Refugee Review Tribunal

AUSTRALIA

RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE

Research Response Number: IND31794 Country: Date: 18 May 2007

Keywords: India – Muslims – – Internal relocation – State protection – Extortion – Police

This response was prepared by the Country Research Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum.

Questions

1. Please provide up to date information on the Shiv Shena party led initially by and now by his son . 2. Please advise in particular what states/areas in India it has influence and the degree of its influence. 3. Please advise in what states it has no or little influence. 4. Do they target Muslims for acts of violence? In what circumstances? 5. Do the police provide protection from these attacks? 6. Does the level of protection vary depending on which state they occur? 7. What states in India have large Muslim populations? 8. When a person moves state in India what requirements are there to register with authorities in the new state, particularly for those running a business?

RESPONSE

1. Please provide up to date information on the Shiv Shena party led initially by Bal Thackeray and now by his son Uddhav Thackeray.

RRT Research Response IND30381 provides background information on Shiv Sena to August 2006 (RRT Country Research 2006, Research Response ind30381, 10 August – Attachment 1). Research Response IND30864 updates this to November 2006 (RRT Country Research 2006, Research Response IND30864, 7 November – Attachment 2).

Shiv Sena faced a succession crisis in 2005 as Uddhav and fought to succeed Bal Thackeray. The party itself has changed directions many times in its 41 year history:

Bal Thackeray began to aggressively monetise the Shiv Sena’s network of shakhas (branches) only in the 1980s when the party’s growth began to threaten its old promoters — the Congress.

Having profitably lent his muscle to the Congress for decimating the Communists in , Thackeray needed to find his own funds henceforth.

The Sikh community in Mumbai was among the first to show Thackeray the benefits of communal profiling. While Sikhs and their establishments were burnt in northern India following the assassination of in October 1984, prominent businessmen of the community in Mumbai lined up before Thackeray to tie up cash for peace deals. … Tasting success with the Sikhs, Thackeray’s boys went on to map out clusters of mercantile communities like the Gujaratis, Sindhis, Marwaris and Bohri Muslims across Mumbai with the precision of today’s market researchers. After stoning a few symbolic shop windows, thugs from the Shiv Sena took to sending out pre-printed receipts smug in the knowledge that envelopes filled with the requisite cash would be waiting for them. … The past two decades have seen shakha pramukhs emerge as businessmen in their own right controlling cable television networks, restaurants and bars across the state. The Shiv Sena’s five years in power in also allowed many of them move up the party hierarchy and emerge as major government contractors.

The new-found prosperity, however, began to dull the risk-taking abilities of the Shiv Sena’s leaders. As Thackeray’s supplicant-turned-foe showed last month, the newly designer-clad shakha pramukhs were the first to turn tail when the police set up on them for trying to break the rebels’ protest meet. Rather than take on the police in pitched battles, all of them returned home after the mandatory televised show of fealty for the Thackerays.

The boys, grown men now, realise that the ageing Bal Thackeray has nothing more than his charisma and the fear inspired by the Shiv Sena brand of terror to offer by way of equity to his franchisees. No big idea has come from the Thackeray household and the best managers of the Shiv Sena are moving over to greener pastures (Kumar, S, ‘Shiv Sena hold weakens’ 2005, The Tribune, 23 August http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050823/edit.htm – Accessed 20 June 2006- Attachment 3).

In March 2006 the nephew of Bal Thackeray defected and formed his own party (‘Indian rebel Shiv Sena leader launches new political party’ 2006, Doordarshan DDTV news channel, 9 March, CISNET India CX149058 – Attachment 4).

THE MONOLITH that Bal Thackeray assiduously built over 39 years seems to be crumbling before his very eyes. In the last six months, the Shiv Sena seems to have gone into a self- destruct mode. And the best efforts of its founder and leader are not working to stop the decline. … The failure to secure a majority in the 2004 elections, having already lost in 2000, set in motion the process of disintegration that has not stopped. Present indications would suggest that even Mr. Bal Thackeray‘s intervention cannot heal the deep divide (Sharma, K, ‘All in the family’ 2005, , 19 August http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/19/stories/2005081905901100.htm – Accessed 20 June 2006 – Attachment 5).

In 2007 the party regained a seat at a by-election following the defection of one of its MP’s (‘Lesson for Cong in Sena victory’ 2007, The Telegraph, 13 April http://www.telegraphindia.com//1070413/asp/nation/story_7640585.asp – Accessed 26 April 2007 – Attachment 6).

And in early 2007, it retained control of the Mumbai City Council, despite losing seats (Bavadam, L. ‘Mumbai on a platter’ 2007, Frontline, 10 February, http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2403/stories/20070223002103400.htm – Accessed 16 May 2007 – Attachment 7).

After the July 2006 bombings in Mumbai, there was no resulting communal violence, which the Hindu stated was in part due to the split in Shiv Sena:

MUMBAI HAS not seen a serious communal conflagration since the post-Babri Masjid 1992- 93 riots. The absence of a riot does not mean there has been no communal tension. But for a variety of reasons, the tension between communities has been restricted or contained within certain areas and has not spread to the entire city. This is something that has to be noted, not necessarily to be celebrated. With the on-going investigations into the July 11 serial bomb blasts, the question about whether communal tensions could once again surface and come out in the open is being debated. Some feel that the anger in the minority community, which comprises over 17 per cent of Mumbai’s population, is boiling over and some of it has found expression in the men suspected of having participated directly, or having assisted indirectly in the bomb blasts. ... What is clear is that in a city as large and diverse as Mumbai, there are bound to be pockets where fear and resentment fester as neighbours are picked up, detained and sometimes arrested. But none of this necessarily adds up to a communal flare-up. … There are several reasons for this conclusion. One, there is no political party to exploit the situation the way the Shiv Sena was able to do in the past. The Sena is divided and has split up. As a result, despite highly provocative editorials in the party mouthpiece Saamna, there is no response or reaction (Sharma, K, ‘Why Mumbai escaped a flare-up’, 2006 The Hindu, 5 August http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/05/stories/2006080504921100.htm – Accessed 9 August 2006 – Attachment 8).

The public statements by Shiv Sena echo this: Leaders of India’s hardline Hindu Shiv Sena party said they had been overwhelmed by the Muslim response.

“Hindus and Muslims walked hand in hand yesterday,“ said Manohar Kargaonkar, a Shiv Sena official.

“When you read a newspaper you always find that a Muslim terrorist is behind subversive activity. But these people have shown what brotherhood is.“

Analysts and community leaders say weariness after decades of conflict as well as rising prosperity from the country’s booming economy have helped cool tempers between Hindus and Muslims (Majumdar, B. ‘Muslims give blood to Hindu victims’ 2006 Dawn website, source: Reuters, 13 July http://www.dawn.com/2006/07/13/int15.htm – Accessed 9 August 2006 – Attachment 9).

2. Please advise in particular what states/areas in India it has influence and the degree of its influence. 3. Please advise in what states it has no or little influence. 4. Do they target Muslims for acts of violence? In what circumstances? 5. Do the police provide protection from these attacks? 6. Does the level of protection vary depending on which state they occur?

The UK Home Office in its Country of Origin Information Report stated that:

Shiv Sena (Shiva’s Army)

A member of the NDA and more hard-line than the BJP, Shiv Sena is based in Mumbai (Bombay), the capital of Maharashtra State. [5l] An important ally of the BJP. [32dh] Shiv Sena is described as an ultra-nationalistic Hindu party based in Maharasthra state with a powerful presence in Mumbai, headed by one of India’s most controversial and militant right- wing leaders, Bal Thackeray:

“Over the years, the party has acquired a reputation of promoting religious and ethnic chauvinism while targeting minorities, especially Muslims. An important ally of the BJP, the western state of Maharashtra remains the Shiv Sena’s main support base where it formed its first government in 1995.“ [32dh] (UK Home Office 2007, Country of Origin Information Report: India, 11 May – Attachment 10).

The Home Office also reports that its activists are not above the law:

Militants from the Hindu extremist Shiv Sena party raided offices of a national television channel in Mumbai on 8 February and four people were arrested in connection with the attack. [42e] (UK Home Office 2007, Country of Origin Information Report: India, 11 May – Attachment 10)

The UK Home Office report did not mention any other recent attacks by Shiv Sena.

In a book on Shiv Sena by Julia Eckert (reviewed in Frontline), the author argued that its ability to influence the police and judiciary in Mumbai is due to its long role in the state:

Well before it won power in the city and later in the State, the Sena had made inroads into the apparatus of the State, especially the police. … The technique of fund collection was exposed in a speech delivered by Diwankar Raote, former Minister for Trade and Commerce, to a meeting of 77 traders in Dadar in 1988. Secretly taped, the transcript was published in The Telegraph (October 12 and 13, 1988), which the author quotes in extenso. “You tell me what your capacity is, just as it is your right to live as per your capacity, it is my right to take from you as per your capacity. You tell me what you are going to give me. Have you come here to fool me? You should have been mortally scared to talk to me like this, of giving only Rs.5,000. Merrily you take your money back. Not a single boy of mine will come to your house to question you why you did not pay. When you‘re raided don‘t come to me on your knees. Catch hold of politicians from other parties... “ This is how protection is extended. He added: “In order to serve the lives of your people in Bhiwandi, I have slaughtered Muslims taking a sword in my hand. Still you don‘t know Diwankar Raote. I have carried you, Gujaratis, on my shoulders... When we receive stabs on our chest, we never rely on beggars like you. The Gujarati businessmen of Thane had given us truckloads of pav (bread). They can do only that. They can‘t take swords in their hands, understand?

“In one riot, we have slaughtered 300-350 Muslims, and your (Gujarati) businessmen had witnessed it. What have you seen till now? You are happy here in Dadar. When the same Mohammedans will attack you and lift your women, you will remember us“ (emphasis added, throughout). … “…The Shiv Sena, too, bypasses the state, supplements it and often subsumes its agencies under its auspices and organises the new world not only in an ideological manner of right to participation, but also in a practical manner. The party actively restructures the institutional settings of the city as well as their legitimations. It apparently replaces the rule of law with the rule of force.“ … Police bias and the courts‘ leniency have contributed to making the Sena Establishment a state within a state. Thackeray can get away with anything, including incitement to murder. “The

immunity awarded to Bal Thackeray by political powers rests not solely on the alleged danger or riots and mayhem which a prosecution would possibly trigger, but above all on the Sena and its politics of violent action having been rather useful to other political outfits and interest groups, namely the Congress party, as well as the industrial and business elites of Mumbai“.

Julio Ribeiro recounts in his memoirs Bullet for Bullet: My Life as a Police Officer how the Congress government constantly pressed him, when he was Commissioner of Police, Mumbai, to go soft on Thackeray and the Sena.

The judiciary‘s attitude is nothing short of tragic. “Judicial inaction against the Shiv Sena as well as judicial bias in favour of it becomes apparent frequently in the judgements passed against Sainiks. [The scholar Thomas Blom] Hansen reports how the sentences passed for rioting in Maharashtrian villages against Sainiks and Muslim youths vastly differed in severity... Similarly, the legal procedures undertaken against those accused in the Mumbai bomb blasts of March 1993 seemed to show a stark bias; the perpetrators of atrocities in the Mumbai riots on the side of the majority community were hardly taken to justice, while those held responsible for the bomb blast of March 1993, seen by Muslims and Hindus alike as a revenge for the riots on the hands of the Muslim-led gangs, spent years in jail under the draconian Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA) law. Most of them were Muslims, although the bomb blasts could never have been organised without the assistance of state officials like customs officers, who are largely Hindu by religion.“ (Noorani, A. ‘Has Shiv Sena a future?’ 2003, Frontline, 1 March, http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2005/stories/20030314000307600.htm – Accessed 15 May 2007 – Attachment 11).

In Mumbai, Shiv Sena activists ransacked a TV station after airing a story about a Muslim:

A mob today ran wild at the STAR News headquarters, smashing furniture and cars, attacking equipment and injuring two persons, because the channel had “glorified“ a Hindu girl’s elopement with a Muslim boy.

Thirty-odd youths from the little known Hindu Rashtra Sena got off auto-rickshaws around 4 pm at the mouth of the central Mumbai lane that leads to the seven-storey office. Armed with hammers and rods and waving saffron flags, they pushed their way in past the guards.

When they left after 15 minutes, 48 parked cars had been damaged and the ground-floor reception vandalised. The mob attacked the newsroom, currently under renovation, and tried to attack the server room and the inquest room, sections that receive feed from across the country. … Eighteen people have been arrested, deputy chief minister R.R. Patil said. “The rest will be arrested tomorrow. We’ll teach them a lesson.“

“The Hindu Rashtra Sena is a new group. Its founder Dhananjay Desai has 13 cases against him, including some of robbery and vandalism,’’ said joint commissioner of police (law and order) Arup Patnaik. … The Shiv Sena has in the past attacked media offices for carrying reports critical of Bal Thackeray. Shiv Sainiks have several times attacked the office of Marathi eveninger Aaple Mahanagar.

Last year, the party’s student wing, Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sena, had attacked Zee TV after it aired a satirical programme on infighting within the Thackeray family (‘Attack on channel’ 2007, The Telegraph, 17 April, http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070417/asp/frontpa ge/story_7657838.asp – Accessed 17 April 2007 CISNET India CX175490 – Attachment 12).

In Mumbai, a court issues a warrant against Bal Thackeray following anti-Muslim comments made by him:

A city court Thursday [8 February] issued a bailable warrant against Shiv Sena chief Bal Thackeray for his alleged anti-Muslim statements during his party‘s anniversary celebrations last year.

Close on the heels of the Sena‘s success in civic polls here, Thackeray was ordered to be present in court on 28 March by Metropolitan Magistrate M.B. Date, who had earlier issued summons to him on three occasions.

The complaint against Thackeray was filed by Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) activist Munna Tripathi, who alleged the Sena founder made statements against the minority community during a function to celebrate his party‘s anniversary in June last year (‘Indian court issues warrant against Hindu leader for “anti-Muslim“ remarks’ 2007, , 8 February, CISNET India CX170901 – Attachment 13).

And there is a report of an attack on a Muslim for selling newspapers:

On July 10, 2004, a Muslim farmer tried to sell a bull at the Barghat weekly market, located approximately 20 kilometers from the town of Seoni in Madhya Pradesh. Several Shiv Sena and activists accosted him, accusing him of trying to sell his bull to a butcher and beat him to death. The district police arrested the attackers (US Department of State 2006, International Religious Freedom Report 2006 – India, 15 September – Attachment 14).

In Kerala, the party was established by 2002:

FOR the moment, what is more significant than anything else for Kerala is the communal context of the Maudany saga. On the one hand there is the intensifying threat posed by provocative speeches and statements and frequent shows of strength by organisations such as the VHP and the Shiv Sena in the State. Just as the RSS had brought in the until-then north Indian Janmashtami ritual as a mobilisation strategy in Kerala after 1990, the Vinayaka Chathurthi day this year saw for the first time a non-entity in State politics, the Shiv Sena, installing and immersing nearly 18,000 Ganesha idols all over Kerala amidst much fanfare (Krishnakumar, R. ‘The Maudany factor’ 2002, Frontline, 26 October, http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1922/stories/20021108002603800.htm – Accessed 15 May 2007 – Attachment 15). Since then they protested against insufficient recognition of the State Football team winning the championship trophy:

The Kerala Governor, R.L. Bhatia, has congratulated the State team that won the National senior football championship for the Santosh Trophy in New on Sunday. … In the meanwhile, volunteers of the Shiv Sena created a flutter in front of the Secretariat on Monday as they protested against the failure of the Government in declaring a public holiday in appreciation of the State team (‘Governor lauds football team’ 2004, The Hindu, 2 November, http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/11/02/stories/2004110206672000.htm – Accessed 15 May 2007 – Attachment 16). And have protested against changes to train time tables in 2004. No reports of violent attacks by Shiv Sena were discovered concerning Kerala:

Shiv Sena activists who were protesting at the Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway Station on Thursday against the change in train timings, blocked the Parasuram Express. They demanded that the old train timings be retained or more passenger trains started to solve the problems of daily commuters. They demanded that more general compartments be attached to the Mail and Express trains (‘Kerala – Thiruvananthapuram Around the City’ 2004, The Hindu, 3 September, http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2004/09/03/stories/2004090314970300.htm – Accessed 15 May 2007 – Attachment 17). In Rajasthan, Shiv Sena and Bajrang Dal members protested at a church: In February 2006, members of the Bajrang Dal and Shiv Sena forced their way into a church belonging to Emmanuel Ministries International (EMI), a Christian charitable institution, in Kota, Rajasthan, and burned an effigy of its founder on the rooftop. Local Hindus alleged that EMI used monetary inducements and charity to encourage conversions and distributed the book, Haqeeqat, (The Truth) to denigrate Hinduism. Hindu nationalists in Rajasthan publicized the alleged connection between EMI, the offensive book, and conversions, and pressed for anti- conversion legislation in the state assembly (US Department of State 2006, International Religious Freedom Report 2006 – India, 15 September – Attachment 14). They also continue to target Valentine’s Day, protesting in Delhi and Jaipur this year:

About 150 members of the pro-Hindu political party Shiv Sena gathered in New Delhi, shouting “Down with Western culture!” and “Death to Valentine‘s Day!” as they waved saffron-coloured flags.

“Valentine‘s Day promotes obscene cards and nudity and encourages our youngsters to be publicly affectionate in parks and other places -- this is against our ancient civilisation,“ said Jai Bhagwan Goyal, head of Shiv Sena in the capital. … In Mumbai, the scene of violent protests in the past, love seemed to conquer all and the day passed off peacefully.

Tens of Shiv Sena protesters burnt Valentine‘s cards in Jaipur and tried to enter the city‘s main park to harass courting couples, but were stopped by police (‘Shiv Sena in no mood for love on Valentine‘s’ 2007, Reuters, 14 February, http://www.in.today.reuters.com/news/NewsArticle.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2007-02- 14T174946Z_01_NOOTR_RTRJ ONC_0_India-287685-1.xml – Accessed 15 February 2007 CISNET India CX171442 – Attachment 18).

In the Punjab, the police provided protection for services after attacks by Hindu extremists, including Shiv Sena:

“As soon as the police reached the house, the extremists started running away. However, the police managed to catch three of them,“ said Francis. Those three were identified as Yogesh Batish, a leader of the Hindu extremist group Shiv Sena; Vivek, alias Appu, also from Shiv Sena, and a man known only as Suraj.

Church members later learned that another 35 extremists were about to join the attack, but fled when the police arrived.

As they fled, they warned Francis not to conduct a prayer meeting the following Sunday.

Francis resumed the service after the disruption, and went to the police station at 3:30 p.m. to lodge a written complaint. Since then, meetings have been held with police protection. (‘Police investigate Easter attack on Church in Punjab, India’ 2006, Compass Direct, 9 May, http://www.compassdirect.org/en/newslongen.php?idelement=4365 – Accessed 9 May 2007, CISNET India CX153143 – Attachment 19).

The US State Department report provides more details on the initial lack of state protection:

Religious press outlets reported that on April 16, 2006, in Bathinda, Punjab, a group of approximately five Hindu extremists led by the RSS broke up an Easter Day event at the home of a member of the “House of Prayer,“ an independent Christian denomination, warning its members not to hold further meetings and vandalizing some of the property. When the pastor attempted to register a FIR, the Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) reprimanded him for his Christian activities and told him that he required permission from the district magistrate to hold this event. On May 4, 2006, after Delhi All-India Christian Council (AICC) leaders contacted the superintendent, he recanted and permitted the services. Two Shiv Sena members and another man were arrested for the raid, but were released the same day (US Department of State 2006, International Religious Freedom Report 2006 – India, 15 September – Attachment 14).

In an attack believed to have been undertaken by Shiv Sena activists in , the police arrested 13 people:

Dozens of youth, believed to be Shiv Sena activists, barged into a public school in Moradabad, manhandled the staff and students and created ruckus. The police have arrested 13 persons including three women.

One of the three women had earlier worked as a teacher with the school and been sacked following a dispute with the management. She was accused of leading the mob into the campus to teach the school authorities a lesson, police said (‘Shiv Sainiks raid school, manhandle staff, students’ 2007, Times of India, 7 February, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Shiv_Sainiks_raid_school_manhandle_staff/art icleshow/1569189.cms – Accessed 7 February 2007 CISNET India CX170674 – Attachment 20).

In Goa it has no seats, though it is attempting to establish itself there, part of a plan to expand to an all India party:

The Sena has no representation in the Goa assembly but is trying to establish itself in Goa. … Dispelling apprehensions about the Hindutva stand of the Sena, he noted while the Catholic population was thrice that of Goa in Colaba, Virar, Vasai and Thane, there had been no instance of any problem of peaceful coexistence. As for the Sena‘s concern for (Goa a part of the Konkan belt), Mr Thackeray affirmed that both the chief ministers of Sena during the alliance government in Maharashtra represented the Konkan.

As regards, the Sena contesting the Goa election, Mr Thackeray said it was part of an all India plan to extend the base of the party as they had done in many more states (Banerjee, S. 2004, ‘Face off between Sena leader and Goa CM’, Times of India website, 15 April http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/617966.cms – Accessed 16 January 2007 – Attachment 21).

7. What states in India have large Muslim populations?

According to the Indian Government census of 2001, the states with a higher then the general average percentage of Muslim population are, Jammu & Kashmir 67.0%, Assam 30.9%, West Bengal 25.2%, Kerala 24.7%, Uttar Pradesh 18.2%, 15.9% (Indian Government 2006, Social, Economic and Educational Status of the Muslim Community of India, November – Attachment 22).

8. When a person moves state in India what requirements are there to register with authorities in the new state, particularly for those running a business?

A search of the Tribunal’s resources was unable to find any reference to a requirement to register as a matter of course with the authorities. Business are registered under the Federal Companies Act 1956 which is administered by various Federal agencies (‘Naming and Registering a Business’ (undated) India Government website, http://www.india.gov.in/business/start_business/registration_business.php – Accessed 15 May 2007 – Attachment 23).

List of Sources Consulted

Internet Sources: Government Information & Reports UK Home Office http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ US Department of State http://www.state.gov/ Indian Government http://www.india.gov.in International News & Politics BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk Frontline http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline The Hindu http://www.hinduonnet.com The Telegraph http://www.telegraphindia.com Times of India http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com Press Trust of India http://www.ptinews.com The Tribune www.tribuneindia.com Dawn http://www.dawn.com The Milli Gazette http://www.milligazette.com Search Engines Google http://www.google.com.au/ Copernic http://www.copernic.com/ Rediff http://www.rediff.com

Databases: FACTIVA (news database) CISNET (Department of Immigration Country Information database) ISYS (RRT Country Research database, including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, US Department of State Reports)

List of Attachments

1. RRT Country Research 2006, Research Response IND30381, 10 August.

2. RRT Country Research 2006, Research Response IND30864, 7 November.

3. Kumar, S, ‘Shiv Sena hold weakens’ 2005, The Tribune, 23 August http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050823/edit.htm – Accessed 20 June 2006.

4. ‘Indian rebel Shiv Sena leader launches new political party’ 2006, Doordarshan DDTV news channel, 9 March. (CISNET India CX149058)

5. Sharma, K, ‘All in the family’ 2005, The Hindu, 19 August http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/19/stories/2005081905901100.htm – Accessed 20 June 2006.

6. ‘Lesson for Cong in Sena victory’ 2007, The Telegraph, 13 April http://www.telegraphindia.com//1070413/asp/nation/story_7640585.asp – Accessed 26 April 2007.

7. Bavadam, L. ‘Mumbai on a platter’ 2007, Frontline, 10 February, http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2403/stories/20070223002103400.htm – Accessed 16 May 2007.

8. Sharma, K, ‘Why Mumbai escaped a flare-up’, 2006 The Hindu, 5 August http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/05/stories/2006080504921100.htm – Accessed 9 August 2006.

9. Majumdar, B. ‘Muslims give blood to Hindu victims’ 2006 Dawn website, source: Reuters, 13 July http://www.dawn.com/2006/07/13/int15.htm – Accessed 9 August 2006.

10. UK Home Office 2007, Country of Origin Information Report: India, 11 May.

11. Noorani, A. ‘Has Shiv Sena a future?’ 2003, Frontline, 1 March, http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2005/stories/20030314000307600.htm – Accessed 15 May 2007.

12. ‘Attack on channel’ 2007, The Telegraph, 17 April, http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070417/asp/frontpa ge/story_7657838.asp – Accessed 17 April 2007. (CISNET India CX175490)

13. ‘Indian court issues warrant against Hindu leader for “anti-Muslim“ remarks’ 2007, Press Trust of India, 8 February. (CISNET India CX170901)

14. US Department of State 2006, International Religious Freedom Report 2006 – India, 15 September.

15. Krishnakumar, R. ‘The Maudany factor’ 2002, Frontline, 26 October, http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1922/stories/20021108002603800.htm – Accessed 15 May 2007.

16. ‘Governor lauds football team’ 2004, The Hindu, 2 November, http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/11/02/stories/2004110206672000.htm – Accessed 15 May 2007.

17. ‘Kerala – Thiruvananthapuram Around the City’ 2004, The Hindu, 3 September, http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2004/09/03/stories/2004090314970300.htm – Accessed 15 May 2007.

18. ‘Shiv Sena in no mood for love on Valentine‘s’ 2007, Reuters, 14 February, http://www.in.today.reuters.com/news/NewsArticle.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=200

7-02-14T174946Z_01_NOOTR_RTRJ ONC_0_India-287685-1.xml – Accessed 15 February 2007. (CISNET India CX171442)

19. ‘Police investigate Easter attack on Church in Punjab, India’ 2006, Compass Direct, 9 May, http://www.compassdirect.org/en/newslongen.php?idelement=4365 – Accessed 9 May 2007. (CISNET India CX153143)

20. ‘Shiv Sainiks raid school, manhandle staff, students’ 2007, Times of India, 7 February, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Shiv_Sainiks_raid_school_manhandle_staff/art icleshow/1569189.cms – Accessed 7 February 2007. (CISNET India CX170674)

21. Banerjee, S. 2004, ‘Face off between Sena leader and Goa CM’, Times of India website, 15 April http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/617966.cms – Accessed 16 January 2007.

22. Indian Government 2006, Social, Economic and Educational Status of the Muslim Community of India, November.

23. ‘Naming and Registering a Business’ (undated) India Government website, http://www.india.gov.in/business/start_business/registration_business.php – Accessed 15 May 2007.