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In the Service of the Public Functions and Transformation of Media in Developing Countries Imprint Publisher Deutsche Welle 53110 Bonn, Germany
Edition dW AkAdEmiE #02/2014 mEdiA dEvElopmEnt In the Service of the Public Functions and Transformation of Media in Developing Countries Imprint pUBliSHER Deutsche Welle 53110 Bonn, Germany RESponSiBlE Christian Gramsch AUtHoRS Erik Albrecht Cletus Gregor Barié Petra Berner Priya Esselborn Richard Fuchs Lina Hartwieg Jan Lublinski Laura Schneider Achim Toennes Merjam Wakili Jackie Wilson-Bakare EditoRS Jan Lublinski Merjam Wakili Petra Berner dESiGn Programming / Design pRintEd November 2014 © DW Akademie Edition dW AkAdEmiE #02/2014 mEdiA dEvElopmEnt In the Service of the Public Functions and Transformation of Media in Developing Countries Jan Lublinski, Merjam Wakili, Petra Berner (eds.) Table of Contents Preface 4 04 Kyrgyzstan: Advancements in Executive Summary 6 a Media-Friendly Environment 52 Jackie Wilson-Bakare Part I: Developing Public Service Media – Kyrgyzstan – A Brief Overview 53 Functions and Change Processes Media Landscape 54 Obschestvennaya Tele-Radio Kompaniya (OTRK) 55 01 Introduction: A Major Challenge for Stakeholders in the Transformation Process 56 Media Development 10 Status of the Media Organization 56 Jan Lublinski, Merjam Wakili, Petra Berner Public Service: General Functions 61 Public Service Broadcasting – West European Roots, Achievements and Challenges 62 International Ambitions 12 Transformation Approaches 63 Lessons Learned? – Transformations Since the 1990s 14 Appendix 72 Reconsidering Audiences – Media in the Information Society 15 05 Namibia: Multilingual Content and the Need Approach and Aim of the -
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NEPAL’S NEW ALLIANCE: THE MAINSTREAM PARTIES AND THE MAOISTS Asia Report N°106 – 28 November 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. THE PARTIES................................................................................................................ 3 A. OUTLOOK .............................................................................................................................3 B. IMPERATIVES ........................................................................................................................4 C. INTERNAL TENSIONS AND CONSTRAINTS ..............................................................................5 D. PREPARATION FOR TALKS .....................................................................................................7 III. THE MAOISTS .............................................................................................................. 8 A. OUTLOOK .............................................................................................................................8 B. IMPERATIVES ........................................................................................................................9 C. INTERNAL TENSIONS AND CONSTRAINTS ............................................................................10 D. PREPARATION FOR TALKS -
A Case Study of Jana Andolan II in Nepal
Occasional Paper: Peace Building Series No.1 FutureGenerations Applied Community Graduate School Change and Conservation PeoPle’s ParticiPation in conflict transformation: a case study of Jana andolan II in nePal Bandita Sijapati Social Science Baha February 2009 Occasional Papers of the Future Generations Graduate School explore community-based approaches to social development, health, nature conservation, peace building, and governance. Faculty, alumni, and partner organizations present their field studies and applied research. www.future.edu People’s Participation in Conflict Transformation: A Case Study of Jana Andolan II in Nepal Rise from every village, rise from every settlement To change the face of this country, rise Those who have a pen in hand, bring your pen and rise Those who can play an instrument, bring your instrument and rise Those who have a tool in hand, bring your tool and rise Those who have nothing at all, bring your voice and rise.1 I. INTRODUCTION In April 2006, there was a country-wide people’s movement in Nepal, popularly known as the Jana Andolan II,2 against King Gyanendra’s direct rule3 following a 12-point understanding reached between the Seven Party Alliance4 and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), which was leading a communist insurgency against the state. The 19-day-long Jana Andolan II5 (People’s Movement II) ended direct rule by Gyanendra, forced him to return power to the reinstated parliament, and created a conducive environment for the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) between the government and the rebel Maoists in November 2006. The success of Jana Andolan II in thus ending the decade-long conflict that had affected all parts of the country has thus been hailed by many as being exemplary of the ways in which engaged citizenry and communities at the local level can have an impact on the resolution and transformation of violent conflict at the national level. -
11685807 02.Pdf
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The Great Gujarat Earthquake in India in January 2001 revealed the vulnerability of “non-earthquake-proof” cities and villages. The earthquake killed approximately 20,000 people and destroyed over 300,000 houses. Nepal lies closer than Gujarat to the subduction zone, where the Indian plate passes under the Himalayas, and may actually be susceptible to even larger-scale earthquakes. Very recently, the American scientific journal Science (2001) introduced the theory that predicts a great earthquake of magnitude 8.1-8.3 would occur “very soon”, affecting up to 50 million people along the front of the Himalayan Mountains. In 1934, an earthquake of magnitude 8.4 caused serious damages to 60% of the buildings in the Kathmandu Valley. It is a cause for much concern that the next great earthquake may occur at any time. Earthquakes are an inevitability for the Kathmandu Valley, and people have to find ways of coping with earthquake disasters. The Kathmandu Valley is the exclusive centre of Nepal for politics, the economy, and a society of about 1.5 million people in an area of 667 km2. The Valley is particularly vulnerable to earthquake disaster because of the rapid increase of population, unplanned development, and poor subsoil. Should a major earthquake occur, Kathmandu would suffer immense losses of life and property and would be unlikely to be able to function as the capital of Nepal. The disaster would create a tremendous number of poor people, contrary to the national goal and key theme of the next (Tenth) National Five-Year Plan, “Poverty Alleviation.” It is foreseeable that the adverse effects of the earthquake will be felt throughout Nepal and cause long-term stagnation of its development. -
Communist Language and Democratic Hopes at a Radio Nepal Dohori Competition
SINGING DIALOGIC SPACE INTO BEING: COMMUNIST LANGUAGE AND DEMOCRATIC HOPES AT A RADIO NEPAL DOHORI COMPETITION Anna Stirr “New Nepal.”1 These were the words on everyone’s lips in 2006 and 2007, in the months after the ceasefire ending ten years of civil war between the state security forces and Maoist revolutionaries. In April 2006, the nineteen-day People’s Movement against then-king Gyanendra’s seizure of absolute power united democratic political parties and Maoists in a common cause. It paved the way for peace agreements and a tenuous sense of hope that Nepal could reinvent itself, rectifying past injustices of institutionalized class, caste, ethnic, gender, religious, and regional discrimination. This article aims to provide ethnographic insight into an early effort to construct commensurability among the formerly warring parties, and to open up a new discursive space in which to begin to imagine a “new Nepal.” This early effort was the first-ever live dohorã2 song competition on state-supported Radio Nepal on Democracy Day in April 2007. This particular Democracy Day commemorated the previous year’s People’s Movement, and the competition was part of the official national celebration. A significant element of this competition was that in the post- 1 The term “new Nepal” has a long history in Nepali social movements. Used by communists and democrats in the movement against the Ranas in the 1940s, and later in the 1950s, to refer to a Nepal free from the Rana oligarchy (cf. Pushpalal Shrestha 1995 (2053 v.s.)), it was adopted by the Panchayat regime (1960–1990) to refer to the development goals the nation was moving toward. -
Eight-Point Agreement of the Top Leaders (Press Statement)
Eight-point Agreement of the top leaders (Press Statement) Meeting of the top leaders of Seven Political Parties and CPN (Maoists) has been held in the Prime Minister's residence at Baluwatar today, on 16 June 2006 on the auspicious organization of the Government - Maoists Negotiating Team. The points reached in agreement in the meeting are as follow:- 1. To implement effectively and honestly the 12-points understanding reached between the Seven Political Parties and the CPN (Maoists) on November 23, 2005 and the 25-points Code of Conduct on Ceasefire reached in agreement between the Government of Nepal and CPN (Maoists) and made public by the Government -Maoist Negotiating team on 26 May 2006. 2. To express the commitment to democratic norms and values including competitive multi-party governance system, civic liberties, fundamental rights, human rights, press freedom, and the concept of rule of law, and carry out each other’s activities accordingly in a peaceful manner. 3. To request the United Nations to assist in the management of the armies and arms of both the parties and to monitor them for a free and fair election of the Constituent Assembly. 4. To frame an interim constitution to form an interim government accordingly; announce the date of the election for constituent assembly to dissolve the House of Representatives by making another alternative arrangement through consensus and to dissolve the People’s Governments formed by the CPN (Maoists). by ensuring the democratic rights achieved through the Peoples Movement in 1990 and the recent historic People’s Movement, and by making base to the commitment 1 expressed in the 12-points understanding and the spirit of the preamble of the Code of Conduct on Ceasefire; 5. -
Chronology of Major Political Events in Contemporary Nepal
Chronology of major political events in contemporary Nepal 1846–1951 1962 Nepal is ruled by hereditary prime ministers from the Rana clan Mahendra introduces the Partyless Panchayat System under with Shah kings as figureheads. Prime Minister Padma Shamsher a new constitution which places the monarch at the apex of power. promulgates the country’s first constitution, the Government of Nepal The CPN separates into pro-Moscow and pro-Beijing factions, Act, in 1948 but it is never implemented. beginning the pattern of splits and mergers that has continued to the present. 1951 1963 An armed movement led by the Nepali Congress (NC) party, founded in India, ends Rana rule and restores the primacy of the Shah The 1854 Muluki Ain (Law of the Land) is replaced by the new monarchy. King Tribhuvan announces the election to a constituent Muluki Ain. The old Muluki Ain had stratified the society into a rigid assembly and introduces the Interim Government of Nepal Act 1951. caste hierarchy and regulated all social interactions. The most notable feature was in punishment – the lower one’s position in the hierarchy 1951–59 the higher the punishment for the same crime. Governments form and fall as political parties tussle among 1972 themselves and with an increasingly assertive palace. Tribhuvan’s son, Mahendra, ascends to the throne in 1955 and begins Following Mahendra’s death, Birendra becomes king. consolidating power. 1974 1959 A faction of the CPN announces the formation The first parliamentary election is held under the new Constitution of CPN–Fourth Congress. of the Kingdom of Nepal, drafted by the palace. -
The Abolition of Monarchy and Constitution Making in Nepal
THE KING VERSUS THE PEOPLE(BHANDARI) Article THE KING VERSUS THE PEOPLE: THE ABOLITION OF MONARCHY AND CONSTITUTION MAKING IN NEPAL Surendra BHANDARI Abstract The abolition of the institution of monarchy on May 28, 2008 marks a turning point in the political and constitutional history of Nepal. This saga of constitutional development exemplifies the systemic conflict between people’s’ aspirations for democracy and kings’ ambitions for unlimited power. With the abolition of the monarchy, the process of making a new constitution for the Republic of Nepal has started under the auspices of the Constituent Assembly of Nepal. This paper primarily examines the reasons or causes behind the abolition of monarchy in Nepal. It analyzes the three main reasons for the abolition of monarchy. First, it argues that frequent slights and attacks to constitutionalism by the Nepalese kings had brought the institution of the monarchy to its end. The continuous failures of the early democratic government and the Supreme Court of Nepal in bringing the monarchy within the constitutional framework emphatically weakened the fledgling democracy, but these failures eventually became fatal to the monarchical institution itself. Second, it analyzes the indirect but crucial role of India in the abolition of monarchy. Third, it explains the ten-year-long Maoist insurgency and how the people’s movement culminated with its final blow to the monarchy. Furthermore, this paper also analyzes why the peace and constitution writing process has yet to take concrete shape or make significant process, despite the abolition of the monarchy. Finally, it concludes by recapitulating the main arguments of the paper. -
Identity-Based Conflict and the Role of Print Media in the Pahadi Community of Contemporary Nepal Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University
Kennesaw State University DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University Dissertations, Theses and Capstone Projects 7-2015 Identity-Based Conflict and the Role of Print Media in the Pahadi Community of Contemporary Nepal Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/etd Part of the International and Area Studies Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Pokhrel, Sunil Kumar, "Identity-Based Conflict and the Role of Print Media in the Pahadi Community of Contemporary Nepal" (2015). Dissertations, Theses and Capstone Projects. Paper 673. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses and Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IDENTITY-BASED CONFLICT AND PRINT MEDIA IDENTITY-BASED CONFLICT AND THE ROLE OF PRINT MEDIA IN THE PAHADI COMMUNITY OF CONTEMPORARY NEPAL by SUNIL KUMAR POKHREL A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Conflict Management in the College of Humanities and Social Sciences Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia March 2015 IDENTITY-BASED CONFLICT AND PRINT MEDIA © 2015 Sunil Kumar Pokhrel ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Recommended Citation Pokhrel, S. K. (2015). Identity-based conflict and the role of print media in the Pahadi community of contemporary Nepal. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America. IDENTITY-BASED CONFLICT AND PRINT MEDIA DEDICATION My mother and father, who encouraged me toward higher study, My wife, who always supported me in all difficult circumstances, and My sons, who trusted me during my PhD studies. -
Policy Paper, No
Policy Paper, No. 7, December 2012 THE NEED FOR A CITIZEN-ORIENTED RADIO POLICY PolicyMartin Paper Chautari No. 7 December 2012 Martin Chautari The Need for a www.martinchautari.org.np Citizen-oriented Radio Policy Introduction Key in democracy is the right of citizens to freely express their voice and the right of citizens to access information. In any democratic country, such rights are constitutionally guaranteed. The existence of an independent media plays an important internal role in ensuring these rights, and where democracy prevails, the media tends to be independent; media and democracy playing a complementary role. The past history of Nepal shows this relation – the media was promoted with the establishment of democracy in 1951, but restricted again in 1960 when the then king dismantled the democratically elected government. Following the restoration of democracy in 1990, the hitherto restricted media became free again and the very powerful medium of communication, the radio, became open through the private sector. In terms of the radio, following the establishment of Radio Nepal in 1951, for about half a century radio transmission was monopolized by the state. The 1990 constitution guaranteed the right to information, and press freedom and freedom of expression. In 1993 after the new broadcasting policy was formulated, the entry of the private sector in the broadcasting realm was recognized at the policy level for the first time. The National Broadcasting Act, 1993 and the National Broadcasting Regulation, 1995 followed. Private sector radio began to operate according to these act and regulation. According to the website of the Ministry of Information and Communications (MoIC), till the October 2012, there were a total of 472 radios which had received broadcasting licenses. -
Ccode Srno Appno Fname Lname Appshkitta Allotedkitta Boid No 131
ccode srno appno fname lname appshkitta AllotedKitta boid_no 131 1083 SJCL00 Girja Shankar Baniya 300 140 1301070000221518 107 1084 SJCL00 HOM BAHADUR PANDEY 300 140 1301080000289648 120 1085 SJCL00 BASANTA PRASAD POKHREL 300 140 1301260000030231 120 1086 SJCL00 DILIP KUMAR THAPA MAGAR 300 140 1301060001275649 139 1087 SJCL00 SANTOSH GAUTAM 300 140 1301390000164973 104 1088 SJCL00 SANU MAIYA MAHARJAN 300 150 1301170000039604 102 1089 SJCL00 Rambabu Poudel 300 150 1301370000124146 120 1090 SJCL00 Bishnu Prasad Yadav 300 140 1301070000185472 134 1091 SJCL00 GANGA RAM PAL 300 140 1301280000038944 131 1092 SJCL00 BIR BAHADUR CHAND 300 140 1301130000178294 120 1093 SJCL00 SHIVA PRASAD POKHAREL 300 140 1301240000000151 131 1094 SJCL00 SURENDRA SAHANI 300 140 1301130000044538 120 1095 SJCL00 DILIP MANI DIXIT 300 150 1301130000011337 102 1096 SJCL00 THAGU RAM THARU 300 140 1301550000015279 107 1097 SJCL00 BAL BAHADUR YADAV 300 150 1301080000122596 120 1098 SJCL00 SUDAN RAJ CHALISE 300 150 1301020000072547 113 1099 SJCL00 SURYA BAHADUR THAPA 300 140 1301100000099791 102 1100 SJCL00 Madhav Pantha 300 150 1301070000077540 143 1101 SJCL00 DINESH BHANDARI 300 150 1301010000054687 140 1102 SJCL00 UTTAM SINGH MAHAT 300 140 1301380000004252 120 1103 SJCL00 Krishna Kumar Shrestha 300 150 1301120000171901 137 1104 SJCL00 Sadhana Hada 300 140 1301370000317605 133 1105 SJCL00 Khem Raj Bhandari 300 150 1301320000060332 137 1106 SJCL00 Kedar Man Munankarmi 300 140 1301370000325346 102 1107 SJCL00 NIROJ KARMACHARYA 300 140 1301100000076719 102 1108 SJCL00 UDDHAB -
Modernism and Modern Nepali Poetry – Dr
Dancing Soul of Mount Everest Creator & Creation (Selected Modern Nepali Poems) Editing Advisors Dr. Govinda Raj Bhattarai Rajeshwor Karki Proposer Dr. Laxman Prasad Gautam Editor Momila Translator & Language Editor Mahesh Paudyal Publisher Nepali Kalasahitya Dot Com Pratishthan [Nepali Art & Literature Dot Com Foundation] (Under the project of Nepal Academy) Dancing Soul of Mount Everest Creator & Creation (Selected Modern Nepali Poems) Editor : Momila Translator & Language Editor : Mahesh Paudyal Publisher : Nepali Kalasahitya Dot Com Pratishthan (Nepali Art & Literature Dot Com Foundation) ©:Publisher Edition : First, 2011 Copies : 1001 Cover Design : Graphic Workshop Layout : Jeevan Nepal Printer : Modern Printing Press Kantipath, Kathmandu, Phone: 4253195 Price : NRs. 1,200.00 IRs. 1,000.00 US$ 25.00 Euro 20.00 ISBN: 978-9937-2-3657-7 DANCING SOUL OF MOUNT EVEREST (an anthology of selected modern Nepali poems) Editorial Context Heart-Transfer/Moksha Esteemed Readers! Here in editorial context, I extend words of gratitude that express themselves, though they might have remained apparently unexpressed. All of your accepted / unaccepted self-reflections shall become collages on the canvas of the history assimilated in this anthology. Dear Feelers! Wherever and whenever questions evolve, the existential consciousness of man keeps exploring the horizon of possibilities for the right answer even without the ultimate support to fall back upon. Existential revelations clearly dwell on the borderline, though it might be in a clash. In the present contexts, at places, questions of Nepali identity, modernity, representativeness, poetic quality, mainstream or periphery, temporal boundaries and limitations of number evolve – wanted or unwanted. Amidst the multitude of these questions, Dancing Soul of Mount Everest has assumed this accomplished form in its attempt to pervade the entirety as far as possible.