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Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 2014, 4(1):69-80

ISSN : 2249-7412 CODEN (USA): AJPSKY

Diversity of ethnomedicinal plants used by Malayali tribals in Yelagiri hills of Eastern ghats, Tamilnadu,

Salai Senthilkumar M. S., D. Vaidyanathan, D. Sivakumar and M. Ghouse Basha*

P.G and Research Department of Botany, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Trichirapalli, , India ______

ABSTRACT

An ethnobotanical survey was carried out among the Malayali tribals in various villages of Yelagiri hills, District, Tamilnadu, India during August 2012 to July 2013. The purpose of this study is to collect data about medicinal plants available in yelagiri hills in order to preserve its rich bio resources through documentation since there is scarce information about the existence of medicinal plants in this region. This survey was conducted based on semi structured interviews; field visits and participatory observations. A total 175 species of ethnomedicinal plants belonging to 147 genera under 56 families with 19 habits. There are 162 dicotyledons and 13 monocotyledons were reported with the help of 45 tribal informants between the ages of 45-75. The study shows high degree of ethnobotanical novelty and the use of plants among the Malayali reflects the revival of interest in traditional folk medicine. The medicinal plants used by Malayalis were arranged by botanical name, family name, local name, habit, plant parts used, mode of administration and ethnomedicinal uses.

Key words: Medicinal Plants, Ethnomedicine, Malayali tribals, Tamil Nadu ______

INTRODUCTION

Ethnobotany is the study of interaction between plants and people, with a particular emphasis on traditional tribal cultures. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) about 65-80% of the world’s population in developing countries depends essentially on plants for their primary healthcare due to poverty and lack of access to modern medicine Awoyemi et al (2012). About 80% of the total population of Ethiopia is depending on traditional medicine to treat different types of human ailments Bekele (2007). Indian systems of Medicine derive many of their curative tools from plants Kumar et al (2005) which are used as drugs. Information about these is often found in old literature (Atharveda, Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, etc. ). In spite of the many achievements of allopathic medicines, the Indian Systems of Medicine still continue to provide medical care to majority of the people on account of their cheaper cost with no side effects Kokate et al (2002). Herbal drugs obtained are safer in the treatment of various diseases Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu, (2005), Sathyavathi et al (2011).

It has been estimated that folk healers in India use approximately about 2500 species of medicinal plants which few more than 100 species serve as regular sources of medicine Pei, (2001); Jain and Patole, (2001); Ved and Goraya, (2008). Ethnomedicine has attracted scientists world over, received and renewed attention in India in recent past because of its local acceptability. Plant extracts used in ethno medical treatments is enjoying great popularity, however, lacks scientific validation Cowan, (1999); Ved and Goraya, (2008). Traditional medicine still remains the main choice for a large majority of people for treating various diseases and ailments. Management in various forms

69 Pelagia Research Library M. Ghouse Basha et al Asian J. Plant Sci. Res., 2014, 4(1):69-80 ______of diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antifungal and wound healing etc. are made. In India, traditional medicines find its use on par with Western medicine Chopda and Mahajan, (2009).

Yelagiri is one of the plant biodiversity rich hub in the part of eastern ghats Tamilnadu. The hills are endowed with rich biodiversity of species. The main objective of this study was to assess the diversity of ethnomedicinal plants used by Malayali’s and document the traditional medical practices followed in healing ailments. Similar ethnobotanical studies have been reported in several parts of India to document the traditional knowledge that has been vanishing Rajan et al., (2002); Ganesan et al., (2004); Sandhya et al., (2006); Ignacimuthu et al., (2006). Therefore, documenting indigenous knowledge through ethnobotanical studies is important for the conservation of biological resources and their sustainable utilization.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area Yelagiri is in vellore district of Tamil Nadu state India situated at a height of 1050 meters (3500 feet) above Mean Sea Level and the temperature there ranges from 31 °C max to 11 °C minimum in summer; 28 °C maximum to 11 °C minimum in winter. Ethnobotanical survey and field investigations were conducted in several villages of the study area in Yelagiri hills during August 2012 to July 2013. During the study, daily activities of the local inhabitants were closely observed and interpersonal contacts were established by participating in their functions. There were 45 informants within the age group of 45 to 75 years. Among them five were tribal practitioner. Ethnobotanical data were collected according to the methodology suggested by Jain and Goel (1995). The ethnobotanical data were collected using questionnaire, interviews and discussions with local tribals. The responses on plants prescribed, such as part of the plant used, medicinal uses, detailed information about mode of preparation (decoction, paste, powder and juice) from the usage either fresh or dried and method of application.

Plant collection The collected plant species were identified taxonomically using the Flora of the presidency of madras Gamble, (1935) flora of Tamil Nadu Carnatic Mathew, (1983), Indian medicinal plants and dictionary of medicinal plants. The identified plants species were conformed with literature of Rabinat herbarium, St.Joseph College, Tiruchirapalli District. After identification, the families were arranged according to Bentham and Hooker’s system of Classification (1883), Taxonomical categories, genera and species within the family are arranged, alphabetically, additional information about habit, life form were collected for each species.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The present investigation revealed that the malayali tribal of the Yelagiri hills were using 175 species of plants belonging to 56 families for medicinal usage. Based on the life forms there are 34.9% herbs, 24% tree, and 14.3% shrub and under shrub 3.4% (Figure 1). Among 61 were herbs, 42 were trees, 25 were shrubs, 6 were under shrub, small tree, vine, 5 were climbing shrub and straggler, 3 were climber and shrubby herb,2 were sub shrub, climbing herb, straggling shrub and twining shrub, 1 were shrubby, floating herb, woody shrub, twiner and erect culms(Table- 1). The most commonly represented families were Euphorbiaceae with 13 species, Caesalpiniaceae with 11 species, Fabaceae with 10 species, Acanthaceae with 10 species, Apocynaceae with 9 species and Rubiaceae with 8 species and so on. The observations of different species were presented in Table-2. They were using this plants to cure diseases like fever, cough, ophthalmic obligation , intestinal worms, inflammations, indigestion, wounds, rheumatism , ear wound, cold ,bone fracture, heal wounds, muscle cramp, anti-inflammatory, diurtic, lithontriptic, tonic, piles, sweet, cooling, stimulant, tonic demulcent and dysentery, scorpion bite, guinea worms, anaemia, fatigue, lassitude, nervous disorders, skin and liver diseases, urethritis and gonorrhea, cholera and haemorrhoids, venereal diseases, head to get cooling effect to eyes, heal wounds, foul breath, scurvy, nausea and vomiting, arrest vomiting, diarrhea, ulcer, fits, small pox, rheumatism and skin diseases, strong teeth, etc..(Table -3). This is consistent with the general observations made earlier in relation to ethno botanical studies on some of the other tribal communities of Tamil Nadu reported by Karthikeyani, (2003) on Irular Tribe, Rajendran, et al., (2002) on Valaya tribe, Visvanathan, (1997), Alagesaboopathi et al., (1999) and vaidyanathan et al., (2013) on malayali tribes.

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Percentage of plant habits in Yelagiri hills 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% herb 2% 2% tree 3% shrub 3% under shrub 35% 3% small tree 3% vine 3% climbing shrub straggler climber 14% shrubby herb sub shrub

24% climbing herb straggling shrub

.

Table – 1: Distribution of plants under different habits

S.NO. HABITS NO. OF SPECIES Herb 61 Tree 42 Shrub 25 Under shrub 6 Small tree 6 Vine 6 Climbing shrub 5 Straggler 5 Climber 3 Shrubby herb 3 Sub shrub 2 Climbing herb 2 Straggling shrub 2 Twining shrub 2 Shrubby 1 Floating herb 1 Woody shrub 1 Twiner 1 Erect culms 1 TOTAL 175

The medicinal use of plants leaves and roots in the management and treatment of diseases has been an age long practice Sofowara, (1982). Plant derived medicines are widely used because they are relatively safer than the synthetic alternatives; they are easily available and cheaper Iwu et al., (1999). Plant remedies were prepared mostly as infusions or decoctions. Infusions were prepared on delicate parts of the plants, that is, leaves, flowers and stem buds. The advantage with this method is that many active principles are extracted with almost no alteration of their chemical structure thus preserving almost all their properties George and Pamplona, (2000). Decoctions on the other hand were used to prepare herbal teas from the hard parts of the plants (root, rhizome, seeds and stem barks). It was observed that some plants were prepared using more than one method and in some cases more than one plant part was used. Medicinal plants and their uses in the indigenous medicine are well known to many Indian communities. The recent trend has been to blend the traditional knowledge with modern health care practices to provide effective health care services to a wider population Chetna and Anoop, (2009). The basic ingredients in the traditional

71 Pelagia Research Library M. Ghouse Basha et al Asian J. Plant Sci. Res., 2014, 4(1):69-80 ______medicine are the medicinal plants, which are depleting at a faster rate due to increase in consumption and indiscriminate drawl of resources from the wild. With the changing scenario, there is a need to enhance and promote the conservation and cultivation of these natural resources especially medicinal plants. In addition to the requirement for conservation of medicinal plants it has also become essential to protect and patent the traditional knowledge Raghupathy and Lakshmi, (2001).

Table – 2: Families with maximum number of genus & specie

S. No Family No. Of Genus No. Of Species 1. Euphorbiaceae 8 13 2. Caesalpiniaceae 4 11 3. Fabaceae 10 10 4. Acanthaceae 10 10 5. Apocynaceae 9 9 6. Rubiaceae 8 8 7. Asclepiadaceae 8 8 8. Malvaceae 5 6 9. Mimosaceae 3 6 10. Capparaceae 4 5 11. Asteraceae 5 5 12. Solanaceae 2 5 13. Verbenaceae 5 5 14. Labiatae 3 5 15. Moraceae 1 5 16. Rutaceae 4 4 17. Aizoaceae 4 4 18. Amaranthaceae 4 4 19. Anacardiaceae 3 3 20. Cucurbitaceae 3 3 21. Convolvulaceae 3 3 22. Annonaceae 2 2 23. Meliaceae 2 2 24. Combretaceae 1 2 25. Aristolochiaceae 1 2 26. Liliaceae 2 2 27. Commelinaceae 2 2 28. Araceae 2 2 29. Cyperaceae 2 2 30. Rananculaceae 1 1 31. Menispermaceae 1 1 32. Papaveraceae 1 1 33. Cruciferae 1 1 34. Violaceae 1 1 35. Oxalidaceae 1 1 36. Rhamnaceae 1 1 37. Vitaceae 1 1 38. Sapindaceae 1 1 39. Moringaceae 1 1 40. Rosaceae 1 1 41. Myrtaceae 1 1 42. Punicaceae 1 1 43. Caricaceae 1 1 44. Apiaceae 1 1 45. Araliaceae 1 1 46. Alangiaceae 1 1 47. Plumbaginaceae 1 1 48. Nyctaginaceae 1 1 49. Basellaceae 1 1 50. Polygonaceae 1 1 51. Lauraceae 1 1 52. Orchidaceae 1 1 53. Musaceae 1 1 54. Agavaceae 1 1 55. Dioscoreaceae 1 1 56. Poaceae 1 1 Total 147 175

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Table-3: Diversity of Medicinal Plant Utility in Yelagiri Hills

Plant part S. No Botanical name Family Local name Habit Ethnomedicinal uses Mode of administration used Climbing Leaf juice of the above plant and betel are used for 1. Clematis gouriana, Roxb. Rananculaceae Manivelang kodi Leaves Ophthalmic obligation shrub ophthalmic obligation. Annonaceae Setha Leaf paste mixed with turmeric powder is applied 2. Annona squamosa L. Tree Fruits, leaves Intestinal worms, Inflammations externally for inflammations. Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Juice extracted from the fresh stem bark is taken orally to 3. Annonaceae Nettilingam Tree Stem, bark Indigestion Thwaites. treat Indigestion. Climbing 4. Tinospora cordifolia Miers. Menispermaceae Seendil Leaf Wounds. Leaf paste is applied topically to treat wounds. shrub Seed oil is used for lighting and the same in combination 5. Argemone mexicana, L. Papaveraceae Naikadugu Herb Seed Rheumatism with powders of medicinal plants for rheumatism. 6. Brassica juncea, Hk. f. & T. Cruciferae Kadugu Herb Leaves Ear wound To use internally Leaf paste mixed with coconut oil is used for sores and 7. Cadaba fruticosa , (L.) Druce. Capparaceae Vizhuthi Shrub Leaves Bone fracture leaf paste mixed with egg applied externally Kathotti Climbing Root, bark Indigestion Root, bark is ground with water, boiled and taken orally to 8. Capparis zeylanica, L. Capparaceae shrub treat indigestion. Leaves of the species could be more nutritious than most 9. Cleome gynandra , L. Capparaceae Nalvelai Herb Leaves Could exotic leafy vegetables. 10. Cleome viscose, L. Capparaceae Naikadugu Herb Leaf Heal wounds. Leaf paste is applied topically to heal wounds. Leaves, root, Muscle cramp, Anti-inflammatory, 11. Crateva adansonii, DC. Capparaceae Mavilangam Tree Rub with fresh sugarcane, apply to the affected areas stem, bark diurtic, lithontriptic, tonic. 12. Hybanthus enneaspermus F. Muell. Violaceae Orithal thamarai Herb Whole plant Cough Paste of whole plant is applied topically to treat cough. 13. Abutilon indicum G. Don. Malvaceae Thuthi Shrub Root Piles Roots taken orally along with onion Sweet, cooling, stimulant, tonic The plant is useful Sweet, cooling, stimulant, tonic 14. Bombax scopulorum, Dunn. Malvaceae Ilavu Smell tree Leaf demulcent and dysentery demulcent and dysentery. Gratean Java 15. Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Malvaceae Tree Root Scorpion bite Paste of roots for external application cotton The powdered leaves are applied to Guinea worms, The 16. Hibiscus cannabinus, L. Malvaceae Kaccakkirai Shrub Leaf Guinea worms, anaemia, fatigue, peelings from the stems have been used in the treatment of lassitude anaemia, fatigue, lassitude. Under The soaked petal along with coconut oil is externally 17. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, L. Malvaceae Semparathai Flower Nervous disorders Shrub applied for nervous disorders. Skin and liver diseases, urethritis and The decoction of the bark is commonly used, Oil of the Thespesia populnea (L.)Sol.ex 18. Malvaceae Poovarasu Tree Bark, root gonorrhea, dysentery, cholera and bark mixed with vegetable oil is useful, bark and root, Corr. Serr. haemorrhoids. decoction used Leaves of the above, barks of Syzygium cumini, seeds of Cumininum cyminum and palm sugar are powdered and 19. Oxalis corniculata, L. Oxalidaceae Pulichcha keerai Herb Leaves Venereal diseases used are venereal diseases. Frush cillies, brinjal and dry fish are to be restricted. Leaf paste is applied topically to heal wounds; Ripened Head to Get cooling effect to eyes, heal 20. Aegle marmelos Corr.ex.Roxb. Rutaceae Vilvam Tree Leaf, fruit fruit pulp paste is applied on head to get cooling effect to wounds. eyes. Foul breath, scurvy, nausea and 21. Citrus medica, L. Rutaceae Campalam Small tree Fruits A small quantity of insipid juice, if any vomiting. 22. Murraya koenigii ( L.) Rutaceae Karuveppilai Tree Leaves Arrest vomiting. Juice of tender leaves is taken orally Cure fever, diarrhea, Cough, wound and 23. Toddalia asiatica,, Lam. Rutaceae Mila karanai Straggler Whole plant Fruit are useful ulcer, Fits Leaf paste is applied topically on the body to treat Small pox, Rheumatism and skin 24. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae Vembu Tree Leaf smallpox, rheumatism and skin diseases. The young twigs diseases, strong teeth are used as toothbrush and to develop strong teeth. Small pox, rheumatism and skin Leaves paste is applied topically on the body to treat small Leaves, seeds 25. Melia composita, Willd. Meliaceae Malaivempu Tree diseases. Strong teeth pox, rheumatism and skin diseases. The young twigs are

used as toothbrush to develop strong teeth.

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Fruit, root, 26. Ziziphus mauritiana , Lam. Rhamnaceae Kattu illanthai Tree leaf, bark, Wounds, ulcer, fever, vomiting, diarrhea Decoction, infusion flower 27. Cissus quadrangularis L. Vitaceae Pirandai Shrub Stem Easy digestion. Paste of stem is taken orally for easy digestion. Root is boiled with oil and applied on head before bath to 28. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sapindaceae Mudakkathan Vine Root Throat infection and headache. treat Lannea coromandelica, (Houtt.) Wounds, bruises, ulcer, ophthalmia, 29. Anacardiaceae Anaikarai Tree Leaf Leaf paste applied Merr. Odontalgia, diarrhoea and dysentery. Leaf and The latex from leaf and stem bark is used to treat heel 30. Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Maamaram Tree Heel cracks. stem bark cracks. Uthiyam, Juice of leaves is taken orally to prevent white discharge 31. Odina wodier Roxb. Anacardiaceae Tree Leaves Prevent white discharge in women. Odimaram in women. The leaf is taken as food and it reduces body heat and to Indigestion and eye diseases, Eyes and treat, indigestion and eye diseases. Flower is taken as food 32. Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Murangai Tree Leaf, Flower increases sperm production in men. and it gives chillness to Eyes and increases sperm production in men. Kollukoppan Climbing 33. Atylosia albicans, Benth. Fabaceae Whole plant Galactogogue in cows This plant is used as a galactogogue in cows. kodi shrub Root powder is mixed with water and taken orally to treat 34. Clitoria ternatea L. Fabaceae Sangu Pushpam Vine Root Indigestion, eye diseases and headache. indigestion, eye diseases and headache. Leaves and floral parts of the plants of Evolvulus alsinoides, Crotalaria pallida, Indigofera linnaei and 35. Crotalaria pallida Aiton. Fabaceae Nathai suri Herb Leaves Paralysed parts of the body Salanum seaforthianum are made into paste and applied on the paralysed parts of the body Under Leaves are boiled with castor oil and decanted. This is 36. Desmodium gangeticum, (L.) DC. Fabaceae Pullati Leaves Ear to kill insects shrub applied in the ear to kill insects. Leaves and floral parts of the plants of Evolvulus alsinoides, Crotalaria pallida, Indigofera linnaei and 37. Indigofera linnaei, Ali. Fabaceae Seppu nerinji Herb Leaves Paralysed parts of the body Salanum seaforthianum are made into paste and applied on the paralysed parts of the body Disorders, diarrohea, inflammation and 38. Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet var. Fabaceae Avarai Vine Seeds To use internally stranguary Cattle for better Bark and leaf powder is given orally to cattle For better 39. Pongamia pinnata L. Fabaceae Ponka Tree Bark, leaf Digestion. Digestion.

Astringent, inflammation, diabetes, The heartwood is used as an astringent and in the 40. Pterocarpus marsupium, Roxb. Fabaceae Vengai Tree Aerial part cough, asthma and graying hair. treatment of inflammation and diabetes.

Cooked leaves are taken to get cooling effect to infected 41. Sesbania grandiflora , Pers. Fabaceae Agathei Tree Leaf Cooling effect to infected eyes eyes. Leaves and root bark of the above and fruits of elettaria Under 42. Tephrosia purpurea, (L.) Pers. Fabaceae Kavalam Leaves Breast milk for infantile cardamomum are powdered and again mixed with hot shrub water or preferably with breast milk for infantile. Fever, cough, worms, flatulence, Straggling 43. Caesalpinia bonduc, (L.) Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Kaccakkay Leaf dyspepsia, Jaundice, arthritis, To use internally shrub splenomegaly and Diabetes. The extract at the 44. Cassia roxburghii, DC . Caesalpiniaceae Sennkondrai Tree Leaf, seed Hepatoprotective activity. Doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg 45. Cassia alata L. Caesalpiniaceae Seemaiy agathi Shrub Leaf Snake bite Paste of leaves is applied externally on the spot Stem decoction mixed with garlic and powdered pepper is 46. Cassia auriculata L. Caesalpiniaceae Avarai Shrub Stem Purgative given to cattle as purgative. Bark decoction mixed with garlic and Powdered pepper is 47. Cassia fistula L. Caesalpiniaceae Sarakondrai Tree Leaf, bark Purgative Given to cattle as purgative. Cassia obtusa, (Roxb.)Wight & Seeds used in opthalmia and skin troubles, also used as a 48. Caesalpiniaceae Mulaipal Virai Herb Leaf, seed Skin troubles, cough, wounds Arn. cathartic; leaves used in cough, constipation and wounds. 49. Cassia occidentalis L. Caesalpiniaceae Peithagarai Under Leaf Scabies and to heal bone fractures Leaf paste is applied topically to treat scabies and to heal

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shrub bone fractures. Abdominal disorders, leprosy, skin Cassia senna, Linn . disease, Jaundice Leucoderma, couch, 50. Caesalpiniaceae Nelavakai Herb Leaf Leaf extracts used as laxative and used bronchitis, typhoid Fever, anaemia and Tumours. Malaria, ring worm, chronic 51. Cassia tora, Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Tagarai Herb Leaf, stem inflammation of The skin and Other skin Paste of leaves is applied on skin diseases. Leaves and Fresh leaves were carefully cleaned, dried in shade, 52. Delonix elata (L.)Gamble Caesalpiniaceae Vaadha mudakki Tree Anti-inflammatory Activity bark powdered stored to use Tamarindus indica, L. Fresh fruit pulp paste mixed with lime is 53. Caesalpiniaceae Puli Tree Fruit Painful muscle swelling Applied on the painful muscle swelling. Bark, leaf Cuts and wounds, bronchial diseases The gum has been as a remedy in bronchial diseases and 54. Acacia dealbata, Link. Mimosaceae Seegai Small tree and as an antitode to poisoning by alcohol and ammonia. Wood, gum Astringent, acrid, cooling, stypic, Acacia nilotica, (L) Del.ssp. 55. Mimosaceae Tiritapicam Tree Leaf Aphrodisiac, vulnerary, Anthelmintic, Tender leaf juice is taken internally to cure dysentery

dysentery 56. Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. Mimosaceae Kattuchikai Straggler Stem, bark Diarrhea Decoction of stem bark is given orally Stem bark paste is applied externally for 57. Albizia amara, Boiv. Mimosaceae Oosillai Tree Stem, bark Healing wounds. Healing wounds. 58. Albizia lebbeck, (L.) Mimosaceae Siridam Tree Leaf Rheumatic joint pain. Tonic is taken orally 59. Mimosa pudica , L. Mimosaceae Thotta sinungi Herb Whole plant Prevent Excess menstrual bleeding Whole plants used Straggling 60. Rubus racemosus, Roxb. Rosaceae Neer mundi Leaves Oedema Decoction of the leaves is given for Oedema. shrub Fruit paste is applied topically on wounds. Bark powder is Terminalia arjuna Roxb.Ex. Dc 61. Combretaceae Marutha maram Tree Fruit Headache to kill worms in teeth. boiled with water and inhaled to cure headache to kill Wight & Arn. worms in teeth. Fruits of the above and flowers of Cinnamomum Fruits, zeylanicum (Elavangam) are powered and mixed with 62. Terminalia chebula, Retz. Combretaceae Kadukai Tree Cough and asthma flowers honey administered thrice daily for curing cough and asthma. Paste of stem bark is applied topically to treat swellings. 63. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Myrtaceae Naval maram Tree Stem, bark Swellings reduce body heat. The ripe fresh and Fruits are taken orally to reduce body heat. Young buts, 64. Dysentery, diarrhea The flower buds mixed with salt are used in bronchitis, Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Maathulai Tree shoots and dysentery and diarrhea. fruits Leaf, fruits, Tuberculosis and promotes menstrual The latex is externally used in the vagina for early 65. Carica papaya, L. Caricaceae Pappali Tree Latex flow. delivery. Citrullus colocynthis, (L.) The plant is useful Tumours, leucoderma, ulcers, asthma, Tumours, leucoderma, ulcers, asthma, 66. Schrader. Cucurbitaceae Peyttumatti Vine Leaf, fruits Bronchitis, jaundice, Elephantiasis, tubercular glands of Bronchitis, jaundice the neck and splenomegaly. Leaf Juice is mixed with butter and applied topically to 67. Coccinia grandis (L.) Cucurbitaceae Kovai Vine Leaf Skin diseases. treat skin Diseases. Burning sensation, dipsia, flatulence, Mukia Musumusukai colic Consumption, Ulcers, cough, 68. maderaspatana, (L.)M. Roemer. Cucurbitaceae Climber Leaf To uses internally asthma, neuralgia, notalgia, odontalgia

and vertigo. Seruserupadai Wounds and Inflammation, orally as Poultice made up of leaves is applied, plant crushed in 100 69. Gilinus lotoides L. Aizoaceae Herb Leaf blood purifier Used in syphilis. ml water and given 7 days to expel intestinal worms. Gisekia pharnaceoides, L. 70. Aizoaceae Manalikkirai Herb Whole plant Diarrhoea, domestic stock Whole plant is occasionally eaten as a vegetable

71. Mollugo pentaphylla, L. Aizoaceae Par padagam Herb Leaves Cooling purpose Leaves boiled in water and taken to cooling purpose. Decoction of roots is taken internally to treat Constipation 72. Trianthema portulacastrum L. Aizoaceae Saaranai Herb Roots Constipation and Asthma. and asthma.

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73. Centella asiatica L. Apiaceae Vallarai Herb Leaves Wound Decoction applied topically along with coconut oil Climbing Powdered leaf mixed with water and sprayed as a 74. Schefflera stellata (Gaerth.) Harms. Araliaceae Pei miratti Leaves Corroborant shrub Corroborant. 75. Alangium salvifolium, Wang. Alangiaceae Alangil Tree Root Skin disease Root bark applied externally Root, 76. Canthium parviflorum, Lam . Rubiaceae Karai Shrub Diuretic Root & Leaves paste used for diuretic Leaves Catunaregam torulosa , (Dennst.) Paste or powder of fruit is used for Curing dandruff. 77. Rubiaceae Kalikarai Tree Fruit Curing dandruff Tirveng. Avoid bathing for two days. Mookkuthi Powdered plant is consumed with curing venereal 78. Hedyotis affinis , W. & A. Rubiaceae Herb Whole plant Venereal diseases poondu diseases. Cough, fever, conorrhoea, diarrhoea, Ixora coccinea, L. 79. Rubiaceae Vedchi Shrub Leaf Dysentery, sores, ulcers and skin To use internally

diseases. Kidney disorders, inflammation, asthma, bone and joint disorders, stomach ulcer, Leaves, 80. Morinda coreia Aiton. Rubiaceae Nunaa Tree heart disease, high blood pressure, Noni juice fruits,roots infections, migraine, stroke, and pain, Spongy gum 81. Oldenlandia umbellata L. Rubiaceae Siruver Herb Root Arrest bleeding. The root paste is applied topically to arrest bleeding. Kalaminukki 82. Rubia cordifolia L. Rubiaceae Climbing Leaf Constipation Leaf paste mixed with milk is used for constipation. kodi The seeds are crushed into paste and taken orally to treat 83. Spermacoce hispida L. Rubiaceae Nathaichuri Herb Seeds Stomach problems. stomach problems. Whole plant of the above, leucas lavandulifolia and Centrantherum anthelminticum, O. Aanicherugi 84. Asteraceae Herb Whole plant Paralysis and fits wattakaka volubilis are powdered and again mixed with Kze. thazhai water. Administered thrice for curing paralysis and fits. 10g whole plant paste along with 5g each leaves paste of phyllanthus amarus (keelanelli) and Ricinus communis 85. Eclipta prostrata L. Asteraceae Karisalam kanni Herb Whole plant Jaundice (aamanakku) is taken internally on empty stomach for two weeks for treating jaundice Galinsoga quadriradiata , Ruiz. Powdered leaves mixed with coconut oil are used for 86. Asteraceae Sirukanni Herb Leaf Eczema Lopez & Pavon. eczema. The plant is given as a lactagogue. Juice of the plant is Launaea sarmentosa, (Willd.) Eluthanipoondu 87. Asteraceae Herb Leaf Lactagogue, diuretic, aperient tonic, diuretic, aperient; applied in rheumatic affections Schultz. BIP. and given as a soporific to children Tridax procumbens, L. Vettukkaya 88. Asteraceae Herb Leaf Healing wounds Leaf juice is applied externally for healing Wounds. Puntu Powdered roots of the above and Tephrosia purpurea are Chittira moola mixed with sulphur and applied on the body. Instead of 89. Plumbago zeylanica , L. Plumbaginaceae Herb Root Curing boils chedi sulphur if mixed with jaggery is given internally for curing boils. Roughly ground powder of the roots mixed with water is 90. Carissa spinarum, L. Apocynaceae Sirukila Shrub Leaves Snake bites, rheumatism and worms. poured into the holes of snakes After application of plant latex, salt and turmeric powder 91. Cascabela thevetia, (L.) Lippold. Apocynaceae Manja alari Shrub Latex Swellings due to mumps are smeared on swellings due to mumps. Whole plant is powdered and mixed with cow's milk and 92. Catharanthus roseus G. Don. Apocynaceae Nithyakalyani Herb Whole plant Diabetes taken orally to treat diabetes. Rheumatism, dysentery, dyspepsia and Two gram leaf powder with honey is used five days to 93. Ervatamia coronaria, Steapf . Apocynaceae Nanthiya vattai Shrub Root, leaves diarrhoea. curse. Decoction of the roots is a taken as alterative. Root Decoction from the root bark taken to get relief 94. Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wall. Apocynaceae Kutasappalai Small tree Dysentery Bark Juice prepared from the stem bark is boiled with gingelly 95. Nerium oleander Sol. Apocynaceae Arali Shrub Stem, bark Ear pain. oil and two drops are poured into ear to treat ear pain. Ulcers, pruritus, leprosy, and vitiated The latex of Plumeria has been utilized in tropical regions Plumeria rubra, L. Apocynaceae 96. Eelathalari Shrub Leaf, latex Conditions of Vata and Kapha, itches, for medicine for the treatment of itches, swellings, and

swellings, and fevers fevers.

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Woody Paste of the whole plant is mixed with castor oil and 97. Rauwolfia tetraphylla Linn. Apocynaceae Nagamani Whole plant Skin diseases shrub applied topically to treat skin diseases. 98. Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R.Br. Apocynaceae Veppalai Tree Seed Indigestion. Juice of seeds taken orally to treat indigestion. Leaves and floral parts of the plants of Evolvulus alsinoides, Crotalaria pallida, Indigofera linnaei and 99. Asclepias curassavica L. Asclepiadaceae Chandhra malli Herb Leaves Paralysed parts of the body Salanum seaforthianum are made into paste and applied on the paralysed parts of the body 100. Calotropis gigantea, R.Br . Asclepiadaceae Erukku Shrubby Leaves Snake bite Leaf paste is applied externally for snake bite. Leaf powder is mixed with cow's milk and taken orally to Twining 101. Gymnema sylvestre, R. Br. Asclepiadaceae Sirukurinchan Leaf Snake bite. treat Diabetes. The root powder is taken orally and also Shrub applied on the bitten spot to treat snake bite. Hemidesmus indicus Linn. R. Twining Juice extracted from the whole plant is taken Internally to 102. Asclepiadaceae Nannari Whole plant Body cool. Br.Muell. Shrub keep the body cool. Asclepiadaceae Upilankodi Leaf Constipation, colic and diarrhea. The plant is considered cooling and alterative. The plant 103. Pentatropis microphylla, W. & A Climber yields the siddha drug Cure Pergularia daemia (Forsskal) Asclepiadaceae Uttamani Leaf 104. Straggler Body pain. Bath with leaf decoction is taken to cure Body pain. Chiov.

Root , Asthma and expectorant, antidote to Root decoction is internally used, Leaves decoction are 105. Tylophora indica, (Burm.f.)Merr. Asclepiadaceae Nangilaipirattai Straggler Leaves poison. internally used as an antidote to poison. Rheumatic pain, cough, fever and severe 106. Wattakaka volubilis Cooke. Asclepiadaceae Kurinjan Straggler Leaf Leaf paste is applied topically to treat cold. Leaves and floral parts of the plants of Evolvulus alsinoides, Crotalaria pallida, Indigofera linnaei and 107. Evolvulus alsinoides, L. Convolvulaceae Vishnukranthi Herb Leaves Paralysed parts of the body Salanum seaforthianum are made into paste and applied on the paralysed parts of the body 108. Ipomoea obscura (L.)Ker Gawler Convolvulaceae Cirutali Twiner Leaf Wound Leaf paste mixed with castor oil is applied on Wound. Stomach 109. Merremia emarginata, Hall.f. Convolvulaceae Elikkadilai Herb Whole plant Decoction of the whole plant is taken internally to treat Problems. Shrubby Few drops of leaf juice are poured into ear to treat 110. Datura metel L. Solanaceae Oomathai Leaf Earache Herb earache. 111. Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Manathakkali Herb Whole plant Cough Whole plant parts are taken as food to treat cough. Leaves and floral parts of the plants of Evolvulus alsinoides, Crotalaria pallida, Indigofera linnaei and 112. Solanum seaforthianum, Andr. Solanaceae Salangai Vine Leaves Paralysed parts of the body Salanum seaforthianum are made into paste and applied on the paralysed parts of the body 113. Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae Sundaikkai Herb Leaf Reduce body heat Leaf juice is taken orally to reduce body heat. Unripe fruits are prepared as curry or roasted in gingerly oil and taken orally along with food to strengthen the 114. Solanum trilobatum L. Solanaceae Thuthuvalai Shrub Fruits, leaf Cough and itching body. The leaf juice is taken orally to treat cough and itching. Adathodai Leaves are ground with the flowers of Hibiscus 115. Adhatoda vasica Nees. Acanthaceae Adathodai Shrub Leaves Asthma rosa-sinensis and taken Orally to treat asthma. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. Leaf paste is applied topically at the bitten site of snake, Bitten site of snake, beetle and Scorpion, 116. f.) Wallich ex Acanthaceae Nilavembu Herb Leaf beetle and Scorpion. Powdered leaf is mixed with cow or diabetes Nees goat's milk and taken and rally to treat diabetes. Asystasia gangetica (L.) Leaf powder is mixed with coconut oil and applied 117. Acanthaceae Valukkai keerai Herb Leaf Heal wounds (burns) T.Anderson topically to heal wounds. Acanthaceae Nethirapoondu Leaf Wound, healing 118. Blepharis maderaspatensis, (L.) Herb Leaves are ground with egg and onion applied externally

Depteracanthus pathulus (Jacq.) Acanthaceae Nittinaviral Leaf Eye sore 119. Herb The leaves are used to treat Nees kurittan Seeds of the above entire plant of Dicliptera cuneata, 120. Dicliptera cuneata Nees. Acanthaceae Pinchakusuma Herb Seed Eczema papilionanthe supulata are powdered and mixed with coconut oil. Treatment of eczema. 121. Gendarussa vulgaris , Nees. Acanthaceae Karunochi Under Leaf Ear pain Leaf juice is poured into ears for ear pain.

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shrub Hygrophila auriculata, Acanthaceae Nirmulli Aphrodisiac and increase male fertility. Leaf, seed Used against cough, seeds used as aphrodisiac 122. (Schum)Heine. Herb Leaf, seed and increase male fertility.

Indoneesiella echioides, (L.) Acanthaceae Leaf juice boiled with coconut oil is applied on head to 123. Pittumpai Herb Leaf Head to prevent falling and graying hair. Sreemadh. prevent falling and graying hair. 50 ml of leaf juice is given orally to treat snake bite. Leaf 124. Justicia tranquebariensis L. Acanthaceae Thavasi Shrub Leaves Cobra bite paste applied externally on the sight of snake bite work as murungai an antidote Leaf is ground in water and the juice is taken orally to 125. Clerodendrum inermes ( L.) Verbenaceae Piei nari sangu Shrub Leaf Fever. treat fever. A handful of flower is ground with coconut oil and 126. Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Unni chedi Tree Flower Headache applied topically on the head to get relief from headache. Paste of leaves is applied topically to treat swellings and 127. Lippia nodiflora Mich. Verbenaceae Poduthalai Herb Leaves Swellings and wounds. wounds. Stem and Paste of stem and root bark is applied topically to treat 128. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Vahl. Verbenaceae Seemainayuruvi Herb Dysentery root, bark dysentery. Leaves are boiled in water and the vapour is inhaled twice 129. Vitex negundo L. Verbenaceae Notchi Shrub Leaves Headache, fever, cold, and cough. a day to get relief from headache, fever, cold, and cough. Leaves and flora parts of the plant, moistened millet are Shrubby Removing pieces of snake bones from 130. Anisomeles indica , O.Kze. Labiatae Visakali Leaves powdered and used as a poultice for removing pieces of herb the bare foot. snake bones from the bare foot. Shrubby Halitosis, amentia, Intestinal worms and The plant is useful halitosis, amentia, Intestinal worms and 131. Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. Labiatae Peruntumpai Leaf herb fever arising from teething in children. fever. Leaf juice is given with honey to treat bronchitis in 132. Leucas aspera (Willd) Link. Labiatae Thumbai Herb Leaf Bronchitis children. 133. Ocimum basilicum , L. Labiatae Capja Herb Leaf Ear pain. Leaf juice is used as drops in ear pain. Leaf juice is mixed with cumin is given to cure the dry 134. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Labiatae Thulasi Sub shrub Leaf Cough cough. 135. Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Mookaratai Herb Root Hydrocele Root paste is applied topically to treat Hydrocele. Powdered leaves of the above and caesalpinia bonduc 136. Achyranthus aspera , L. Amaranthaceae Nayuruvi Herb Leaves Piles mixed with curd is administered 3 days. Under Juice of whole plant is taken orally to treat cough, sore 137. Aerva lanata (L.) Juss.Ex Schult. Amaranthaceae Siru peelai Whole plant Cough, sore throat and Wounds. shrub throat and wounds. Amaranthaceae Ponnakanni Burning sensation, diarrhoea, leprosy, 138. Alternanthera sessilis, R. Br Herb Leaf The leaves are used as a vegetable skin diseases and fever Amaranthaceae Mullikkirai Leprosy, eczema, nausea, fever and 139. Amaranthus spinosus, L. Herb Leaf, stem Leaves and stem paste with palm oil used anemia. Climbing Paste made out of the above are used as poultice for 140. Basella alba, L. Basellaceae Vennang kodi Whole plant Poultice for setting bones herb setting bones 141. Polygonum plebejum , R. Br. Polygonaceae Tharaikodi Herb Root Dysentery Root paste with curd is administered for dysentery. Atutintappalai Leaf Dandruff and fungal infection. Leaf paste applied over the scalp to relieve dandruff and 142. Aristolochia bracteata, Retz. Aristolochiaceae Herb Fungal infection. The leaf juice of the plants three days to relieve stomach 143. Aristolochia indica, L. Aristolochiaceae Perumarunthu Tree Leaf Stomach pain. pain. Cough, dysentery And to keep the body Decoction of stem bark is taken internally to treat cough, 144. Cinnamomum verum Presl. Lauraceae Lavangappattai, Tree Stem, bark cool. dysentery and to keep the body cool. Acalypha indica, L. 145. Euphorbiaceae Kuppai meni Herb Leaf Body itching. Leaf juice is applied externally for curing body itching.

Powdered stem, bark with water used as corminative for 146. Bridelia retusa, Spr. Euphorbiaceae Aan vengai Small tree Stem, bark Relieve chest pain cows. Latex is applied on the chest of humens to relieve chest pain. 147. Croton bonplandianus, Baillon. Euphorbiaceae Attupuntu Sub shrub Leaves Wounds Plant latex is used to cure wounds. Dried latex is taken internally in low dose to help free 148. Euphorbia antiquorum Linn. Euphorbiaceae Sathurakkalli Tree Latex Free motion. motion. 149. Euphorbia heterophylla, L. Euphorbiaceae Pall sedi Shrub Leaves Indigestion, stop dysentery The aqueous extract of Euphorbia heterophylla at doses of

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100, 200 and 300mg/kg orally relative to the control group Euphorbia hirta, L. Cututuratticceti Whole plant Entire plant paste in goat milk taken internally for stomach 150. Euphorbiaceae Herb Stomach Upset Upset. Powdered plant mixed with hot water sprayed on the cows 151. Euphorbia hypericifolia, L. Euphorbiaceae Sivakadai poodu Herb Whole plant Cows as corroborant as corroborant. The stem is boiled with water and given to children to 152. Euphorbia tirucalli L. Euphorbiaceae Kodikalli Small tree Stem Skin diseases. treat skin diseases. 153. Jatropha gossypifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Aadalai Shrub Latex Mouth ulcer Milky latex cures Paste of the above and whole plant of synetrella nodiflora

154. Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd. Euphorbiaceae Kizha nelli Whole plant Jaundice is mixed with goat milk. This is administered thrice for Herb curing jaundice. Tree Fruit powder is mixed with cow's or goat's milk and taken 155. Phyllanthus emblica L. Euphorbiaceae Nelli Fruit Cold and cough. orally to treat cold and cough. Powdered leaves mixed with powder of black gram and 156. Reidia floribunda, W. Euphorbiaceae Elumurukki Shrub Leaves Setting bones Maida is used for setting bones. 157. Rhinacanthus nasutus, (Linn.) Euphorbiaceae Amanakku Shrub Seed Fever Seed oil is used for cooling the body during fever Stem, latex is applied topically on heel cracks. Young 158. Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae Alamaram Tree Stem, latex Tooth brush. stem is used as tooth brush. 159. Ficus macrocarpa, W. Moraceae Kalathi Shrub Latex Join to relieve pain Plant latex is applied on Join to relieve pain. 160. Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae Athi maram Tree Stem latex Heel cracks. Stem, latex is applied topically to treat heel cracks. Dried leaf powder is mixed with water and taken orally to 161. Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Arasu Tree Leaf Relief from body pain. get relief from body pain. 162. Ficus virens, Aiton. Moraceae Nakaiyal Tree Leaf, root Traumatic swelling and pain. "Dosage Oral: decoction, 9 to 15 grams. Powdered dried plant mixed with milk is administered as Bulbophyllam neilgherrense, corroborant. Existense of this plant in the only locality of 163. Orchidaceae Kallukai Herb Whole plant Corroborant Wight. the yelagiri hills of the district is doubtful due to large- scale exploitation by locals for scale. 164. Musa paradicica, L. Musaceae Vazhai Herb Bark Kidney trouble Stem & Spike are boiled and taken internally Leaf decoction for a febrifuge, root mixed with gin and 165. Furcraea foetida, (L.) Haw. Agavaceae Annaikatralai Herb Leaf, root Febrifuge, back pain used for back pain. Kuttuvalli Climbing Rhizomes, Rhizomes of the above and seeds of millet are powdered 166. Dioscorea oppositifoiia , L. Dioscoreaceae Good for health kizhangu kodi herb seeds and take in as food. Good for health. Sap mixed with oil is heated and the mixture is applied on 167. Aloe vera L. Liliaceae Sothukathalai Herb Leaf Hair growth and good sleep. hair for hair growth and good sleep. Thanni vittan 168. Asparagus racemosus, Willd. Liliaceae Shrub Root Increasing lactation and uterine disorder. Root powder mixed with milk taken internally kizhangu Juice extracted from the stem is applied topically on 169. Commelina benghalensis, L. Commelinaceae Kaanavazai Herb Stem Heal wound affected places to heal wounds. Egguvalli Powder or pastes of the rhizome with add milk is 170. Cyanotis papilionacea, (L.) Schult. Commelinaceae, Herb Rhizome Wasp stings kizhangu administered for wasp stings. Dried rhizome is ground in water and the paste is given 171. Acorus calamus L. Araceae Vasambu Shrub Rhizome Clarity of speech. orally to children for clarity of speech. Whole plant Pound until fine and paste onto stomach and swollen Floating Ease menstrual flow, urination, digestion, cure parts, boil, syphilis. Water from the braise plant is drink to ease 172. Pistia stratiotes, L. Araceae Akayattamarai Whole plant Herb dysentery, gonorrhoea and urinary problems menstrual flow, urination, digestion, cure dysentery, gonorrhoea and urinary problems. Wounds, fevers and digestive system 173. Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Muttakkacu Herb Tubers Tubers Crushed with water taken for 10 day Disorders. Root extract is taken orally in empty stomach along with 174. Fimbristylis cymosa R.Br. Cyperaceae Kothuppullu Herb Root Dysentery 100 ml of milk for 2 - 3 days to cure dysentery. Erect Decoction of whole plant is taken orally to keep the body 175. Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. Poaceae Arugampullu Whole plant Body cool culums cool.

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CONCLUSION

The present investigation revealed that medicinal plants still play a vital role in the primary health care of the people. The information gathered from the tribals is useful for further research in the field of ethno botany, taxonomy. This study offers a model for studying the relationship between plants and people, within the context of traditional remedies is obviously ensure therapeutical efficacy. The value of using ethnobotanical information is to initiate drug discovery efforts. This study also gathered a broad spectrum of information concerning medicinal plants used by tribals. Due to lack of interest among the younger generation of tribal the traditional and conventional knowledge is unable to transfer the new generation. We face the possibility of losing this knowledge of wealth regarding health in their near future.

Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to the elderly people of the malayali tribe of yelagiri hills for their valuable information shared regarding the ethnomedicine and healing practice. The authors also thankful to the forest department for rendered support during our field studies.

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