Megha Gupta et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(8),4076-4081 Review Article Available online through ISSN: 0974-6943 http://jprsolutions.info A Review on Purple Cone Flower ( purpurea L. Moench)

Megha Gupta*, D. Sharma, A. Sharma V.kumari and O.P. Goshain Jamia Hamdard, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Hamdard nagar, New Delhi-44,India Received on:09-05-2012; Revised on: 14-06-2012; Accepted on:22-07-2012

ABSTRACT Echinacea purpurea, popularly called purple cone flower and eastern purple cone flower is a well known flowering . It is an ornamental plant native to eastern North America, mainly found in the states of , , Missouri, and . It is believed to have immune system stimulating properties. Extract of whole plant is used for its immunostimulating properties. Modern studies show apart from immunostimulating properties it also has Anti – microbial, anti inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Some studies show that it also has Cytochrome enzyme inhibitory, anti-androgenic, cannabinoidomimetic, Radioprotective and atitumor activity. Although Echinacea purpurea has number of valuable properties but it is not used as a medicinal plant by local people. The present review is a try to compile the work done and make people aware about the medicinal properties of this plant.

Key words: Echinacea purpurea, purple cone flower ,medicinal properties

INTRODUCTION Echinacea purpurea is popularly called purple cone flower and eastern also been found in parts of north and eastern Africa and in Europe especially purple cone flower. Echinacea is derived from the Greek word “echino” in from Quebec onwards and deep down to south of Britain13,14. meaning sea urchin because of the presence of spiny disc in the centre.1 The genus is actually named for a small, spiny, omnivorous mammal called the General description "Hedgehog" (Erinaceus sp.). The plant has been used since time immemorial. The plant is hard with erect, stout branched and glabrous stems.The Samples of Echinacea have been found in archeological digs of Lakota Sioux are ovate to ovate lanceolate with acute apex and serrated margins.15 Basal village sites from the 1600s2 and its popularity has increased since it has leaves and the lower stem leaves have petioles that goes on decreasing been known to the European-based settlers, from the turn of the 19th progressively as one moves up.16 The petioles are short and slightly winged. century. 3 The upper surface of the leaves is often dark green with sparse white uniseriate trichomes17. The flowers are as inflorescences with crateriform Table: 1 : Classification4 to hemispherical ending into peduncles. The corollas are dark purple, pinkish Kingdom Plantae- or reddish purple and linear to elliptic or obovate. The central cone is prickly. The ray florets are long and droop downward. The are three Division Magnoliophyta- Flowering plants Class Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons or four-angled called cypselae, tan or bicolored with a dark brown band Order distally. The pappi is persistent and variously crown-shaped with 0 to 4 or Family – Aster family 16 Genus Echinacea Moench – purple coneflower Fig 1: Purple coneflower, more prominent teeth . c Echinacea purpurea Vernacular names The central cone (achene) becomes more pointed and prickly as the flower Red Sunflower, Purple coneflower, Black Sampson, Hedgehog, Coneflower, matures to produce yellowish brown colored seeds which germinate unevenly purpurfarbener Igelkopf, purpurfarbene Kegelblume, purpurfarbener, in 10 to 21 days. When the cones are in full seed, birds, especially finches, Sonnenhut, roter Sonnenhut, Snake root, Sampson Root, , Comb feed on them18. (See fig 1) Flower and Indian Head5,6,7,8,9,10. Organoleptic characteristics19 (American Herbal Pharmacopoeia) Synonym Rhizomes have fibrous fracture in the exterior but smooth in the central Brauneriapurpurea (L.)Britt, Echinacea intermedia Lindl., E. purpurea pith. Dry roots show short fracture whereas the fresh roots show tough and (L.) Moench f., E. purpurea (L.) Moench var. arkansana Steyerm, E. flexible fracture. Aroma is Earthy and acrid slightly. The plant tastes cool speciosa Paxt., Rudbeckia purpurea L., R. hispida Hoffm., R. serotina with initial sweet sensation followed by bitter taste quickly and numbing Sweet11,12. Distribution: Echinacea purpurea is a native to the Atlantic and tingling in the tongue. It also has a slightly aromatic taste. drainage area of the of America and Canada, but not Mexico. It is found in the eastern part of North America mainly in the states of Microscopy Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas and Iowa11. Echinacea purpurea has The over ground stem showed a cuticle covering the single cell layered stem epidermis and is (15-17) µm thick. The cortex contain rows of angular 20 *Corresponding author. collenchyma (49.9 µ) . The mesodermis has assimilated tissues and Megha Gupta intercellulars are radially positioned. A central vascular sclerenchymatous Jamia Hamdard, cylinder is present. A parenchymatous pith ray eustele cover around 64% Faculty of Pharmacy, of the stem cavity . Bundle type cambium is present. There are 15% water 21 Department of Pharmacognosy, vessels and 85% xylem fibres . The stem root is covered with cutinized Hamdard nagar, New Delhi-44,India and thick walled periderm cell bilayer (49 µ in height). The primary cortex is homogenous and parenchymatous with oval schizogenic glands surrounded

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.5 Issue 8.August 2012 4076-4081 Megha Gupta et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(8),4076-4081 by epidermal layer. The inner cortex has 2-4 layers of epithelial cells21. The Pharmacological activity stem root phloem contains sieve and concomitant cells both being 49.98µ thick. The xylem has spiral and net water vessel with small spouts and is Immunomodulatory activity solitary. The pith is composed of parenchyma cells with numerous Purified polysaccharides (EPS) prepared from the herb and root of Echinacea schizogenic glands. The inter bundle parenchyma between the glands form purpurea are shown to strongly activate macrophages that develop the grounds for the formation of stem root additional roots. The roots are pronounced extracellular cytotoxicity against tumor targets independent of polyarch, non-bundle type containing a periderm. The primary cortex any cooperative effect with lymphocytes. The production and secretion of phloem has sclerenchymatous islands but the secondary phloem is weakly oxygen radicals and interleukin-1 (IL-1) by macrophages is increased after developed. The pith rays divide it into triangular islands. The parenchymatous cortex also contains sclerides and druses. Organic inclusions activation with EPS thus, increasing cytotoxicity towards the tumor and are present in the outer part. The cambium separates the cortex and the infectious cells. EPS has no effect on T lymphocytes and has moderate 35 xylem. The secondary xylem is made of spiral water vessels, xylem effects on B lymphocytes . It was also hypothesized that metabolism of parenchyma and xylem fibres. Vascular bundles stretch into root the extract also produced oxidized derivatives of alkylamides which were siphonostele. Side roots emerge from the pericycle present close to primary responsible for the activity36. Echinacea purpurea dry root powder at oral xylem rays. The bark is very thin and the pith is cream coloured21. dosages of 30 or 100 mg/kg daily for 14 days (containing 1.5% total polyphenols, calculated as chlorogenic acid) increased the resistance of Phytochemistry splenic lymphocytes to apoptosis37. Echinacea purpurea (L) Moench contains a large variety of chemical compounds that are responsible for its biological activity. A recent Anti-microbial activity NAPRALERT search revealed the presence of 216 different medicinally The plant Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench was also found to possess active compounds in E. purpurea22. The major classes of phytochemical anti–microbial activity. The extracts of Echinacea purpurea roots inhibited components of Echinacea purpurea include the following (Table:2) the growth of fungi Candida spp. Especially D10 and CN1A and Table: 2 Phytochemical components of Echinacea purpurea. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( yeast ). This activity was due to ketoalkenes 38,39 Class of constituents Examples and ketoalkynes hence, showing antifungal activity . The methanolic and aqueous extract of Echinacea purpurea root showed resistance to Glycoside Echinacoside , Echinacin influenza A2, herpes, and vesicular stomatitis infection for 24 hours when Phenyl propanoids Caffeic acid and their derivatives 40 Flavanoids luteolin, kaempferol, quercetin , apigenin and isorhamnetin. incubated on mouse fibroblasts and also against Herpes simplex virus Terpenoids Borneol, germacrene D, Caryophyllene epoxide (HSV) and influenza virus, A high molecular weight fraction (Mr >10,000 and palmitic acid. Nitrogenous compounds Alkamides, alkaloids like glycine betaine, D) containing polysaccharides and glycoproteins being responsible for the pyrrozolidine alkaloids like tussilagine activity41. A decoction and a 30% ethanolic extract of the same inhibited the and isotussilagine propagation of ECHO9 Hill virus in monkey kidney cell cultures42. n- Others Polyacetylenes, Polysaccharides, sugars, phytosterols, metal salts like potassium,calcium, magnesium, ferric, aluminium , Hexane root extract of Echinacea purpurea inhibited HSV Type I in vitro and also carbonates silicates, chlorides, sulphates. when exposed to visible and UV-A light, the alkenes and amides responsible 23 Ascorbic acid is also present for the activity43. Echinacea purpurea roots contained 0.6% – 2.1 % of polypropenoids, alkamides, pyrrozolidine alkaloids, fructose based polysaccharides, oils Anti-inflammatory activity (0.03% - 0.20%) like caryophyllene, humulene, palmitic and linoeic acids Alkamides especially Polyunsaturated isobutylamides from the roots of and germacrene D23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31. Echinacea purpurea inhibited the enzyme 5-LOX (5- Lipo-oxygenase) hence possessing anti-inflammatory activity44,45. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Echinacea purpurea aerial parts contain polypropenoids like chicoric acid, (dry root powder) showed anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan- alkamides Flavanoids ( rutoside, quercetin -7- glucoside, kaempferol – 3 – induced paw oedema in mice. The activity of the plant extract was also rutinoside ) and essential oils.23 (Table:3) studied for an increase in the arginase activity and its anti –inflammatory

Table:3 Shows the chemical constituents present along with their action on the RAW 264.7 cells where it was seen that multiple components concentrations in the root. in the E. purpurea were responsible for the activity. The polar caffeic acid Class Concentration(%) Chemical Compounds fraction enhanced arginase activity which is an active participant in anti– Alkamides 0.01-0.70 isobutylamides of straight-chain fatty-acids inflammatory action and the alkamides prevented NO and iNOS production with olefinicand/or acetylenic bonds e.g. which are the mediators of inflammation46. isomeric dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic isobutylamide. Undeca-2Z,4E-diene-8,10- diynoic acid isobutylamide Anti-oxidant activity Caffeic acid 2.0-2.8 cichoric acid (2,3-O-dicaffeoyltartaric acid, 1.7-2.4%) Caffeoyl derivatives (echinacoside, chlorogenic acid, cichoric acid, cynarine, derivatives and (2-O-caffeoyltartaric acid, ca. 0.2-0.8%) also and caffeic acid) and methanol extracts of freeze-dried Echinacea purpurea echinacoside, verbascoside,caffeoylechinacoside, roots scavenged the hydroxyl radicals, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids. Polysaccharides Arabinogalactans and an arabinogalactan- (DPPH) radical and ABTS radical .They also delayed the formation of and glycoproteins containing glycoprotein with a sugar conjugated diene hydroperoxide formed by the thermal decomposition of component consisting of arabinose (64-84%), galactose (2-5%) and galactosamine (6%). 2,2'-azobis (2- amidinopropane) dihydrochloride and extend the lag phase of peroxidation of soybean liposomes and transition metal chelating 47. Volatile Oil 0.1 Caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, humulene, limonene,Camphene, aldehydes and dimethyl sulphide. As per WHO monograph, penta Other pharmacological activities deca-(1,8-Z)- diene (44%), 1-pentadecene, The other lesser known but important activities of the Echinacea purpurea ketoalkynes and ketoalkenes are also present plant are given as follows, Others Small amounts of polyacetylenic compounds polyynes (0.01 mg/%including trideca-1-en- ·Cytochrome enzyme inhibitory activity 3,5,7,9,11-pentaine, trideca-1,11-dien 3,5,7,9,- tetraine,trideca-8,10,12-triene-2,4,6-triine). Effective Ethanolic extract of Echinacea purpurea root moderately inhibited the alkaloids: tussilagine, isotussilagine (0.006%, as per WHO). Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.5 Issue 8.August 2012 4076-4081 Megha Gupta et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(8),4076-4081 enzyme cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) in vitro when analyzed by ·If adverse events occur they tend to be transient and reversible, the most fluorometric microtitre plate assay 48. common being gastrointestinal or skin related54.

·Anti–androgenic activity ·In rare cases hypersensitivity reactions e.g. skin reactions may occur. The effect of Echinacea purpurea root extract on the weight of prostates in Individuals with allergic tendencies, particularly those with known allergy rats , rat testicle and epididymis as well as alterations of histology showed to other members of the Asteraceae family should be advised to avoid the anti- androgenic activity . 49 Echinacea25,29.

·Cannabinoidomimetic activity ·As with all immunostimulants, use is not recommended in progressive The alkylamides dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide and systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, diseases of the white blood cells dodeca-2E,4E-dienoic acid isobutylamide show this kind of activity . They system, collagenoses, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, HIV infections, and other bind specifically to the CB2 and CB1 receptor more strongly than the immune diseases24,25,28,29. endogenous cannabinoids50. ·Atopic patients and those with asthma should be cautious since rare allergic ·Radioprotective activity reactions have been reported24,25,54. This activity was assessed on the g-irradiated mice which was due to E. purpurea extract. The results reflected the detrimental reduction effects of ·There are no sufficient data on safety of purple coneflower root preparations g-rays on peripheral blood hemoglobin and the levels of red blood cells, in children; therefore the use of Echinacea purpurea root and preparations differential white blood cells, and bone marrow cells. The radio-protection thereof is not recommended. This appears as a warning in the monograph efficiency was however greater than the radio-recovery51. and not as a contraindication in accordance with the ‘Guideline on the Summary of Product Characteristics’ dated September 2009. ·Antitumor activity The hexanic root extract of the root was seen to have cytotoxic and pro- ·A review on safety of Echinacea during pregnancy and lactation was also apoptotic properties. It reduced cell viability in a concentration- and time- published55. Echinacea is nonteratogenic when used during pregnancy but dependent manner. These results represent the starting point to establish use is not recommended in lactation until further high quality human studies viable scientific evidence on the possible role of Echinacea species in medical can determine its safety. oncology 52 ·No case of overdose or abuse has been reported. Toxicological studies Acute toxicity of Echinacea purpurea root extract was > 3000 mg/kg after Plant Tissue Culture Work p.o. application to NMRI mice29. Tests for mutagenicity carried out in Echinacea purpurea is regarded as the endangered (especially in Florida) or microorganisms and mammalian cells in vitro and in vitro carcinogenicity probably extirpated in states of U.S.A. (United States Department study EP did not produce malignant transformation in hamster embryo of Agriculture, National Resources Conservation Service Plant Database). cells53. However, because of its extreme medicinal importance, it is the most sought after plant. Methods have been developed for its propagation or Overall conclusion from pharmacological review improvement in its phytochemistry to yield an improved and effective ·The plant extract possessed immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, pharmacophore in higher concentration. In vitro seed germination was done anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytochrome enzyme inhibitory, and various observations were obtained. Effect of various sterilizing agents antiandrogenic, cannabinoidomimetic, radioprotective and antitumor effects were studied with focus on ethanol and sodium hypochlorite as a sterilizing activity. agent56,57,58,59. Use of detergents for preliminary sterilization (especially tween 20) was seen60,61. The seeds could also be sterilized by the use of ·Regarding combination products, it is difficult to say, which component is antibiotics57,60. Removal of seed coat or testa too prevents contamination62. the active one, the pharmacological effects are probably achieved by However, use of seed as an explants is a destructive process compared to synergistic effect. the culture and may give rise to genetic variations in the progeny58,63. Regeneration was also carried out successfully in the plant. Both shoot and ·The toxicity of Echinacea purpurea is low. root organogenesis gave successful results. Callus and indirect shoot organogenesis was induced from leaf explant using different concentrations ·Tests on reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity have not of auxin/cytokinin combinations like a-NAA/6-BAP61. Lower been performed on the dry ethanolic extract. concentrations of NAA and higher concentrations of BAP stimulated adventitious shoot formation61. Seed explants62,64 and petiole explants65 ·Purple coneflower root extract did not prove to be successful in prevention were also used. In case of seed explants, hypocotyls and cotyledon tissues of upper respiratory tract infection and in the treatment of common cold in were used66,67. other study. A comparative study was also carried out to study the regeneration ability ·In 3 double-blind, placebo-controlled trials Echinacea purpurea root in of explants from different maturity plantlets like leaf, petiole and root combination with other herbal drugs was reported to be successful in reducing explants and it was found that petiole and root explants showed a much the severity of symptoms of common cold or flu. higher concentration than the leaf explant68. For root organogenesis different concentrations of auxins were used for root induction although a basal ·A systematic review, based on clinical studies, case reports and surveillance medium lacking the hormone or the medium with IBA or IAA gave rise to programmes of national medicines regulatory authorities and WHO, the roots56,57,58,59,60,61,62,65,69,70. However it was also seen that high concluded that Echinacea products have a good safety profile when taken in concentration of auxin had inhibitory effect56. the short term, while data on long-term use is not available54. Somatic embryogenesis was first observed in cultured petiole explants

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