E-Journal of Tourism Vol.7. No.2. (2020): 250-264

Resilience Ecotourism in Amid Covid 19 Pandemic

Liliana Dewi

Tourism Department, Faculty of Economy and Business National University

Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Received Tourism destination is facing numerous crises caused by climate 13 July 2020 change, natural disaster, economic recession, instability political, Accepted internal turmoil and terrorism. These crises affect inbound tourism flows 31 August 2020 and consequently the tourism industry. New crisis as we know Covid 19 Available online pandemic affecting many sectors, the most affected is the tourism 30 September 2020 industry. Purpose of this research was (1) to determine mitigation strategies of Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy amid Covid 19 pandemic, (2) to learn the adaptation strategy of community ecotourism to survive amid Covid 19 pandemic and (3) to analyze the implication of Covid 19 epidemic on ecotourism destination resilience in Papua. The

research was qualitative research with descriptive explanation, and data collections used interview, documentation, literature study. SWOT analysis method to analyze strength, weakness, opportunity and threat of resilience ecotourism in Papua. The procedure of data analysis

techniques in this research used (1) data reduction, (2) presentation data, (3) conclusions. The result of this study showed there were three adaptation strategies (1) physically (2) economically, and (3) social. Covid 19 pandemic gives big implicated to the economic sector, social and culture sectors on ecotourism destination resilience. Cancellations of guest booking and travelling restriction impact on community ecotourism lifecycle. Meanwhile, other industries such as geography, demography, natural resources, politic and security were not implicated by Covid 19 pandemic.

Keywords: ecotourism, resilience, Papua, Covid 19

INTRODUCTION impact on societies and livelihood; one of them is a travel and tourism the most Background affected by this crisis. Based on UNWTO Covid 19 pandemic makes the World Tourism Barometer report impact of world facing an unprecendeted global Covid 19 pandemic has caused a 20% health emergency with an unparalleled decreasing in international tourist arrivals

http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot 250 e-ISSN: 2407-392X. p-ISSN: 2541-0857 E-Journal of Tourism Vol.7. No.2. (2020): 250-264 during the first quarter of 2020 and forecast Economy of Indoensia reveal data number could lead to an annual decline of between of international visitors to were 60% and 80% compare to 2019. decline comparing to January until March 2019. Data showed in figure 2.

Number of International Visitor To Indonesia 2020 vs 2019 year 1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000 Figure 1. International Tourist Arrivals 0 Source: UNWTO, 2020 2020 2019

Figure 1 showed data that following Figure 2. Number of International Visitor the lockdown in many countries, travel to Indonesia. restrictions and the closure of airports and Source: The Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy, 2020 national borders impact on decreasing 57% number of arrivals in March 2020 Data on figure 2 from Indonesia compared to international tourist arrivals in Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy the previous year, 2019. This data means explain total internationalvisitor from 26 lots of the amount of global tourist arrivals main gates in Indonesia such as Ngurah Rai decline, loss in revenue and tourism jobs at- – Bali airport, Soekarno Hatta – Banten risk situation. airport, Juanda-East airport, Covid 19 pandemic was first Kualanamu-North sirport, Husein confirmed to have spread to Indonesia on Sastranegara-West Java airport, Adi March 2, 2020. Since that day, the epidemic Sucipto- airport, Bil-NTB had spread to all 34 provinces in Indonesia. airport, Sam Ratulangi-North , Prevention Covid 19 pandemic getting Minagkabau-West Sumatra airport, S. more wide-spread, large scale social Syarif Kasim II-Riau airport, S. Iskandar restriction is an option to be implemented Muda-Aceh airport, Supadio-West in Indonesia. Pandemic gave the tourism airport, Sultan M. Badaruddin sector the hardest time to recover, thorugh II-South Sumatra airport, Batam-Riau The Ministry of Tourism and Creative

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Island port and airport, Tanjung Uban-Riau protection program for workers in the Island port, Tanjung Pinang-Riau Island tourism sector. Second, reallocated the port, Tanjung Balai Karimun-Riau Island existing budget. Third, preparation of port, Tanjung Benoa-Bali port, Jayapura- economic stimulus for business in tourism Papua terminal, -NTB terminal, and creative economy sectors. Fourth, Entikong-West Kalimantan terminal, Aruk- online training such as financial planning, West Kalimantan port, Nanga Badau-West English course, upskill and reskilling the Kalimantan port were 1,272,083 million human resources competencies in spa international visitor on January 2020; business. Fith, #BanggabuatanIndonesia, 863,960 international visitor on February and #BeliKreatifLokal campaign to 2020; and 470,898 international visitor on encourage people contribution helping each March 2020 have been calculated. other to local products. Meanwhile, data on 2019 start from Indonesia Ministry of Tourism and January were 1,201,735 and February Creative Economy predicts ecotourism 1,243,996; March 1,311,911 international product will attract tourists after the visitors. This means that during pandemic pandemic. The pandemic has changed the Covid 19 and Social Distancing Restriction activities, behaviour of tourist. The tourism affected on number of interntional visitors standard of health, safety, and clean slowly decrease every month start January protocols become new trends. Nature-based untuk March 2020 comparing with data tourism activities and outdoor activities and number of international visitors on 2019 outdoor activities will be a quick rebound show increasing numbers before pandemic because ecotourism is niche tourism. Covid 19. Therefore, ecotourism might become a new Based on data from (Travel, 2020) trend. The objective of this research is some of tourist attractions on Java Island, studying: Bali Island, Sumatra Island, Kalimantan 1) How mitigation strategies of the Island, Sulawesi Island, East Nusa Ministry of Tourism and Creative Tenggara and other destination were Economy amid Covid 19 pandemic. closed. The impact of the spread of the 2) How adaptation strategy of community Covid 19 felt by the hotel, restaurant, ecotourism amid Covid 19 pandemic. airline, entrepreneur who had massive share 3) How the Covid 19 pandemic and investment value. Therefore, The implication on ecotourism destination Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy resilience in Papua. take mitigation action. First, the social

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LITERATURE REVIEW (Razak, 2017) define there are several components why ecotourism Ecotourism is a type of tourism activities can be a new trend: (1) education program that simple adopted by traditional level motivate ecotourism demand. Higher- communities. Based on (Wiranatha, 2015), level education tends to have a connection ecotourism is an alternative form of tourism to ecotourism activity request; (2) activity that recently adopted by the segmentation ecotourism from young, expertise and local communities to bring elderly healthy individuals. Ecotourism is benefit for the local economy and to niche tourism; (3) female roles determine preserve the nature conservation ecotourism destinations; (4) holiday pattern Ecotourism encourages local changes; (5) quality service; (6) residents to use their culture in the natural communication and information conservation of their surroundings, technology; (7) travel options; (8) contemporary forms an attraction for individual security, safety, hygiene; (9) tourist. (Sitorus, 2017) explained the increased social and environmental objective of ecotourism activities is to concerns; (10) globalization of the learn, to appreciate, and to preserve nature economy. and to enhance the income of local Ecotourism should be based on the communities. indigenous community given fact that Ecotourism consist of interacting society has better knowledge of their agents including visitors, entrepreneurs and natural potentials, culture, culinary and local communities, continually learn and handicrafts (Farid, 2020). Ecotourism adapt to external changes to find the best fit program is one forms of community with the environment, and connect social, resilience that in a way, could support the ecological, and economic subsystems efforts to extensive protection of forests and through reliable feedback mechanism sea ecosystems (Farid, 2020). (Nabin, 2013). Local communities in Resilience is the ability to handle a ecotourism activities become an essential natural disaster, social politic conflict, role in the process of implementation of policy, knowledge to adapted with climate ecotourism. Also, the government and change, ability to manage ecosystem entrepreneur acting as a catalyst or stimulus sustainability. Building community and a vital role in the development to resilience is to reorganize the social life and increase the participation in ecotourism environment that is resilient to various activities (Singgalen, 2019). shocks.

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Resilience concept needs to literature study, website and webinar. The integrate with the framework of procedure of data analysis techniques in empowerment and sustainability of this research was (1) data reduction, (2) community livelihood (Mahmudi, 2020). presentation data, (3) conclusions. The Resilience defined as the capacity of a informant involved in this research is social-ecological system to absord Leader of Perkumpulan Penggerak Usaha disturbance and reorganize while changing dan Penghidupan masyarakat Asli Raja to retain mostly still the same function, Ampat (Perjampat) Association, Manager structure, identity and feedbacks (Nabin, of Trek-Papua Tours. 2013). Resilience in the social-ecological The study of the intended document system connected with diversity, is the searching of information through the innovation, the capacity to handle the internet to sharpen the analysis. This study disturbance and self-organization to focuses on three adaptation strategies: (1) respond to the changing environment. physically adaptation strategy, (2) Since WHO proclaim issue of economically adaptation strategy, and (3) Covid 19 pandemic, it has affected to social adaptation strategy. ecotourism industry in Papua, travel and In the early stages, researcher homestay booked was cancelled, zero searching information about issues of tourism activities, the loss of jobs has posed pandemic Covid 19 impacted tourism financial problems for tourist guides. Local industry, joined webinar held by UNWTO communities play a substantial role in talked about impact of Covid 19 and a ecotourism area, perspectives on glimpse of hope for tourism industry, sustainable development and webinar workshop solution synergy of environmental protection issue are vital for sustainability tourism amid pandemic effective management (Jamaliah, 2017). Covid 19, rural tourism during epidemic Covid 19, EcoNusa TV. METHOD Furthermore, searching article journal about ecotourism and resilience, During Covid 19 pandemic, and data literature from UNWTO and Ministry Social Distancing Restriction impacted on of Tourism and Creative Economy about how this research was conduct. The numbers of international tourist arrivals and researcher tried to do the research used a names of the foreign visitor to Indonesia, qualitative method with a descriptive mitigation action of Ministry of Tourism explanation. Data collections include and Creative Economy. The researcher

http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot 254 e-ISSN: 2407-392X. p-ISSN: 2541-0857 E-Journal of Tourism Vol.7. No.2. (2020): 250-264 traced information through website, Tj, Uban 151,15 63,922 -57,71 1 interview, and online news to ensure real Tj. Pinang 38,222 18,246 -52,26 condition. Tj. Balai 30,842 21,523 -30,22 Karimun Tj. Benoa 12,914 8,768 -32,10 RESULT AND DISCUSSION Tj. Mas 8,973 3,991 -55,52 Jayapura 12,178 5,670 -53,44 Atambua 20,549 23,379 13,77 Mitigation Impact of Covid 19 Pandemic Entikong 6,087 4,679 -23,13 to Tourism Industry in Indonesia Aruk 4,964 4,297 -13,44 Nanga Badau 3,500 1,923 -45,06 Indonesia Ministry of Tourism and 2,946, 2,043,50 -30,66 Total Visit Creative Economy has predicted that the 983 0 decrease in international tourists visits Sources: Indonesia Minstry of Tourism and Creative Economy, 2020 Indonesia as the impact of epidemic Covid 19. Data show in table 1. Cumulatively, data from January until March showed in 2019 were Table 1. Number of International Visitor to 2,946,983 visitors, meanwhile the number Indonesia on January-March, 2019-2020 of international visitors in January until

Main Gate 2019 2020 Percentage March 2020 was 2,043,500 visitors. A total

Ngurah Rai 1,329, 1,040,92 -21,72 visit means there -30,66 percentage number 681 8 of foreign visitors decreased. There 23 Soekarno- 585,30 357,116 -38,99 Hatta 7 main gates were a decline in the sum of Juanda 51,678 34,521 -33,20 international visitors. At the same time Kualanamu 59,197 41,066 -30,63 there three main gates such as BIL or Husein 43,993 30,270 -31,19 Sastranegara International Airport Lombok, S. Iskandar Adi Sucipto 28,209 18,633 -33,95 BIL 9,284 11,821 27,33 Muda airport, and Atambua airport showed Sam 32,971 14,004 -57,53 the increasing number of international Ratulangi Minangkabau 15,868 10,874 -31,47 visitors. S. Syarif 8,510 6,787 -20,25 Simultaneously with travelling restriction, Kasim II S. Iskandar 5,549 10,329 86,14 there is a list of closed tourism attraction in Muda Ahmad Yani 6,494 4,923 -24,19 regards to Covid 19 pandemic. Data shown Supadio 6,553 4,389 -33,02 in table 2. Sultan 4,155 3,572 -14,03 Hasanuddin Sultan M. 4,030 2,297 -43,00 Badaruddin II Batam 466,12 295,572 -36,59 4

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Table 2. Museum List of closed tourism attraction in regards The Puppet to Covid 19 Museum The Maritime No. Destination Tourist Museum Attraction The Joang 45 Museum 1 Central Java Ancient MACAN Human Museum Museum in Mandiri Museum Karimunjawa The Youth Marine Pledge National Park Museum Merbabu Museum if National Park National Mountain Awakening Selok National The National Park Museum Grojogan The National Sewu Nature Library Park Seribu Guci Nature Archipelago Park National Park Telogo Muara Angke Warno/Pengilo Wildlife n Nature Park Reserve Mountain Rambut Island Merapi Wildlife National Park Reserve 2 National Pavilion of Monument and DKI at TMII surrounding Jakarta area Planetarium Ancol Dance Kota Tua Laboratory and Ragunan Karawitan, Ismail Marzuki Condet Setu Babakan Cipir Island Pitung House Kelor Island Onrust Benyamin Archaelogy Suaeb Park Park Puppet Show The Jakarta Bharata Miss History Tjitjih Museum Jakarta The Prasasti Training Art Museum Building The MH Basoeki Thamrin Abdullah Museum Museum The Art & Formulation of Ceramic The Museum Proclamation The Textile Manuscript

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Museum 5 Bogor Hotels Indonesia 6 Surabaya Hotels National 7 Solo Radya Pustaka Gallery Museum Bight Keris Museum Club/Pub/Disc Keraton otheque Museum Family Balekambang Karaoke/Execu Park tive Karaoke Danar Hadi Bar Batik Museum Griya Massage Taru Jurug Zoo Spa Pura Movie Theater Mangkunegara Billiard an Steam Bath Ketoprak Art Ice Skating & Performance Manual Sriwedari Man Dexterity and Puppet Mechanical Performance Game Arena Tumurun for Adult Private Shopping Museum Malls 17 Pulau Riung Hotels 8 East Nusa Nature Park 3 Bali All beaches Tenggara Batang Island and all Nature Park entertainment Baumata area in North Nature Park Bipolo Nature Hotels Park 4 Bandung Alun-alun Camplong Bandung Nature Park City Park Gugus Pulau Bandung Teluk Planning Maumere Gallery Nature Park The Bandung Lapang Island City Museum Nature Park Bandung Menipo Nature Creative hub Park Dago Car Free Rusa Island Day Nature Park Bosscha Ruteng Nature Observatorium Park Gedung Sate Teluk Kupang Museum Nature Park Djuanda Forest Tuti Adagae Park Nature Park Bandung Bukit Geology Tangkiling Museum 9 Central Nature Park Korea Village Kalimantan Sebangau Bandung National Park Hotels Tanjung http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot 257 e-ISSN: 2407-392X. p-ISSN: 2541-0857 E-Journal of Tourism Vol.7. No.2. (2020): 250-264

Keluang Temple Nature Park Kalasan Tanjung Temple Putting All tourism National Park destination in Mount Palung National Park The Bromo 10 West Tanjung Tengger Kalimantan Belimbing Nature Park National Park Kelam Hill Rinjani Nature Park Mountain Bukit Baka The Bukit Raya National Park National Park Kutai National Betung Park Kerihun Danau Alas Purwo Sentarum National Park National Park Crater Lore Lindu Nature Park National Park Kerinci Seblat 11 Central Bancea Nature National Park Sulawesi Park Aketajawe Wera Nature Lolobata Park National Park Pinjan Tanjung Mount Leuser Matop Wildlife National Park Reserve Bukit igupuluh Kepulauan National Park Togean Bukit Duabelas National Park National Park Bantimurung Mount Gede Bulusarung Pangrango National Park National Park 12 South Lejja Nature All Jatim Park Sulawesi Park Arena Malino Nature Maount Park Tambira Taka Bonerate National Park National Park Amaris Ambon Wakatobi Hotel National Park Le Grandeur Bunaken Swiss 13 Sulawesi National Park Bellhotel Tenggara Gili Meno Balikpapan 14 North Gili Nasa Sulawesi Trawangan Banjarmasin 15 Others Gili Air Hotel Mpunt Swiss Merbabu Bellhotel Harbour Bay Temple Zest Hotel El Hotel Temple Kartika Wijaya Ratu Boko Royal Orchid http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot 258 e-ISSN: 2407-392X. p-ISSN: 2541-0857 E-Journal of Tourism Vol.7. No.2. (2020): 250-264

Batu shopping malls, national parks, hotels, Amaris Pettarani temples, nature park, art & performances, Makasar spa, and movie theatres were closed. M. Bahalap Palangkaraya Indonesia Government, through the Hotel Louis Kienne Ministry of Tourism and Creative Pandanaran Economy, takes mitigation action amid Semarang Hotel pandemic Covid 19 with First, social Louis Kienne protection program for workers in the Simpang Lima Maxone tourism sectors, distribute cloth masks. Sukabumi Hotel Second, reallocated the existing budget. Santika Ice BD Third, preparation of economic stimulus for Hotel Benteng business in tourism and creative economy V’redeburg Yogyakarta sectors. The charitable donation will give to Museum 44,925 art and creative sector’s employees. Balai Kriti Museum Fourth, online training on improvement Temple (Pawom room attendant competencies, financial Mendut, planning, English course, upskill and , Sari, Barong, reskilling the human resources Banyunibo, competencies in the spa business, Ijo, , Keulan, Dieng, increasing the capacity of MICE industry Muarajambi, Bumiayu, professional competencies. Benteng Fifth, #BanggaBuatanIndonesia and Marlborough, Bung Karno’s #BeliKreatifLokal campaign to encourage Exile) Batang Gadis people contribution helping each other to National Park local products. Sixth, evaluation and South Bukit Barisan rearrangement of ecotourism travel pattern National Park Ujung Kulon have adjusted with the New Normal National Park condition. Focusing on ecotourism and Sources: Indonesia Minstry of Tourism wellness tourism would be supported. In and Creative this case need a guarantee of cleanliness, Data from table 2 explained there health and safety preservation more than 14 destinations in Indonesia with environmental quality of the area and tourism attraction such as museums, involvement of local communities- seventh, managing visitor management,

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Adaptation Strategy Scotourism in Obstacles Implementation Adaptation Papua Amid Pandemic Covid 19 Strategy

The similar stories also happen in Lack of coordination and Papua; all tourists scheduled cancelled. cooperation between government and Homestay, all of a sudden, has no communities makes different occupation, no activitiy, no income. They understanding, fear to be suspected Covid have impacted to livelihood local 19 so communities did not tell the truth to communities. Based on information from medical personnel when going to the the coordinator of Raja Ampat Association hospital. Fast infected various gender, ages; of Business Players and Natice People’s vaccination still on progress research. Data Livelihood (Perjampat), the pandemic were collected for ecotourism practitioners situation had encouraged local by the government, but support has not communities to move on the other way to received yet by communities. survive. The Implication of Pandemic Covid 19 Methods of local communities in on Ecotourism Resilience in Papua adaptation strategy amid pandemic in The implication of Covid 19 Papua used different ways, such as pandemic on ecotourism resilience in sustaining the environment, protecting sea Papua in this research there were eight surrounding tourism attraction areas from aspects of resistance will be explained. illegally catching fisher that could be First, Geography aspect. Geography damaged environment. for ecotourism was a vital tourism The pandemic force local attraction; also a habitat for flora and fauna, communities back to the previous and the environment becomes cleaner and livelihood activities, such as hunting wild fresh. boar, planting, selling yellow rice and wild Second, Natural Resources aspect. boar to market, selling coffee, coffee beans, Less of human activities on natural sage, do online business. Meanwhile, the resources bring benefit to refresh, breath Perjampat activities were made new and regrow. trekking paths, identified wildlife along the Third, Demography aspect was original trekking path as new ecotourism affected by the pandemic, and several offers, updating websites, fixing 2021 trips populations decline 2% infected by Covid planning, build new facilities such as 19, 70% hospitalized. bungalow, homestay and renovation homestay.

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Fourth, Ideology aspect on affect may destination, but Covid 19 ecotourism resilience had not been affected. changed lots of tourism destination in the Communities have a strong ideology of economy and social sectors. Pancasila. Tourist destination needs adaptation Fifth, Politic aspect also not strategy on the physical area amid changed. Sixth, Economy aspect have big pandemic Covid 19 was local communities implicated of pandemic Covid 19 on need to protect the environment from illegal ecotourism resilience. Loss of income, jobs industries or action. Therefore, local makes ecotourism practitioners and communities, tourism activities, tourism communities must survive. practitioners can be adapted from Seventh, Social Culture aspect on mitigation action to survive on the economy ecotourism resilience affected on the new and social sectors. habit on communities, practitioners started Based on information from to be more concern about cleanliness, coordinator Perjampat, adaptation strategy hygience, health, and safety; also need to be of local communities during pandemic more sensitive on small group tourist, Covid 19 from the economy sector were sanitation and hygiene of homestay and encouraged communities to adapt again to surrounding facilities, kitchen, food, more the previous livelihood before tourism space on the room. Periodic clean and activities such as selling some product disinfectant ecotourism activities tools planting coffe and sage, fish, yellow rice, properties and mode of transportation. and wild boar to the traditional market and Eighth, Safety aspect on ecotourism online business. resilience need more protection fro illegal Meanwhile, from the social sector fishing, illegal action on ecotourism during pandemic there no ecotourism destination. activities, local communities adapted with planting hydroponic, build homestay, Discussion coordinate with local government search This research focuses on three new trekking at Kampung Dokay and Sosi, adaptation strategies forms, physical, fishing and clean wash fish. At the same economy, and society. Virus Covid 19 was time, adaptation strategy on the physical a new disaster where hardest impacted to sector of ecotourism was protecting economic sectors, and common areas to all sustainability environment, especially sea Indonesia region, even many countries. It is from illegal fishing, clearing area for different from a natural disaster. It did not preparation planting.

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SWOT Analysis opportunity and have time to strengthen A swot analysis evaluates the institutional, fixing the website, interna strengths and weaknesses, and the differentiation new product to offer. external opportunities, and threats in an Planning and mitigation risk management organization’s environtment (Bonnici, have time to create value-added. 2015). The threat to resilient ecotourism in

Analysis of Internal Strenghts and Papua was new changing protocal standard Weaknesses on running ecotourism business industry.

Internal strength of Papua There was the demand on cleanliness, hygiene, health, and safety of homestay and communities to resilient ecotourism during the pandemic is using natural resources surrounding, kitchen products, facilities, from forest, sea, land by hunting wild boar, restaurant, ecotourism attraction tools. fishing skill, and planting skill made them Tendency stimulate tourism package able to endure. needed to recover, demad on small group Weaknesses of resilient ecotourism tourist, changing on tourist travelling communities were less of coordination behaviour and market share, demand more between government and communities, space on room, example tourist will not be illegally fishing, lack of knowledge of willing to be in lots of people at the same Covid 19, tendency depends on tourism room. There was high-cost forecasting. sectors as the main livelihood. CONCLUSION Analysis of External Opportunities and Threats Opportunities to resilient ecosystem There were seven mitigation amid pandemic Covid 19 19 refreshed, programs strategies of Ministry Tourism regrow, restructure environment. and Creative Economy amid Covid 19 Ecotourism in Papua able to alive again pandemic. Social protection for workers with a new environment, as a result, was the important, followed by reallocated ecotourism in Papua will have a new track, budget, a stimulus for tourism business original path, new attraction to promote sector, live online training, campaign, also to support conservation. evaluate and re-arrangement of ecotourism Communities also have new travel pattern and standard protocol, standard skills to live with cleanliness, managing visitor management. hygiene, health, and safety. Have the

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