DOCSLIB.ORG

Bride: Comes with a Price a Visual Narrative of Bride Exchange and Child Marriage

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bride: Comes with a Price a Visual Narrative of Bride Exchange and Child Marriage BRIDE: COMES WITH A PRICE A VISUAL NARRATIVE OF BRIDE EXCHANGE AND CHILD MARRIAGE by ECEM KÖKLÜKAYA Submitted to Graduate School of Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University July 2019 ECEM KÖKLÜKAYA 2019 © All Rights reserved ABSTRACT BRIDE: COMES WITH A PRICE A VISUAL NARRATIVE OF BRIDE EXCHANGE AND CHILD MARRIAGE ECEM KÖKLÜKAYA Visual Arts and Visual Communication Design M.A Thesis, July 2019 Thesis Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Wieslaw Zaremba Keywords: child bride, bride exchange, bride price, child marriage The main goal of this study is to analyze child marriage and bride exchange that may apply to all women and girls regardless of their age from an artistic perspective according to the generally accepted human rights standards of the 21st century. These issues were addressed as “disturbing” elements of the society in this thesis. Therefore, artists who have experienced social problems and reflected them in their artworks are examined. Also, it is explained in this thesis that at which stage child marriages and bride exchanges have become a tradition. While human morality contradicts social realities, this study seeks to provide awareness on the public opinion and on the decision makers. Within the scope of this thesis, an animated graphics “Berdel” is composed by using the advantages of animation technique in order to raise awareness of the society and to draw attention to this tradition, in other words, this problem. iv ÖZET GELİNİN BEDELİ BERDEL VE ÇOCUK EVLİLİKLERİNİN GÖRSEL ANLATIMI ECEM KÖKLÜKAYA Görsel Sanatlar ve Görsel İletişim Tasarımı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Temmuz 2019 Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Wieslaw Zaremba Anahtar Kelimeler: çocuk gelin, berdel, başlık parası, çocuk evlilikleri Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, yaş sınırına bakılmaksızın tüm kadın ve kız çocuklarına uygulanabilen çocuk evliliğini ve berdeli (gelin takası), 21. yüzyılın genel kabul görmüş insan hakları standartlarına göre, sanatsal bir bakış açısıyla analiz etmektir. Bu konular, bu tezde toplumun "rahatsız edici" unsurları olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu nedenle, toplumsal sorunları yaşayan ve bunları sanat çalışmalarına yansıtan sanatçılar incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, bu tezde çocuk evliliğinin ve berdelin hangi aşamada gelenek haline geldiği açıklanmıştır. İnsan ahlakı toplumsal gerçeklerle çelişirken, bu çalışma kamuoyu ve karar vericiler hakkında farkındalık sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu tez kapsamında bir animasyonlu grafik olan “Berdel", animasyon tekniğinin avantajları kullanılarak toplumun farkındalığını arttırmak ve bu geleneğe, başka bir deyişle, bu soruna dikkat çekmek için oluşturulmuştur. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Since I have started out to do this project, for being always with me and for their endless support; First of all, to my precious family; my mom, my dad, my sisters and my grandmothers who have always been praying for me, To my dear supervisors; Wieslaw Zaremba and Yoong Wah Alex Wong To my lovely friends; Halil Eren, Meysera Uzuner, Didem Toy, Nisa Akbulut, Ali Cem Batmansu, Esil Ölge, and Onur Günan, Thank you. Without you, this thesis would not even exist. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 2. GENERAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................ 4 2.1. Matriarchy to Patriarchy ................................................................................... 4 2.2. Bride Price and Purchase Marriage .................................................................. 6 3. BRIDE EXCHANGE AND CHILD MARRIAGE .............................................. 8 3.1. Berdel (Bride Exchange): Ordered Bodies ....................................................... 8 3.2. The Geographical Dilemmas of Child Marriage ............................................ 12 4. CAUSES AND NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF CHILD MARRIAGE .................. 14 4.1. Causes of Child Marriage ............................................................................... 14 4.2. Poverty ............................................................................................................ 15 4.2.1. Lack of Education ....................................................................................... 17 4.2.2. Socio-cultural Factors ................................................................................. 18 4.3. Negative Impacts of Child Marriage on Children .......................................... 19 5. VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF “DISTURBANCE” .................................. 20 6. BERDEL AND REPRESENTATION OF CHILD MARRIAGE AND BRIDE EXCHANGE ................................................................................................................. 34 7. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 51 PRIMARY SOURCES ................................................................................................. 53 SECONDARY SOURCES ........................................................................................... 56 APPENDIX .................................................................................................................... 59 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 5.1 The Third of May 1808, Francisco de Goya, 1814, Oil on Canvas, 266 cm x 345 cm ............................................................................................................................ 21 Figure 5.2 Stigmata Detail of The Third of May 1808 ................................................... 21 Figure 5.3 Saturn Devouring His Son, Francisco de Goya, 1819-1823, oil mural transferred to canvas 143cm x 81 cm ............................................................................. 24 Figure 5.4 Saturn Devouring His Son, Peter Paul Rubens, 1636, oil on canvas ............ 25 Figure 5.5 The Raft of the Medusa, Théodore Géricault, 1819 ...................................... 27 Figure 5.6 Four Studies of a Severed Head, Théodore Géricault ................................... 27 Figure 5.7 The Calling of St Matthew, Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio ................ 28 Figure 5.8 Soraya, whilst stoning, The Stoning of Soraya M. ........................................ 29 Figure 5.9 Stoning scene in The Stoning of Soraya M. .................................................. 30 Figure 5.10 Stoning scene in The Stoning of Soraya ..................................................... 30 Figure 5.11 “Zina”, Şükran Moral, Perform art, 2003 .................................................... 31 Figure 5.12 “Love and Violance”, Şükran Moral, Perform art, 2009 ............................. 32 Figure 5.13 “Child Bride”, Şükran Moral, Installation, 2014......................................... 32 Figure 5.14 “Tales to a Young Girl”, Şükran Moral, Video Installation, 2014 .............. 33 Figure 6.1 The woman, startup screen of Berdel ............................................................ 36 Figure 6.2 A scene from the documentary The Bride Price: Consequences of Child Marriage Worldwide by Stephanie Sinclair .................................................................... 37 Figure 6.3 Children, and male characters in Berdel ....................................................... 37 Figure 6.4 Baby girl preparing for coffining in Berdel ................................................... 38 Figure 6.5 Child bride in Berdel ..................................................................................... 39 Figure 6.6 One of the good memories of little girl in Wicked Girl ................................ 40 Figure 6.7 One of the bad memories of little girl in Wicked Girl .................................. 40 Figure 6.8 Twelve men depicted as horrific creatures in Wicked Girl ........................... 41 Figure 6.9 The animation Happiness by Steve Cutts, 2017 ............................................ 43 viii Figure 6.10 Black Friday scene from Happiness ............................................................ 44 Figure 6.11 Black Friday in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2018 ..................................................... 44 Figure 6.12 People on Black Friday, 2018 ..................................................................... 45 Figure 6.13 People in a workplace, In Shadow: A Modern Odyssey ............................. 47 Figure 6.14 Scene from In Shadow: A Modern Odyssey ............................................... 47 Figure 6.15 Mental Slavery, In Shadow: A Modern Odyssey ........................................ 48 Figure 6.16 Bloody Sheets in Berdel .............................................................................. 49 ix 1. INTRODUCTION Child marriage and the bride exchange are problems that maintain their negative positions as issues all around the world and particularly in Turkey. Although there are various reasons for these practices, reported by the International Center for Research on Women the main reason is stated as poverty (2017). This problem is most commonly encountered in underdeveloped or developing countries where poverty is widespread. (Şen, 2014). In addition, the lack of education is also one of the major factors that play a role in child marriage and bride exchange. As the lack of education increases, the ratio of child marriage and bride exchange also increases (Calp, 2014). In other words, there is an inverse relationship between education level and child marriage. Socio-economic factors, socio-cultural factors, religious beliefs, and social
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Debates on Inter-Ethnic Marriages: Assimilation Or Integration? the Turkish Perspective
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert Papers 2012, 97/1 151-166 Debates on inter-ethnic marriages: assimilation or integration? The Turkish perspective Mehmet Nuri Gültekin University of Gaziantep. Department of Sociology [email protected] Received: 18-11-2010 Accepted: 09-09-2011 Abstract This paper opens a new debate on ethnic intermarriage between Kurdish and Turkish peo- ple in Turkey. It addresses how the institution of marriage has become a political subject in the wake of the foundation of the republic and classifies these marriages according to their social and cultural environment. In order to understand the phenomenon, it opens a sociological investigation into the assimilation, integration and hybridisation processes involved in intermarriage between Kurdish and Turkish people. This paper looks at spoken language as an instrument of cultural continuity and a vector for the transfer of cultural institutions to future generations within a traditional-patriarchal society. It establishes a connection between the subjects of assimilation, integration and hybridisation with those of intermarriage and language. Key words: intermarriage; hybridisation; language; patriarchy; women; cultural change. Resumen. Debates sobre matrimonios interétnicos: ¿asimilación o integración? La perspectiva turca Este artículo abre un nuevo debate sobre los matrimonios interétnicos entre kurdos y turcos en Turquía. Trata sobre la transformación de la institución del matrimonio en un tema político tras la fundación de la república, y clasifica estos matrimonios según su entorno sociocultural. Para poder entender este fenómeno se inicia una investigación sociológica sobre los procesos de asimilación, integración e hibridación implicados en el matrimonio entre kurdos y turcos.
    [Show full text]
  • The Family in Turkey: the Battleground of the Modern and the Traditional Dilek Cindoglu Murat Çemrek Sule Toktas Gizem Zencirci
    Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Chapter 10 The Family in Turkey: The Battleground of the Modern and the Traditional Dilek Cindoglu Murat Çemrek Sule Toktas Gizem Zencirci INTRODUCTION Turkey is a secular, Muslim society with rapid social change (Aytaç, 1998; World Factbook, 2006) and the uncommon combination of a European modernism and traditional agrarian patterns like those found in developing nations (Aykan & Wolf, 2000). Urbanization, industri- alization, employment in the service sector, and the demographic shifts leading to a larger number of children and young people (even as the population ages) all have brought about changes in family struc- ture and life in the last decades (Aytaç, 1998; Vergin, 1985). Rural-to- urban migration has produced the mixture of Islamic traditionalism with urban-based Western values and lifestyles (Erman, 1997). Gov- ernmental reforms, resistance by some groups, and the process of so- cial change results in a society characterized by both modernism and traditionalism (Aykan & Wolf, 2000; Aytaç, 1998) with Islamic tradi- tions evident in some regions (e.g., eastern and southeastern areas, in smaller communities, and among the less educated). Indicators of traditionalism are seen in arranged marriages, paying of bride price, 235 Hennon.ps C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\CRCpress\HW15235\Hennon.vp Tuesday, May 13, 2008 4:18:04 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 236 FAMILIES IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT religious weddings, attendance at religious schools, and women’s head coverings (Aytaç, 1998). Turkey has approximately seventy million people located between Asia and Europe. The population is 80 percent Turkish and 20 per- cent Kurdish speaking; most people are Muslim (99.8 percent, mostly Sunni) (World Factbook, 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Honour Killings and Some Examples from South-Eastern Turkey
    In the Name of Fathers: Honour Killings and Some Examples from 1 South-eastern Turkey Aysan Sev'er, University of Toronto, teaches sociology of gender Introduction and family and writes extensively on sexual harassment, intimate This paper focuses on honour killings (HK) and some partner abuse of women, link between separation and violence, examples from south-eastern Turkey. Examples are selected from cross-cultural forms of wife abuse and extreme violence against court transcripts and local and national media coverage. These women such as "honour killings" and "dowry murders." Her events are rare in Turkey (estimates are 25-75/year), and latest book on women who have left their abusive partners, confined to a small region, but honour crimes kill many Fleeing the House of Horrors, has received the Canadian thousands of women across the world each year. To understand Women's Studies Association 2004 Annual Book Award. She is the cultures where such killings take place, we will have to also the founder and the general editor of Women's Health & analyze dowry and bride-price systems. As the examples from Urban Life journal. south-eastern Turkey demonstrate, the goal of these practices is to control the bodies and sexuality of women. Loopholes in the Abstract criminal justice system often make a mockery of the prosecution Starting from patriarchal power and authority, this article of these heinous crimes. Even in a modernizing, secular state explores the control of girls/women under classic patriarchies, like Turkey, the workings of the criminal justice system are particularly virginity, forced virginity tests and honour killings infused with patriarchal biases.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Economy of Marriage: Joanne Payton
    ‘Honour’ and the political economy of marriage Joanne Payton Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD, 2015 i DECLARATION This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed (candidate) Date: 13 April 2015 STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed (candidate) Date: 13 April 2015 STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed (candidate) Date: 13 April 2015 STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed (candidate) Date: 13 April 2015 Summary ‘Honour’-based violence (HBV) is defined as a form of crime, predominantly against women, committed by the agnates of the victim, often in collaboration, which are justified by the victims’ perceived violation of social norms, particularly those around sexuality and gender roles. While HBV is often considered as a cultural phenomenon, I argue that the cross-cultural distribution of crimes fitting this definition prohibits a purely cultural explanation. I advance an alternate explanation for HBV through a deployment of the cultural materialist strategy and the anthropological theories of Pierre Bourdieu, Claude Lévi-Strauss (as interpreted by Gayle Rubin) and Eric Wolf.
    [Show full text]
  • Berdel Evliliği Üzerine Kalitatif Bir Araştirma Mardin Örneği1
    Akyüz, Ç. (2018). Berdel Evliliği Üzerine Kalitatif Bir Araştırma Mardin Örneği. Uluslararası Folklor Akademi Dergisi. Cilt:1, Sayı:1, 17-34. Makale Bilgisi / Article Info Geliş / Recieved: 28.03.2018 Kabul / Accepted: 17.04.2018 Araştırma Makalesi/Research Article BERDEL EVLİLİĞİ ÜZERİNE KALİTATİF BİR ARAŞTIRMA MARDİN ÖRNEĞİ1 Çiğdem AKYÜZ** Öz Temeli karşılıklı dünür olma (garsıkuda) esasına dayanan geleneksel bir evlilik türü olan berdel, günümüzde hâlâ uygulanmaktadır. Türkiye’de berdel evliliklerinin yaygın olduğu illerden biri de Mardin’dir. Aynı anda iki gelinin, aynı düzen içerisinde değiştirildiği bu evliliklerde, her iki taraf da gelin almanın sevincini ve kızını göndermenin hüznünü bir arada yaşar. Berdel evliliği, beraberinde bazı sorunları getirse de sağladığı birtakım toplumsal faydalar neticesinde yerleşmiş bir uygulama hâline gelmiştir. Yıllar içerisinde bölgenin sosyal hayatı ile diyalektik bir etkileşime giren bu pratik, özellikle kadın kimliğini şekillendiren referanslardan birisi hâline gelerek bölgenin sosyolojik yapısına tesir etmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Mardin bölgesinde berdel usulü evlilik yapan bireyler ile mülakatlar gerçekleştirilmiş ve bölge dinamikleri ile gelenekselleşen ve sosyal hayatı düzenleyen unsurlardan biri olan bu evlilik türünün, toplumsal boyutu üzerinden bireylerin, özellikle kadınların, toplumsal konumlandırılma ve tanımlanmalarına (sosyal kimliklerine), birlikte yaşama kültürlerine, sosyal statü ve rollerine tesiri üzerinde durularak toplumsal cinsiyet konusu çerçevesinde geleneksel evlenme biçimleri
    [Show full text]
  • Flying Broom and Child Marriages
    Contents Flying Broom and child marriages......................................................................................5 Child Marriages in the news..............................................................................................8 Flying Broom visits schools................................................................................................17 Say‘No’ to Child Brides Platform........................................................................................18 We are stronger together: Girls not Brides......................................................................20 Yıldız Ecevit: “This is basically a problem of women’s independence”..................21 Reasons behind early and forced marriages.................................................................26 Consequences of early and forced marriages...............................................................27 18// Yakın Ertürk: “The girl child: Born to be a bride?” ....................................................28 Leyla Pervizat:“Honor is all Turkey cares about!”...........................................................30 UNICEF: Turkish youth and early marriages...................................................................36 Bride: Casualty of marriage, by Selen Doğan.................................................................38 The current situation in Turkey, by Selin Berghan.........................................................42 Adem Arkadaş:“Early marriage is the new form of slavery”........................................45
    [Show full text]
  • Honor Killings in Turkey the Dynamics of Honor Killings in Turkey
    THE DYNAMICS OF HONOR KILLINGS IN TURKEY THE DYNAMICS OF HONOR KILLINGS IN TURKEY Research Team Filiz Kardam Coordinator İlknur Yüksel Assistant Project Coordinator Mesut Deren Field Coordinator Zeynep Alpar Field Researcher and Data Analyst Ergül Ergün Field Researcher and Data Analyst Altan Sungur Field Researcher and Data Analyst Ebru Hanbay Field Researcher and Transcriber Tülay Ağca Field Researcher and Transcriber İpek Oskay Field Researcher and Transcriber Hatice Karakaş Field Researcher and Transcriber Birce Albayrak Workshop Organizer THE DYNAMICS OF HONOR KILLINGS IN TURKEY Acknowledgements This research could not have been undertaken without the generous help of countless individuals in the field and the trust and openness of our res- pondents. In the interest of protecting anonymity their names will not be mentioned. In addition, special thanks go to Alanur Çavlin Bozbeyoğlu, Pelin Çağatay, Senem Er, Ayşe Nevin Yıldız, Ebru Şener and Hanife Alie- fendioğlu for giving their support to the project. This report was edited by Genevra Murray. THE DYNAMICS OF HONOR KILLINGS IN TURKEY Contents Foreword 6 Introduction 10 Methodology of data collection 12 Scope and target groups 12 Data collection, transcription and evaluation 13 Perceptions of honor 16 Honor with a focus on women and women’s sexuality 16 How should honorable men and women behave? 19 Other perceptions of honor 21 From honor based on the control of women and women’s sexuality to honor crimes 24 Cases of ‘dishonorable conduct’: causes and consequences 28 A married woman
    [Show full text]
  • Women Rights and Gender Equality
    STUDY Policy Department C Citizens Rights and Constitutional Affairs THE INCREASE IN KURDISH WOMEN COMMITTING SUICIDE WOMEN RIGHTS AND GENDER EQUALITY JUNE 2007 PE 393.248 JANUARY 2004 EN i Directorate-General Internal Policies Policy Department C Citizens Rights and Constitutional Affairs THE INCREASE IN KURDISH WOMEN COMMITTING SUICIDE STUDY PE 393.248 ii This note was requested by: The European Parliament's committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality. This paper is published in the following languages: EN, FR. Authors: Kurdish Human Rights Project, London Manuscript completed in June 2007 Copies can be obtained through: Ms Claire Genta Tel: +32 2 2832628 Fax: +32 2 2832365 E-mail: [email protected] Informations on DG Ipol publications: http://www.ipolnet.ep.parl.union.eu/ipolnet/cms Brussels, European Parliament The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. iii Kurdish Human Rights Project European Parliament Project: The Increase in Kurdish Women Committing Suicide Final Report Contents Page Acknowledgments v Executive Summary vii Project Methodology ix Chapter One: 1 A Situational Analysis of Women in the Kurdish Regions of Turkey Introduction 1 1 Women in the Kurdish Regions of Turkey: A Historical Overview 1 1.1 The impact of the conflict: IDPs and gender marginalisation 1 1.2 The impact of state violence 4 1.3 The European Union accession process, the limited implementation of Turkey’s international
    [Show full text]
  • Islam and Women's Sexuality: a Research Report from Turkey
    Published in: Mary Hunt, Patricia B. Jung and Radhika Balakrishnan (eds.), Good Sex: Feminist Perspectives from the World’s Religions, (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2001) ISLAM AND WOMEN’S SEXUALITY: A RESEARCH REPORT FROM TURKEY Pinar Ilkkaracan The control over women’s sexuality through restriction, coercion, violence or more complicated forms of political and social manipulation remains the most powerful tool of patriarchy in the majority of societies. Religion is often misused, both as an instrument of this control mechanism and as a cultural system, to legitimize the violation of women’s human rights. However, concentrating on the role of religion in constructing women’s sexuality without taking into consideration its interaction with the economic and political structures in a particular community can lead to erroneous conclusions. Like many other religions, Islam does not have a static or monolithic tradition. Islam has interacted with sociopolitical and economic conditions at a particular time and geographic location in order to ensure its survival and power. In the process, it has not only absorbed the practices and traditions of the two other monotheistic religions born in the same territory, namely Judaism and Christianity, but also the pre-Islamic practices and traditions of the particular geographic location in which it has striven to survive and gain power as a cultural and political system. Thus, it is very difficult to define what is intrinsic to Islam in organizing sexual behavior. The issue becomes even more complicated when we look at the interaction of factors such as class and race with Islam at a particular time and place, which has led to different religious interpretations and practices.
    [Show full text]
  • A CASE STUDY on COMEDY in TURKISH CINEMA a Master's
    PASSING ETHNIC IDENTITIES: A CASE STUDY ON COMEDY IN TURKISH CINEMA A Master’s Thesis by ECE DELİORMANLI Department of Communication and Design İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara September 2014 To Devrim, Duygu, Patiş and Garfie PASSING ETHNIC IDENTITIES: A CASE STUDY ON COMEDY IN TURKISH CINEMA Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by ECE DELİORMANLI In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION AND DESIGN İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2014 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Media and Visual Studies ------------------------------- Asst. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Gürata Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Media and Visual Studies ------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Bülent Çaplı Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Media and Visual Studies ------------------------------- Asst. Prof. Dr. Önder M. Özdem Examining Committee Member Approval of the Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences ------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT PASSING ETHNIC IDENTITIES: A CASE STUDY ON COMEDY IN TURKISH CINEMA Deliormanlı, Ece M.A. in Department of Communication and Design Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • 42998 Booklet
    LEVIRAT & SORORAT MARRIAGES IN SOUTHEASTERN TURKEY: INTACT FAMILY OR SANCTIFIED INCEST?1 Aysan Sev’er, University of Toronto Mazhar Ba¤li, Dicle University KEYWORDS: LEVIRAT, SORORAT, TURKEY, WOMEN, PATRIARCHY, FORCED MARRIAGE, INTACT MARRIAGE Forty-five people who were either currently living, or have recently lived in levirat and sororat marriages were interviewed. Sororat refers to a man’s marriage to his deceased wife’s sister and levirat refers to a woman’s marriage to her brother-in-law after the death of her husband. The current paper explores the gendered reactions to tensions and role confusion in these marriages. We observed that both men and women shared the general expectations about women’s traditional roles within marriage. We also observed that family and kin seem to be equally persistent on formulating levirat or sororat types of marriages for widows and widowers. However, men had a ultimate veto power over these arrangements and women did not. Moreover, tensions on women, especially in terms of establishing sexual intimacy with their new partners were traumatic. We argue that material considerations play a primary importance on the continuation of these marriages, despite the problems these marriages entail, especially for women. In the west, definitions of the family vary. Functionalist orientations define the family in terms of its structures and its functions. Within the structural aspects, what is often emphasized is the presence of a heterosexual union, often with or expecting to have children and sharing the same residence. Blood or marriage ties amongst the family members is assumed and the intactness of the families and their permanence are openly preferred to all other configurations (Eschleman & Wilson, 2001; Kilbride, 1994; Parsons & Bales, 1995; Ramu, 1993; Zelditch, 1955).
    [Show full text]
  • Câhiliyye Ve Hz.Peygamber Döneminde Çok Kadinla Evlilik
    İstem, Yıl:1, Sayı:2, 2003, s.9 - 32 CÂHİLİYYE VE HZ.PEYGAMBER DÖNEMİNDE ÇOK KADINLA EVLİLİK Prof.Dr.Adnan DEMİRCAN Harran Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi. Polygyny in the Jahiliyya Period, and in the Time of Prophet Muhammad Polygyny is one of the types of marriages that was practiced in both Jahiliyya Arabs and Muslims as well as in many societies in the history. There is no doubt that there were social, political, cultural, economical, psychological, and geographical reasons for practicing that kind of marriages. When we look at the time of Jahiliyya and time of emergence of Islam, we can see that conditions that gave rise to polygyny and its application in both society were similar in general. It has to be noted that this type of marriage was not common in both societies. On the other hand, it should not be forgotten that polygyny was being practiced by the people who had higher status and rich. There were several reasons for practicing polygyny. Some of them are; desire to have more sons, to resolve conflicts among tribes between opponents to the new religion (Islam) and Muslims, to improve political and social relationship, to build social security for women. Bu makalede, İslâm’ın doğduğu coğrafyada Araplar arasında mevcut olan çok kadınla evliliğin (taaddüd-i zevcât, polygyny)* keyfiyeti ile sosyal, siyasî, ekonomik, kültürel ve psikolojik nedenleri irdelenecek; Peygamber döneminin, İslâm öncesi dönemle ilişkisi üzerinde durularak İslâmî pratiğin oluşumunda, geçmişin ve yaşanan gelişmelerin etkisine dikkat çekilecektir. İslâmî değerlerin oluşumunda Tarihin rolünü belirleyebilmek için, İslâm Tarihinin ilk dönemleri kadar Câhiliyyeyi de bilmek gerekir.
    [Show full text]