S UGAR

A R NNUAL : ESEARCH ESEARCH Rainfall distribution affecting 2019 affecting distribution Rainfall R EPORT I May Dec Nov Sep Aug Feb Mar Jun Jan NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE Month Apr Oct Jul ------18 19 19 19 19 19 18 18 18 18 18 19

Period F IJ I

Early - Period

1 Early Early Early Early Early Early Early Early Early Early Early Early st

Late Late Late Late Late Late Late Late Late Late Late Late crop(mm)

Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid to 10

Lautoka of the month Mid of the month Mid

Lautoka

129.3 154.5 125.5 138.6 127.6 24.6 63.6 18.9 29.1 33.9 41.2 82 88.4 38.5 25.5 44.7 43.8 17.6 77.9 67.7 5.3 6.5 2.2 3.1 6.2 3 N N nil nil nil nil nil nil nil .0 .0 1 il il

11 Rarawai th

to 20 Rarawai

of the month Late 104.9 156 196.8 117.4 157.2 248 240.8 34.4 29.8 25.3 57.9 37.2 58.5 75.5 11.2 72.4 39.5 14.8 95 27 57 5.5 2.2 1.4 N N N N N N N N N nil nil nil .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 il il il il il il il il il

Labasa Labasa

- 197.9 180 176.9 114.4 119.8 118.1 117.5 138.7 164.9 21 23.4 56.3 27.3 40.2 62.8 55.7 18.5 81.4 43.3 13.5 77.6 73.8 75.9 36 6.4 3.7 8 6.9 2 1 N N 10 st nil nil nil nil .0 .0 .0 .0 .0

il il to end ofthemonth to end

Penang Penang

361.2 107.8 113.5 115 118.5 175.3 198.5 117.5 45 15 13.9 11.1 57.4 78.9 61.3 58.6 10.4 54.2 10.8 58.8 58.6 83.3 17.5 14.9 79.4 3.8 7.6 5.8 6.9 2.8 2.1 0.4 2.1 6.4 N N .0 .0 .0 il il

All Penang Labasa Rarawai Lautoka Mills Appendix All mills Penang Labasa Rarawai Lautoka Mills of Tonnes 7: Appendix Mills All mills Penang Labasa Rarawai Lautoka Mills harvested Hectares 6: Appendix

8: Average for period of five seasons five of period for Average

3758204 1166055 1017374 1283569 Total R P Total R P Total R P Total R P Total R P Crop Tonnes of cane per harvested of hectare Tonnes 291206

1991/ Total R P Total R P Total R P Total R P Total R P Crop 1995

cane harvested Average for period of five seasons five of period for Average 3500370 1017061 1216597 Average for period of five seasons five of period for Average

309205 957507 73541 62502 11039 22724 19604 20259 17360 24214 20580 1991/ 1996/ 3634 1995 6344 4958 1386 3120 2899 1991/ 2000 1995 48.1 61.2 52.4 51.2 64.7 50.2 48.1 61.2 46.0 43.1 57.2 51.3 50.4 59.3 50.1

2929395 67161 57336 20945 18348 17777 14613 22645 19701 1996/

239044 840388 878509 971454 9825 5794 4674 1120 2597 3164 2944 2000 1996/ 2000 52.9 62.1 53.7 51.4 64.2 52.1 50.0 61.8 53.3 51.2 62.6 48.6 47.4 56.5 53.9 2001/ 2005

61702 57794 17180 15911 18640 17585 20772 19730 2001/ 3908 5110 4568 1269 1055 1042 2005 2410619 2001/ 2005 542

213253 695728 738316 763321 47.5 46.0 58.3 46.8 46.4 54.2 48.9 47.6 59.7 47.1 46.4 59.6 46.8 45.9 63.9 2006/ 2010

50567 47197 15155 14039 15680 14553 15402 14614

2006/ 3369 4330 3991 1116 1127 2010 2006/ 2010 339 788 47.3 45.8 59.5 49.1 48.3 56.3 45.8 43.5 56.7 46.5 44.8 58.8 49.1 47.6 67.2 1785912 170698 547372 551682 516159

2011/

2015 40139 36640 12903 11500 12320 11367 11405 10630 2011/

3499 3510 3142 1403 2015 368 953 775 2011/ 2015 44.5 43.5 55.3 48.6 48.4 50.6 42.7 41.4 53.4 44.8 43.8 56.7 45.2 44.3 57.7 Last four seasons individually seasons four Last 1387247

653353 269800 372288 91806

2016 Last four seasons individually seasons four Last Last four seasons individually seasons four Last 36794 35292 13450 12423 10013 10122 2247 3209 2907 1027 9610 8105 2016

2016 35.2 37.1 46.5 28.6 28.9 32.2 48.6 46.1 55.1 26.9 26.6 49.6 36.8 35.0 48.9 302 403 515 S

1631393

118231 675731 407861 429570 UGAR 2017 38040 33860 14246 12238 10277 10113 4180 3404 3178 2008 8968 1309 9476 2017 R 2017 41.1 42.5 47.0 34.7 33.1 37.2 47.4 47.5 48.3 39.7 43.0 47.8 42.5 46.2 54.6 226 637 ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

1697370

A 139937 620328 479625 457480 NNUAL I 2018 37105 32425 14473 12800 10225

NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE 4680 3275 2823 1673 8426 1799 9132 8376 2018 2018 49.3 48.3 50.3 44.2 52.6 35.7 46.4 44.8 47.9 56.4 54.0 58.8 42.5 41.7 58.8 452 756

EPORT 1530997 661919 394164 474914 37643 11106 14214 10895 F 4326 3251 4134 1812 3195 1309 9283 2835 2019 2019 2019 IJI IJI 48.0 50.0 52.0 45.0 47.0 52.0 47.0 49.0 49.0 48.0 49.0 52.0 51.0 55.0 58.8 941 428 777 NIL

CROP PRODUCTION 79

CROP PRODUCTION All mills Penang Labasa Rarawai Lautoka Mills Appendix All Mill Avg.All Mill Penang Labasa Rarawai Lautoka Mills Appendix All Mills Penang Labasa Rarawai Lautoka Mills 11: Appendix Total Penang Labasa Rarawai Lautoka Mills Appendix 2019 S UGAR

R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH 10: 12: 9:

Hectares harvested in relation to registered area and cultivated area(ha) cultivated areaand registered to relation in harvested Hectares Plant cane harvested as percentage of total cane harvested of total percentage as harvested cane Plant Seasonal %POCS cane in Seasonal Plant, ratoon Plant, Average for period of five five of period for Average R Rough average for period of five seasons of period for average Rough EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE 1991/ 1995 1991/ 52.0 52.0 49.0 52.0 58.8 16.0 23.0 14.0 14.0 15.0 1995 tch 12.6 12.1 12.9 12.5 12.5 Registered (1) Registered

Plant

yields and percentage of total area of total percentage yields and 4326 1812 1309 Area 56771 19780 22229 23119 428 777 F 3413 ha 1996/ IJ 1996/ 2000

2000 15.0 19.0 12.0 18.0 13.0 I 11.2 11.1 11.1 11.4 11.4

2019 hectares (A) hectares 2019 Area % of % 12.0 13.0 12.7 12.0 8.4 seasons

2001/ 2001/ 2005 2005 11.0 11.7 11.9 11.5 11.9 11.5 7.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 Cultivated (2) Cultivated 54.0 49.0 55.0 51.0 60.0

tch

First ratoon First 40279 15748 11052 10066 2006/ 3413 2006/ 2010

2010 11.0 11.1 10.7 10.9 10.8 4751 1929 1716 Area 342 765 7.4 8.2 8.2 8.2 5.5

harvested harvested

Area % of % 13.0 11.0 14.0 16.0 2011/ 2011/ 2015 8.0 2015 11.4 11.1 11.5 11.3 11.4 10.5 10.7 13.4 9.7 8.5 Harvested

37643 14214 10895 Last four seasons individually seasons four Last 2019 Crop 2019 Last four seasons individually seasons four Last 48.0 46.0 47.0 46.0 53.0 3251 9283 tch 2016

2016 Other ratoons Other 10.6 11.7 10.7 10.6 NIL 6.1

9.7 8.7 5.3 6.8

28566 10473

2482 7870 7741 Area

ha of various categories "A" categories various of Hectares harvested as % as harvested Hectares

2017 2017 11.6 11.1 11.4 11.8 11.2 14.4 15.3 NIL 7.1 8.1

Area 66.3 95.3 71.9 49.0 40.2 % of %

(1) 76 76 74 72 83

2018 2018 10.6 11.5 10.0 10.6 13.6 11.5 12.9 20.1 NIL 9.7

48.0 45.0 47.0 48.0 51.2

tch All cane

37643 14214 10895

100.0

3252 9283 Area 2019 2019

94.0 91.0 49.7 43.5 10.4 10.8 10.0 10.0 12.4 15.2 13.0 13.0 10.0 NIL (2) ha

Average Penang Labasa Rarawai Lautoka Mills Appendix All mills Penang Labasa Rarawai Lautoka Mills Appendix Average 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 week season 2019 cane POCS Weekly in 13: Appendix Note

–

Penang mill did not operate damaged by Cyclone Winston Cyclone by damaged operate not did mill Penang

15: 14: Average for period of five seasons five of period for Average 1991/1995 Tonnes sugar 94 N.T equivalent N.T 94 sugar Tonnes

Sugar tonnes 94 N.T equivalent per hectare (tsh) (tsh) hectare per 94 equivalent N.T Sugar tonnes 173318 Sugar produced (tonnes 94 N.T. equivalent) equivalent) N.T. 94 (tonnes Sugar produced 16838 45146 61028 50306 2011 6.1 5.5 6.0 6.3 6.2

1996/2000 159166 19908 45398 45732 48129 2012 5.4 5.4 5.0 5.6 5.6

2001/2005 Lautoka 184594 19258 63423 60039 41874 10.12 10.06 10.42 10.52 10.45 10.42 10.44 10.26 10.07 10.24 10.34 10.06 10.23 10.44 10.49 10.56 9.86 5.1 4.7 5.0 5.4 4.9 2013 9.16 9.53 8.71 8.94 8.41 9.43 8.61 9.42 9.92 9.45 9.39

2006/2010

236065 21684 69647 68277 76456 4.3 5.4 4.0 4.0 4.4 2014

2011/2015

Rarawai

226342 10.33

10.01 10.13 10.74 10.84 10.73 10.84 10.79 10.93 11.02 10.98 10.96 10.81 10.83 10.64 10.34 18731 82744 61083 63784 5.1 5.5 5.1 4.9 4.9 9.20 9.00 9.97 9.65 9.97 9.20 9.70 2015

Last five seasons individually seasons five Last

2015 5.8 5.2 6.4 5.2 5.9 143040 76466 25979 40595

2016 N/A

2016 NIL 3.9 5.7 2.6 4.0 S Labasa 10.71 176198 UGAR

10.67 10.78 10.92 11.04 11.06 10.98 11.01 11.05 11.18 11.17 11.03 11.16 10.76 10.79 11.09 10.39 10.35 10.25 10.36 11.65 10.04 10.04 10.40 67010 57167 52021 9.72 9.93 2017 N/A

R 2017

ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

8.0 5.7 9.3 8.7 8.4

167296

A 64332 42708 60256 NNUAL 2018 I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE N/A 2018 Week average 10.3 11.2 10.5 NIL 9.

R 168702 EPORT 10.20 65435 44830 60825 10.32 10.37 10.53 10.47 10.52 10.74 10.76 10.66 10.70 10.76 10.58 10.68 10.84 10.61 10.57 10.40 10.15 10.46 2019 9.16 9.53 9.22 9.44 9.23 9.56 9.57 9.76 9.90 2019 10.0 10.0 10.0 11.0 N/A F NIL IJI IJI

CROP PRODUCTION 81

CROP PRODUCTION Other Exp. Viwa Qamea Kiuva Naidiri Beqa Vatu Kaba LF91 Mana Aiwa Galoa Mali Waya Ragnar Varieties Appendix Total Penang Labasa Rarawai Lautoka Mills A 18: Appendix All mills Penang Labasa Rarawai Lautoka Mills Appendix 2019 S UGAR

1925

NNUAL

ESEARCH ESEARCH 17: 16: Average length of of length Average Lautoka 2017 planted Hectares

Varieties Percent of hectares harvested hectares of Percent Varieties 5634.0 2160.2 2163.2 R Length of season (weeks) (weeks) of season Length rea planted in hectares as % of registered and cultivated areas cultivated and registered of % hectares as in rea planted 1991/ 1995 418.2 892.4 26.1 21.5 29.4 25.3 28.0 2018 EPORT

90.6 I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE 0.0 0.1 0.4 2.1 1.2 0.1 2.7 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 1.5

- -

2018

1996/ 2000 5077.1 2035.2 1705.8 28.2 26.2 30.7 26.5 29.7 2019 476.2 860.9 91.7

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 2.5 0.1 0.0 2.0 1.3 0.7 0.1 0.0 2.0 0.6 season yearly) (5 season IJ

Rarawai 2019

2001/ 2005 2018 90.3 24.1 20.4 24.1 24.2 27.6 3055.9 1186.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 6.0 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 386.9 921.8 560.8

Start and finish (date) crushing of finish Start and

2006/ Hectares planted as % of of 2017 % as area registered planted Hectares 2010 2019 25.9 22.5 25.9 28.0 27.0 90.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 6.4 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5

11.2

7.8 5.2 9.8 3.9 Labasa

2011/ 2015 18.1 18.7 22.1 2018 2018 45.4 10.3 20.2 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 2.7 0.1 5.5 8.9 5.4

10.2 Last four seasons individually seasons four Last 6.9 5.9 7.7 3.7

06/11/16 16/06/16 31/11/16 20/07/16 16/11/16 20/06/16 crushing 2019 49.4 20.7 2019 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 8.7 0.2 3.1 0.0 0.1 4.5 7.5 4.6 2016 20.1 20.4 19.0 21.0 No To To To

Penang

4.2 4.8 6.0 4.1 2.4

2018

96.5 19/11/17 01/06/17 28/10/17 07/06/17 17/10/17 06/06/17 crushing 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.7 2017 as area cultivated planted Hectares

2017

21.3 24.4 20.5 19.1 No To To To To

14.0 12.2 15.2 18.2 8.1

2019 97.0

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12/12/18 19/06/18 24/12/18 17/07/18 17/10/18 09/07/18 crushing 2018

All Mills 2018

24.3 22.9 No

To To To To 26 24 12.5 13.6 13.3 15.6 7.8 2018 12.7 70.0

0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.3 2.6 2.4 0.4 0.1 1.6 2.3 1.5 5.7

05/12/2019 12/06/2019 09/12/2019 08/07/2019 15/12/2019 13/06/2019

2019 crushing of % 2019

2019 11.3 19.2 56.8 No 5.4 8.3 8.3 6.0 To To To 25 25 22 26 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 3.2 2.5 1.8 0.3 1.7 2.8 1.7 9.1

2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 Year Appendix 19: P 19: Appendix

Galoa Mana Waya Ragnar Varieties Others Experiment Qamea LF91 Kiuva Naidiri Kaba Beqa Aiwa Mali Vatu

1925

ercentage of total area planted by different varieties over three years three over varieties different by planted area total of ercentage

96.3 93.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.8 3.6 0.5 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.5 % Lautoka ------

Area ha Area

829.4 831.4 32.5 2.1 1.7 6.2 7.2 0.3 7.1 4.1 7.4 0.7 2.4 5.7 0.4 4.1 ------

97.7 92.7 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.0 1.1 1.8 5.2 0.2 %

Rarawai ------

Area ha Area 1666.5 2005.5

112.2 24.3 1.0 2.6 4.0 1.8 6.5 1.6 1.3 7.9 0.6 3.2 30 ------

12.4 13.5 72.7 62.3 0.4 3.0 5.2 4.8 2.8 3.7 2.0 1.8 8.3 1.1 0.5 4.8 6.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 % Labasa ------

Area 1478.8 112.7 169.4

1347 60.8 97.8 57.8 79.8 40.8 38.7 23.2 11.1 98.1 291 136 0.0 8.1 5.3 4.4 6.4 0.0 0.2 ha ------

94.4 88.5 0.0 0.4 5.6 8.8 %

S Penang ------

UGAR Area ha Area 449.3 370.0 R

26.9 36.8 ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 0.4 1.8 ------

A 58.0 29.8 NNUAL I 1.2 1.9 1.1 3.4 0.3 2.1 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.1 NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE % - All mills - - -

R Area ha Area 2945.2 1513.4 EPORT 105.6 171.5

13.8 38.5 60.8 97.8 57.8 8.4 0.7 5.8 F IJI IJI - - - -

CROP PRODUCTION 83

CROP PRODUCTION 2019 Lautoka Mills in Fiji transport Cane 20: Appendix All mills Penang Labasa Rarawai S UGAR

A R

NNUAL

ESEARCH ESEARCH 2011 Year 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 R EPORT

I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE portable line portable Delivered Tonnes 1775.7

25998 12032 15442 17677 33077 23930 12012 12032 14006 22054 14772 23586 12464

8239 1132 5577 8189 1308 1436 2065 9491 1132 8630 840 760 168 50 nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil

IJ I

Total % of of % 0.07 0.5 3.0 .01 3.6 1.8 0.2 0.1 0.2 1.4 2.5 2.2 6.3 3.6 3.6 0.3 0.0 0.3 1.7 0.4 1.5 1.4 1.1 0.7 0.8 2.0 1.1 1.6 (tonnes of cane harvested and actual method delivery)method of actual and cane harvested of (tonnes nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil

mainline to lorry or trailer Winch 309363 Tonnes 113691 104779 106393 332792 129966 111036 116328 168852 113819 144569 319499 303144 256013 417798 415826 451446 376467 695639 127294 164846 130502 178355 181420 149353 137018 117543 162856 45598 85410 62239 67303 52370 93635 70995 73141 31707 36454 40797 38712 55422

nil nil nil nil

17.86 Total 16.6 22.9 21.7 26.0 % of of % 11.9 14.0 12.8 19.1 18.0 30.2 24.9 50.1 27.4 15.5 17.0 21.3 22.4 23.3 23.6 22.2 17.7 15.7 22.7 22.7 26.2 24.3 33.2 18.6 21.3 26.0 27.0 26.5 19.2 26.6 19.3 27.4 27.4 25.1 28.4 29.0 nil nil nil nil

Lorry direct to mill mill carrier to direct Lorry 1461066 1393096 1357623 1108450 1414729 1400913 1293375 1152842 1366717 221077 286831 Tonnes 460921 411190 349914 385098 468653 220584 387485 307396 343641 386486 356261 410029 402500 544730 365599 498273 145809 139938 118231 138422 134760 118923 104856 153438 510695 455482 533217 508736 481180 395000 409138 294902 407610 91806

100 100 100 100.0 Total 80.4 77.0 74.0 % of of % 88.0 85.7 85.8 78.5 79.8 64.0 71.4 46.3 72.4 84.5 82.9 78.7 77.4 75.0 75.9 76.4 80.9 82.1 83.7 77.7 76.6 76.5 74.1 74.5 65.2 81.4 78.7 75.0 73.0 73.5 77.2 73.4 78.9 72.6 72.6 75.0 71.4 71.0 .0 .0 .0

Total 1806564 1697372 1631393 1426052 1844559 1832181 1779339 1546986 2095433 274864 Tonnes 523920 479625 407861 490765 596350 347417 508650 663774 474915 457481 429570 372291 521065 520264 726046 481483 652333 145809 139938 118231 170129 171214 159720 143568 208860 661919 620328 675731 687091 662600 544353 546156 413285 570466 91806

Total % of of % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 Year crushed tonnes total of cane burnt Percentage 21: Appendix

% Lautoka 17.6 50.7 77.8 43.8 28.5 30.4 43.5 50.9 39.0 60.5 44.4 42.7 40.1 46.8 56.7 56.1 41.6 67.0 50.7 54.8 43.4 39.0 35.6 52.5 42.5 24.3 20.6 37.7 23.8 29.5 28.6 25.1 18.3 23.2 58.0 64.2 24.9 75.7 47.0

Total 1051097 1032127 1137123 1301752 1433143 1160879 1561446 1515880 1337977 1341537 1109778 1112957 1347531 1537337 1116916 1090111 1526648 1731580 1507831 1444504 274535 293513 214336 281824 244680 520264 726046 481483 652333 527663 726046 770569 741231 890779 890499 906743 625763 947593 639823

% Rarawai

21.2 49.9 31.9 44.7 28.2 33.6 33.3 53.6 40.5 58.5 38.4 39.5 32.8 41.8 50.3 54.6 39.8 67.7 49.1 48.1 42.5 36.0 33.4 52.1 46.4 30.4 13.6 15.2 34.2 15.1 25.2 18.4 24.8 61.0 57.8 20.9 89.7 48.5 8.2

Total 1039474 1071579 1251282 1229978 1044098 1104246 1013627 1148070 1250977 1204661 1146140 1100133 1248910 596350 347417 508638 663774 522114 659351 732165 738478 761704 878121 836728 844411 992968 406811 906495 962936 961961 742128 685994 864264 561774 319637 365936 170472 242008 238167

% Labasa

54.5 33.5 39.9 37.6 27.0 29.2 44.4 32.0 13.7 12.7 16.0 20.9 15.1 22.4 12.9 18.0 13.6 19.4 34.0 28.9 30.5 81.6 27.7 22 14.2 18.7 17.9 18.6 18.6 49.1 39.1 34.4 25.0 18.3 29.3 21.4 18.9 37.8 17.0

Total 1238443 1216290 1298285 1124357 1162108 1029223 1171817 1034788 1017372 1136737 1140552 1192735

832622 910137 974201 877652 934166 761454 930265 223388 274535 206433 220034 183840 544353 546156 413285 570468 554575 679584 604314 769138 871031 910663 848533 638851 938450 845444 911370

% Penang

44.6 34.8 33.2 28.7 19.8 19.4 41.1 27.6 14.6 10.0 19.2 19.0 11.3 16.2 10.0 12.0 13.2 17.0 47.0 60.9 34.3 50.2 31.0 28 27.0 28.3 26.6 16.3 28.8 48.5 53.5 46.5 34.9 35.5 22.0 33.9 49.5 49.0 26.3 .0 S

UGAR Total 232825 302095 349348 333790 323743 224383 297818 276261 348110 336418 291440 306706 360284 296418 382030 239482 326348 307753 171214 159720 143568 208860 175701 181650 214572 229844 264498 225594 242408 243602 275431 208183 322475 339292 67498 85262 40552 85336 52688 R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

A % Average NNUAL

I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE 58.5 42.0 44.0 38.1 30.5 29.4 47.5 37.1 20.8 14.2 22.0 24.5 17.8 23.1 14.1 16.7 18.7 18.8 58.0 55.6 34.3 74.3 39.0 39.9 37.7 35.9 25.3 25.0 31.8 51.1 40.8 51.7 35.7 34.3 33.4 37.1 42.9 50.6 32.4

R Total EPORT 1,832,181 1,779,339 1,546,974 2,095,435 1,780,053 2,246,631 2,321,620 2,478,691 3,226,100 2,788,740 3,001,189 2,609,680 3,422,583 2,804,781 3,786,879 3,958,138 2,098,021 3,279,606 4,379,215 4,110,058 4,064,251 3,703,904 3,532,640 3,380,402 4,015,528 4,098,933 3,185,272 2,960,463 4,108,965 3,042,441 4,396,487 2,202,533 4,074,864 3,931,432 885058 943378 829202 719375 F 40552

IJI IJI

CROP PRODUCTION 85

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 2019 S UGAR

A R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH R EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

F IJ I

T ECHNOLOGY ECHNOLOGY T RANSFER

successfullyTo carry out technology transfer work, t practices. application, pest and disease control, irrigation and drainage management and best harvesting vari cane, seed diversification quality management, fallow of importance on advocating by farming programs these Under Nurseries, farmsEstate andimproving Soil health initiatives such asGreen Manure. trials, demonstration Grower programs; following has SRIF transfer Technology technical and knowledge of industry The transfer of knowledge from research into farming practice is constant requirement for the O VERVIEW ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

legumes and weed management should be the major focus due to yield being lost in lost beingyield to due focusmajor the be managementshould weed and legumes SRIF by developed technologies and varieties the of aware them More demonstration plots should be established in the sectors for the farmers to make More trials on best irrigation option forFiji Sugar Industry marine ecosystem. enviro on effects its to due future in banned be well as might Fiji in used as overseas Glyphosate will available be banned in near future andsome residual herbicides currently been are that weedicides new on done be should research More harvested sugarcane astheysubstantialdo da 10 issues. cane burnt increasing control to measures implement should stakeholders Industry participate. potent have and committed are who farmers only and reviewed be to needs process days information field and trial demonstration Grower initiatives such asassistin planting demo plots andseed cane nurseries. SRIF should recruit a set of support staff at staff atdistrict level fulfillto the demandfor technical support needed by farmers. Technical additional recruits SRIF or officers advisory farm time full dedicate to FSC fieldexcessive by weeds, lackof labour and depleting soil health.

to develop new ways of working developnewthinking.to of and ways Technology transferinvolvestransfer

- wheeler

, crop establishment, nutrient management, timely weed control and fertilizer and control weed timely management, nutrient establishment, crop ,

and SRIF 12

- wheeler - demonstrate knowhow as well as knowhow

trucks should not be allowed to transport mechanically transport to allowed be not should trucks s

best management practices related to sugarcane to related practices management best as as district level to assist in technology transfer physical devices and equipment’s. Under equipment’s. and devices physical he followingneeds to be adopted: mage to the crop. a sol eecuae to encouraged be should ial to beto considered. S UGAR

R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 Mechanization, .

NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE nment and nment Seed ca Seed

EPORT

ety ne F IJI IJI

ECHNOLOGY RANSFER T T 87

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER includ in Lovu Sector did grow well anda major field day planting late Despite 2019,in farm number 167 in Lovu Sector andSRIF Drasa Estate. application. fertilizer and control weed importance health, soil mechanization, farm totransition are; trialsdemonstration these in coveredthemes major TheSector. Lovu Four additional Grower Demonstration trials, were establishedin 2019. which trials Demonstration Grower the of some in held were days information field 2018, in fro results/yields The planted harvested. were which trials, demonstration grower 10 from sugarcane The L 2019 S AUTOKA UGAR ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

R ing NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH to bringto them in production. to jobs other doing somewhereelse settled have on living not nil are farmers producing the nil the of than Most farmers. producing rather production in are who farmers to given be should focus More duringharvesting. future coming the in decline yield to lead can which compaction soil unnecessarily avoid to controlled and monitored be should farms the in harvesters the with Harvesting their of cost transportati minimise will This convenience. farmers be the should for sectors nurseries the cane in established seed treated water hot More disease. stunting ratoon of spreading prevent to order in farmers the by used be should material seed Clean sugarcane continuous to due deteriorating is which health soil improve to incorporatedshouldItalsofarmer be asascrop. greenmanuring cashincome the to fertili Legume crop should be

farmers and industry stakeholders. During the field day, participants also, visited also, participants day, field the During stakeholders. industry and farmers

M R

e sne t ie ntoe fo h amshr i te soil. the in atmosphere the from nitrogen fixes it since zer farms. EPORT ILL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE f h sgrae amn. h tafc hud e otold el n h farm the in well controlled be should traffic The farming. sugarcane the of

crop anduse of chemical fertilizers.

in materialseedclean the use to encouragefarmers caneand seed of on

of the green manure black gramblackmanuregreen the of F IJ I

intercropped m each plot, is given below in this report. In early 2019, 5 2019, early In report. this in below given is plot, each m

of w Gen aue ras ws lne i February in planted was trials, Manure Green Two good land preparation, quality preparation, land good

with sugar cane to reduce the usage of chemical were

planted in 2019 in Malolo, Meigunya was organized

, the trial planted on farm number 167number farm on plantedtrial the , earn their earn

which had

living therefore it is hard is it therefore living

oo culturing mono I Seed cane Seed gvs additional gives t

200 their participants

, timely , farm or or farm h, and were

are shown inthe table below: in incorporated 2018 in estate sugarcane of At flowering stage, these plants were incorporated, and left to decay i usingEstate legume crops such asurdand moong. Fij of sustainability for concern major a Declining soil fertility due to decades of mono cropping Improving Soil Heath: Green Manure andsugarcane Trash incorporation trials these plots pl was,plot distribution discuss to areas. teammill all in sector the of each in trialsmanure green Extension planting Corporation’s Sugar Fiji with held was, meeting and a year growth the of sugarcane for manuring green of SR which impacts planter, pulse of demonstration the see to estate Drasa SRIF Table 1: Past 3 years production comparison production years 3 Past 1: Table Year GM Year planted 2018 2018 2018 2017 2016 trial trial

include;Naidiri, Mana, Viwa andQamea.

was

11902 11902 11902 11902 Farm the 2140 with

planted

soil. The sugarcane crop sugarcane The soil.

different varieties of sugarcane planted after green manure was was manure green after planted sugarcane of varieties different anted in Tunalia Joint venture Farm, in Nadi. The varieties planted inplanted varieties The Nadi.in ventureFarm,Joint Tunalia in anted Sector Meigunyah Upendra SRIF F/11 SRIF F/24 SRIF row F/24 dual SRIF Name Grower . Additional two green manure trials were planted in SRIF Drasa SRIF in planted were trials manure green two Additional .

- - - -

F/8 -

Area (Ha) 0.5 3.4 1.5 2.5 i

IF uses to plant urd and moong. Towards the end the Towards moong. and urd plant to uses IF sugar industry. Trials were planted in SRIF Drasa SRIF in planted were Trials industry. sugar 3

Plant Plant Plant 1st Ratoon 3rd ratoon Crop was

harvested

with sugarcane in cane areas of Fiji is Naidiri/Viwa Mana Kaba, Aiwa, Bea, Naidiri, Viwa Naidiri Naidiri Qamea, LF91, Viwa, Varieties in 2019 season and the results the and season 2019 in

15 hectaresof 15

S UGAR

n soil, before next crop Produc R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 376.97 204.61 335.94 270.4

tion A NNUAL 45 I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE Seed cane Seed

110.87 136.41 108.16 111.98 R EPORT Tph

90 F IJI IJI

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 89

ECHNOLOGY RANSFER T T trash encouraged.always be should Trash incorporation in different something is this trash; comparison to the past where the trash was burnt with together out ploughed were estate Drasa trash is produce also soil enables organic matter retention andnutrient recycling.It is, the into trash sugarcane of incorporating manure, green planting to addition In 2019 S UGAR

A R incorporation. NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH Figure 1: Green manure soil conditioning before planting sugarcane planting before conditioning soil manure Green 1: Figure R EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE d

per hectare depending on the sugarcane variet

(Trash decomposition took2 3to months) F IJ I

The disc plough disc The

before ploughing to allow for easier cultivation.

was sharpened before use for added ease ofease added for use beforesharpened was estimated that6 to 8 tonnes of

in soil asmanybenefits andit y . In 2019, two plots in SRIF

and trials respective field information days; demonstration grower the in covered are, topics following The industry. sugar new/thedemonstrate Growerdemonstrationfield trialandinformation day Grower Demonstration Trialsandfield information days empowermentfor farmers isrequired. to trash conservation, minimum/zero tillage, Green Cane harvesting and soil crops, manure green with management fallow good as such practices husbandry good Fiji, Improving soil fertility is a long process, therefore to improve and sustain sugar production in be ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

practice Timeliness ofoperations Integrated weedManagement Benefitsof using Mill mud. Importance ofchanging farm layoutto suit mechanical harvesting. Importance ofBlendA and Blend B application. Mechanical spraying(pre Mechanical Planting ofSugarcane usingwhole stalkcane planter. Sugarcane Varieties & GoodLand Preparation andSoil Sampling Imp Irrigation Benefitsof intercropping ortance ofimproving SoilHealth through Green Manuring Figure 2: Sugarcane trash incorporated in soil during ploughing during soil in incorporated trash Sugarcane 2: Figure d

y l fres T ahee hs otnos aaiy ulig riig and training building capacity continuous this achieve To farmers. all by

improved technologiesimproved Quality

- emergence emergence) andPost

Seedcane

and share research findings with farmers in Fijiin farmers withresearchfindings share and .

s are

most commonlymost techniqueused to

UGAR

R conversation needs

ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

A NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

R EPORT F IJI IJI

ECHNOLOGY RANSFER T T 91

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Lautoka and Nadi districts.The followingare the details of demo plots plant farmers. neighboring will practices adopted. be to The above The following 2019 S Lautoka Nadi Nadi Lautoka District 3: Table Lautoka Lautoka Lautoka Sigatoka Sigatoka Sigatoka Nadi Nadi Nadi Lautoka District for 2019 trials demonstration of grower 2: Table List UGAR

R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH

Additional grower demonstration trials for Nadi & Lautoka Lautoka & for Nadi trials demonstration grower Additional Drasa Sector Natova Lovu Lovu Lomawai Olosara Olosara Nawaicoba Qeleloa Meigunyah results Velaidhan #Farm 135 Lovu #Farm 2270 of Mohammed Aziz Est Meigunyah, farm Venture Joint Tunalia Malolo #Farm 167 of Est Lovu /Location Sector R EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE be implemented be are

hs pos il e anand s is rto, et aon management ratoon best ratoon, first as maintained be will plots These

results from the 2018 Grower demonstration trials harvested in2019.

show

hiu Nadan hiu

In 2019, additional four grower demonstration trials were, planted in planted were, trials demonstration grower four additional 2019, In

F Farm # Farm

18162 19085 11237 10726 IJ that in order to achieve high yields; best management practices 5533 5695 2426 2140 8087 I 866

and field days will be organized to share above results wi results above share to organized be will days field and

Varietal Spread Varietal + Mechanization Farm integrated Mechanization/ Farm operations Mechanization/timely Farm Spread Mechanization/Varietal Farm Green Manure Topic Area Area (Ha) 0.73 1.0 1.0 1.7 0.4 0.4 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.6

02/12/18 19/12/18 03/12/18 07/07/18 20/06/18 06/07/18 27/06/18 28/06/18 29/06/18 21/06/18 Planted Date

weed control weed

Harvested

Tonnes operations and Timely planting Spread Varietal planting Mechanical control Timely weed Mechanization farm to Transition 2020 in organized be to Field day control Timely weed preparation Land of Importance this attended personnel 200 farmers/industry Mechanization Farm health, soil improving of Importance Theme/attendance 100 122 210 110 30 30 79 86 45 72

100.3 122.1 127.2 112.4 110.0 117.8 120.0 TpHa 75.0 75.0 90.0 districts field day.

Mana Naidiri Naidiri/Mana Naidiri/Viwa/Mana Kaba Viwa/Naidiri Mana/Viwa/Qamea Mana/Viwa Naidiri/Viwa Viwa/Mana Variety ed

in 2019

need

analysis benefit cost of summary the and results the shows table following The 2019. in harvested 2018 drip irrigation trial results h 38 a rp riain ra wih a etbihd n S Daa sae n 08 was 2018 in estate Drasa FSC in established was which trial irrigation drip ha 3.8 The Figure 3 Figure RIGHT RIGHT

(CBA)

& 4 & -

A mini A .

: : Figure 5: A well establish plant cane in Tunalia Demo plot. Demo Tunalia in cane plant establish well A 5: Figure LEFT LEFT - field information day was, organized for for organized was, day information field -

Grower demo plot plot demo Grower

planting on farm number 167 in Lovu Sector Lovu in 167 number farm on planting field staff field S UGAR R

at Tunalia JV Tunalia at ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

A NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE R

EPORT , , F IJI IJI

ECHNOLOGY RANSFER T T 93

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Notes 2019 S *GM *GM Plant Ratoon 4: Table Crop UGAR • • • • •

R – NNUAL

ESEARCH ESEARCH

The yield incontrol ratoon plot was much higher than expected. the season, 2019 the throughout prevailing conditions weather favorable the With overall objective ofthis trial. The trial was, planted in drip tapes inevery rowhadbetter yield compared alternateto rowplot. For plant crop, both plots had negative return on investment, however plot which has difference comparedwith controlratoon plotwas only6.83 tonnes. the as plot trial drip in negative was investment on return the crop, ratoon For gross margin gross alternate row alternate D row every D C Drip trial Treatment ontrol rip tape rip tape Drip Irrigation trial CBA summary CBA trial Irrigation Drip o o o o R reasons for

EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

replacedthis required additional funds. fields, some drip tapes and main line pipes were damaged which needed to be, Since the trial site was close to main highway and an access road crossing the intens Labour very is sugarcane matured/lodged 3.8ha, in tapes drip of collection high/lowtide andafterdue tapes,dripoperating hourspump water of Laying requires high powered water pump(20hp) to push water t very is which pipe flat lay inch 4 long 1.7Km required source water from distance The About95% of the drip irrigation material

in in

ive.

Area (ha) 1.6 1.08 1.08 1.19 F

high IJ

I 0

Tonnes costof setting up drip irrigation are asfollows: 109.97 147.5 102.6

early November, and early onset of rainy season defeated the 94. 8

101.8 79. 92.2 95 Tph .0 7

$13,169.92 $13,171.27 $3,171.27 $3,171.27 $3,569.50

Cost/ha (Matawalu River) (Matawalu

I were ncome/ha ncome/ha

$6,770.71 $6,770.71 $7,838.06 $8,075.00 $8,655.55

importedfrom Australia to trial site trial to

$(6,399.21) $(5,333.21) $(4,515.72) expensive and also it also and expensive hrough this distance $4,505.50 $4,505.50 G

M - /ha

1.7K

GM/ton m

$(80.34) $(57.84) $(44.35)

, which ,

$47.43 yield ne .

to ideas and techniques improve sugarcane yield in Fiji. innovative new on farmers train to vital be will team Extension fr Support level. district at staff support and staff technical recruitadditionalequipment’s, of setsadditional have to fundingadditional require will SRIF production, sugarcane national the improve and results these replicate to order In innovation. planted, in different localities in different sectors. These are results of continued research and trials demonstration grower the and farms estate its in yields good some achieving is SRIF Some of the c • • • • • Figure Figure

cane from Lautoka otherto districts. whichdistrict,infestation Lautoka inTermite of Outbreak Increase inpercentage ofburntcane harvesting. Lackof interest from farmers participate to in fieldinformation/ FFS days. Lackof support activities taken SRIF.by Availability of FSC sector team leaders to participate and assist in Technology transfer 6

: showing well established crop and and crop established well showing : onstraints and challenge

staff a t

districtlevel facilitateto Technology transfer activities.

s faced in technology transfer initiatives are:

collection of drip tapes from the trial the from tapes drip of collection m nuty tkhles seily FSC especially stakeholders industry om

restricts movement of seedmovementrestricts of S UGAR R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

A NNUAL I

NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

R EPORT

F IJI IJI

ECHNOLOGY RANSFER T T 95

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER sectors are given in the table below conducting field days in the sectors for the farmers. transferring adaptation major The friendly. environment concer and effective cost more are researchers by developed disseminate the tec and pH soil farmers are advised to plant green manure crop and use the use of introduced decade past from cane sugar of culturing mono continuous plot mother the establishing for canewas of distribution plot in all the ten sectors of Vanua 2018 yearthe in establishedwas that plot mother The Total of conducted in sectors. wer days field eight plots, demonstration twelve of Out mechanization. and cropping inter application, mud mill varieties, management, weed on was focus the Mainly Vanua of sectors ten the all in established were plots demonstration twelve of total A L 2019 S Labasa + Vunimoli Labasa Waiqele +Natua Bulivou +Solove Bucaisau andDaku Wainikoro Sectors plots of demonstration 5: Table List ABASA UGAR

A R NNUAL n in ESEARCH ESEARCH

7.5

M utilised heavy machineries . today’s - ILL

R o e mcieis and machineries new to The decline in soil organic mat hectare da ad ehd t te amr truh lnig eosrto pl demonstration planting through farmers the to methods and ideas improve EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

by the farmers for planting in plantingtheby farmers for

era is depleting soil health, weed management, use of

hniques

hot water treated seed bed

Hot water treatment plant was established at Labasa rai mte content. matter organic F IJ

Integrated weed management weed Integrated plots Demo Application of Mill Mud and its benefits. its Mud and Mill of Application + Varieties cane seed Quality Spraying conservation Trash crop (cowpea). leguminous landwith Fallow cane seed andquality Varieties and cowpea) (watermelon Intercropping cane seed Quality Varieties cane seed Quality boarders on the trees fruit of integration with Intercropping

Methods Methods of planting and the importance of blend A + Lime during planting. developed by Integrated weed management management weed Integrated - by farmers

Intercropping (Watermelon) Intercropping

. urea (5%) on trash for faster decomposition faster for on trash (5%) urea

. T

ipoe ol et wih a det has which heath soil improve o

its and soil erosion

SRIF

ter and the acidi prtos Tkn ti i cnieain RF is SRIF consideration in this Taking operations. and Varieties and

to the farmers. The new systems and methods The major challenges for researchers are to to are researchers for challenges major The (mother plot) their L evu. Total of three hundred tonnes of seed The demonstration plot established in the

field and sixty tonnes of cane was usedsixtycanetonneswasand fieldof

was used to establish 15.78establish to used was

soil

activities. c

amendments nature of the soil is attributed by s

were established in Vanua , g ,

reen manuring reen

T o

overcome this problem appropriate

like substation

e ri lime to ora successfully e has been has

e de to due ted

varieties,

hectares increase in 2018. t and ots Levu Levu re - . .

andturn were belowpictures The farmerfields. the in conducted days field two management, weed integrated of importance the of aware make To emergentpost herbicide usedin Fiji. done on time and weedinherbicidesand of application Timely yield. towards aspect cultivation important very is management Weed Integrated weed management Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure

out during the field : Integrated weed management management weed : Integrated

& 9 & : : LEFT LEFT

spot g isvitaltowardsgsugarcane growth.emergentPreandpost shouldbe -

manual weeding is required if Boom sprayer demonstration for the farmers the for demonstration sprayer Boom

Integrated weed management field at Bu at field management weed Integrated day.

demo plot demo (IWM) (IWM)

show

practice practice some of

the demonstration done in the fieldthe in donedemonstration the & the weeds are not killed by the

without I without cai S UGAR

sau sector sau W R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 M comparative comparative M

A , RIGHT RIGHT , NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE R EPORT -

F IJI IJI

ECHNOLOGY RANSFER T T 97

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER demonstration plot forthe farmers a of boarders the on suckers banana of planting the shows below picture The atmosphere. f income additional generate will This boarders of the sugarcane fields. the on cane sugar with trees fruit integrate to is SRIF with together agriculture of ministry by up taken measures the of one and important is security food problem this mitigate To andunexpected natural disasters are becomingmore severe. droughts Frequent planting. of seasons and weather the affecting is change Climate Integration of fruit trees theon boarde shows the demonstration done in the field to in the field. Soils which has low pH needsto be appliedwith lime in order to A demonstration was done in Wainikoro sector to highlight this should be followedwith two ploughing and two harrowingin germination. good achieve to planting before stage tilth fine reach should soil The preparation. land good of importance the know to needs Farmers Importance of good landpreparation and liming 2019 S UGAR Figure 10 Figure 6.5

A R NNUAL so that plants are able to to ableare plants that so ESEARCH ESEARCH

R & 11 & EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE : :

LEFT LEFT

F IJ - I

Good land preparation demonstration preparation land Good and planting demonstration planting and effectively

r h fres n rdc cro doie rm the from dioxide carbon reduce and farmers the or .

absorb rs

of thesugar cane field nutrients from the soil. The picture belowpicture Thesoil. the from nutrients

P roper land preparation procedure preparation land roper

eight activity , RIGHT RIGHT , - week

and application of lime

inter -

Liming, blend A A blend Liming, raise val.

the soil

below pict The types. soil poor for suitable and yielding sugar high are these as Naidiri also th plant to advised were Farmers fields. farmer the on demonstrated Th sector. Bu in conducted were days field Five growing. fast and maturing is mid to late maturing and is highly suited for mechanical harvesting where as maturingQamea is early early and tolerant released varieties new two The varieties. drought resistance, disease sugar, high breeding continue by sugar quality of production the in role vital play Varieties Varieties Figure 13 Figure show Figure 12 Figure

ese

& 14 &

the varieties inthe field and the farmers turnoutin the field days:

two new varieties were introduced to the farmers and farmers the to introduced were varieties new two : : LEFT LEFT : Planting of banana suckers on the boarders of sugarcane field sugarcane of boarders the on suckers banana of Planting : - variety and its its and variety

Qamea variety Qamea characteristic

in Bu in (Viwa cai

sau sector sau and Qamea) has Qamea) and

in in Natua sector Natua , RIGHT RIGHT , the th cai mill. SRIF is dedicated to dedicated is SRIF mill. - ese characteristics ese S

Farmers UGAR

sau, S sau, its ese two ese

characteristics were characteristics R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 o love and Natua and love

viewing Viwa Viwa viewing

A varieties and varieties NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

R . Viwa . EPORT ures F

IJI IJI

ECHNOLOGY RANSFER T T 99

ECHNOLOGY RANSFER T T the with rate faster at soil the in content matter organic increase and cost fertilizer reduce on farmers educate to initiative taken has SRIF nutrientthatis inthe trash.A thrashutilizeuptakewillplantstheand decompositiontoof enablefield.the ratein This the which activities bacterial faster for needed is that component the is Nitrogen BlanketUrea spraying thrash on at 5% rate farmers in Waiqele sector below pictures The manuringdecomposition. green planting of season the planting. A to plant green manure demonstration plots Green manuring is Green manuring 2019 Figure 15 Figure S Table 6: Green manure plots planted in the the in planted plots manure Green 6: Table UGAR e lgm planter legume new

A RIGHT RIGHT R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH Using this planter this Using

& 16 & Nakiko Estate Nakiko R - EPORT I

NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE Field day conducted in Waiqele sector on green manuring with cowpea with manuring green on sector Waiqele in conducted day Field : : Bucaisau Sectors Waiqele LEFT LEFT Labasa Solove

Natua the key focus method used to improve soil heath - F

IJ Legume planter planting urd as green manure crop in Bat in crop manure green as urd planting planter Legume

a be purchased been has I

demo plots plots demo fter the urea is sprayed it reduces the risk of show were

in all sectors h patr n s ad field and use in planter the ed high needs

sectors planted with the effects of urea spraying and how it can it how and spraying urea of effects the Urd Bean + Cowpea Urd Bean

uoen union European

Urd Bean towards the end of the year the of end the towards

Cowpea Cowpea and create awareness Crop Urd Urd anal o vgru got and growth vigorous for rainfall

and the institute

funds a cnutd for conducted day trash

for for increases the the increases

ih density high the farmers. burning. i as this is is this as nikama targeted

, ,

the participants of the field day below pictures The day. field the in farmers with discussed was legume of importance The sugarcane. with cowpea was used legume The sector. Vunimoli the in with sugarcane crop. Keeping this in mind there was an inter be done by fallowing the land, adding organic amendment and cultivating inter it when soil the exhausts continuously monocropped. Soil it is and nutrients of feeder heavy a is sugarcane that known is It land. of piece particular same in years many for crop soul a as cropped is Sugarcane Inter boom sprayer to get demonstration spraying. to how on implements other and requires applicator lime and mud mill applicators, fertilizer sprayers, Fiji. inday by scarceday becomingis field. Labour the inthem forharvesting andwork spraying Farmers are turning to adapt machinery which carries out land preparation, planting, herbicide Mechanization sector create to awareness picture The urea. of use Figure 17 Figure Therefore, - cropping

minimum labour to operate to labour minimum Also,

observing and learning about the urea spraying operation in the field the in operation spraying urea the about learning and observing

use cutter planter and boom sprayer for dual purpose as for herbicide and urea and herbicide for as purpose dual for sprayer boom and planter cutter use & 18 & ,

legume planter and mill spreader

RF ned t euae amr o mciey uh s lnes boom planters, as such machinery on farmers educate to intends SRIF

LEFT LEFT

their farmers were willing to adopt the planter planting method and u andmethod planting planter the adopt to willingfarmerswere -

s Urea sprayed at 5 % in the demonstration plot demonstration the in % 5 at sprayed Urea

fields sprayed below on urea spraying .

show a

living entity which needs time to replenish itself. This can . Keeping this in mind a demonstration was carried out carried was demonstration a mind in this Keeping

a demonstration held for the farmers in the Vunimoli the in farmers the for held demonstration a

with herbicides. .

were

demonstrated to the farmers. After the

- cr op demonstration plot planted S UGAR , RIGHT RIGHT , R show ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 -

A crop together the field and field the NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE -

Farmers Farmers R se the se EPORT that

F is

IJI IJI

100

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

101

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

sectors. 2 technical field. the in implement they which ideas the adopt to tend and field the on activities transportation established plot it makes sectors the th in farmers the by used be hectares in planting for it taking before cane seed harvest to equipment the of one is this as other water treatment of (Johnson et al, 2006) and can cause loss up to 27% annually (Johnson and Tyagi, 2010). ( disease stunting ratoon is loss yield to farmers field. has treatm SRIF varieties. unapproved and diseases by established loss yield sugar cane avoid to order is It Quality seed cane 2019 S 020 season more demos will be done for the farmers and seedbeds will be established in the UGAR

A in the best the in R NNUAL ent plant was used in 2019 to treat and plant 7.5 ESEARCH ESEARCH

of distribution plot has been established in all the sectors. advice Figure 19 Figure R a EPORT

I One of t NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE hot water treatment plant in Labasa with the aid from European Union. This Union. European from aid the with Labasa in plant treatment water hot ot o te farmers. the for cost

Te r The . was provided to the new venturing farmers in the industry the in farmers venturing new the to provided was interest of the farmers that they plant clean and quality seed materials in materials seed quality and clean plant they that farmers the of interest

seed cane kills the bacteria and avoids its spreading from one farm to the

: : convenient Field cultivated with inter crop water melon (Daku sector) (Daku melon water crop inter with cultivated Field he major F ao fr salsig h se bd n h scos r t reduce to are sectors the in bed seed the establishing for eason IJ I

e coming planting window of 2020. of window planting coming e modes diseases

for the farmers to take the seed cane from the distribution the from cane seed the take to farmers the for

f transmission of amr lan oe ne hy r dmntae the demonstrated are they once more learn Farmers

that threatens the quality of seed cane and can lead efna xyli Leifonia .

subsp. hectares F res hud s clean use should armers Xyli

of mother plot in estate and the ) which ) By having the seedbeds in seedbeds the having By The planted seed bed will

field.

s rvln i Fiji in prevalent is Approximately 16 Approximately .

In the coming the In

sterilized Also,

Hot

as such practices best demonstrating and days field holding sectors, all include plot demonstration the of activities planned The Methodology Objectives all sectors nut and weeds best demonstrate to SRIF by initiated was plan recent A production. optimum of realization the for important is practices farming best on is farmers management nutrient and weeds soil, of issues thus, farmers, health soil maintain and improve mill mud,sand, keeping fallow land,crop rotation andintercropping controlle In the past,sugarcane farmers usedto inculcate methodsfor soil managementwhich in turn provides indicati Soil reduced. are nutrients required of quantities the if affected are yields sugar and cane The maturity. and growth for nutrients essential require plants Sugarcane u controlledbe can Weeds opportunity for weedsto intensify. and conditions supply nutrient and water abundantunder grown is crop the stages, initial the in slow very is growth sugarcane infestation. of severity the upon of production the affecting been has sugarcane.Research found has thatweeds contribute that factors crucial two are nutrients and Weeds Introduction R ARAWAI ARAWAI ✓ ✓ ✓

on of on Educate farmers onimportanceand of soil leaf sampling and crops, cover intercrops where possible. mud, mill using management nutrient integrated Demonstrate integrated approach for weedcontrol. an using control weed of methods manual and mechanical chemical, Demonstrate

d the weed population, managed nutrients and soil at the same time. Application of Applicationtime. same the at soil nutrientsandpopulation, managedweed the d accurate fertilizer quantities to be appliedfor optimum yield. .

soil health status health soil

ILL

sing a combination of chemical,manualcombinationof mechanicalmethods.a and sing ,

thus helps make good nutrient management decisions and decisions management nutrient good make helps thus . Many of these techniques have been detached by detached been have techniques these of Many .

ugarcane generally

is rs i nt eand n aon crops ratoon in retained not is trash planted with a relatively wider ro wider relatively a with planted between d

planting of demonstration trials in trials demonstration of planting

20 - 70%yielddepending loss

S are some ofthe ways to UGAR

intensifying

rients management in management rients R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 analysis gives an gives analysis plcto of application

A NNUAL I . NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

w spacing, w Educating

current gives , R EPORT F IJI IJI

102

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

103

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

andPenang district g on established were plots demonstration 9 of total A Results andharvesting techniques. of rates recommended 2019 S UGAR

A R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH

R EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

F Figure 28 Figure fertilizer and weedicide application, appropriate cultivation practices, cultivation appropriate application, weedicide and fertilizer IJ I

Figure Figure : : Planting of Urd at Rarawai sector Rarawai at Urd of Planting 29 :

Mill mud spreader mud Mill

reen manure (urd) in Rarawai, TavuaRarawai, in (urd) manure reen

trials in2020. in established spreader. a using broadcast was Rarawai district. management nutrient demonstrate To Rarawai plots Varoko Demo area: mill Sector Rarawai 7: Table Table 9: Weed management demo plot in in 2 plot demo Ellington management Sector Weed 9: Table applications mud mill Veisaru using Koronubu management Nutrient area: mill Sector Rarawai 8: Table Dobuilevu 2 Ellington 1 Ellington Drumasi Moto Veisaru Koronubu

28192 1289 no. Farm 14017 Farm No. Farm 14148 14107 3209 3912 22027 18926 1283 1623 8635 no. Farm

Sigatoka, Tavua and Penang district. Penang and Tavua Sigatoka,

In two trials, mill mudwas appliedin the drills and inthe third trial mill mud

Ellas Muni Lata MuniEllas Nilesh name Farmer

SRIF Gajraj Luke Caucaugasa Khan Mustaq ShawMary Singh Jainendra Pushpa Wati Mati Bindra Sharma Kiran Veena name Farmer Gajraj Name Farmer

21 30 planted Date

- - o we mngmn dmntain 3 lt were plots 3 demonstration, management weed For

11 11

, Viwa, Qamea, Qamea, Viwa, planted Varieties

- - 3 trials were established on mill mud applications in applications mud mill on established were trials 3 2019 2019 2019

15 kg/ha15 kg/ha15 kg/ha15 15 kg/ha15 kg/ha15 kg/ha15 kg/ha15 planted seeds Rate of 15 kg/ha15 Rarawai

Mana Mana planted Varieties kg/ha

Naidiri

Information days will be held in all the all in held be will days Information

Manual. Mill mud applied in drills in applied Manual. Millmud incorporated bymill Applied technique Planting

4kg/ha P Activity re Mechanical legume planter legume Mechanical planter legume Mechanical planter legume Mechanical planter legume Mechanical planter legume Mechanical planter legume Mechanical planter legume Mechanical planter legume Mechanical technique Planting Mechanical legume planter legume Mechanical - emergence using Velpar @ Velpar using emergence

S UGAR mud spreader and and spreader mud R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

NNUAL

I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

R EPORT Area (ha) 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0. F IJI IJI 4

104

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

105

SRIF ESTATES

2019 S UGAR

A R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH R EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

F IJ I

S RIF RIF E STATES

buildingresistance certain to weedicides weeds to lead may which weedicides, for available options Limited transporting. sugarcane and 10 of use and harvesting mechanical to due sugarcane of Loss Constraintsand challenges andfertilizer application contributed to this incr controlweed cane,timelyseed Quality managementof fallowusegreenmanure with crops, Good conditions, weather Favorable season. 2018 to compared 30% almost by increased 65% (1738.47tonnes) was transported using Lorry at the cost transportedwas using throughrailcages $22.50binsthe at costper of tonneremaining and as harvested was, tonnes) sugarcane except for seed cane was (2236 harvested mechanically and about 35% 83.19% and arson of case to due all seedcane. 16.81 (451.87% tonnes) of sugarcane was,harvested as burntcane, which was as tonnes 144 took growers while mill the to sent and harvested was tonnes 2688 season. far estate Drasa SRIF from harvested was sugarcane of tonnes 2832 of total A SRIF Drasa Estate D Total 1: Table Field RASA RASA Figure Figure 25 24 11 8 7

E 2 1 1, Plot

STATE Drasa Estate 2019 Production Record Production 2019 Estate Drasa

2 ,3 &4 2

& 2 &

: : LEFT LEFT

Fertilizer application application Fertilizer

Sugarcane harvesting and transporting using cage bins cage using transporting and harvesting Sugarcane Area (Ha) 30.5

0.6 1.5 3.4 20 1 4

2831.997 Tonnes Tonnes 1673.66 95.467 204.61 376.97 396.84 84.45

using side dresser/ratoon king dresser/ratoon side using

ease inproduction. 140.75 95.467 136.41 110.87 92.85 83.68 99.21

Tp h

Variety Aiwa Viwa plots research and varieties commercial Viwa Mana Kaba, Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, Ragnar, Beqa Naidiri, Aiwa, Ragnar,

of $28.50 per tonne. Total crop

S UGAR 12

R - wheeler ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

(949.40 tonnes) re cn. All cane. green

A NNUAL , RIGHT RIGHT ,

I m for 2019 for m NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

trucks for for trucks R EPORT -

F IJI IJI

106

SRIF ESTATES

107

SRIF ESTATES

un out plough commercial to place in put been have Plans plots results to be seen in comin 2 in conducted was manuring green and factor contributing a be may health soil depleting ear are that ratoons old many have commercials the whereas roadway to respectively. due harvested low are cane yields seed trials research and fallow under was ha 0.7 and 2.8 remaining cane. cane trials). seed commercial for Stage used is Advancearea Remaining and Stages Early Breeding Plant (mostly Trials Research for used isarea this of portion Greater cultivation. foravailable ha 20.3 of total a has Estate Rarawai R andmixture of the varieties are planted bythe farmers unapproved no that ensure will bed seed establishing By farmers. the for yield high ensure will which disease from free be will cane the and germination good ensure will cane seed objective of the estate land is to produce hot water treated seed cane for th will be ploughed in out season. planting coming the in farmers the to available but growth of the seed plot. distribution as window planting coming the in planting for ready be will estate the the in plot distribution was cane of tonnes fifty and crushing for mill to sent was cane of tonnes 265 of Total cane. seed for bed planting. land hectares 13 of Out cane. Labasa has an area of L 2019 S ABASA UGAR ARAWAI ARAWAI and planted with green manure crop to improve the soil health. the green manure crop crop manure green the health. soil the improve to crop manure green with planted and

ih oe an uig h sao te ae eand itself. regained cane the season the during rain some with A

R NNUAL In 2019, a total of 1004.01 tonnes was harvested from an area of 16.8 ha whereas ha 16.8 of area an from harvested was tonnes 1004.01 of total a 2019, In ESEARCH ESEARCH E STATE E R seedcane STATE

EPORT I Around 5 NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

February cane was affected

thirteen plots. F ten hectares IJ I

- sector , 2020

hectares utili 5

g years. The green manuring will be continued in other fields. of cane

hectares

area. The seven and half and seven The area. and will be used for planting s ed

due to below average rainfall achieved during the year

rm h mte po fr h etbihet f the of establishment the for plot mother the from of land for research trials and were

is kept fallow for every season heat treated seed treated heat season every for fallow kept is

harvested in the estate which ad et aite i ery eeto stages selection early in varieties test and s - production using hot water treated seed treated water hot using production cnmcl aon ad sals new establish and ratoons economical .

The fields The hectare cane - marked for re for marked h se cn sol be should cane seed The that have been have that

in May, 2020. seed bed established in established bed seed

hot water treated and three and e farmers. Quality were - planting. The planting.

not suitable

The major ploughed

hundred

seed

The The

A PPROVED PPROVED V ARIETIES

S UGAR R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

A NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE R EPORT F IJI IJI

108

APPROVED VARIETIES

109

APPROVED VARIETIES Lautoka/Legalega Lautoka/Meigunyah Lautoka/Qeleloa Lautoka/Malolo Lautoka/Nawaicoba Lautoka/Yako Lautoka/Lomawai Lautoka/Cuvu Lautoka/Olosara Mill/Sectors

on their farms as laid down in the Master Award. are varieties The list. varieties approvedrecommended to growers the on their from soil type. removed The growers have been a choice of have planted longer no are that The list of sugarcane 2019 S UGAR

A R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH

EPORT I

NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

Soil types Soil Poor soils Poor soils Medium soils Rich alluvial soils Poor soils Medium soil Fertile Flat Sandy soils soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat Sandy soils soils Poor Medium soils Fertile Flat Sandy soils soils Poor Medium soils Fertile Flat Sandy soils soils Poor Medium soils Fertile Flat soils Poor soils Medium soils Rich alluvial Poor soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat

varieties approved for planting has been revised to include maturity trends. Varieties

F IJ I

soils soils soils

Aiwa, Aiwa, Aiwa, LF91 LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 LF91 Aiwa, Aiwa, LF91 Aiwa, Beqa, Aiwa, Early trends maturity on recommended Varieties LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 LF91 ------1925 1925, Qamea 1925 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea 1925 1925, Qamea 1925 1925, Qamea

Beqa, Naidiri Beqa, Naidiri Beqa, Naidiri Beqa, Naidiri Beqa, Naidiri Beqa, –

mid maturing mid

Naidiri, Naidiri, LF91 , LF91 , LF91 , LF91 , LF91 , LF91

LF91

------1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925

at least three varieties to plant Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Galoa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Kaba, Mana, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Kaba, Ragnar, Galoa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Galoa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Mid Mid

–

late maturing late

Vatu, Kiuva, Kiuva, Vatu,

Viwa

Rarawai/Veisaru Rarawai/Koronubu Rarawai/Naloto Rarawai/Mota Rarawai/Varoko Lautoka/Drasa Lautoka/Lovu Lautoka/Saweni Lautoka/Saweni Lautoka/Lautoka Lautoka/Natova Mill/Sectors

Medium soils Medium soils Fertile Flat types Soil Poor soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat Sandy soils soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat Sandy soils soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat soils Poor Medium soils Fertile Flat Sandy soils soils Poor Flat Fertile soils Fertile Flat soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat

soils

Aiwa, Beqa, Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Early trends maturity on recommended Varieties Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 ------1925 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea 1925 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea 1925 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea –

mid maturing mid

Naidiri, LF91

------1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925

S Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Galoa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Galoa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Ragnar, Kaba, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Galoa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Mid Mid UGAR

R – ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

late maturing late

A NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

Vatu, Kiuva, Kiuva, Vatu,

R EPORT

Kiuva, Kiuva, F IJI IJI

110

APPROVED VARIETIES

111

APPROVED VARIETIES Labasa/Labasa Labasa/Vunimoli Labasa/Wailevu Labasa/Waiqele Rarawai/Drumasi Rarawai/Yaladro Rarawai/Tagitagi Rarawai/Varavu Rarawai/Rarawai Rarawai/Veisaru Mill/Sectors Labasa/Labasa

2019 S UGAR

A R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH

EPORT

I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

Poor soils Poor soils Medium types Soil Saline soils soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat Saline areas soils Poor soils Medium Flat soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat Saline areas soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat Saline soils soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat soils Poor soils Medium Flat

Fertile soils Fertile Fertile soils Fertile F IJ I

Aiwa, Beqa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Early trends maturity on recommended Varieties Naidiri, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, LF91 ------1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea 1925, 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea Beqa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, –

mid maturing mid Qamea ------Naidiri, LF91 1925 1925 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea 1925 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea 1925

------1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925

Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Kaba, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Vatu, Kaba, Mana, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Galoa, Vatu, Mali Vatu, Galoa, Viwa Mali, Kaba, Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mali, Kaba, Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Vatu Galoa, Viwa Mali, Kaba, Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mali, Kaba, Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Galoa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Vatu, Kaba, Mana, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mana, Kaba, Mid Mid

– Mana, Galoa Mana,

late maturing late

Kiuva, Kiuva,

Penang/Ellington Penang/Malau Penang/Nanuku Labasa/Bulivou Labasa/Solove Labasa/Natua Labasa/Daku Labasa/Wainikoro Labasa/Bucaisau Mill/Sectors

Medium soils Medium soils Fertile Flat types Soil Medium soils Medium soils Fertile Flat affected areas Salt soils Poor soils Medium soils Rich alluvial area Vanua Viti affected areas Salt soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat soils Poor soils Poor soils Poor soils Poor soils Medium soils Fertile Flat Saline soils soils Poor Medium soils Fertile Flat Saline soils soils Poor Salt Salt soils Poor

affected areas

soils

Aiwa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Early trends maturity on recommended Varieties Naidiri, LF91 LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Naidiri, LF91 LF91 Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, Naidiri, LF91 Beqa, Aiwa, - - - 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea – LF91

mid maturing mid ------1925, Qamea 1925 1925, Qamea 1925 1925, Qamea 1925 1925 1925, Qamea 1925

- - -

1925, 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea 1925, Qamea

------1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925

S Ragnar, Kaba, Mali, Viwa Mali, Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mali, Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mali, Kaba, Ragnar, Viwa Mali, Waya, Kaba, Viwa Waya, Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Mali Vatu, Galoa, Viwa Mali, Waya, Kaba, Viwa Waya, Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Mali Vatu, Galoa, Viwa Mali, Waya, Kaba, Viwa Waya, Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Galoa Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Mali, Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Galoa Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Mali, Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Viwa Kaba, Ragnar, Mali, Viwa Kiuva, Kaba, Mana, Galoa Viwa Mana, Kaba, Viwa Kiuva, Vatu, Kaba, Ragnar, Kiuva, Kaba, Ragnar, Mid Mid UGAR

R –

ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

late maturing late

NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

R EPORT Viwa

IJI IJI

112

APPROVED VARIETIES

113

ABBREVIATIONS

A 2019 S CBA COSPPac STC ENSO SOI RMSECV UV IMG CQD FTIR LBC ASPAC FSI QBPS FFE G xE LF[YEAR] AVG./Avg. orTC/TS tc/ts or Tsha Tsh or Tpha Tph Trts Trt or Rep RCBD K P N NPK Suc SUC or or pocs POCS EU FMS SPF MoS SCGF SCGC SIT FSC SRIF UGAR BBREVIATIONS

VIS

R NNUAL

ESEARCH ESEARCH

EPORT

NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE or Pocs

F ------IJ

Fiji Sugar Corporation Ltd Sugar Corporation Fiji Fiji of Institute Sugar Research Cost BenefitAnalysis Climate andOcean SupportProgram for the Pacific Committee Smut Technical Oscillation Southern NiñoEl Index Oscillation Southern Cross validation of Error Square Mean Root spectrum visible light violet Ultra Group Management Industry QualityDepartment Cane Infra Transform Frontier Capacity Buffering Lime Soil and Australian Sugar Industry Fijian Scheme Payment Based Quality Effect Feel Farmer Environment Genetic by LF2014 e.g. planted], fuzz was the inwhich FijiLautoka [year Average of1 ton produce to canerequired (tonnes of sugar tonnes per Tonnes cane hectare per Tonnes sugar hectare per Tonnes cane Treatment(s) Replication Design Block Complete Randomized Potassium Phosphorus Nitrogen Potassium Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Sucrose canesugar obtainable Pure Union European Services Fiji Meteorological Fertilizers Pacific South Sugar of Ministry Fund Growers Sugar Cane Council Growers Sugar Cane Tribunal Sugar Industry

sugar)

Plant Analysis Council Analysis Plant

Red

G %pol Pol) (or Polarization %brix Spectra SummaGrow Up Farmorganix/Stand Phytotoxic Supply trials G X E Brix Standards / Gene Pool Plots Beds Flowering Breeding Ratoon Fuzz Germplasm Series Varieties Clones / LOSSARY

- Cane

Infrared (NIR) to monitor the sugar content upon analyzing analyzing upon content intervention minimal requires sugar instrument The the cane. disintegrated monitor to (NIR) Infrared High being fertilizers organic new of names Brand plants. to Poisonous have field that sugarcane “supplying” when used normally is term The of attributes genetic the of interaction the test to trials Environment by Genetic refractometer. a using syrup or liquor juice, sugar in solids dissolved of Measure use. commercial forplant that varieties Sugarcane view. point of genetics from a Germplasm the to referring Basically, from. flowers harvesting of purpose the for sugarcane with planted areas Small initia the after grew or established that crop sugarcane the to referred Commonly of seeds like much orchilies. cucumbers beans, varieties, different all are case this in Seeds to in the sugar industry as the stalks of used sugarcane for planting. referred commonly confusedseeds with notbe to Sugarcane seeds, etc. tolerant, fiber, disease high traits such as desirable recorded has that of clones A collection stage. (seed) fromfuzz initially planted were varieties of set a clones or varieties to distinguished by the year in which refers it breeding, plant of context the in used When etc. type, leaf shape, of or it, numerous combination a attributes stalk such as stalk color, sugarcane individual distinct The Percent total sucrose in cane juicecane in sucrose total Percent percent mass suga a as expressed measured by the optical rotation of polarized light passing through content a sucrose apparent The be juicecane in solutes soluble Total has sample the process. the of start the at disintegrator once operator the from - r solution. pe fly uoae sgrae nlzr ht ss Near uses that analyzer sugarcane automated fully speed varieties against environmental conditions. environmental against varieties

l plant crop was harvested. was crop l plant

have already been released to growers to to growers to released been already have

type that can be identified by by identified be can that type

S UGAR tested at SRIF. at tested seed cane seed R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019 en fed into the the into fed en those those clones or

NNUAL I referring to referring NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

R EPORT F -

IJI IJI

114

GLOSSARY

115

GLOSSARY

2019 S Pathology Nematology spectrophotometer UV IMG CQD RMSECV LBC POCS Purity %fiber Fiber UGAR -

A VIS VIS

R NNUAL

ESEARCH ESEARCH

R EPORT I

NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

F IJ I

A group set up within each mill area, comprising representatives of of representatives comprising area, mill each within up set group A with charged Tribunal Industry procedures. QBPS the implementing Sugar Fiji the within body The method existing the to similar as set data new of the origin the of performance the validating method original the of set data the against approach new a from set data confirms Thus, set. data two of validation a as set, data a from model a build to used were obtained among the calibration cases. In simple, it is a formula that cases for unknown performance measures itactually approach, the of nature resampling the to due However, cases. unknown for good a gives this correctly, done estimate is data the of splitting the If cross a using splitting. the for scheme validation splits test/train on calculated are errors RMSECV: throughput. result to in regards method capacity pHbuffering to of the soil. LBC is a more efficient routine determination as co capacity buffering the on lime based pH the raise to soil the for required of amount the determining for used method potentiometric method original wh the from modified is It Capacity. Buffering Lime it. accompanies of sugar kilogram half a factory, the to goes which impurities of kilogram every for that and made, is sugar pure im sugar, pure in the cane. A formula based on assumption that sugarcane contains sugar recoverable total of measure A Sugar. Cane Obtainable Pure 100. by Brix multiplied refractometer by dived polarization as expressed is purity Apparent non plus dry the of percent sugar of consist solids a The content. solids as dissolved or substances content sucrose the is purity true The sugarcane in fiber present of Percent insoluble extraneous other soil or includes therefore and mill, a to delivered cane the in material insoluble all mean to The dry fibrous insoluble structure of the cane plant. Generally taken The science of the causes and effects of diseases of andeffects causes of the The science worms. nematode of study The scientific the across by sugar and sugar light cane sugar of through wavelengths light absorption visible and ultraviolet the by concentrations analyte determine to used Is instrument. spectrum light visible violet Ultra b of contact point a as act to Tribunal the and growers cane the owner, mill the c i ue fr h proe f giutrl rp. t s a is It crops. agricultural of purpose the for used is ich

- on how the model built on the data set at hand performs performs hand at set data the on built model the how on urs cmoet sc a ivr, s ad co and ash invert, as such components sucrose etween the CQD and the local industry. local andthe CQD the etween purities, water and fiber only. It assumes that only that assumes It only. fiber and water purities, - products.

matter incane. matter .

mpared mpared lorants. lorants. juice,

F INANCIALS

S UGAR R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

A NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE R EPORT F IJI IJI

116

FINANCIALS

S ugar Research Institute of Fiji Financial Statements For the Year Ended 31 December 2019 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019

Contents

Director's report…………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………..….……………………………………………..……………………..….2-3

Independent auditor's report………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………..….……………………………………………..……………………..….4-6

Statement of activities and other comprehensive income……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………..….……………………………………………..……………………..….7

Statement of financial position……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….……………………………………………..……………………..….8

Statement of cash flows…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….……………………………………………..……………………..….9

Notes to the financial statements…………………………………………………………………..….……………………………………………..……………………..….10-20

1 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019

In accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors, the Directors herewith submit the statement of financial position of Sugar Research Institute of Fiji ("the Institute") as at 31 December 2019, the related statement of activities and other comprehensive income and statement of cash flows for the year ended on that date and report as follows:

Board Directors The Board Directors in office during the year end at the date of this report are: • Professor Rajesh Chandra - Chairman (Expired - February 2020) • Mr Prakash Chand - Chairman (Effective - March 2020) • Dr Sanjay Anand • Mr Graham Clark • Ms Reshmi Kumari • Professor Ravendra Naidu • Mr Ashween Nischal Ram • Mr Raj Sharma

State of affairs In the opinion of the Board the accompanying statement of financial position gives a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Institute as at 31 December 2019 and the accompanying statement of activities and other comprehensive income and the statement of cash flows give a true and fair view of the results, and cashflows of the Institute for the year then ended.

Principal activity The functions of the Institute are outlined under the Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Act No 14 of 2005, which includes promoting by means of research and investigation, the technical advancement, efficiency and productivity of the sugar industry, and to provide its functions, powers, administration and finance and for related matters.

Current assets The Directors took reasonable steps before the Institute's financial statements were made out to ascertain that the current assets of the Institute were shown in the accounting records at a value equal to or below the value that would be expected to be realised in the ordinary course of business.

As at the date of this report, the Director are not aware of any circumstances, which would render the values attributed to current assets in the Institute's financial statements misleading.

Receivables The Directors took reasonable steps before the Institute's financials statements were made out to ascertain that all known bad debts were written off and adequate allowance was made for impairment loss. At the date of this report, the Directors are not aware of any circumstances which would render the above assessment inadequate extent.

Related party transactions All related party transactions have been adequately recorded in the financial statements.

2 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI Director's REPORT (CONTINUED) FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019 Unusual transactions Apart from these matters and other matters specifically referred to in the financial statements, in the opinion of the Director, the results of the operations of the Institute during the financial year were not substantially affected by any item, transaction or event of a material unusual nature, nor has there arisen between the end of the financial year and the date of this report any item, transaction or event of a material unusual nature likely, in the opinion of the Directors, to affect substantially the results of the operations of the Institute in the current financial year, other than those reflected in the financial statements.

Going concern The Institute's ability to continue to operate on a going concern basis is dependent on it receiving ongoing financial support from Government of Fiji, Stakeholders in the Sugar Industry and other Donor Agencies. The Board Members consider the application of the going concern principle to be appropriate in the preparation of these financial statements as the Institute will continue to receive ongoing support from the Government and the Stakeholders in the Sugar Industry, which will enable the Institute to meet its funding requirements for operations and to meet its obligations as and when they fall due. The Institute receives funds from the Government, Fiji Sugar Corporation, and Growers through Fiji Sugar Corporation. Further, the Institute incurred negative cash flows from operations of $474,917 during the year ended 31 December 2019 and positive working capital of $1,463,530 after reclassification of certain related party receivables to non-current assets. Accordingly, these financial statements have been prepared on going concern basis and do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or to the amounts and classification of labilities that may be necessary should the necessary should the Institute be unable to continue as a going concern.

Events subsequent to balance date Subsequent to end of the financial year, the COVID-19 outbreak was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. We have not seen a significant impact on our business to date. The outbreak and the response of Governments in dealing with the pandemic is interfering with general activity levels within the community, the economy and the operations of our business. The scale and duration of these developments remain uncertain as at the date of this report however they will have an impact on our earnings, cash flow and financial condition.

It is not possible to estimate the impact of the outbreak’s near-term and longer effects or Governments’ varying efforts to combat the outbreak and support businesses. This being the case, we do not consider it practicable to provide a quantitative or qualitative estimate of the potential impact of this outbreak on the Company at this time. The financial statements have been prepared based upon conditions existing at 31 December 2019 and considering those events occurring subsequent to that date, that provide evidence of conditions that existed at the end of the reporting period. As the outbreak of COVID-19 occurred after 31 December 2019, its impact is considered an event that is indicative of conditions that arose after the reporting period and accordingly, no adjustments have been made to financial statements as at 31 December 2019 for the impacts of COVID-19. Apart from the exception above, no other matters or circumstances have arisen since the end of the financial year which significantly affected or may significantly affect the operations of the Company, the results of those operations, or the state of affairs of the Company in future financial years.

For and on behalf of the Board of Directors in accordance with a resolution of the Directors this 1st day of May 2020.

Board Member Board Member

SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI STATEMENT OF ACTIVITIES AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019

Notes 2019 2018 $ $ Contributions and grants 2.1 2,662,462 3,457,237 Estate income 357,299 174,951 Other income 2.2 89,113 137,411 Total income 3,108,874 3,769,599

Cost of operations 2.3 (1,752,999) (2,624,869) Administrative expenses 2.4 (1,363,200) (1,161,750) Deficit from operations (7,325) (17,020)

Finance income 2.6 8,148 17,739 Finance expense (823) (719) Deficit before tax - -

Income tax expense - -

Balance at the beginning of the year - -

Deficit for the year - -

The accompanying notes form an integral part of the statement of activities and other comprehensive income.

7 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2019

Notes 2019 2018 Assets $ $ Current assets Cash and cash equivalents 3 421,541 1,339,941 Receivables and prepayments 4 194,352 204,710 Receivables from related parties 10(b) 1,400,688 1,123,853 2,016,581 2,668,504 Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment 5 5,958,082 5,979,253 Intangible assets 6 23,046 1,957 Receivables from related parties 10(b) 6,520,169 6,222,004 12,501,297 12,203,214

Total assets 14,517,878 14,871,718

Current liabilities Deferred income 8 421,541 525,789 Trade and other payables 7 89,813 114,975 Employee benefits 9 41,697 32,165 553,051 672,929

Non-current liabilities Deferred income 8 11,699,142 11,933,104 Payable to related parties 10(c) 2,265,685 2,265,685 13,964,827 14,198,789

Total liabilities 14,517,878 14,871,718

Net assets - -

Funds employed Funds employed - - Total funds employed - -

Signed on behalf of the Board.

______Board Member Board Member

The accompanying notes form an integral part of the statement of financial position.

8 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019

Note 2019 2018 $ $ Cash flows from Operating Activities Receipts from stakeholders and donors 2,174,456 4,772,793 Payments to suppliers and employees (2,656,698) (3,379,672) Interest and bank charges paid (823) - Interest received 8,148 17,739 Net cash (used in) / provided by operating activities (474,917) 1,410,860

Cash flows used in Investing Activities Acquisition of property, plant and equipment (438,330) (2,341,158) Payment of intangible assets (26,361) - Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment 21,208 29,809 Net cash flows (used in) investing activities (443,483) (2,311,349)

Net (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (918,400) (900,489)

Cash and cash equivalents at 1 January 1,339,941 2,240,430

Cash and cash equivalent at 31 December 3 421,541 1,339,941

The accompanying notes form an integral part of the statement of cash flows.

9 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019 1. Reporting entity The financial statements of Sugar Research Institute of Fiji for the year ended 31 December 2019 were authorised for issue in accordance with a resolution of the Directors on 1st May 2020. Sugar Research Institute of Fiji ("the Institute") is a body corporate domiciled in Fiji, established under the Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Act 2005. The address of the Institute's registered office is Drasa, Lautoka. The principal activity of the Institute is described in Note 14. 1.2 Basis of preparation of financial statements (a) The financial statements of the Institute have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis except where stated. (b) Going concern The Institute's ability to continue to operate on a going concern basis is dependent on it receiving ongoing financial support from Government of Fiji, Stakeholders in the Sugar Industry and other Donor Agencies. The Board Members consider the application of the going concern principle to be appropriate in the preparation of these financial statements as the Institute will continue to receive ongoing support from the Government and the Stakeholders in the Sugar Industry, which will enable the Institute to meet its funding requirements for operations and to meet its obligations as and when they fall due. The Institute receives funds from the Government, Fiji Sugar Corporation, and Growers through Fiji Sugar Corporation. Further, the Institute incurred negative cash flows from operations of $474,917 during the year ended 31 December 2019 and positive working capital of $1,463,530 after reclassification of certain related party receivables to non-current assets. Accordingly, these financial statements have been prepared on going concern basis and do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or to the amounts and classification of labilities that may be necessary should the necessary should the Institute be unable to continue as a going concern. 1.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (a) Foreign currency translation The Institute's financial statements are presented in Fijian dollar, which is also the Institute's functional currency. Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by the Institute at the functional currency rates prevailing the date of transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the functional currency of exchange ruling at the reporting date. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the currency rates as at the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is measured. (b) Revenue recognition Revenue is recognized to the extend that it is probable that the economic benefit will flow to the entity and the revenue can be reliably measured in accordance with realisation principle, regardless of when the payment is being made. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received, excluding discounts, rebates, and consumption tax. The following specific criteria must also be met before revenue is recognised: Contributions and grants Grants are recognised in the statement of financial position initially as deferred income when there is reasonable assurance that it will be received and that the Institute will comply with the conditions associated with the grant.

10 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019 1.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (continued) (b) Revenue recognition (continued) It is the recognised in the profit or loss as grant income on a systematic basis as the Institute recognises expenses be achieving the relevant conditions of the grant. Grants that relate to the acquisition of an asset are recognised in profit or loss as the asset is depreciated or amortised. The Institute chooses to present grant income on a gross method that is, recognising entire grant income and than offsetting against expense.

Other income Outsource income and other revenue from operating activities are recognised in profit or loss on an accrual basis.

(c) Income tax The Institute is exempt from income tax by virtue of Part 7(2) of the Income Tax (Exempt Income) Regulations 2016.

(d) Financing income Finance income comprises interest received on the term deposits held. Interest income is recognised as it accrues in profit or loss.

(e) Property, plant and equipment (i) Recognition and measurement Items of property, plant and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and/or accumulated impairment losses, if any. Cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset. When parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment. Any gain or loss on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with carrying amount of the property, plant and equipment, and is recognised net within other income/ other operating expenses in profit or loss. (ii) Subsequent costs The cost of replacing part of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognised in the carrying amount of the item if it is probable that the future economic benefit embodied within the part will flow to the Institute an its cost can be measured reliably. The cost of the day-to-day servicing of property, plant and equipment are recognised in profit or loss as incurred.

(iii) Depreciation Depreciation is calculated to write off the costs of the items of property, plant and equipment less their estimated residual values using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, and is recognised in profit and loss. The estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment for current and comparative periods as follows: The depreciation rates for the current and comparative year is as follows: Asset Rate • Fixtures and fittings 10 years • Plant and equipment 6.67-10 years • Motor vehicles 6.67 years • Land and building 80 years • Computers 5 years Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reassessed at reporting date and adjusted if appropriate.

11 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019 1.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (continued) (f) Intangible assets (i) Recognition and measurement Intangible assets that are acquired by the Institute have a finite useful life and are measured at cost less accumulated amortisation and impairment losses. (ii) Amortisation Intangible assets are amortised on a straight-line basis in profit or loss over their estimated useful lives, from the date that they are available for use. The estimated useful life for the current and comparative years is as follows: • Software 5 years (g) Financial instruments (i) Non- derivative financial asset The Institute generally recognises loans and receivable on the date that they are originated. All other financial assets (including assets designed as at fair value through profit or loss) are recognised initially on the trade date, which is the date that the Institute becomes a third party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. The Institute derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows on the financial asset in a transaction in which substantially all the risks and rewards of the ownership of the financial asset are transferred. Any interest in the transferred financial asset that is created or retained by the Institute is recognised as a separate asset or liability. Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the statement of financial position when and only when the Institute has a legal right to offset the amounts and intends either to offset the amounts and settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. The Institute classifies non- derivative financial assets into the following categories: financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, held to maturity financial assets and loans receivable. Receivables Receivables are stated at cost less allowances for doubtful debts. The collectability of debt is assessed at balance date and specific allowance is made for any impairment. Bad debts are written off in the period they are identified. Receivables comprise receivables from related party, staff advances and deposits.

Cash and cash equivalents Cash and short-term deposits in the statement of financial position comprise cash at bank and cash on hand. For the purpose of statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short- term deposits as defined above, net of outstanding bank overdrafts. (ii) Non- derivative financial liability Financial liabilities are recognised initially on the trade date at which the Institute becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. The Institute derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled or expire.

(ii) Non- derivative financial liability The Institute classifies non-derivative financial liabilities into the other financial liabilities category. Such financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value plus any directly attributable transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, these financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Other financial liabilities comprise of payable and other accruals.

12 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019 1.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (continued) (h) Impairment The carrying amount of assets are renewed at each balance date , to determine whether there is an indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, the assets recoverable amounts are estimated at each balance date. An impairment loss is recognised when ever the carrying amount of an asset or its cash generating amount exceeds its recoverable amount. All impairment losses are recognised in profit or An impairment loss is reversed if more has been charged in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount and is reversed only to the extent that the asset's carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortisation, if no impairment loss has been recognised.

(i) Employee benefits (i) Superannuation Obligations for contributions to a defined contribution plan are recognised as an expense in profit or loss when they are due.

(ii) Employee entitlements Liability for annual leave is recognised and measured as the amount unpaid at reporting date at current pay rates in respect of employee services up to that date.

(ii) Short-term benefits Short-term employee benefit obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed in profit or loss as the related service provided.

A liability is recognised for the amount to be paid under short-term benefit if the Institute has a present or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past services provided by the employee and the obligations can be measured reliably.

(j) Receivable from related parties The amounts receivable from related parties are recognised when there is a contractual receivable or a right to receive.

(k) Employee benefits Liabilities for wages and salaries expected to be settled within 12 months of the reporting date are recognised in other payables on the statement of financial position.

(l) Deferred income The Institute's deferred income comprises of cash received or receivable from the stakeholders and donor agencies. Each grant received or receivable has its specific conditions that the Institute needs to comply with. The related grant being credited to deferred income as the liability and released to profit or loss over the expected useful economic life.

(m) Unexpended project funds Unutilised donor monies at year end used for cash grant which is received for utilization in more than one financial period is treated as unexpended project funds.

(n) Leases Leases are classified as operating leases. Rental payable under operating leases are charged to the income statement on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease.

(o) Value Added Tax (VAT) The Institute complies with VAT under the Second Schedule of the VAT Decree 1991.

(p) Comparative figures When necessary, comparative figures have been adjusted to conform to changes in current presentation year.

13 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019 2019 2018 2. Revenue and expenses $ $ 2.1 Contributions and grants Contribution from the Fiji Government 713,161 594,366 European Union 522,979 1,674,139 Fiji Sugar Corporation (FSC) 713,161 594,366 Sugar Cane Growers 713,161 594,366 2,662,462 3,457,237

2.2 Other income $ $ Gain on sale of fixed assets 21,208 29,809 Outsource income 65,743 107,322 Others 2,162 280 89,113 137,411

2.3 Cost of operations $ $ Advertising 4,626 1,511 Amortisation 5,272 496 Bank charges 3,413 5,451 Consultancy fees 26,731 21,015 Depreciation 459,502 389,023 Electricity 49,641 47,568 EU cost 102,405 1,316,042 Communication expenses 37,449 26,188 Material costs 78,584 37,484 Motor vehicle running expenses 124,809 107,194 Repairs and maintenances 138,984 108,607 Subcontract expenses 264,392 203,295 Wages and salaries 457,191 360,995 1,752,999 2,624,869

2.4 Administrative expenses $ $ Audit fees 9,000 9,500 Audit fees - EU Project 33,079 35,060 Accommodation and meals 6,360 8,534 Annual leave expense 9,532 13,449 Board allowance 34,508 14,959 Cleaning and landscaping 3,478 10,444 Office security 109,333 52,465 Office supplies 11,288 21,774 Director's fees 62,464 78,935 Fiji National Provident Fund contributions 122,665 105,028 Freight 24,218 56,942 Fringe benefit tax 13,547 6,531 General expenses 42,330 13,011 ICT consumables 12,627 -

14 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019 2. Revenue and expenses (continued) 2019 2018 2.4 Administrative expenses (continued) $ $ Insurance 53,955 46,443 Legal fees 1,742 183 Land rent 7,817 12,419 Medical expense 6,394 6,086 Media and publication 9,656 17,753 Other expenses - 10,603 Postage 1,153 623 Repair and maintenance 6,081 39,867 Rent expense 35,385 16,372 Staff expenses 17,381 12,736 Stationery 5,642 5,155 Training and Productivity Authority of Fiji 11,854 8,773 Travel 17,846 7,026 Utilities 8,078 9,587 Wages and salaries 685,787 541,492 1,363,200 1,161,750

2.5 Personnel expenses $ $ Fiji National Provident Fund (FNPF) contributions 122,665 105,028 Training and Productivity Authority of Fiji 11,854 8,773 Key management compensation - short term benefit 98,980 99,326 Wages and salaries 1,043,998 803,161 1,277,497 1,016,288

2.6 Finance income $ $ Interest received 8,148 17,739

3. Cash and cash equivalents $ $ Cash at bank 421,041 1,339,889 Cash on hand 500 52 Cash and cash equivalents in the cash flow statements 421,541 1,339,941

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and balances with banks. Cash and cash equivalents included in the statement of cash flows comprise of the following statement of financial positions amounts:

$ $ Cash at bank and on hand 421,541 1,339,941 421,541 1,339,941

4. Receivables $ $ Trade receivable 2 0,322 14,046 Staff advance 378 1,327 Deposits 4,506 4,506 VAT receivable 140,116 178,222 Interest receivable 6,609 6,609 Prepayments 5,500 - Withholding tax receivable 16,921 - 194,352 204,710

15 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019 5. Property, plant and equipment Cost Land and Fixtures and Plant and Work in Motor Vehicles Computers Total Buildings Fittings Equipment progress As at 1 January 2018 2,856,987 140,120 2,229,633 1,320,661 364,857 - 6,912,258 Additions - 22,199 703,545 317,459 63,040 1,234,915 2,341,158 Disposals - - - (53,633) - - (53,633) At 31 December 2018 2,856,987 162,319 2,933,178 1,584,487 427,897 1,234,915 9,199,783 Additions 152,674 18,459 18,308 229,742 19,147 - 438,330 Transfers 1,234,915 - - - - (1,234,915) - Disposals - - - (96,569) - - (96,569) At 31 December 2019 4,244,576 180,778 2,951,486 1,717,660 447,044 - 9,541,544

Accumulated depreciation As at 1 January 2018 196,042 51,982 1,187,088 1,142,462 307,566 - 2,885,140 Depreciation charge for the 31,875 13,706 236,003 76,768 30,671 - 389,023 Disposals - - - (53,633) - - (53,633) At 31 December 2018 227,917 65,688 1,423,091 1,165,597 338,237 - 3,220,530 Depreciation charge for the 32,296 15,630 270,121 108,060 33,394 - 459,501 Disposals - - - (96,569) - - (96,569) At 31 December 2019 260,213 81,318 1,693,212 1,177,088 371,631 - 3,583,462

Net book value At 31 December 2019 3,984,363 99,460 1,258,274 540,572 75,413 - 5,958,082 At 31 December 2018 2,629,070 96,631 1,510,087 418,890 89,660 1,234,915 5,979,253

16 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019

6. Intangible assets Software Total Cost $ $ As at 1 January 2018 2,480 2,480 Additions - - Disposals - - At 31 December 2018 2,480 2,480 Additions 26,361 26,361 Disposals - - At 31 December 2019 28,841 28,841

Accumulated depreciation As at 1 January 2018 27 27 Amortisation 496 496 At 31 December 2018 523 523 Amortisation 5,272 5,272 At 31 December 2019 5,795 5,795

Net book value At 31 December 2019 23,046 23,046 At 31 December 2018 1,957 1,957

2019 2018 7. Trade and other payables $ $ Trade creditors 1 3,377 42,010 Payables and accruals 7 6,436 72,965 89,813 114,975

8. Deferred income The Institute's deferred income comprises cash received or receivable from the stakeholders and donor agencies. Each grant income received or receivable has its specific conditions that the Institute needs to comply with. The movement in deferred income is as follows: $ $ Balance at the beginning of the year 12,458,893 11,144,379 Funds received or receivable during the period 2 ,778,811 5,101,854 Utilised during the period (3,117,021) (3,787,340) Balance at 31 December 12,120,683 12,458,893

This is comprised as follows: $ $ Fiji Government 3 9,031 67,732 Fiji Sugar Corporation (FSC) 7 ,020,857 6,399,043 Sugar Cane Growers 2 ,700,000 2,700,000 European Union grant 2 ,202,291 2,834,061 Estate income 160,895 248,515 Insurance income - 1,759 Other income (2,391) 207,783 Total 12,120,683 12,458,893

17 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019 8. Deferred income (continued) 2019 2018 Disclosed as: $ $ Current 421,541 525,789 Non-current 11,699,142 11,933,104 Total 12,120,683 12,458,893

9. Employee benefits $ $ Balance at 1 January 32,165 18,716 Provision created / utilised during the year 9,532 13,449 Balance at 31 December 41,697 32,165

10. Related parties Related parties of the Institute include key stakeholders in the Fiji Sugar Industry, namely, the Government of Fiji, Fiji Sugar Corporation, South Pacific Fertilizers Limited, Sugar Cane Growers Fund and Sugar Cane Growers Council.

Transactions with these parties and outstanding balances at year end are disclosed below:

(a) Board members The names of the Directors at any time during the financial year as follows: • Professor Rajesh Chandra - Chairman (Expired - February 2020) • Mr Prakash Chand - Chairman (Effective - March 2020) • Dr Sanjay Anand • Mr Graham Clark • Ms Reshmi Kumari • Professor Ravendra Naidu • Mr Ashween Nischal Ram • Mr Raj Sharma

(b) Amounts receivable from related parties $ $ Fiji Sugar Corporation - grant income 6,999,999 6,424,999 - other income 20,858 20,858 Sugar Cane Growers 2,700,000 2,700,000 Allowance for uncollectability - Sugar Cane Growers (1,800,000) (1,800,000) 7,920,857 7,345,857

Disclosed as: $ $ Current 1 ,400,688 1,123,853 Non-current 6 ,520,169 6,222,004 Total 7,920,857 7,345,857

18 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019 10. Related parties (continued) (b) Amounts receivable from related parties (continued) 2019 2018 Reconciliation of Allowance for Uncollectability $ $ Balance at the beginning of the year 1 ,800,000 1,800,000 Provision created during the year - - Balance at the end of the year 1 ,800,000 1,800,000

Receivables from related parties are interest free and receivables as and when required.

(d) Outstanding debts owed from Fiji Sugar Corporation Limited Net receivable from Fiji Sugar Corporation Limited ("FSC") amounts to $4,734,314 as at 31 December 2019. On 26 February 2019, a Deed of payment was signed between the Institute and FSC. FSC agreed and acknowledged that it owed a sum amounting to $4,009,314 as at 31 October 2018 to the Institute which was FSC's contribution towards SRIF's operations as per Section 11(2) of the Sugar Research Institute Act 2005.

The amount stipulated in the agreement is $4,009,314 which is the amount as at 31 October 2018. The net receivable amount as at 31 December 2019 is $4,734,314 and is reconciled as follows:

$ Balance at 31 December 2018 4,159,314 Contributions during the year 900,000 Payments made in 2019 (325,000) Balance at 31 December 2019 4 ,734,314

The payment terms were agreed as follow:

(i) The amount of $250,000 will be paid by FSC in 2019, with 2 equal instalments of $125,000 each payable on 30 August and 31 December respectively; (ii) The remaining balance of $3,759,314 will be payable by FSC over the next 4 years (2020-2023) in 8 equal instalments of $469,914 payable on 30 August and 31 December each year; (iii) the repayments will be at zero interest rate.

(e) Transactions with related parties $ $ Deferred income Grant income - Fiji Sugar Corporation 298,165 681,193 Grant income - Fiji Government 716,287 825,688 Grant income - Sugar Cane Growers 825,688 825,688 Estate income- Fiji Sugar Corporation 269,679 292,633 2,109,819 2,625,202

19 SUGAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FIJI NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2019 10. Related parties (continued) (f) Key management personnel Key management personnel include the Chief Executive Officer and Finance Administration Manager of the Institute. Transactions with the key management personnel are no favourable than those available, or which might be reasonably be expected to be available, on similar transactions to third parties on an arm's length.

Key management compensation is disclosed under Note 2.5.

11. Commitments and contingencies (i) Contingent liability - $nil (2018:$nil) (ii) Capital expenditure commitments - $nil (2018:$nil) (iii) Finance lease commitments - $nil (2018:$nil) (iv) Operating lease commitments - $nil (2018:$nil)

12. Subsequent events Subsequent to end of the financial year, the COVID-19 outbreak was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. We have not seen a significant impact on our business to date. The outbreak and the response of Governments in dealing with the pandemic is interfering with general activity levels within the community, the economy and the operations of our business. The scale and duration of these developments remain uncertain as at the date of this report however they will have an impact on our earnings, cash flow and financial condition.

The financial statements have been prepared based upon conditions existing at 31 December 2019 and considering those events occurring subsequent to that date, that provide evidence of conditions that existed at the end of the reporting period. As the outbreak of COVID-19 occurred after 31 December 2019, its impact is considered an event that is indicative of conditions that arose after the reporting period and accordingly, no adjustments have been made to financial statements as at 31 December 2019 for the impacts of COVID-19.

Apart from the exception above, no other matters or circumstances have arisen since the end of the financial year which significantly affected or may significantly affect the operations of the Company, the results of those operations, or the state of affairs of the Company in future financial years.

13. Segment Information Industry segment The Institute operates predominantly in the sugar industry.

Geographical segment The Institute operates predominantly in Fiji and is therefore one geographical area for reporting purposes.

14. Principal business activity The functions of the Institute are outlined under the Sugar Research Institute of Fiji Act No 14 of 2005, which includes promoting by means of research and investigation, the technical advancement, efficiency and productivity of the sugar industry, and to provide its functions, powers, administration and finance and for related matters. Number of employees As at balance date, the Institute employed a total of 82 employees (2018: 69).

20 117

FINANCIALS

2019 S UGAR

A R NNUAL ESEARCH ESEARCH R EPORT I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE

F IJ I

Wairuku (Rakiraki) Office: +679 8907344 Office: +679 (Rakiraki) Wairuku P. O. Box 3560, Lautoka | Ph: +679 8921839 & +679 8921840 8921840 +679 & 8921839 +679 | Ph: Lautoka 3560, O. Box P. Website: www.srif.net.fj Website: © Sugar Research Institute of Fiji, 201 Fiji, of Institute Research © Sugar

| Rarawai (Ba) Office: +679 8907343 +679 Office: Rarawai (Ba)

| Batinikama (Labasa) Office: 8907345 +679 Office: (Labasa) Batinikama 9 |

S Email: [email protected] [email protected] Email: UGAR R ESEARCH ESEARCH 2019

A NNUAL I NSTITUTE OF OF NSTITUTE R EPORT F IJI IJI

118

FINANCIALS