Luíz Edmundo|O Rio De Janeiro No Tempo Dos Vice-Reis: 1763 - 1808 |Rio De Janeiro in the Time of the Viceroys 1763-1808

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VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB| LUÍZ EDMUNDO|O RIO DE JANEIRO NO TEMPO DOS VICE-REIS: 1763 - 1808 |RIO DE JANEIRO IN THE TIME OF THE VICEROYS 1763-1808

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18th FEBRUARY 2021, 18.30-21.00

O Rio de Janeiro no tempo dos vice-reis : 1763 - 1808 (1932) by

LUÍZ EDMUNDO (1878-1961) translated as

Rio de Janeiro in the Time of the Viceroys 1763-1808 (1936)

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In the month, many nurture dreams of attending the Brazilian Carnival, let us travel back in time to the fascinating period of the history of Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Colonial Brazil, from 1763 to 1808, with a superb guide who adores his city- the phenomenal chronicler Luíz Edmundo!

You will be invited to peep into the Carioca lives with their social mores, foibles, sounds, smells, and colours, when Rio was in the colonial capital in this unique history published in 1932*, with an English translation published in 1936!

Discover the provenance of the Carioca merrymaking, feasts, parties, culinary trails, open air spectacles, and parades patronised by the Viceroys and their retinues: allegories, cavalhadas, touradas, congadas, old woman in a barrel, masques, puppet theatres, popular dances and songs, capoeira, and much more.

And in the St. Valentine’s month, find out about courtship, love, and marriage in Rio, too!

And be prepared to be amazed and shocked at all shades of humanity and inhumanity: the good and despicable manners and customs, fashions including striking hairdressing and capes, entrenched legacies of the Moors, food and cuisine, crimes, and punishment: stark and horrible histories about the corruptive misdemeanours of the colonial men (and a few women), traders, the clergy, barbers/surgeons, the police, and the justices.

Punctiliously researching primary sources in libraries, convents, and archives in Brazil, Portugal, and Spain, and elsewhere, Luíz Edmundo, a Rio de Janeiro expert extraordinaire, created a unique socio- anthropological chronicled tapestry of the life of Rio under the Viceroys.

He drew both from the wealth of histories which his Portuguese grandparents told, and from his education including the notable Colégio Abílio, and the effervescing atmosphere of the metamorphosis Rio de Janeiro underwent as the Republican capital of Brazil applying his multiple skills as poet, playwright, chronicler, social historian, and memorialist.

You may wish to view this documentary (in Portuguese): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USNlYrMEDf8

DETAILS OF AVAILABLE PUBLICATIONS:

ENGLISH

1936- Rio de Janeiro in the Time of the Viceroys 1763-1808 translated by Dorothea H. Momsen, with an introduction by Gibson, Hugh and an epilogue by the translator published by J. R. de Oliveira in Rio de Janeiro and by G. E. Stechert, New York. ISBN 9780836959352 ASIN B00085YRUQ

Free download - partial 2 Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Rio_in_the_Time_of_the_Viceroys_O_Rio_de _Janeiro_N?id=9-Y9HTD0OjIC&hl=fr_CH

PORTUGUESE

1932 - O Rio de Janeiro no tempo dos vice-reis : 1763 - 1808 Numerous editions, e.g. ISBN-13: 978-8531901195 ISBN-10: 8531901197 ASIN: B000X7DB7E Available to read at https://issuu.com/kanenberg/docs/o_rj_no_tempo_dos_vice-reis

Free download https://www2.senado.leg.br/bdsf/bitstream/handle/id/1049/586699.pdf?sequence=4&i sAllowed=y

SHORT HISTORY OF THE BOOK AND TRANSLATION

O Rio de Janeiro no tempo dos vice-reis: 1763 - 1808 was published in 1932. It is the fruit of much research of primary sources, which Luíz Edmundo pursued in archives and libraries, convents in Brazil, Portugal, Spain, and Europe. By the time that Luíz Edmundo began to write chronicles, memoirs, and histories, he had already gained significant acclaim as a poet with six poetry books published from1899. He was also a playwright with four published plays.

The first edition of O Rio de Janeiro no tempo dos vice-reis: 1763 - 1808 was published by the ‘Imprensa Nacional’ (the National Printing Office, originally the Royal Press, which dates back to 1808) in Rio de Janeiro. It is illustrated by Washt Rodrigues (1891- 1957), Henrique Cavalleiro (1892-1975), Carlos Chambeland (1884-1950) and Rodolpho Chambeland (1879-1967), Marques Junior (1887-1960) and Salvador Ferraz. The fact that the illustrators used the original images of the primary sources provided by the author in highlighted in the publication.

José Wasth Rodrigues (1891-1957), was a painter, illustrator, ceramicist and a Brazilian historian. Henrique Campos Cavalleiro (1892-1975) was a painter, draftsman,

caricaturists, illustrator, and a Brazilian lecturer in arts. Carlos Chambelland (1884 -1950) 3

was a painter, interior designer, and lectured in drawing and painting. He was the younger Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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brother of Rodolfo Chambeland (1879-1967), who was a painter, draftsman, interior designer, and lecturer. Augusto José Marques Júnior (1887-1960) was a painter, draftsman and lecturer. The book is divided in sections as follows: - 10 on the features, and appearance of the city and its streets - 1 on transportation - 7 on popular feasts - 2 on male fashion - 1 on female fashion - 1 on headdress - 3 on courtesies/manners and duties - 2 on assemblies – social meetings - 4 on courtship and marriage - 5 on cuisine and table service - 3 on theatre - 3 on medicine - 2 on justice - 1 on pillories - 1 on gallows

Each section contains an initial illustration, a thematic summary of topics covered in each chapter or section, and details of illustrations contained in the sections crediting the artists. Illustrations also appear in the body of the texts and between the pages. The author clearly gave much thought to how he would illustrate his narrative.

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A three-volume edition of O Rio de Janeiro no tempo dos vice-reis: 1763 - 1808 appeared in 1938. A relatively recent edition appeared in 2000. It has also been reprinted in the series of significantly important books celebrating the 500th anniversary of the discovery of Brazil. The digitised copy is available from the Brazilian Senate website (free download).

One of the outstanding features of this chronicle, or socio-anthropological history, which following its publication, was even pigeonholed as folklore, is the vast list of historical publications which the author consulted. These bibliographical references make it an invaluable and unique record and source for the history of the Colonial period of Brazilian history not to mention to the history of Portugal, Great Britain, and European countries. It does not have the stuffiness of academic histories; written as chronicle and as such it enthuses the reader to find out more. In addition to erudition, it is full of wit and humour.

Luíz Edmundo was writing at a time when other Brazilian chroniclers, as well as foreign visitors, had been producing a variety of depictions of the capital of Brazil. João do Rio (1881-1921), a contemporary and acquaintance of Luíz Edmundo, produced vivid and delightful depictions of Rio. However, one ought to be remined that the Brazilian authors were following in the footsteps of the great names in Brazilian literature, who were exceptional chroniclers: Machado de Assis (1839-1908), who systematically included details about the metamorphosis of the Brazilian Imperial and Republican capital (notably his Memorial de Ayres 1908 https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/Londres/en- us/file/cul-bookclub-27-ayres.pdf ), José de Alencar (1829-1877), Júlio Ribeiro (1845- 1890), Olavo Bilac (1865-1918), Euclides da Cunha (1866-1909), Lima Barreto (1881- 1922) and many other contemporaries. João do Rio was the pen name of PAULO BARRETO (João Paulo Emílio Cristóvão dos Santos Coelho Barreto) included historical references in his As Religiões no Rio (1904?). Our book club discussed in 2016 and details are available from our website: https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/Londres/en-us/file/cul-bookclub-05- joaodorio.pdf. We also read and discussed his notable Vida Vertiginosa (1911) and you can access details via https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/Londres/en-us/file/cul- bookclub-30-dorio.pdf

Luíz Edmundo’s O Rio de Janeiro no tempo dos vice-reis: 1763 – 1808 offers

historians in general, specialised historians, and historian of ideas various sources. He traces 5

the origins of many practices in Brazil such as the capoeira. He underpins his arguments Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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about the Colonial Viceroys, with extensive documentary reference. In his razor-sharp critique of various ills which have been afflicting Brazil, the author did not mince his words, grounding such facts with light-touch evidence from historical records. He often highlighted uncomfortable truths in his insights regarding unpalatable attitudes and behaviours of his forebears. Readers ought to be reminded that Luíz Edmundo’s grandparents came from Portugal, and that he had amassed relevant knowledge, and spoke with authority. Some examples follow to illustrate the breadth of his scholarly interests.

The author included references to Jean de Léry (1536–1613), an explorer and pastor of the early Calvinist period, who produced his Historia Navigationis in Brasiliam, quae et America Dicitur (1578 History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil, Also Called America).

A beguiling book by the British diplomat and author James Henderson (1783?-1848) A History of The Brazil; comprising its Geography, Commerce, Colonization, Aboriginal inhabitants &c. published in 1821 (London: Longman, Hurts, Rees, Orme and Brown) is another pertinent example of the sources that Luíz Edmundo perused.

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Views and Costumes of the City and Neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil....during the years 1819-20 by Henry Chamberlain(1796-1843) published by Thomas McLean in London in1822. It also contains a biographical essay on Henry Chamberlain by Joaquim de Sousa Leao.̃ Captain Sir Henry Chamberlain, 2nd Baronet, was a British Army officer of the Royal Artillery, and an artist whose series of drawings of Brazil were well known in his time. His drawings of the cityscapes were accurate and skilfully rendered. Chamberlain's art has been described as showing the humour typical of 18th-century English artists such as William Hogarth (1697-1764). The British Library holds a facsimile of this book. See https://historyarchive.org/works/creators/henry-chamberlain

Another source which Luíz Edmundo frequently mentioned is the works by the Italian/Venitian geographer Adriano Balbi (1782-1848) and, particularly, his 1822 Essai statistique sur le royaume de Portugal et d'Algarve, comparé aux autres états de l'Europe, et suivi d'un coup d'oeil sur l'état actuel des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts parmi les Portugais des deux hémisphères.

The author referenced the fascinating journal by Rose de Saulces de Freycinet (1794- 7

1832), Journal de madame Rose de Saulces de Freycinet: campagne de "l'Uranie" (1817- Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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1820) / d'après le manuscrit original, accompagné de notes par Charles Duplomb (available to read from the French National Library https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56981727 ). He quoted from her journal on the manners and customs in Portugal, which came to Brazil, and other Portuguese colonies, with the Viceroys. Rose de Freycinet accompanied her husband, Louis Claude de Saulces de Freycinet, as a young wife travelling around the world from 1817 to 1820, onboard the vessel Urania. She was talented, well-educated, and highly skilled. She illustrated her own journal. Her intellectual incursions and value judgements earned her the attributive of a woman of courage.

Luíz Edmundo was keenly interested in identifying the sources of various customs and habits of the Brazilians so, in addition to Rose de Freycinet, he examined Portuguese authors. In his appraisal of manners/etiquette and customs of the Portuguese, he referenced the 1786 Escola de Politica, 0u Tratado da Civilidade Portugueza by the priest João de N. S.ra da PORTA SIQUEIRA (17??-1797) originally published in Porto. It aimed at the education of boys, and written as a treatise to impart civility, morality, and good manners. It had various reprints.

Porta Siqueira probably drew on De civilitate morum puerilium (On Civility in Children ) published in 1530 by Desiderius Erasmus, Erasmus of Rotterdam, (1469-1536), which is considered to be the first treatise in Western Europe on the moral and practical education of children. It was almost immediately translated in many languages, including English in 1532. The British Library holdings list various editions of these works. The Jesuits owe an intellectual debt to Erasmus of Rotterdam.

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The sections on culinary art bring to light two main classical Portuguese publications: Arte de Cozinha (1680, 1693) by Domingos Rodrigues (1637-1719) (available from https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/3914?locale=en) and the 1780 Cozinheiro Moderno de Lucas Rigaud, who was a French chef in the Courts of Dom José I and Dona Maria I. Both books continue in print to date. Luíz Edmundo made a point of highlighting that the Portuguese cookery books were derived from the French. Domingos Rodrigues was inspired by French cookery books and, particularly, by Jean Anthelme Brillat Savarin (1755-1826) and his La Physiologie du Goût ou Méditations de Gastronomie Transcendante; ouvrage théorique, historique et à l'ordre du jour, dédié aux Gastronomes parisiens, par un Professeur, membre de plusieurs sociétés littéraires et savantes, in English The Physiology of Taste. Lucas Rigaud seemed to have borrowed from Le Cuisinier Moderne de Vincent La Chappelle (1690/1703-1745). There are delightfully humorous descriptions of food and culinary art in O Rio de Janeiro no tempo dos vice-reis: 1763 -1808. It has the merit of highlighting from where the Carioca and Brazilian cuisine originated. Various cookery books were published in the nineteenth century in Brazil. However, Luíz Edmundo provided a history of food and culinary practices in his1932 book, which continues to be regurgitated. Luís da Câmara Cascudo (1898-1986), an anthropologist and folklorist, may well have inspired his book to write his two-volume História da alimentação no Brasil (1963, 1967).

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An early review of O Rio de Janeiro no Tempo dos Vice-reis (1763-1808) [Edição do Instituto Historico e Geographico Brasileiro]. By Edmundo, Luiz. (Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional, 1932. Pp. 550. Illus.) was published by Mart Wilhelmine Williams in the Hispanic American Historical Review (1934) 14 (4): 480–48, on 1st November 1934. https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/14/4/480/155797/O-Rio-de-Janeiro-no- Tempo-dos-Vice-reis-1763-1808

Translated as Rio de Janeiro in the Time of the Viceroys 1763-1808 by Dorothea H. Momsen, with an introduction by Hugh Gibson and an epilogue by the translator published by J. R. de Oliveira in Rio de Janeiro and by G. E. Stechert, New York.

The translator Dorothea Anne Grace Harnecker Momsen (1896-1984), according to the Momsen, Beatrice Collection at the Institute of Historical Survey Foundation, was

‘Dorothea Momsen was born in Mexico City; wife of Richard Paul Momsen; translator of Luiz Edmundo’s book, Rio in the Time of ViceRoys, and various articles from Portuguese to English; unpublished manuscript on and pictures of Americans from southern U.S. states and Texas who emigrated to Brazil after the US Civil War; privately printed novel based on the same, Bethuna.’

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And her husband,

‘Richard Momsen was an international lawyer; born in Milwaukee, WI; law degree from George Washington University; consular service in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; first American admitted to the Brazilian Bar; founder of Momsen, Leonardos e Cia. of Rio de Janerio, Brazil, and Momsen & Freeman of New York City; representation of American firms abroad and their interests to many congressional committees; represented the United States in Congresses relating to trade and Latin America.’ Source: IHSF - Momsen, Beatrice Collection

Richard and Dorothea got married in Brazil according to a brief report in the New-York Tribune from New York, New York · October 28, 1921 (Page 13).

The translation has a short introduction by Hugh Simons Gibson (1883-1954), a U.S. diplomat who served as Ambassador to Brazil during the government of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) in 1932.

Hugh Gibson was a leading proponent in the drive to establish a professional U.S.A. Foreign Service based on merit, rather than personal wealth, or political influence. Also he served in Poland from 1919, a very complex period, was actively involved in disarmament talks from 1925 to 1932, an observer to the Chaco Peace Conference, and various other diplomatic activities. He also served as the Director of the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration in Geneva, and had the role of helping European governments to identify resettlement countries for the estimated 11 million people uprooted by the WWII and arranged transport for nearly a million migrants during the 1950s. Simon Gibson was on the front cover of Time magazine for the 26th November1923, 18th July1927 and 8th February1932 issues. From 1941, he went into publishing working for Doubleday, Doran and Co. Inc. He authored various books on foreign policy and other subject matters including Rio in 1937.

In his Introduction, Hugh Gibson writes: ‘(…) It is he first book to give a human and fascinating picture of life in those days - of how people were born, reared and married, how they lived their lives, how they amused

themselves and how they died…’ ‘There is a whole literature on life in Spanish Colonies of the Viceregal period, but for some

obscure reason the history of the great Portuguese colony comprising half of South America 11

has never been adequately written. It offers a rich field for the scholar and the historian. Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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Luíz Edmundo has presented the results of a vast amount of discriminating research with erudition, understanding and wit.’

In addition, Hugh Gibson praises the translation for maintaining the character of the original and coping with difficult sections.

Dorothea H. Momsen includes acknowledgements, a map of Rio, a list of chapters/sections (adapted from the original under different headings), an epilogue, a partial selected biography used by the author and a selection of photos of old and contemporary Rio. The Institute of Historical Survey Foundation website, mentioned above, contains a gallery of photos of Rio and Brazil in 1916. There are relevant footnotes and the translation included various words and expressions in Portuguese with glossing.

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SHORT BIOGRAPHY

LUÍZ EDMUNDO LUÍZ EDMUNDO DE MELO PEREIRA DA COSTA (28th June1878 - 8th December1961)

Luíz Edmundo – Portrait by Eliseu Visconti (1866-1944) 13 https://eliseuvisconti.com.br/obra/p237/

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LUÍZ EDMUNDO de Melo Pereira da Costa was an exceptional chronicler, poet, playwright, historian, diarist, speaker, journalist, and bibliophile. He was born in the city of Rio de Janeiro on 26th June 1878 and died there on 8th December 1961. One of the best biographical sources about can be found in the five-volume diary published as De um livro de memórias (1958-1962), based on the diary that Luíz Edmundo wrote for many decades. It remains as a key source for all types of historians.

He was born to Edmundo Pereira da Costa and Maria Joana Melo Pereira da Costa. His father was also born in Rio, and was a bookkeeper during the Imperial times, and later appointed as a municipal teacher through public competition as Brazil became a republic. He also offered private tuition in Portuguese, Math and Commercial Writing to complement his income. The author tells us that his father was a self-taught or self-educated man, who loved books and enjoyed the conviviality with people who had knowledge, that he was a causeur (a fluent and often witty talker), who was great fun, who wrote a great deal but never published. He seems to have been accommodated and resigned with his fate. His mother Maria Joana Melo Pereira da Costa married his father at the age of twenty when the father was eighteen, a determined and feisty woman, with a wedding without much fuss. She was a Brazilian type of Catholic, according to the author with more superstition than faith which she inculcated in her children. Both of his paternal and maternal grandparents were fondly remembered by Luíz Edmundo. They greatly contributed to his interest in arts and to his search for self- improvement. His paternal grandfather Bernardo Pinto de Souza was a Portuguese national, born in Coimbra, and arrived in Brazil in 1835 at the age of twenty-one. In 1839, he was appointed as the Major Officer of the Provincial Government of Minas Gerais, and later served as the general manager of the Minas Gerais Post Office. His grandfather also founded and directed a newspaper there, the Recreador Mineiro (1845-1848). His grandmother, Guilhermina, was born in Hamburg of a Brazilian father and German mother. They had separated when the author’s father was young because of the Bohemian temperament of the grandfather.

His maternal grandparents were equally influential in his life. Grandmother Maria 14

José was a typical Carioca housewife upholding various superstitious, and the grandfather Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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Amaro Ferreira de Melo was an artist who played the harp, violin and cello and painted in oil and watercolour. The author commented that his grandfather Amaro had the ‘soul of an artist’ and a happy temperament. He used to teach music at municipal schools and retired at the age of eighty, a servant of Dom Pedro II, during the Imperial period of Brazil. His maternal grandparents had seventeen children. Luíz Edmundo reminisced about the grandfather Amaro in his Memoirs, as he loved nature and knew all beaches and forests in Rio. In his grandpa’s company, Luíz Edmundo explored various areas walking as far as the edge of the royal greatness of the city to climbing up to the mountain, in the borough of Botafogo, and where the modern boroughs were Leme, Copacabana, Ipanema and Leblon were to emerge. The grandfather would sit and paint the landscapes and the grandson would view and muse about the development of the great capital of Brazil before his eyes. (Vol 1, page 13). Luíz Edmundo’s home life was always close to schools and learning. His parents did not have an easy life as the father was moved from school to school, which also meant moving houses and neighbourhoods. His father also worked as a bookkeeper. In 1887, he started working for the Colégio Abílio, a prestigious private boarding school, on the Botafogo Beach.

Luíz Edmundo tells us about his curiosity and a chance encounter with Dr. Abílio Borges resulted in a scholarship at the prestigious school. The seven-year-old Luíz Edmundo was curious to see the high school, and his father took him to visit it on a Sunday. The vast halls were richly decorated with maps, portraits, quotations in Latin, drawings, gym devices and a human skeleton. What impressed the young Luíz most was the skeleton, and he returned to view it again when he came across the headmaster. This felicitous meeting resulted in a full scholarship as the headmaster became impressed by his courageous curiosity and thirst for learning.

Luíz Edmundo would later record in his memoirs that, at the time, there was no better educational institution than that at the Colégio Abílio (see below for further details), with state-of-art facilities, the best teachers in the Imperial capital of Brazil, modern teaching methods and fundamentally, ‘at the helm of the institution, a man of admirable competence, regarded as one of the greatest educationalists (pedagogues) in Brazil’ (Ibid. p. 212).

Luíz Edmundo would attend classes in the following subjects which gave him a broad and solid background: Portuguese (language and literature), Mathematics, History, Geography, Chorography, Cosmography, Choir Singing, Music, French, English, Latin, Religion, Philosophy, Rhetoric and Physical Education.

He graduated from the Colégio Abílio at the age of fifteen and immediately gained employment as a ship broker at a French business where he would work for forty years. His job required travelling to Europe, which greatly benefitted him. He also became a Customs dispatcher combining both employments. The author credited the head of the ship brokerage office for instigating a keen interest in the picturesque history of Rio de Janeiro. Also, at the age seventeen, when he lived in Lapa, he became acquainted with various contemporary writers and artists: João do Rio, Carlos Góes, Luiz Pistarini and others young aspiring men.

Luíz Edmundo started writing poetry early, and thanks his uncle Antônio Exupério, 15

who sent his poems to publishers and newspapers, he was invited to direct the magazine Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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Revista Contemporânea (which published symbolist poetry) from 1899 to 1901. From 1899 to 1900, he also worked for A Imprensa owned by Alcindo Guanabara, and, subsequently, for the Correio da Manhã founded by Edmundo Bittencourt. For the latter, he was tasked with interviewing important visitors to Rio, and became its researcher and correspondent.

His first book of poetry Nimbus was published in 1899, which was followed by three other books, His sonnet Olhos Tristes (Sorrowful Eyes N.K.) from his 1907 Poesias gained huge popularity and was even set to music. Although various anthologies and critics have tried to ascribe his poetry to a specific school or movement, the author and poet never aligned himself with any such styles or movements. Notably in Rio in the Time Viceroys, we find a plethora of popular oral poetry recorded in the body of historical narrative. This is an invaluable record.

OLHOS TRISTES Olhos tristes, vós sois com dois sóis num poente, Cansados de luzir, cansados de girar, Olhos de quem andou na vida alegremente Para depois sofrer, para depois chorar.

Andam neles agora a vagar lentamente, Como as velas das naus sobre as águas do mar, Todas as ilusões do vosso sonho ardente. Olhos tristes, vós sois dois monges a rezar.

Ouço ao vos ver assim, tão cheios de humildade, Marinheiros cantando a canção da saudade Num coro de tristeza e de infinitos ais.

Olhos tristes, eu sei vossa história sombria E sei quando chorais cheios de nostalgia, O sonho que passou e que não torna mais. 16

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Luíz Edmundo - third from the left standing at the celebrated Café Papagaio, at the Gonçalves Dias Street in 1908.

Between 1913 and 1915, Luíz Edmundo began to search for the origins of the colonial mind of the Cariocas and the main urban features of Rio. This led him to researching the period of the Viceroys in Rio de Janeiro. He was keenly interested in the visionary ideas and initiatives to improve the lives of Brazilians and elevating Brazil to a better level illustrated by figures such as the Brazilian engineer and mayor Francisco Pereira Passos (1836-1913) and the physician, epidemiologist, and public health pioneer Oswaldo Cruz (1872-1917). He would produce various tomes about the history of Rio: O Rio de Janeiro no tempo dos Vice-reis, A corte de D. João no Rio de Janeiro and his five-volume Memoirs.

He had been a popular member of debating groups and gatherings during the so- called Belle Époque in Rio de Janeiro. In the library of his house in the borough of Tijuca, where he lived for twenty-five years, he indulged in researching the past, amassed a vast collection of books and paintings from the most notable Brazilian artists with whom he was acquainted. He also met his intellectual friends in his library for regular convivial times.

17 Luiz Edmundo in the centre, in his library, with friends (from left to right)

Ernâni Fornari, Olegário Mariano, Manoelito D'Ornelas, Brício de Abreu and Álvaro Moreyra. (photo 1948) Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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O Rio de Janeiro do Meu Tempo (1938) is regarded as the best history of Rio de Janeiro. A small caption of the chapter about the famous Rua do Ouvidor follows

On Sundays, Luíz Edmundo would gather many of his friends to reminisce about times past. His wife Santinha would cook a delectable feijoada. Frequent guests were literary greats such as Emílio de Menezes, Raul Pompéia, Olavo Bilac, Bastos Tigre, Coelho Neto, Lima Barreto and many artists, too.

On 18th May 1944, he was elected to the Brazilian Academy of Letters as patron of seat number 33, and formally welcomed on the 2nd August 1944 by Viriato Correia (1884- 1967), a writer, playwright, journalist and politician. Viriato Correia in his grandiloquent address, praised the inordinate talent of historian that Luíz Edmundo was and who combined telling about history of Brazil with literary prowess and unique knowledge. Alceu Amoroso Lima (1893-1983), a leading literary critic and writer, who adopted the pseudonym Tristão de Ataíde, would praise him, by highlighting that Luíz Edmundo wrote about what he loved, for his boundless passion so visible in his oeuvre. He has long been regarded as the best

‘Carioca of Cariocas’. 18

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Main Works: Poetry: Nimbus (1899), Turíbulos (1900), Turris Eburnea (1902), Poesias (1907), Rosa dos ventos (1919), De algumas fábulas de Trilussa (1927).

Plays: Marquesa de Santos (one act, 1924), Dom João VI (1924). Independência (1925), L’Appel à la raison|Um apelo à razão (1926).

Chronicles and Memoirs: O Rio de Janeiro no tempo dos Vice-reis (1932), O Rio de Janeiro no tempo dos vice-reis, 3 vols. (1938), A corte de D. João VI no Rio de Janeiro, 3 vols. (1940), Farias Brito (1941), O Rio de Janeiro do meu tempo (1940), Recordações do Rio antigo (1950); Olhando para atrás (1953), De um Livro de Memórias, 5 vols. (1958, 1962 and 1968).

Lectures (a selection of notable lectures): ‘As artes plásticas do Brasil no século XVIII’; ‘Danças antigas do Brasil’; ‘Vida e morte de José Maurício’; ‘A mulher brasileira no século XVIII’; ‘Vida boêmia no Rio de Janeiro’; ‘Como nasceu a imprensa do Brasil’; ‘Trilussa e suas fábulas’; ‘Aquarelas de Portugal’; ‘Eça de Queirós’.

*On Dr. Abílio César Borges, greatly admired by Luíz Edmundo (adapted from my earlier posts)

Dr. Abílio César Borges (1824-1891), the Baron of Macaúbas, title granted in 1881 by Emperor Dom Pedro II. He was a Brazilian physician, educational innovator and reformer, owner of private boarding schools and author. He had founded other schools, the Ateneu Barrense and Ginásio Bahiano in Salvador, in the state of Bahia, in 1858, where he began to introduce innovative educational practices. He was one of the earliest educators who decried physical punishment for children. He taught at the high school which came to be known as ‘Colégio Sebrão’. It was actually the Colégio São José, founded in 1858, a mansion acquired by Professor Francisco P. D'Almeida Sebrão, where notable Brazilians studied e.g. Rui Barbosa (1849-1923), Castro Alves (1847-1871) and many more. Currently, it is the site of the Bahia Art Museum.

He also taught future authors: Raul Pompeia (1863-1895) and Luís Edmundo de Melo Pereira da Costa (1878-1961) and many more. Eleven years later, in 1881, because of the success of the Colégio Abílio in Rio de Janeiro, Abílio César Borges founded a branch, the Colégio Abílio in Barbacena in the state of Minas Gerais, where various notable Brazilians studied. Later, it became a Military High School and, currently, it is the home of the Barbacena Brazilian Airforce Air Cadets Training College.

Not only was Abílio César Borges a great innovator in education, he travelled to Europe and became conversant with various educational theories, e.g John Locke (1632-1704) and other European thinkers, which 19

broadened the foundations of his own educational philosophy. His ideas left a significant legacy in Brazil, which Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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regrettably fell into oblivion. He advocated high standards in teaching at all levels with care and attention to young learners and started a large-scale campaign to abolish corporal punishment in schools.

He also introduced new concepts of state education for primary and secondary schools. This was a theme, which occupied Europeans increasingly in 19th century, e.g. Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835), François Guizot (1787-1874) and the UK 1839 Committee of the Privy Council on Education. Dr. Abílio César Borges funded, published, and distributed various books on a new model for state education, textbooks for various disciplines establishing a tradition of school textbooks and invented various devices/contraptions for teaching science, math, and technology with practical demonstrations, which have an enduring value to date. He fostered reading from an early school age creating a reading method named Leitura Universal (Universal Reading) for primary schools and offered numerous free reading courses. He adapted classical literature to teenagers (abridged, simplified), hosted literary tournaments and developed content aimed at promoting respect for civic duty.

His ideas on the theory and practice of children’s education appear in his 1884 book Lei nova do ensino infantil. He represented Brazil at the Buenos Ayres International Pedagogical Conference on 2nd May 1882. Emperor Dom Pedro II took great interest in his educational work. For Dom Pedro II, education for all children was the only means by which Brazil could develop and become wealthier, and his vision was to educate and develop the young population, broadly, applying the highest standards of quality in arts and sciences.

His main works were published in Antwerp, Paris and Brazil: ❖ 1859-1860: translation of Franz Ahn (1796-1865) for teaching French ❖ 1860 -Epítome da Gramática Portuguesa ❖ 1863 - Geografia Física, ❖ 1868- series of reading books (first, second, third) ❖ 1872 - translated Groeser handbook on teaching French ❖ 1876 - Desenho Linear ou Geografia Prática Popular ❖ 1879 - Edição escolar dos Lusíadas de Camões (abridged, simplified edition for teens) ❖ 1884 - Lei nova do ensino infantil (New Law on children’s Education) ❖ 1888 - Novo Primeiro Livro de Leitura - Leitura Universal ❖ 1888 - Cantos para o ensino de música ❖ 1890- Quarto e Quinto Livro de Leitura.

Additional references and sources:

❖ Luís Edmundo -sources in Portuguese https://www.academia.org.br/academicos/luis-edmundo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USNlYrMEDf8 https://saopaulopassado.wordpress.com/2012/02/02/a-marquesa-de-santos-e-o- teatro-brasileiro-uma-palha-da-biografia/

Nossos Vizinhos Ilustres : LUIZ EDMUNDO LUIS EDMUNDO – Brasil – Poesia dos Brasis – Rio de Janeiro - www.antoniomiranda.com.br https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101039360 http://brasilianafotografica.bn.br/?tag=luiz-edmundo https://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/9345/9345_3.PDF http://www.paginasmovimento.com.br/luis-edmundo-grandes-livrarias-do-passado.html

❖ References to earlier posts of the Brazilian Bilingual Book Club

https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/Londres/en-us/file/cul-bookclub- 20

27-ayres.pdf Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/Londres/en-us/file/cul-bookclub- 05-joaodorio.pdf. https://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/Londres/en-us/file/cul-bookclub- 30-dorio.pdf

❖ Eliseu Visconti (1866-1944) https://eliseuvisconti.com.br/ https://eliseuvisconti.com.br/obra/p237/

HAPPY READING!

2021: #BrazilianLitReadingPleasures s

Attendance is free, but booking is essential: [email protected] ©Nadia Kerecuk Creator and Convenor of the ©Virtual Brazilian Bilingual Book Club at the Embassy of Brazil in London

21 Page ©VIRTUAL BRAZILIAN BILINGUAL BOOK CLUB –EMBASSY OF BRAZIL IN LONDON All rights reserved - Creator & Convenor -©Nadia Kerecuk http://londres.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/book_club.xml 14-16 Cockspur Street London SW11Y 5BL

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