The Stage 1 A. A. Lawrence and Avenue Rd

THE STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPERTIES AT THE NORTHEAST CORNER OF LAWRENCE AVENUE WEST AND AVENUE ROAD (PART OF LOTS 997, 998, 1035, 1036, 1043 AND 1044 AND PART OF GLENGARRY ROAD, REGISTERED PLAN 1537), CITY OF TORONTO

(PART LOT 6, CONCESSION 1 WYS, GEO. TWP. OF YORK, NORTH, COUNTY OF YORK)

Prepared for Jennifer Arezes, Development Manager First Capital Asset Management LP 85 Hanna Avenue, Suite 400 Toronto , Ontario M6K 3S3 T 416.216.2083 | [email protected]

A. M. Archaeological Associates

88 Marchmount Road Toronto, ON M6G 2B1 [email protected] 416-652-2141

Original Licence Report Andrew Murray, Licence P035 P.I.F. # P035-0311-2019 13-Dec-2019

The Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the Properties at the Northeast Corner of Lawrence Avenue West and Avenue Road, City of Toronto (Part Lot 6, Concession 1 WYS, Geo. Twp. of York, North, County of York) ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report discusses the rationale, methods and results of the Stage 1 archaeological assessment for a redevelopment of the properties at the northeast corner of Lawrence Avenue West and Avenue Road, City of Toronto (Part of Lots 997, 998, 1035, 1036, 1043 and 1044 and Part of Glengarry Road, Registered Plan 1537) (Part Lot 6, Concession 1 WYS, Geo. Twp. of York, North, County of York). The study area was assessed for archaeological potential in support of a rezoning application under the Planning Act. The purpose of this assessment was to confirm the Toronto Archaeological Master Plan's conclusion that the lands did not have archaeological potential. A site visit was made to the property on November 21, 2019, under overcast conditions and temperatures around +4ºC. Permission to enter the subject property was arranged by Jennifer Arezes, First Capital Asset Management LP. All archaeological assessment activities were performed according to the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MHSTCI 2011). All work was done under the archaeological consulting license, P035, issued to Andrew Murray of A. M. Archaeological Associates under the Ontario Heritage Act. All records pertaining to this project will be curated at the offices of A. M. Archaeological Associates. The Stage 1 archaeological study area includes an irregular shaped property (approximately 1.1 hectares) with frontages on the north side of Lawrence Avenue West and on the east side of Avenue Road (Map 1). The study area includes buildings at the following addresses 284, 286-288, 290 Lawrence Avenue West and 1507, 1525, 1537, 1539, 1541 Avenue Road. The surrounding neighbourhood to the south is educational, with an adjacent retail building to the north and more retail property across Avenue Road (Maps 34 - 36). The background research indicates that the study area remained vacant throughout the nineteenth-century, and the only features of archaeological potential are Lawrence Avenue West, which would have functioned as a colonial settlement road and Burkes Brook, a source of water immediately east of the study area. Disturbances within the study area began with the dumping of landfill into the ravine around Burkes Brook, which continued until at least 1935. Disturbances continued with retail/ commercial and residential developments through the 1950s. Infill of the eastern portion of the study area continued until 1991 when the existing paved parking lots were completed. The detailed documentary research and site visit indicates that archaeological potential has been removed by intensive and extensive disturbance for all of the Stage 1 archaeological assessment study area for the properties at 284, 286-288, 290 Lawrence Avenue West and 1507, A. M. Archaeological Associates The Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the Properties at the Northeast Corner of Lawrence Avenue West and Avenue Road, City of Toronto (Part Lot 6, Concession 1 WYS, Geo. Twp. of York, North, County of York) iii 1525, 1537, 1539, 1541 Avenue Road (Maps 34 and 35). No further archaeological assessment is required.

On the basis of the above information, we recommend the following: 1. All of the 284, 286-288, 290 Lawrence Avenue West and 1507, 1525, 1537, 1539, 1541 Avenue Road study area has been determined to have been intensively and extensively disturbed through background research and visual inspection and no longer has the potential for archaeological remains. No assessment of these areas as mapped in Map 36is required before any future development. 2. In the event that deeply buried archaeological remains are encountered on the property during construction activities, the Heritage Operations Unit of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, be notified immediately at (416) 212-8886 as well as the City of Toronto, Heritage Preservation Services Unit (416) 338-1096. 3. In the event that human remains are encountered during construction, the proponent should immediately contact both the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, and the Registrar of Burial Sites, War Graves, Abandoned Cemeteries and Cemetery Closures, of the Ministry of Government and Consumer Services, (416) 212-7499.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF IMAGES v LIST OF MAPS v PROJECT PERSONNEL vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii 1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT 1 1.1 Development Context 1 1.2 Historic Context 1 1.2.1 General Area 1 1.2.1.1 Pre-contact era 1 1.2.1.2 Early contact era 2 1.2.1.3 Early colonial era 3 1.2.2 Property History 4 1.3 Archaeological Context 5 1.3.1 Environmental Setting 6 1.3.2 Registered Archaeological Sites 6 1.3.3 Past Projects 6 2.0 METHODOLOGY 7 2.1 GIS Methods 7 2.2 Property Visit 7 2.3 Inventory of the Documentary Record 8 3.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS 8 3.1 Archaeological Potential 8 3.2 Conclusions 8 4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 9 5.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION 10 6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES 11 7.0 IMAGES 15 8.0 MAPS 19

Image 1: Northwest view of the ravine in use as a dump in 1935 with study area on the left (City of Toronto Archives 1935a). 15 Image 2: Southeast view of the ravine in use as a dump in 1935 with study area on the right (City of Toronto Archives 1935b). 15 Image 3: East view of the parking area along Lawrence Ave. W. frontage. 16 Image 4: North view of the parking area along Avenue Road frontage. 16 Image 5: East view of the paved lane between 1950s era buildings. 16 Image 6: East view of the paved lane between 1950s era buildings. 16 Image 7: East view of the paved lane between buildings renovated in the last decade. 16 Image 8: East view of the parking lot at the rear of buildings. 16 Image 9: West view of the parking lot at the rear of buildings. 17 Image 10: East view of the steep bank to channelized Burkes Brook running through gabion baskets. 17 Image 11: South view along the steep bank to Burkes Brook showing chunks of concrete in fill. 17 Image 12: North view of steep slope at the edge of the parking lot. 17 Image 13: West view of elevation change in the parking area of 284 Lawrence Ave. W. residential building. 17 Image 14: North view of landscaping in front of 284 Lawrence Ave. W. residential building. 17 Image 15: North view of the paved lane between 1950s era buildings. 18 Image 16: West view along Lawrence Avenue West across the frontage of #288. 18 Image 17: North view of the paved lane between 1950s era buildings. 18

LIST OF MAPS

Map 1: Location of the properties at the northeast corner of Avenue Road and Lawrence Avenue West (NRC 2010). 19 Map 2: Disposition of Crown lands showing Joseph Kendrick (MNR 1976). 20 Map 3: Location of the study area on the historic 1851 map showing lack of development around study area (Browne 1851). 21 Map 4: Location of the study area on the 1860 map of York County showing ownership John Lawrence (Tremaine 1860). 22 Map 5: 1878 York, Southeast Township map location of study area showing ownership of Samuel Lawrence (Miles and Co. 1878). 23 Map 6: Topographic mapping from 1909 of study area showing vacant lands (DMD 1909). 24 Map 7: Topographic mapping from 1915 of study area showing vacant lands (DMD 1915). 25 Map 8: Topographic mapping from 1921 of study area showing planned roads (DMD 1921). 26 Map 9: 1924 map showing the location of the study area in Bedford Park (Cummins 1924). 27 Map 10: Topographic mapping from 1931 of study area showing planned roads (DND 1931). 28 Map 11: Topographic mapping from 1942 of study area showing completed Avenue Road extension and first building at the northeast corner of the intersection (DND 1942). 29 Map 12: 1947 aerial view of the study area showing first buildings and approximate locations of archival Image 1 and Image 2 from 1935 showing dump in use (Toronto Archives 1947). 30 Map 13: 1950 aerial view of the study area showing new buildings on both street frontages (City of Toronto Archives 1950). 31 A. M. Archaeological Associates The Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the Properties at the Northeast Corner of Lawrence Avenue West and Avenue Road, City of Toronto (Part Lot 6, Concession 1 WYS, Geo. Twp. of York, North, County of York) vi Map 14: 1953 aerial view of the study area showing completed buildings on both street frontages (City of Toronto Archives 1953). 31 Map 15: 1956 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1956). 32 Map 16: 1957 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1957). 32 Map 17: 1959 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section and new building on Lawrence Ave. W. (City of Toronto Archives 1959). 33 Map 18: 1960 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1960). 33 Map 19: 1961 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1961). 34 Map 20: 1962 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1962). 34 Map 21: 1963 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1963). 35 Map 22: 1965 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1965). 35 Map 23: 1967 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1967). 36 Map 24: 1968 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1968). 36 Map 25: 1969 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1969). 37 Map 26: 1971 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1971). 37 Map 27: 1973 aerial view of the study area showing the extension of the parking lot (City of Toronto Archives 1973). 38 Map 28: 1981 aerial view showing the last remaining unpaved area in the northeastern corner (City of Toronto Archives 1981). 38 Map 29: 1983 aerial view showing ongoing fill operations in the northeastern corner (City of Toronto Archives 1983). 39 Map 30: 1985 aerial view showing ongoing fill operations in the northeastern corner (City of Toronto Archives 1985). 39 Map 31: 1989 aerial view showing ongoing fill operations in the northeastern corner (City of Toronto Archives 1989). 40 Map 32: 1991 aerial view showing completed parking lot in the northeastern corner (City of Toronto Archives 1983). 40 Map 33: Zone of archaeological potential from Toronto Archaeological Master Plan mapping (City of Toronto 2019; ESRI 2019). 41 Map 34: Current study area showing removed archaeological potential and photo locations as well as 1-m contours (ESRI 2019; City of Toronto 2018 & 2019; University of Toronto 2002). 42 Map 35: Survey plan showing removed archaeological potential and photo locations (reduced from original). 43 Map 36: Survey plan for the 284, 286-288, 290 Lawrence Avenue West and 1507, 1525, 1537, 1539, 1541 Avenue Road study area (reduced from the original provided by client). 44

PROJECT PERSONNEL

Project/ Field Director Andrew Murray, P035

Report Graphics/ Preparation Andrew Murray

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The archaeological assessment reported here was undertaken on the Treaty Lands and Territory of the Mississauga’s of the Credit.

1.1 Development Context This report discusses the rationale, methods and results of the Stage 1 archaeological assessment for a redevelopment of the properties at the northeast corner of Lawrence Avenue West and Avenue Road, City of Toronto (Part of Lots 997, 998, 1035, 1036, 1043 and 1044 and Part of Glengarry Road, Registered Plan 1537) (Part Lot 6, Concession 1 WYS, Geo. Twp. of York, North, County of York). The study area was assessed for archaeological potential in support of a rezoning application under the Planning Act. The purpose of this assessment was to confirm the Toronto Archaeological Master Plan's conclusion that the lands did not have archaeological potential. A site visit was made to the property on November 21, 2019, under overcast conditions and temperatures around +4ºC. Permission to enter the subject property was arranged by Jennifer Arezes, First Capital Asset Management LP. All archaeological assessment activities were performed according to the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MHSTCI 2011). All work was done under the archaeological consulting license, P035, issued to Andrew Murray of A. M. Archaeological Associates under the Ontario Heritage Act. All records pertaining to this project will be curated at the offices of A. M. Archaeological Associates. The Stage 1 archaeological study area includes an irregular shaped property (approximately 1.1 hectares) with frontages on the north side of Lawrence Avenue West and on the east side of Avenue Road (Map 1). The study area includes buildings at the following addresses 284, 286-288, 290 Lawrence Avenue West and 1507, 1525, 1537, 1539, 1541 Avenue Road. The surrounding neighbourhood to the south is educational, with an adjacent retail building to the north and more retail property across Avenue Road (Maps 34 - 36).

1.2 Historic Context 1.2.1 General Area 1.2.1.1 Pre-contact era The importance of the Toronto area in the pre-contact and early historic period was due to the use of the Humber River, along with the Don and Rouge Rivers, as part of the northward transportation route to Lake Simcoe, Georgian Bay, and the Upper Great Lakes. Archaeologists divide south-central Ontario's pre-contact history into the following temporal/cultural sequences:

Table 1: General cultural synthesis for south-central Ontario. PERIOD GROUP TIME RANGE COMMENT Paleo-Indian Big game hunters; small nomadic groups Early Fluted Point 9500–8500 B.C. Distinctive lanceolate and fluted points Late Hi-Lo 8500–8000 B.C. Side-notched points Archaic Nomadic hunters and gatherers. Territories exploited on yearly round. Nettling 7800–6900 B.C. Early More varied toolkit. Bifurcate Based 6900–6000 B.C. Stanly/Neville 6000–5000 B.C. Ground and polished stone tool industry; Middle Otter Creek 5000–3000 B.C. subsistence fishing. Brewerton 3000-2500 B.C. Narrow Point 2500–1800 B.C. Bipolar lithic reduction as evidence of more Broad Point 1800–1500 B.C. extensive woodworking Late Small Point 1500–800 B.C. Net fishing, nut harvesting, dog burials Evidence of mortuary practices; bow and arrow technology. Woodland Introduction of pottery and agriculture. Early Meadowood 900–400 B.C. Earliest pottery; pop-eyed birdstones Point Peninsula 400 B.C. –500 A.D. Long-distance trade networks. Middle Princess Point 500–900 A.D. Incipient horticulture. Late Transition to village life and maize Early Iroquoian Pickering/ Glen Meyer 900–1280 A.D. agriculture. Uren 1280–1330 A.D. Large village sites. Middle Iroquoian Middleport 1330–1400 A.D. Rapid population growth. Late Iroquoian Huron Neutral Well-made ceramic pots 1400–1650 A.D. Petun Tribal differentiation and warfare. St. Lawrence- Iroquois Historic European colonization Odawa, Ojibwa, Early 1700–1875 A.D. Fur trade; social displacement. Mississauga, Six Nations Late Odawa, Ojibwa, Consolidation of Indigenous people on Mississauga, Six Nations reserves; continued presence throughout 1790 A.D. –present Euro-Canadian urban and rural areas European urban & rural settlement

1.2.1.2 Early contact era The French adventurer Etienne Brûlé may have visited the Toronto area in 1615 using the Lake Simcoe, Holland River, Humber River portage route known to Indigenous populations for millennia to access Lake Ontario from the north. There is some dispute about whether Brûlé utilized the Credit River versus the Humber River as part of the route. The Five Nations Iroquois established a series of strategic settlements along the north shore of Lake Ontario following the dispersal of the Huron-Wendat, Neutral and their Algonquin allies after 1649. The next twenty years are not well documented. However, a party of traders from Cataraqui (Kingston) who were employed by Cavelier René-Robert La Salle visited the Teiaiagon village site at Baby Point on the Humber River sometime in the 1670s. Recollet missionary Father Louis Hennepin spent three weeks at the village in 1678 (Robinson 1933). The A. M. Archaeological Associates The Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the Properties at the Northeast Corner of Lawrence Avenue West and Avenue Road, City of Toronto (Part Lot 6, Concession 1 WYS, Geo. Twp. of York, North, County of York) 3 village of Teiaiagon was primarily occupied by Seneca people but would also have had other Iroquoian Nations and possibly even people with ancestral ties to the Huron Confederacy. Another Seneca village, Ganatsekwyagon, was located on the Rouge River from 1665 to 1687. By 1700, the Ojibwa had replaced the Iroquois from the North Shore of Lake Ontario, and a group of Ojibwa, known as the Mississauga, had settled around the mouth of the Credit River. In the 1720s, the French had established many trading posts around Lake Ontario, including the Magasin Royale, somewhere in the general vicinity of Baby Point on the Humber River. In 1750, the Chevalier de Portneuf constructed a storehouse enclosed by a palisade, known as Fort Toronto, on the east bank of the Humber. The structure was deemed too small for an adequate garrison, and a new fort was built near the bandshell on the present-day CNE grounds (Robinson 1933). The Mississaugas referred to the Credit River as “Missinihe” or “Trusting Water”, but the river came to be known as the Credit River, a name derived from the custom of trading on credit. After the decline of French power in the region, the British established their trade with the Mississaugas, building a trading post and Government Inn on the east bank of the mouth of the Credit River in 1798. On August 2nd, 1805, at the mouth of the Credit River, the Mississaugas signed a land treaty with the British Crown. The Mississaugas reserved a one-mile strip of land on either side of the River. Although the Williams Treaty in 1923 partially resolved some of the outstanding treaty issues with the Mississauga First Nation, the issue of the rights to the Toronto Islands was not resolved until 2010 (Myrvold 1996).

1.2.1.3 Early colonial era This area of central Ontario was originally named the District of Nassau in 1788 and was renamed the Home District in 1792. The district stretched from the Trent River west to Long Point on Lake Erie and north to the Severn River. In the 1840s, the Home District was subdivided and renamed the County of York (Guillet 1946). The County of York was the earliest to be surveyed because of the importance that John Graves Simcoe placed on the establishment of Yonge Street as an overland route north. Although the Don River was occasionally used as part of the important portage trail network that linked Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe, the Humber River was the preferred water route, and Yonge Street was the main overland route. The lands to the north of the original town of York developed slowly due to the poor road conditions of Yonge Street, and the area is not depicted on the earliest maps (Philpott 1823; Chewett 1827; Cane 1842; Boulton 1858). A village grew along Yonge Street just north of the

A. M. Archaeological Associates The Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the Properties at the Northeast Corner of Lawrence Avenue West and Avenue Road, City of Toronto (Part Lot 6, Concession 1 WYS, Geo. Twp. of York, North, County of York) 4 current intersection of Eglinton Avenue after 1850 (Maps 3, 4 and 5). The plan to develop the Jesse Ketchum Estate to the east of Yonge Street was initiated after 1857. The unincorporated villages of Davisville and Eglinton and surrounding areas were incorporated into the Village of North Toronto in 1889. The village grew significantly after installing water and sewage services in the late nineteenth century and largely became a bedroom community for the City of Toronto in the early twentieth century. As a result, it was annexed by the city in 1912 (Myrvold 1974). However, the study area intersection remained rural and agricultural into the twentieth century as it was just outside these annexed limits.

1.2.2 Property History The land patent for the 210 acres of Lot 6, Concession 1, West of Yonge Street, was awarded to Joseph Kendrick on September 4, 1800 (Map 2). The three lots to the north were awarded to Joseph’s three brothers Duke, Hiram and John (Scadding 1873). Duke attempted to set up a pot-ashery on Lot 7 and John was lost when his ship sank in eastern Lake Ontario in 1805 (Scadding 1873). A schooner, named the Governor Hunter, belonging to Joseph Kendrick, was caught in the harbour and destroyed during the American attack on York in 1813 (Scadding 1873). The eastern limit of Lot 6 is at Yonge Street and the western limit at Bathurst Street, so all early development took place well away from the study area. Avenue Road did not extend past the study area until the 1930s. A general summary of the lot is given in Table 2 below, but these owners/ occupants would have lived on the main thoroughfares. The 1851 map shows the study area as cleared of the forest yet vacant (Map 3). The Tremaine map of 1860 shows the lot under the ownership of John Lawrence (Map 4). The 1878 map shows the lot under the ownership of Samuel Lawrence (Map 5). The topographic maps of 1909 and 1915 show the study area and surroundings as vacant, but the map of 1921 shows that the subdivision of the roads and house lots of the area was underway (Maps 6, 7 and 8).

Table 2: Summary of the nineteenth-century owner/ occupants of Lot 6, Con. 1 WYS. Year Source Occupant Comments 1800 Registry- patent Joseph Kendrick 4-Sep 1800 210 acres 1837 Walton Dir. no listing 1846 Brown Dir. Nicholls, Rachel; Small, Charles C.; 1851 Armstrong Dir. Hamilton, William; Lawrence, J., Peter & William; McGogh, William; Russell, John; 1860 Tremaine Map John Lawrence no houses near the study area A. M. Archaeological Associates The Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the Properties at the Northeast Corner of Lawrence Avenue West and Avenue Road, City of Toronto (Part Lot 6, Concession 1 WYS, Geo. Twp. of York, North, County of York) 5 Year Source Occupant Comments 1861 Census, Agric. no listing 1866 Mitchell Dir. Clark, George, shoemaker (h); Coney, Peter (h); Drain, Samuel (h); Lawrence, John (f); Metcalfe, James (f); Rankin, James, gardener (h); Robson, Alex (h); Scoles, George (h); 1870 McEvoy Dir. Clark, George, shoemaker (h); 1871 Nason Dir. Clark, George 1 W, 6 Yonge-st., shoemaker, tenant, Eglinton; Gilbert, John, 1 w, 6 Yonge-st., farmer, tenant, Eglinton; Hopkins, James, 1 w, 6 Yonge-st. laborer, tenant, Eglinton; Paisley, Thos., 1 w, 6 Yonge-st. merchant & weaver, tenant, Eglinton; White, Wm., 1 w, 6 Yonge-st., laborer, tenant, York Mills. 1876 Fisher & Taylor Dir. Clark, George, shoemaker (f); Gilbert, George (t);

1878 Miles and Co. Map Lawrence, Samuel Note: most 19th C. directories do not distinguish between concessions WYS and EYS or Fronting the Bay

A Preliminary Route Plan proposed a new route of Highway 11A via Avenue Road from Wilson Avenue southerly to Lawrence Avenue in 1931 (Bevers 2019). The route was assumed as Highway 11A by the Department of Highways of Ontario (DHO) on January 21, 1931 (Bevers 2019). The topographic map of 1931 does not show Avenue Road as completed, but the 1942 version shows the completed road and surrounding residential streets (Maps 10 and 11). The ravine along the east side of the study area was used as a dump as recently as 1935 (Images 1 and 2). Mapping included in Richard Anderson’s “The Dustbins of History: Waste Disposal in Toronto’s Ravines and Valleys” shows that the dump stretched from just south of Lawrence Avenue West northwesterly across Avenue Road near Bedford Park Avenue (Anderson 2007: 81). Further research was unable to determine the years when the dump was opened or closed. However, a building is present near the northeastern corner of Lawrence Avenue West and Avenue Road by 1947 suggesting that the dump had closed by that time (Map 12). The dump is also mentioned, but not mapped in a Toronto Star article from 2001 (Toronto Star 2011). The 1950s saw the construction of buildings along both main thoroughfares with only the eastern half remaining as unbuilt (Maps 13 - 17). The infilling of the former dump and ravine was gradual, and the full paving of the parking lots on the east side of the study area was not completed until 1991 (Maps 18 - 32).

1.3 Archaeological Context The Stage 1 archaeological study area includes an irregular shaped property (approximately 1.1 hectares) with frontages on the north side of Lawrence Avenue West and on A. M. Archaeological Associates The Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the Properties at the Northeast Corner of Lawrence Avenue West and Avenue Road, City of Toronto (Part Lot 6, Concession 1 WYS, Geo. Twp. of York, North, County of York) 6 the east side of Avenue Road (Map 1). The study area includes buildings at the following addresses 284, 286-288, 290 Lawrence Avenue West and 1507, 1525, 1537, 1539, 1541 Avenue Road. The surrounding neighbourhood to the south is educational, with an adjacent retail building to the north more retail property across Avenue Road (Maps 34 - 36).

1.3.1 Environmental Setting The property is located in the South Slope physiographic region (Chapman and Putnam 1984). The South Slope is described as the southern slope of the interlobate Oak Ridges Moraine and contains a variety of soils (Chapman and Putnam 1984). The soil type is not shown on the 1955 Soil Survey of York County (Hoffman and Richards 1955). The nearest water source is Burke Brook, a tributary of the West Branch of the Don River, runs through a man-made channel in a steep-sided gully immediately east of the study area (Maps 6, 10 and 11).

1.3.2 Registered Archaeological Sites A search of the Ministry of Heritage, Sport, Tourism and Cultural Industries’ archaeological sites database revealed three archaeological sites within a one-kilometre radius of the study area (MTCS 2019). The De Geer site, AkGu-11, was registered as a 1-3-acre camp site by Victor Konrad in the early 1970s based on reports of artifacts. AkGu-91, entered as “The Lawerence Park site”, was registered based on 50 artifacts recovered during a Stage 2 assessment, including Indigenous lithic, faunal remains and pottery as well as early to mid 19th century Euro-Canadian domestic and agricultural artifacts. AkGu-328, entered as “Snider House Site”, over 500 ceramic, glass, bone artifacts discovered under fill around a house designated by City of Toronto as being of architectural interest by ASI in 2019.

Table 3: Summary of registered archaeological sites within a 1-km radius of the study area (MHST 2019). Borden # Site Name Time Period Affinity Site Type Distance AkGu-11 De Geer Pre-Contact, Woodland, Late Indigenous Iroquoian Campsite 1.06-km Indigenous, Euro- 1.17-km AkGu-91 The Lawerence Park site Pre-Contact Post-Contact, Canadian Homestead AkGu-328 Snider House Site Post-Contact Euro-Canadian Homestead 1 .2-km

1.3.3 Past Projects A search of the PastPort site report titles using keywords “Eglinton”, “Lawrence” and Lot 6, Concession 1 failed to retrieve the titles of any project reports within 50 metres. The Toronto A. M. Archaeological Associates The Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the Properties at the Northeast Corner of Lawrence Avenue West and Avenue Road, City of Toronto (Part Lot 6, Concession 1 WYS, Geo. Twp. of York, North, County of York) 7 Archaeological Master Plan (AMP) has mapped the archaeological potential for the entire City of Toronto, and the lack of archaeological potential within the study area is shown in Map 33 (ASI 2015). Only two minor areas along the northeastern property boundary are depicted as having the potential for archaeological remains (Map 33 and 34).

2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 GIS Methods The existing survey plan was overlaid with nineteenth and twentieth-century mapping using the best available landmarks. The maps were rotated and stretched in both east-west and north-south direction to provide the best fit.

2.2 Property Visit A site visit was made to the property on October 10, 2019, under clear conditions and temperatures around +8ºC. Permission to enter the subject property was arranged by Puja Sharma, First Capital Asset Management LP. The current property conditions were visually assessed and photo-documented from directly within the study area (Images 1 - 13). Photograph locations were logged by GPS (Maps 34 and 35). Although there were several snowbanks at the edges of parking areas, snow did not obscure topography or any areas that were possibly undisturbed. At no point did the weather and lighting conditions (e.g., snow cover, frozen ground, excessive rain or drought, heavy fog) reduce the ability to identify and document any part of the archaeological subject property. A walking visual assessment was carried out across the subject property. The property is very flat and paved with survey plans indicating a variance of less than two metres across the span of the property (Images 3 - 9 and 15 - 17). There are large chunks of concrete visible along the steep bank to Burkes Brook along the eastern property boundary that is consistent with the background research indicating extensive infilling (Images 10, 11 and 12). The only open green space is a small area along the frontage of the 284 Lawrence Avenue West residential building (Image 14). There is a retaining wall at the rear of this building with an elevation change of .8 metres (Image 13).

A. M. Archaeological Associates The Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the Properties at the Northeast Corner of Lawrence Avenue West and Avenue Road, City of Toronto (Part Lot 6, Concession 1 WYS, Geo. Twp. of York, North, County of York) 8 2.3 Inventory of the Documentary Record The documentary record of the project consists of one GPS track and 11 geo-tagged digital photographs and this report. The documentary record will be stored at the office of A. M. Archaeological Associates until they can be deposited at a long-term storage facility with the approval of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture, and Sport.

3.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS

3.1 Archaeological Potential The background research indicates that the study area remained vacant throughout the nineteenth-century, and the only features of archaeological potential are Lawrence Avenue West, which would have functioned as a colonial settlement road and Burkes Brook, a source of water immediately east of the study area. Disturbances within the study area began with the dumping of landfill into the ravine around Burkes Brook, which continued until at least 1935. Disturbances continued with retail/ commercial and residential developments through the 1950s. Infill of the eastern portion of the study area continued until 1991 when the existing paved parking lots were completed.

3.2 Conclusions The detailed documentary research and site visit indicates that archaeological potential has been removed by intensive and extensive disturbance for all of the Stage 1 archaeological assessment study area for the properties at 284, 286-288, 290 Lawrence Avenue West and 1507, 1525, 1537, 1539, 1541 Avenue Road (Maps 34 and 35). No further archaeological assessment is required.

4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION

1. Advice on compliance with legislation is not part of the archaeological record. However, for the benefit of the proponent and approval authority in the land use planning and development process, the report must include the following standard statements: a. This report is submitted to the Minister of Heritage, Sport, Tourism and Cultural Industries as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Heritage, Sport, Tourism and Cultural Industries, a letter will be issued by the ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development. b. It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act. c. Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and, therefore, subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with sec. 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. d. The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O. 1990 c. C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, C.33 (when proclaimed in force) requires that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services.

Anderson, Richard 2007 The Dustbins of History: Waste Disposal in Toronto’s Ravines and Valleys. In HTO, Toronto’s Water from Lake Iroquois to Lost Rivers to Low-flow Toilets (pp. 71-79). Edited by Wayne Reeves and Christina Palassio. Coach House Books, Toronto.

Armstrong, J. 1850 Rowsell's city of Toronto and county of York Directory, for 1850-1; being the 14th and 15th years of the reign of her majesty Queen Victoria, containing an alphabetical list of the inhabitant householders and others in the city of Toronto and village of Yorkville; also an alphabetical list of the inhabitant householders and landholders in the county of York; with a large of amount of general information.

Archaeological Services Inc. 2004 A Master Plan of Archaeological Resources for the City of Toronto, Interim Report August 2004. Report submitted to Heritage Preservation Services, Culture Division, City of Toronto.

Bevers, Cameron 2019 Ontario Highway 11A (Toronto) History - The King's Highways of Ontario. [online] Available at: https://www.thekingshighway.ca/Highway11A_toronto.htm [Accessed 5 Dec. 2019].

Boulton, W. S. 1858 Atlas of the city of Toronto and vicinity. Publisher: J. Ellis, Toronto.

Brown, George 1846 Brown’s Toronto City and Home District Directory 1846-7. Containing the names, professions and addresses of the house holders in the City of Toronto, alphabetically arranged; together with a large amount of general information. Toronto.

Browne, J. O. 1851 Map of the Township of York in the County of York Upper Canada. Compiled and drawn by J. D. Brown, Civil Engineer and Surveyor.

Cane, James, 1842 Topographical plan of the city and liberties of Toronto in the Province of Canada. Surveyed, drawn and published by James Cane, Tophl. Engr.

Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam 1984 Physiography of Southern Ontario, Third Edition. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 3. 2007 Physiography of Southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Release-- Data 228.

Chewett, J. G. 1827 Plan of the City of Toronto and Liberties. City of Toronto Archives, MT 401.

A. M. Archaeological Associates The Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the Properties at the Northeast Corner of Lawrence Avenue West and Avenue Road, City of Toronto (Part Lot 6, Concession 1 WYS, Geo. Twp. of York, North, County of York) 12 City of Toronto 2018 City of Toronto Web Map Service CityGeoSpatial http://map.toronto.ca/servlet/com.esri.wms.Esrimap?ServiceName=CityGeoSpatial& 2019 Interim Archaeological Potential Mapping for the City of Toronto, 19-Feb-2019.

City of Toronto Archives 1935a Dump north of Lawrence Avenue east of Avenue Road. Fonds 200, Series 372, Subseries 1, Item 1342. June 10, 1935. Available at: https://gencat4.eloquent- systems.com/webcat/systems/toronto.arch/resource/ser372/ss0001/s0372_ss0001_it1342. jpg Accessed 05-Dec-2019. 1935b Dump south of Bedford Park Road east of Avenue Road. Fonds 200, Series 372, Subseries 1, Item 1343Available at: https://gencat4.eloquent- systems.com/webcat/systems/toronto.arch/resource/ser372/ss0001/s0372_ss0001_it1343. jpg Accessed05-Dec-2019. Aerial photography of the City of Toronto, Fonds 37, Series 12 & 97, Items: 1947 13c; 1950 13c; 1953 98; 1956 98; 1957 66; 1959 91; 1960 125; 1961 142; 1962 138; 1963 135; 1964 139; 1965 151; 1966 139; 1967 140; 1968 143; 1969 143; 1970 114; 1973 160; 1975 150; 1977 79; 1981 30; 1983 50m; 1985 50m; 1987 80m; 1989 50m; 1981 50m; 1992 50m

Cummins Map Company 1924 Cummins Ontario Rural Directory Map, 1924 Issue. Volume 2, Central.

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Fleming, Sandford 1851 Topographical Plan of the City of Toronto, in the Province of Canada. Sandford Fleming, A. Dennis, J. Stoughton.

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Guillet, Edwin C. 1946 Pioneer Life in the County of York. Hess-Trade Typesetting Company, Toronto

A. M. Archaeological Associates The Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the Properties at the Northeast Corner of Lawrence Avenue West and Avenue Road, City of Toronto (Part Lot 6, Concession 1 WYS, Geo. Twp. of York, North, County of York) 13 Hart, Patricia W. 1968 Pioneering in North York: A History of the Borough. General Publishing Company Limited.

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Library and Archives Canada (LAC) 1861 Township of York, York County. Agricultural Census.

McEvoy, H. 1869 The Province of Ontario Gazetteer and Directory containing concise descriptions of Cities, towns and villages in the province with the names of professional and business men and principal inhabitants, together with a full list of members of the Commons and local legislatures and officials of the Dominion and a large amount of other general varied and useful information. Robertson and Cook, publishers.

Miles and Company 1878 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of York. Toronto. Reproduced from Digital Collections Program, Rare Books and Special Collections Division, Copyright © McGill University 2001.

Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) 1976 Disposition of Crown Lands. Township of York in the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto (Formerly in the County of York). Image from Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Plan no. T-2539 Available at University of Toronto Map and Data Library: G3524 .T6 G463 31 1793- 1976 http://maps.library.utoronto.ca/cgi- bin/files.pl?idnum=988

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Image 1: Northwest view of the ravine in use as a dump in 1935 with study area on the left (City of Toronto Archives 1935a).

Image 2: Southeast view of the ravine in use as a dump in 1935 with study area on the right (City of Toronto Archives 1935b). A. M. Archaeological Associates The Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the Properties at the Northeast Corner of Lawrence Avenue West and Avenue Road, City of Toronto (Part Lot 6, Concession 1 WYS, Geo. Twp. of York, North, County of York) 16

Image 3: East view of the parking area along Lawrence Image 4: North view of the parking area along Avenue Ave. W. frontage. Road frontage.

Image 5: East view of the paved lane between 1950s era Image 6: East view of the paved lane between 1950s era buildings. buildings.

Image 7: East view of the paved lane between buildings Image 8: East view of the parking lot at the rear of renovated in the last decade. buildings.

Image 9: West view of the parking lot at the rear of Image 10: East view of the steep bank to channelized buildings. Burkes Brook running through gabion baskets.

Image 11: South view along the steep bank to Burkes Image 12: North view of steep slope at the edge of the Brook showing chunks of concrete in fill. parking lot.

Image 14: North view of landscaping in front of 284 Image 13: West view of elevation change in the parking Lawrence Ave. W. residential building. area of 284 Lawrence Ave. W. residential building.

Image 15: North view of the paved lane between 1950s Image 16: West view along Lawrence Avenue West era buildings. across the frontage of #288.

Image 17: North view of the paved lane between 1950s era buildings.

Map 1: Location of the properties at the northeast corner of Avenue Road and Lawrence Avenue West (NRC 2010).

Map 2: Disposition of Crown lands showing Joseph Kendrick (MNR 1976).

Map 3: Location of the study area on the historic 1851 map showing lack of development around study area (Browne 1851).

Map 4: Location of the study area on the 1860 map of York County showing ownership John Lawrence (Tremaine 1860).

Map 5: 1878 York, Southeast Township map location of study area showing ownership of Samuel Lawrence (Miles and Co. 1878).

Map 6: Topographic mapping from 1909 of study area showing vacant lands (DMD 1909).

Map 7: Topographic mapping from 1915 of study area showing vacant lands (DMD 1915).

Map 8: Topographic mapping from 1921 of study area showing planned roads (DMD 1921).

Map 9: 1924 map showing the location of the study area in Bedford Park (Cummins 1924).

Map 10: Topographic mapping from 1931 of study area showing planned roads (DND 1931).

Map 11: Topographic mapping from 1942 of study area showing completed Avenue Road extension and first building at the northeast corner of the intersection (DND 1942).

Map 12: 1947 aerial view of the study area showing first buildings and approximate locations of archival Image 1 and Image 2 from 1935 showing dump in use (Toronto Archives 1947).

Map 13: 1950 aerial view of the study area showing new buildings on both street frontages (City of Toronto Archives 1950).

Map 14: 1953 aerial view of the study area showing completed buildings on both street frontages (City of Toronto Archives 1953).

Map 15: 1956 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1956).

Map 16: 1957 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1957).

Map 17: 1959 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section and new building on Lawrence Ave. W. (City of Toronto Archives 1959).

Map 18: 1960 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1960).

Map 19: 1961 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1961).

Map 20: 1962 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1962).

Map 21: 1963 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1963).

Map 22: 1965 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1965).

Map 23: 1967 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1967).

Map 24: 1968 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1968).

Map 25: 1969 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1969).

Map 26: 1971 aerial view of the study area showing ongoing fill operations on the eastern section (City of Toronto Archives 1971).

Map 27: 1973 aerial view of the study area showing the extension of the parking lot (City of Toronto Archives 1973).

Map 28: 1981 aerial view showing the last remaining unpaved area in the northeastern corner (City of Toronto Archives 1981).

Map 29: 1983 aerial view showing ongoing fill operations in the northeastern corner (City of Toronto Archives 1983).

Map 30: 1985 aerial view showing ongoing fill operations in the northeastern corner (City of Toronto Archives 1985).

Map 31: 1989 aerial view showing ongoing fill operations in the northeastern corner (City of Toronto Archives 1989).

Map 32: 1991 aerial view showing completed parking lot in the northeastern corner (City of Toronto Archives 1983).

Map 33: Zone of archaeological potential from Toronto Archaeological Master Plan mapping (City of Toronto 2019; ESRI 2019).

Map 34: Current study area showing removed archaeological potential and photo locations as well as 1-m contours (ESRI 2019; City of Toronto 2018 & 2019; University of Toronto 2002).

Map 35: Survey plan showing removed archaeological potential and photo locations (reduced from original).

Map 36: Survey plan for the 284, 286-288, 290 Lawrence Avenue West and 1507, 1525, 1537, 1539, 1541 Avenue Road study area (reduced from the original provided by client).

A. M. Archaeological Associates