Digital Culture Development of the Library Agency of East Kalimantan Digital Or Electronic Devices

Article

Komunitas: International Journal of Digital Culture Development of Indonesian Society and Culture 10(1) (2018): 121-130 DOI:10.15294/komunitas.v9i1.8214 the Library Agency of East © 2018 Semarang State University, Indonesia p-ISSN 2086 - 5465 | e-ISSN 2460-7320 Kalimantan Province : http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/komunitas An Autoethnography Note UNNES JOURNALS

Ambar Yoganingrum1, Taufik2

1Center for Scientific Documentation and Information – Indonesian Institute of Sciences 2Library Agency of East Kalimantan Province

Received: 14 December 2016; Accepted: 1 March 2018; Published: 30 March 2018

Abstract The libraries must be able to transform into a digital library so they can build a digital society and serve the digital generation. Problems occur when the library itself fails to develop the digital culture of its employees which results in the failure of transformation into a digital library. This article is an experience in undergoing and observing the efforts of the Library of East Kalimantan Province to transform itself into a digital library. This effort has lasted until now, where one of the obstacles is that most employees are digital immigrant generations. Data collection was done by remembering and writing down the process from 1992 to the present. The analysis process was employed by looking at every meaning of the writing in the diary (content analysis). In 2015, The Library Agency of East Kalimantan Province of Indonesia obtained an A rating in the management of digital libraries from the National Library of Indonesia. There are three factors that need to be considered in the transformation effort, namely formal and informal education for employees, leadership, and employee mental development. This article is beneficial for government institutions in facing the constraints of transformation into digital libraries, especially dealing with employees who are mostly immigrant digital generations.

Keywords East Kalimantan; digital immigrant; autoethnography; library; digital native

INTRODUCTION raries have a key role in narrowing the digital gap. Therefore, library is one institution One role of the library is to help buil- that is required to be able to transform from ding and developing the digital culture of conventional into a digital one and to build society. 96.3% of public libraries in the US a digital society and serve society who is cur- provide online services and databases, as rently part of the digital native. well as help to search online information Digital library refers to a system that sources (Bertot, 2016). Libraries in Ameri- has various services and objects of informa- ca have a big role in overcoming the digital tion that can be accessed by users through gap in society, teaching digital literacy, even for policies related to these gaps and litera- Corresponding author Jalan Gatot Subroto 10 Jakarta, Indonesia 12710 cies (Jaeger et al., 2012). The same thing is Email addressed by Kinney (2010) stating that lib- [email protected] 122 Ambar Yoganingrum & Taufik, Digital Culture Development of the Library Agency of East Kalimantan digital or electronic devices. The examples c. Print an email, or ask someone else to of services include helping someone to find print the email information on a collection of information d. Prefer step by step and individual objects, such as documents, images, mul- work in solving one material at a time. timedia and databases. The availability of Traditional libraries are only a collecti- the object of information can be direct. This on of books with manual catalogs. The later means that the information object has a developments emerged as semi-modern lib- digital format so that it can be directly ac- raries which used digital catalogs. The most cessed electronically. It can also be indirect, recent development is a digital library that where the information object is still in the requires computers and the internet to ac- form of books or paper, but has an electronic cess its collection. Digital library collections format metadata so that it can be accessed are in the form of digital data, so they have electronically (Prasetyo et al., 2016). advantages in terms of access speed (Subra- Digital library users are digital gene- ta, 2009). ration who are accustomed to use computer The digital generation will have dif- and internet devices. Prensky (2001) divides ficulty using the convention library, where this generation into two, namely digital na- the room is used for storing library materials tive and digital immigrant. Digital Native is and provides a series of tables and chairs for a generation that grows up together with the reading (Yusuf, 2015). Donald Beagle offers development of digital technology. Charac- the idea of changing the shape and design of teristics of this generation include: library spaces that are supported by internet a. Spending time in front of com- technology and facilitated by the needs of puters, video games, digital mu- the digital generation, making it attractive sic players, video cams, cell pho- for this generation to conduct various ac- nes and game or digital devices more tivities in the library. These concepts then than reading. expand the functionality of the library in- b. Prefer to play games rather than work/ formation commons into a learning com- study seriously, where with these ga- mons, where the library is equipped with mes they claim to be learning. facilities and tools for learning such as tu- c. Prefer graphic (image) information torials, materials for learning writing and so rather than text on (Beagle, 2009; Kranich, 2007). d. Prefer to access / learn randomly, rat- However, the transformation process her than step by step of the conventional library becomes a di- e. Prefer to build networks, rather than gital library often encounters several ob- individuals stacles, one of which is how to change the It was reported that social media has way of thinking of the employees who lived the most influence on the digital generati- when digital technology was not yet de- on born in 1995 or later (Hakkarainen et al., veloped. Libraries in developed countries, 2015). Adolescence from this generation is such as Australia and Canada do not seem very intensive in using digital technology to be challenged by this problem. This is il- than the previous generation. Meanwhile, lustrated in a study conducted by William- digital immigrants are a generation who live son (2016). This condition is different from before the digital technology is developed. Indonesia. Employees often refuse to learn They like and adopt those various digital to operate computers and use various app- technologies. This generation has inverse lications. Failure in establishing digital cul- characteristics with digital native generati- ture for employees will cause a failure of the on, which include: institution’s transformation process. This a. The internet is not the main choice in will result in the downturn of the library and finding information. the reduction of supporting funds. b. Prefer to read the manual first, rather This paper aims to identify best prac- than directly exploring the program. tices that encourage the formation of a

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 10 (1) (2018): 121-130 123 culture of employee’s practice. These goals (2012), Costello et al. (2016), Chua (2015), can be achieved by observing the efforts Kettunen (2014), O’Kane et al (2014), Guzik of the Library Agency of East Kalimantan ( 2013), Henning (2012) and Kruse (2012). Province to build a digital culture for its This approach is used among others in the employees. This effort has lasted until now, field of technology adoption (Armendá- considering all employees are digital immi- riz, 2007), education (Hayler, 2011), sports grant generations. This paper is written to (Cooper et al., 2016), (Schaeperkoetter, address the factors that influence forma- 2016), (Stephenson, 2016) and community tion of digital culture for employees who health (Hodgkin, 2015; Liggins et al., 2013). are immigrant digital generations in the lib- The autoethnography approach is rary transformation process of the Library said to be the most suitable for achieving of East Kalimantan Province in becoming the goals that I intends, namely observing a digital library. This article is beneficial and analyzing best practices on the forma- for government institutions in facing the tion of digital culture experienced by me as constraints of transformation into digital a digital immigrant generation. Besides, the libraries, especially facing the characteris- approach fits the purpose to observe the ef- tics of immigrant digital generations and forts of the Library of East Kalimantan Pro- the demands of digital services to meet the vince when transforming into a digital lib- needs of digital native generations. rary to meet the demands of digital services for digital native generations. This method allows me to do observa- METHODOLOGY tion of half cycles which began when I first The paper employed an autoethnography became an employee of the Library Agency approach which refers to an approach to of East Kalimantan Province in 1992 until research and writing that aims to describe currently I become a middle leader (Eche- and systematically analyze personal ex- lon 3), namely the head of Information and periences to understand experiences re- Automation. The data collection process is lated to culture. In using and writing pa- done by remembering the periods and pro- pers with the autoethnography approach, cesses from 1992 to the present, then writing I used the principle of autobiography and them in a diary. Often the precision of data ethnography. Autoethnography method is a in a process like this is questioned. Hayler process and produces a product (Ellis et al., (2011) in (Potter, 1994) stating that the po- 2011). wer of memory is not on precision or that The autoethnography approach is be- the author is constricted but from how neficial to study transformation phenome- people, at present, are related to construc- non, especially for a researcher. Transfor- tion and re-construction in the past. The mation is a permanent change. Experience analysis process is done by looking at every undergone by someone can be a powerful meaning of the writing in the diary (content learning for people. Criticism given to the analysis). environment will be a criticism for others who are directly or indirectly part of them- The Composition of employees of the selves. When people transform, it cau- Library of East Kalimantan Province ses another socio-cultural transformation There are 83 people working in the Library (Qutoshi, 2015). Agency of East Kalimantan Province. Struc- The use of the autoethnography ap- turally and functionally, the employees of proach in the field of computer science re- Library Agency of East Kalimantan Provin- search has not been implemented widely. ce are categorized into five (5) categories as In the last 5 (five) years, there are only 10 provided in Table 1. articles found in the Scopus database, na- The composition of employees of the mely those written by Kidd (2010), Davidson East Kalimantan Province Library Agency

UNNES JOURNALS 124 Ambar Yoganingrum & Taufik, Digital Culture Development of the Library Agency of East Kalimantan based on the birth period, i.e. before and af- History of the Library of East Kaliman- ter the 1995 birth year, is presented in table tan Province regarding ICT 2. It appears that all employees in the lib- In 1992, the Library Office of East Kali- rary are digital immigrant generations. The mantan Province had a limited number of composition of employees of the East Kali- computer devices which were used to sup- mantan Provincial Library Agency based on port the activities of compiling seconda- educational qualifications is described in ry literature in the form of publication of table 3. Regional Master Catalogs (KID), Regional Bibliographies, and the Lists. Besides, those computers were also used to make letters Table 1. Employees of the Library of East and bulletins. Meanwhile, the application Kalimantan Province Based on Structural that was widely used at the time was Word- and Functional Groupings star1. The computers also used the Lotus Gender to- No Category application, specifically to support treasury Man Woman tal tasks (making a payroll) and asset structu- 1 Structural Officer 5 8 13 ring tasks in making Room Inventory Cards 2 Functional Librarian 8 17 25 (KIR) and Goods Inventory Cards (KIB) in 3 Computer Adminis- 1 2 3 the administration section. tration At that time, the computers were very 4 General Functional- 14 11 25 expensive and of course the supply of com- ity puter units was also limited. Hence, the 5 Contract worker 11 6 17 number of employees who could use com- Total 39 44 83 puters was also very limited. The manual typewriters became the mainstay of emplo- Table 2. Composition of Employees of the yees to support the implementation of rou- Library of East Kalimantan Province Born tine tasks, such as typing catalog cards and Before and After 1995 making library member cards. Period of The officer who was able to use Birth Year to- No Category the computer at that time was only limited Before After tal to a number of operators whose status was 1995 1995 non-permanent employee, who were ge- 1 Structural Officer 13 - 13 nerally young, with an average of 20 yea- 2 Functional Librarian 25 - 25 rs old. Computer operators at that time 3 Computer Administra- 3 - 3 amounted to only about 3 people, consisting tion of computer operators to handle the prepa- 4 General Functionality 25 - 25 ration of secondary literature and bulle- 5 Contract worker 17 - 17 tins. There were also computer operators for Total 83 - 83 making payrolls and computer operators for Table 3. Composition of Employees of the handling assets. Thus, practically, the number of employees who could use computers Library Agency of East Kalimantan Province to support their daily work in the office was Based on Education Qualifications very limited and rare. Information technology (IT) appli- Gender to- No Category cations to support library automation pro- Man Woman tal 1 Postgraduate (S2) 5 8 13 1 WordStar (WS) is a word processing application that dominated market share since its arrival un- 2 Bachelor degree (S1) 11 17 28 til the mid 1980s. WS was produced by MicroPro 3 Diploma III 3 4 7 International, and runs on the CP/M operating 3 Senior High school 19 15 34 system, but was later changed to DOS. The main 4 Junior High school 1 - 1 owner of the company is Seymour I. Rubinstein, while the main developer of the WS is Rob Barna- Total 39 44 83 by, then continued by Peter Mierau

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 10 (1) (2018): 121-130 125 grams in the Library Agency of East Kali- HAS). Even though, I have followed the- mantan Province have been initiated since ory and practice use of Wordstar (WS) the beginning of 1998. In the era of 1998 and Lotus for 1 semester. This was becau- – 2006, the application of library automa- se I did not have a computer and the abili- tion systems in the Library Agency of East ty to use WS was still inadequate. WS and Kalimantan Province only focused on col- Lotus learning continued until I took the S1 lection tracking systems using the DOS ver- program. I use a computer and WS applica- sion of SIPISIS. SIPISIS is a development of tion for complete the thesis. I feel that expe- automation software from UNESCO CDS/ rience is valuable and extraordinary. ISIS. This software can be used to handle On March 1, 1992, I was accepted as a routine work in the library automatically. Civil Servant (PNS) at the Library Agency of Then, in early 2007, the library auto- East Kalimantan Province and began wor- mation system application was gradually king actively on August 1, 1992. At the be- developed thoroughly by applying circula- ginning of the assignment, I was placed in tion modules, guest books, member card the Acquisition Section of the Bibliography printing, late book administration, and re- Processing and Deposit. When I started porting using SIPISIS for Windows softwa- working on August 1, 1992, the number re. Since June 2009, the library automation of computers owned by the Provincial Lib- system at the Library of East Kalimantan rary Agency of East Kalimantan was 6 units, Province will be further developed with a equipped with WS, Lotus applications, and web-based system by applying the MY-SIPI- the DOS version of the VTLS library auto- SIS Pro software. mation application. As I recall, employees In 2001 – 2016, about 97% of emplo- who could use a computer at that time were yees of the Library Agency of East Kaliman- around 7 people. At that time, compact tan Province have been able to operate com- discs or flash disks were not known. There puters especially for MS-WORD and Excel were data storage media in the form of flop- applications and the library automation py disks. I myself was no stranger to WS and system application MY-SIPISIS Pro to sup- Lotus applications because I understood the port routine work in accordance with their application since I was in college. So at that respective tasks, especially in preparing time, there was a feeling of pride because I reports, making letters conventional and was one of the employees who could use the electronic mail, circulation services both computer. My immediate supervisor and on-line and on-site. Besides that, they have also my colleagues knew this, so at that time also been able to use smartphones, especi- I was given many assignments and responsi- ally for social media purposes such as Face- bilities to handle typing secondary literature book, Line, Instagram, Whatsapp, Black Ber- such as the Regional Master Catalog (KID), ry Messanger, and Twitter. Regional Bibliography and also the bulletin. The Library Agency of East Kaliman- Meanwhile, my desire to learn the tan Province has run an IT-based library VTLS library automation application can- service and has received an award from the not be realized because it was not given ac- National Library of Indonesia in 2015 with cess by the person in charge of the applica- an A rating in digital library management. tion at that time. Only a handful of people mastering VLTS application of DOS version Establishment of Employee Digital were highly respected in the office environ- Culture ment. Formal education is an authorized In early 1995, I took the initiative capital to be able to understand informa- to lead the leadership to ask for opportu- tion technology. I still used typewriters to nities to take computer courses in order to compose the final project in Library Science understand the use of Ms-Office applica- program D3 Non-Degree Faculty of Social tions (word, excel and power points). The Sciences - Hasanuddin University (UN- effort paid off because at that time the lea-

UNNES JOURNALS 126 Ambar Yoganingrum & Taufik, Digital Culture Development of the Library Agency of East Kalimantan der gave permission at the expense of the of- doubts about learning digital technolo- fice. This is where I initially got to know and gy, even to the point of refusing to use. start using the Ms-Office application and Choi & Rasmussen (2006) and Mis- until now I am very familiar with this appli- singham (2006) have identified what abili- cation because it really supports the imple- ties and skills needed for librarians in digi- mentation of my daily tasks. tal libraries. A digital library will not reach In 1994, the MS-Office application its maximum potential without education, began to become popular and at that time skills and good skills from its employees. computer courses began to emerge that The digital gap intergenerational or- taught material about Ms-Office. The emer- ganizations can not only be overcome by ging of Ms-Office made me and my friends education and training. It can also be brid- who had mastered the WS and Lotus feel ged by sharing experiences among emplo- uneasy and left behind. Through various ar- yees (Wokurka, Banschbach, Houlder, & ticles and also books about computers, we Jolly, 2017) for example senior employees know a lot that the Windows - based MS- provide career coaching, while younger emp- Office application is extraordinary because loyees contribute digital skills and perspec- it is no longer bothered with memorizing tives on how to use technology better. commands like in DOS operating systems. Factors which greatly affects the Lib- Windows version of Ms-Office uses icons on rary Agency of East Kalimantan Province in its interface. At that time my friends and I implementing library automation program, were very impressed with the changes and in the sense of the use of computers to sup- progress of IT. port the activities of librarianship, particu- On the other hand, there are interes- larly for the processing of library materials ting and arguably rather unique behaviors of and library services in the era of 1995 - 199 7 employees of the Library of East Kalimantan are as follows : Province in the 1992 - 1994 eras in looking at a. Assigning several employees inclu- the presence and use of computers. At that ding librarians to attend various types time, the employee had a perspective not of workshops and apprenticeship IT to touch, let alone press the button on the applications in libraries organized by computer keyboard because it would cause the National Library, Center for Scien- the computer hardware to be damaged and tific Documentation and Information the existing software would become chaotic. of the Indonesian Institute of Scien- Organizations need to pay attention ces (PDII LIPI) and several universi- and overcome the lack of skills of emplo- ties, such as UGM and IPB. yees in digital technology. The level of skills b. Assigning several employees to take and competencies that the employee had at computer courses at the course insti- the moment and needed in the coming tutions in Samarinda. year also need to be identified. Organiza- c. Inviting resource persons and instruc- tional failure in understanding these needs tors to provide briefings to employees is a barrier to the formation of digital cul- of the Library Agency of East Kali- ture in employees (Kohnke, 2017). Kohnke mantan Province regarding the use of (2017) also mentions that investment in di- IT in the library. gital technology education and training is a Meanwhile, among employees at that key factor in the success of the digital cul- time, understanding of the use of compu- ture development process for employees. ters, laptops and social media applications McAfee & Welch (2013) state that it is a chal- on smartphones is not only obtained from lenge for organizations to employ people of the course, but also from the help of col- different generations. Younger employees leagues who have understood the program. are generally more familiar and not have ob- They are the employees between 21 - 35 stacles to learning digital technology. On years old, even from their children in their the opposite, older employees usually have respective families. One interesting thing

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 10 (1) (2018): 121-130 127 about my personal experience in the use libraries. One of the actions is by is- of information technology devices is in the suing a Decree to create a Library Au- use of smartphones. To be honest, I have to tomation Team. say that I am one of the latest people who b. The availability of human resources use the smartphone, even though I started in the form of my staff who are still using my cellphone actively in 1999. This classified as young people who have a happened because my initial need for this computer education background and sophisticated communication tool was only have idealism to realize the library au- for telephone and SMS. As I get older (now tomation system. I am 50 years old) and have increasing work c. The number of IT consultants and duties and responsibilities of the office and vendors for libraries. also the internal and external dynamics that I solve the limitations in understan- occur, I was forced to start using a smartpho- ding the theory and practice of library au- ne in 2012. I have to spend approximately tomation applications to support digital one week to understand the features and libraries by optimizing the 3 opportunities applications in the smartphone. In the pro- mentioned above through the following cess of learning to use smartphone features, strategies: I asked many questions and learned from a. Collaborating with one of the IT ven- my child who at that time sat in the second dors who are considered able to meet grade of vocational high school and also my our needs for library applications. In child who was in the 6th grade elementary this case, we chose the MY-SIPISIS school. At that moment, I wondered that my application to realize the library auto- children understood the use of smartpho- mation system in my office. ne features better than I did. When and b. Sending some staffs to explore the use where did they study it? Who taught them? of the MY-SIPISIS application. In February 2009, I was appointed as c. Hiring an IT consultant in Samarin- the Head of Information and Automation in da. We need IT consultants to provide Library Agency of East Kalimantan Provin- advice and input for the construction ce with the principal task of formulating of Local Area Network (LAN) net- and developing IT-based library services. works, data center development (ser- My ability to use the Ms-Office application ver room) and others related to the certainly does not have much effect on the implementation of library automati- duties and responsibilities given by my ins- on systems. titution. d. Appointing a contractor from Com- I am well aware that I still have many puter SMK alumni in Samarinda. Two shortcomings in using to realize IT-based people will be prepared to become IT library services. My understanding of libra- administration officers. ry automation applications and also about Leaders who have a vision, commit- digital libraries is still lacking. As chairman ment, and support for their employees of a middle manager, I should be able to de- to learn and apply IT will encourage the velop a strategy to establish a digital cultu- formation of a digital culture of emplo- re of my employees, so that they are able to yees. The government established a digital help me developing a digital library. culture organizations require new forms In dealing with these obstacles, I see of leadership. A leader must understand there is an opportunity to keep developing the implications of funding the organizati- library automation systems and also digital on and the people who work in it (Kohnke, libraries in my office. These opportunities 2017). can be identified as follows: According to Le., (2015), the character a. There is attention, support and moti- of the library leader that must be possessed vation from leaders to develop library in the digital era is having a vision, integri- automation systems and also digital ty, ability to manage and build cooperation

UNNES JOURNALS 128 Ambar Yoganingrum & Taufik, Digital Culture Development of the Library Agency of East Kalimantan and communication. Meanwhile, Marcum libraries. (2016) has a more detailed opinion about The employee education is gene- leadership in the digital era, namely ha- rally more geared to the abilities and ving certain attitudes in accordance with skills, and tends to ignore the mental educa- digital products offered, being flexible and tion as motivation and endurance. The men- adaptable, having intellectual curiosity and tal condition of employees can be formed by thirst for new knowledge, being able to see providing mental education by the institu- value in different perspectives, adapting tion or having already been formed during to uncertain, egalitarian and considering the growth process as conveyed by (Gorge- the results of previous leaders. Meanwhile, sa & Kandler, 2012). However, mental edu- using Herrmann Brain Dominance Instru- cation is mostly ignored. It could be due to ment (HBDI), De Boer, Bothma, & Olwagen limited funding at the institution, so that (2012) develop modules for training to be- training to improve IT skills and skills will come library leaders to meet the require- take precedence. If the condition is under- ments of the digital era. stood by the institution, then the recruit- The employees who have motivati- ment process should provide an instrument on, endurance to continue learning, un- to identify the mental condition of prospec- derstanding, and using IT tools will more tive employees. The instrument will help quickly form a digital culture within it- us in selecting prospective employees who self. Learning motivation in adults is in- have the motivation and endurance to conti- fluenced by motivation and experience nue learning. Although these employees are during adolescence, triggered by the hopes classified as digital immigrants, the men- and values that are wanted to be pursu- tal conditions they possess will accelerate ed (Gorgesa & Kandler, 2012). The example the formation of their digital culture. of such values is becoming proud of being included in a handful of employees who control computers. Additionally, their re- CONCLUSION markable sense of ethics used WS, word The establishment of a digital cultu- processor which was the most current app- re for employees who are born and grow lication at that time. Any other value is the up when digital culture has not happened employees who controlled the VTLS DOS requires a strategy. Often the policies of in- version application at that time was highly stitutions that try to divert work from ma- respected in the office environment. If an nual to automation by utilizing information employee adheres to those values, it will technology are unsuccessful because of re- encourage the formation of digital culture. sistance from employees. The library is cur- Wokurka et al., (2017) convey that emotion rentlu required to turn into a digital library and feelings of employees should be taken so that it can help shaping the digital culture seriously in establishing the development of of society and serve the digital generation in digital culture. society. Discussion of the workforce for the di- Library transformations into digital gital library puts more emphasis on the plan- libraries demand changes in employees at all ning, development and the needs of emplo- levels of the organization. Based on the per- yment in addition to education and training sonal experience above, I can conclude that of IT as described by Sinha (2008). In his the formation of digital culture in a digital book, Allison (2013) states that although immigrant in an organization is influenced professionals who work in libraries need to by three things, namely formal and informal have specialization, they still need more fle- education, leadership that is able to develop xible generalists and have the motivation to strategies, and mental conditions of emplo- learn to change the environment. These ca- yees who have the motivation and willing- pabilities are needed especially in the field ness to continue learning. of content management systems in digital The autoethnography technique in UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 10 (1) (2018): 121-130 129 this article shows the best practices of the or- ship competencies in the digital age. 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