Nationalism, Mass Militarization, and the Education of Eritrea
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2004-Final-Program.Pdf
2004 Hawaii International Conference on Education Honolulu, Hawaii Welcome to the Second Annual Hawaii International Conference on Education Aloha! We welcome you to the Second Annual Hawaii International Conference on Education. This event offers a rare opportunity for academics and other professionals from around the world to share their broad array of perspectives. True to its primary goal, this conference provides those with cross-disciplinary interests related to education to meet and interact with others inside and outside their own discipline. The international attendees to this conference bring a variety of viewpoints shaped by different cultures, languages, geography and politics. This diversity is also captured in the Hawaii International Conference’s unique cross-disciplinary approach. The resulting interaction energizes research as well as vocation. With Waikiki Beach, Diamond Head and the vast South Pacific as the backdrop, this venue is an important dimension of this conference. For centuries a stopping place of explorers, Hawaii has historically been enriched by the blend of ideas that have crossed our shores. The Hawaii International Conference on Education continues this tradition in the nurturing spirit of Aloha. Along with its ideal weather and striking beauty, the Hawaiian Islands provide natural elements to inspire learning and dialogue. The 2003 conference was a great success. We hosted more than 1,200 participants representing more than 40 countries. Thank you for joining the 2004 Hawaii International Conference on Education! Planning Committee Members Dr. William Pearman Dr. Melinda Wood Dr. Mary Mallott Dr. Ernest Oshiro Dr. Roland Stiller Dr. Eric Flower Dr. Terry Gregson Dr. David Yang The 2005 Hawaii International Conference on Education is scheduled for January 4 – 7, 2005. -
The Eastern Front and the Struggle Against Marginalization
3 The Eastern Front and the Struggle against Marginalization By John Young Copyright The Small Arms Survey Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey The Small Arms Survey is an independent research project located at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. It serves © Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva 2007 as the principal source of public information on all aspects of small arms and First published in May 2007 as a resource centre for governments, policy-makers, researchers, and activ- ists. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior Established in 1999, the project is supported by the Swiss Federal Depart- permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by ment of Foreign Affairs, and by contributions from the Governments of Bel- law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organi- gium, Canada, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the zation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should United Kingdom. The Survey is also grateful for past and current project-spe- be sent to the Publications Manager, Small Arms Survey, at the address below. cific support received from Australia, Denmark, and New Zealand. Further Small Arms Survey funding has been provided by the United Nations Development Programme, Graduate Institute of International Studies the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, the Geneva 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland International Academic Network, and the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining. -
New Perspectives on the Agordat Material, Eritrea
NYAME AKUMA No. 68 DECEMBER 2007 ERITREA In general, the site has rendered 1469 sherds and 3958 lithic artefacts, flaked and polished tools New perspectives on the Agordat such as mace heads, stone palettes, grinders, stone material, Eritrea: A re-examination of bracelets, stone bowls, net sinkers (?), as well as pen- the archaeological material in the dants and polished axes with metal prototypes1. An National Museum, Khartoum animal figurine (made of petrified wood), beads made of faience, and bronze objects were also found. Alemseged Beldados Among the flaked stone aritfacts, obsidian debitage c/o Dr. Andrea Manzo constitutes the largest proportion. Obsidian does not Piazza S. Domenico Maggiore seem to appear locally and must have been brought 12-80134 Napoli (Palazzo Coriglali), Italy to the site (Beldados 2006). In the inventory work of E-mail: [email protected] the Agordat material, it was possible to study almost all of the artifacts except those under inventory Randi Haaland number; 4737, 4550, and 4508, which are missing Unifob Global (Beldados 2006). Nygaardsgt 5 University of Bergen 5007 Bergen, Norway Dating the archaeological material E-mail: [email protected] The material is very rich and varied, but is dif- Anwar Magid ficult to date it since it is only based on surface finds. Centre for Africa Studies However there are some artifacts and features which University of the Free State can give us an indication of the age. There are sev- P. O. Box 339 eral finds of polished axes of the lugged type and so- Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa. -
ERITREA Mahmoud Ahmed Chehem (M), Aged 21, Army Soldier Estifanos Solomon (M), Army Driver Two Male Army Officers (Names Not Known)
PUBLIC AI Index: AFR 64/001/2005 07 January 2005 UA 03/05 Forcible return / Fear of torture or ill-treatment / Detention without charge or trial ERITREA Mahmoud Ahmed Chehem (m), aged 21, army soldier Estifanos Solomon (m), army driver Two male army officers (names not known) Mahmoud Ahmed Chehem, Estifanos Solomon and two army officers were reportedly forcibly returned from Djibouti to Eritrea on 28 December 2004. They are being detained without charge at an unknown location and are at risk of torture or ill-treatment. Mahmoud Ahmed Chehem is a member of the Afar ethnic group which inhabits areas in both Djibouti and Eritrea. He was born in Djibouti, although his family live in Eritrea. On 26 December he and the three other men drove from the southwest Eritrean town of Assab to Obock town in Djibouti, where they were detained by the Djiboutian army. Mahmoud Ahmed Chehem was refused permission to stay in Djibouti, despite being a Djiboutian citizen. The three other men reportedly requested asylum in Djibouti but were summarily handed over to Eritrean military officers on 28 December, who forcibly returned them to Eritrea the same day. The three were denied the right to have their asylum application properly determined or to contact the UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) office in Djibouti. Mahmoud Ahmed Chehem was unlawfully conscripted into the Eritrean army as a child soldier in 1997 when he was 14 years old. He had unsuccessfully applied recently to be demobilized on medical grounds after receiving eye injuries and shrapnel wounds during the 1998-2000 war with Ethiopia. -
INFORMATION and COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) in EDUCATION in SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA a Comparative Analysis of Basic E-Readiness in Schools
INFORMATION PAPER NO. 25 AUGUST 2015 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN EDUCATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA A comparative analysis of basic e-readiness in schools UNESCO The constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was adopted by 20 countries at the London Conference in November 1945 and entered into effect on 4 November 1946. The Organization currently has 195 Member States and 9 Associate Members. The main objective of UNESCO is to contribute to peace and security in the world by promoting collaboration among nations through education, science, culture and communication in order to foster universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and the human rights and fundamental freedoms that are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations. To fulfil its mandate, UNESCO performs five principal functions: 1) prospective studies on education, science, culture and communication for tomorrow's world; 2) the advancement, transfer and sharing of knowledge through research, training and teaching activities; 3) standard-setting actions for the preparation and adoption of internal instruments and statutory recommendations; 4) expertise through technical co-operation to Member States for their development policies and projects; and 5) the exchange of specialized information. UNESCO is headquartered in Paris, France. UNESCO Institute for Statistics The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) is the statistical office of UNESCO and is the UN depository for global statistics in the fields of education, science and technology, culture and communication. The UIS was established in 1999. It was created to improve UNESCO's statistical programme and to develop and deliver the timely, accurate and policy-relevant statistics needed in today’s increasingly complex and rapidly changing social, political and economic environments. -
Ethiopia and Eritrea: Border War Sandra F
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Richmond University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Political Science Faculty Publications Political Science 2000 Ethiopia and Eritrea: Border War Sandra F. Joireman University of Richmond, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/polisci-faculty-publications Part of the African Studies Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Joireman, Sandra F. "Ethiopia and Eritrea: Border War." In History Behind the Headlines: The Origins of Conflicts Worldwide, edited by Sonia G. Benson, Nancy Matuszak, and Meghan Appel O'Meara, 1-11. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Political Science at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ethiopia and Eritrea: Border War History Behind the Headlines, 2001 The Conflict The war between Ethiopia and Eritrea—two of the poorest countries in the world— began in 1998. Eritrea was once part of the Ethiopian empire, but it was colonized by Italy from 1869 to 1941. Following Italy's defeat in World War II, the United Nations determined that Eritrea would become part of Ethiopia, though Eritrea would maintain a great deal of autonomy. In 1961 Ethiopia removed Eritrea's independence, and Eritrea became just another Ethiopian province. In 1991 following a revolution in Ethiopia, Eritrea gained its independence. However, the borders between Ethiopia and Eritrea had never been clearly marked. -
Eritrea: Researched and Compiled by the Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland on 25 March 2009
Eritrea: Researched and compiled by the Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland on 25 March 2009 Is there any evidence that since 1998 all males in Eritrea (apart from the elderly and sick) have been permanently contracted by the army and that they have continuously worked for the ministry of defence since 1998 to this day with only a small holiday of about 10 days every year? Are those drafted to the Eritrean Army paid a salary? If so, how much do they receive per month approximately? According to a report from War Resisters International taken from the Broken Rifle it refers to national service being extended indefinitely and notes: “Thousands of young men and women fled Eritrea and sought asylum in neighbouring countries like The Sudan, Libya, Ethiopia and other countries in Europe and the United States. This even increased after Eritrea's war with Ethiopia from 1998 to 2000 and the open repressive acts of the present government in Eritrea. Such massive running away of young men and women is part of an effort to avoid conscription or necessary after deserting from the army. According to a proclaimed regulation, national service, compulsory for all men and women aged between 18 and 40, has been extended indefinitely from the original 18 month term instituted in 1994. Besides excessive violations of the human right of draftees, national service consists of military service and labour on army-related construction projects. The right to conscientious objection to military service is not recognised by the Eritrean authorities. There are frequent round-ups to catch evaders and deserters. -
The Foreign Military Presence in the Horn of Africa Region
SIPRI Background Paper April 2019 THE FOREIGN MILITARY SUMMARY w The Horn of Africa is PRESENCE IN THE HORN OF undergoing far-reaching changes in its external security AFRICA REGION environment. A wide variety of international security actors— from Europe, the United States, neil melvin the Middle East, the Gulf, and Asia—are currently operating I. Introduction in the region. As a result, the Horn of Africa has experienced The Horn of Africa region has experienced a substantial increase in the a proliferation of foreign number and size of foreign military deployments since 2001, especially in the military bases and a build-up of 1 past decade (see annexes 1 and 2 for an overview). A wide range of regional naval forces. The external and international security actors are currently operating in the Horn and the militarization of the Horn poses foreign military installations include land-based facilities (e.g. bases, ports, major questions for the future airstrips, training camps, semi-permanent facilities and logistics hubs) and security and stability of the naval forces on permanent or regular deployment.2 The most visible aspect region. of this presence is the proliferation of military facilities in littoral areas along This SIPRI Background the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa.3 However, there has also been a build-up Paper is the first of three papers of naval forces, notably around the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, at the entrance to devoted to the new external the Red Sea and in the Gulf of Aden. security politics of the Horn of This SIPRI Background Paper maps the foreign military presence in the Africa. -
Download This Guide As A
Teacher’s Guide The Mangrove Tree: Planting Trees to Feed Families written by Susan L. Roth and Cindy Trumbore illustrated by Susan L. Roth About the Book Genre: Juvenile Nonfiction SYNOPSIS Format: Paperback, $10.95 40 pages, 10-7/8” x 8-7/8” For a long time, the people of Hargigo, a village in the tiny African country ISBN: 9781620145807 of Eritrea, were living without enough food for themselves and their animals. The families were hungry, and their goats and sheep were hungry Reading Level: Grade 4 too. Then along came a scientist, Dr. Gordon Sato, who helped change Interest Level: Grades K–6 their lives for the better. And it all started with some special trees. Guided Reading Level: R Accelerated Reader® Level/Points: These are the trees, 6.4/0.5 Mangrove trees, That were planted by the sea. Lexile™ Measure:NC19190L *Reading level based on the ATOS Readability Formula With alternating verse and prose passages, The Mangrove Tree: Planting Themes: Animal/Biodiversity/Plant Trees to Feed Families invites readers to discover how Dr. Sato’s mangrove Adaptations, Animals, Collaboration, tree-planting project transformed an impoverished village into a self- Environment/Nature, Human Impact sufficient community. This fascinating story is a celebration of creativity, On Environment/Environmental Sustainability, Kindness/Caring, Nature/ hard work—and all those mangrove trees that were planted by the sea! Science, Nonfiction, Responsibility Resources on the web: leeandlow.com/books/the-mangrove- tree All guided reading level placements may vary and are subject to revision. Teachers may adjust the assigned levels in accordance with their own evaluations. -
Quaternary Geochronology 37 (2017) 15E31
Quaternary Geochronology 37 (2017) 15e31 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Geochronology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quageo Glass compositions and tempo of post-17 ka eruptions from the Afar Triangle recorded in sediments from lakes Ashenge and Hayk, Ethiopia * C.M. Martin-Jones a, , C.S. Lane b, N.J.G. Pearce a, V.C. Smith c, H.F. Lamb a, C. Oppenheimer b, A. Asrat d, F. Schaebitz e a Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DB, UK b Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK c Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK d School of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia e Institute of Geography Education, University of Cologne, 50931, Koln,€ Germany article info abstract Article history: Numerous volcanoes in the Afar Triangle and adjacent Ethiopian Rift Valley have erupted during the Received 18 March 2016 Quaternary, depositing volcanic ash (tephra) horizons that have provided crucial chronology for Received in revised form archaeological sites in eastern Africa. However, late Pleistocene and Holocene tephras have hitherto been 20 September 2016 largely unstudied and the more recent volcanic history of Ethiopia remains poorly constrained. Here, we Accepted 13 October 2016 use sediments from lakes Ashenge and Hayk (Ethiopian Highlands) to construct the first <17 cal ka BP Available online 18 October 2016 tephrostratigraphy for the Afar Triangle. The tephra record reveals 21 visible and crypto-tephra layers, and our new database of major and trace element glass compositions will aid the future identification of Keywords: Tephrochronology these tephra layers from proximal to distal locations. -
An Exploration of Drop-In Among Students Who Are at Risk of Dropping out of Lower Secondary School in Eritrea
An exploration of drop-in among students who are at risk of dropping out of lower secondary school in Eritrea Khabusi Emmanuel Kamuli University College London Institute of Education Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Education (Ed. D) 1 Declaration I, Khabusi Emmanuel Kamuli, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract There is consensus about the potential of education to influence the lives of individuals and society. Governments and the international community try to harness the positive potential by promoting universal access to quality basic education through periodic global goals, constitutional guarantees, deliberate national policies and increased investments in education. However, despite the multiple imperatives, evidence from national education systems and the Global Education Monitoring Reports indicates that the number of school-aged out-of-school children (OOSC) continues to grow exponentially, especially in low-income fragile contexts. The most affected are children in their second decade of life. In this thesis I problematised the contradiction between imperatives to increase access to education and the rapid growth in OOSC numbers, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. I analysed existing data from the Eritrea Education Management Information System and then applied conceptual frameworks drawn from literature on OOSC (UNICEF & UNESCO, 2015); on risk (Hammond et.al. 2007; Rumberger & Lim 2008), motivation (Deci & Ryan 2004) and resilience (Masten & Powell, 2013; Schoon, 2006; Wright et.al., 2013) to explore the phenomenon of drop-in among lower secondary school students who were considered by their schools to be at risk of dropping out of school. -
Introduction: “Islam, Community, and the Cultural
Paths toward the Nation ISLAM, COMMUNITY, AND EARLY NATIONALIST MOBILIZATION IN ERITREa, 1941–1961 Joseph L. Venosa Ohio University Research in International Studies Africa Series No. 92 Ohio University Press Athens Introduction Islam, Community, and the Cultural Politics of Eritrean Nationalism On June 10, 1947, the various branches of the Eritrean Muslim League organized demonstrations in almost every major city and town across the country. Unprecedented in scale, the protests rep- resented one of the high points of nationalist activism in then- British-occupied Eritrea. One of the largest demonstrations, held in the capital city of Asmara, saw members from the local league office lead a march through the city. In a widely circulated speech that the organization later published, Shaykh Abdelkadir Kebire, the president of the league’s Asmara branch, elaborated on the significance of the demonstrations taking place across the country: Freedom is a natural right for all nations and something of value even for animals, let alone for human beings, who pursue it, make every effort to achieve it, and are willing to pay a high price to defend it. Therefore, it is no wonder that today this crowd and this nation are calling for freedom and want to destroy their chains. They raise their voices calling for it [freedom] and, walking toward it, they are guided by the light of this noble torch with which Allah has blessed Eritrea’s heart. This torch is independence.1 Kebire’s speech represented one of the earliest attempts among Eritrea’s nationalist leaders to frame the case for self-determination as both a moral imperative and an issue of particular urgency within the broader Muslim community.