Chapter 4: Abstracts
These abstracts are for papers which were presented at the conference, either as oral presentations or poster papers, but for which the authors have chosen not to prepare and publish a full written paper. These abstracts are given in the alphabetical order of the prime author of the paper with the address of only that fi rst author included.
703 Aguirre-Muñoz, A.; F. Méndez-Sánchez, L. Luna-Mendoza, A. Ortiz-Alcaraz, J. Hernández-Montoya, Y. Bedolla-Guzmán, M. Latofski-Robles, E. Rojas-Mayoral, N. Silva-Estudillo, F. Torres-García, M. Félix-Lizárraga, A. Fabila-Blanco, A. Hernández-Ríos, E. Bravo-Hernández, F. Solís-Carlos, C. Jáuregui-García and D. Munguía-Cajigas. Mexico’s progress and commitment to comprehensive island restoration
Mexico’s progress and commitment to comprehensive island restoration
A. Aguirre-Muñoz, F. Méndez-Sánchez, L. Luna-Mendoza, A. Ortiz-Alcaraz, J. Hernández-Montoya, Y. Bedolla-Guzmán, M. Latofski-Robles, E. Rojas-Mayoral, N. Silva-Estudillo, F. Torres-García, M. Félix-Lizárraga, A. Fabila-Blanco, A. Hernández-Ríos, E. Bravo-Hernández, F. Solís-Carlos, C. Jáuregui-García and D. Munguía-Cajigas Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Islas, A.C., Avenida Moctezuma 836 Zona Centro, Ensenada, Baja California 22800 Mexico. For the past 18 years, Mexico has taken bold steps to systematically eradicate invasive mammals. Mexico´s 4,111 islands host 8.3% of the country’s plants and land vertebrates. They harbour one in three seabirds worldwide, placing Mexico as the third most diverse country. Invasive mammals have had a big toll on Mexico’s biodiversity, with 17 out of 21 confi rmed vertebrate extinctions occurring on islands. The Mexican conservation organisation Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Islas (GECI), in collaboration with Mexico’s federal government, and a wide network of national and international donors, has been leading the National Programme for Island Restoration that has grown in scope. The fi rst eradications on small islands fostered trust amongst partners, setting the foundations for complex eradications on bigger islands requiring innovation, capacity development, and research. Island biosecurity is now a priority for long-term tangible results. This programme evolved to be truly comprehensive, including post-eradication restoration to strengthen island resilience, and the social construction of a cultural approach integrating interests from conservation and local fi shing communities. Results to date include: (1) eradication of 58 populations of invasive mammals from 37 islands; (2) publication of both a National Island and Invasive Species Strategy, identifying conservation priorities; (3) ongoing active restoration of seabird colonies and native plant communities; (4) original applied research and ad hoc infrastructure and equipment to support restoration; (5) legal protection of all Mexican islands; (6) assessing the eff ects of climate change on islands’ biodiversity and human populations; and (7) formation of in-house specialists through postgraduate studies in collaboration with research institutes and universities from Mexico and elsewhere. As for the future, we foresee two priorities: (1) remove invasive mammals from all Mexican islands by 2030; and (2) promote the creation of an “International Islands Institute” that could operate under a wide international collaboration and interdisciplinary approach. A. Aguirre-Muñoz, F. Méndez-Sánchez, L. Luna-Mendoza, A. Ortiz-Alcaraz, J. Hernández-Montoya, Y. Bedolla-Guzmán, M. Latofski-Robles, E. Rojas-Mayoral, N. Silva-Estudillo, F. Torres-García, M. Félix-Lizárraga, A. Fabila-Blanco, A. Hernández-Ríos, E. Bravo-Hernández, F. Solís-Carlos, C. Jáuregui-García and D. Munguía-Cajigas
Andreozzi, P.C.; R. Griffi ths, D. Moverley, J. Wainiqolo, R. Nias, S. Boudjelas, D. Stewart, S. Cranwell, M. Smith and P. Cowan. The Pacifi c invasives partnership – a model for regional collaboration on invasive alien species The Pacifi c invasives partnership – a model for regional collaboration on invasive alien species
P.C. Andreozzi, R. Griffi ths, D. Moverley, J. Wainiqolo, R. Nias, S. Boudjelas, D. Stewart, S. Cranwell, M. Smith and P. Cowan U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington DC, USA. Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are a fundamental challenge facing Pacifi c Island Countries and Territories (PICTS), impacting economies, habitats, food security, biodiversity, livelihoods and quality of life. These negative and substantial impacts are being acknowledged by PICTs leaders as well as on the international stage. As the inter-relatedness of IAS and other fundamental challenges such as climate resilience, oceans and sustainability are understood and acknowledged, strategies to integrate IAS and biosecurity concepts into international eff orts will require invasive species expertise and guidance. The Pacifi c Invasives Partnership (PIP) is a group created by the Pacifi c Roundtable for the Conservation of Nature that has evolved into a broad advocate for IAS outreach and an incubator for collaborative IAS eff orts in the Pacifi c. PIP comprises volunteer IAS experts from regional, national, NGO and international groups that work in two or more PICTS and want to advance IAS issues. By taking a “rising tide fl oats all boats” approach, PIP members work to raise the profi le and understanding of IAS as a fundamental, underpinning issue to PICT economies, environments and future sustainability. PIP successes over the past fi ve years include reports and briefi ng materials prepared for the Pacifi c Islands Forum Leaders meeting, provision of advice and assistance for Pacifi c invasive species Global Environment Facility projects, leading and supporting regional and sub-regional projects on regional biosecurity, invasive ant and rodent eradication and prevention, and the successful raising of the IAS profi le at various international fora. PIP is a successful model of regional collaboration on invasive alien species and could be used as a model for similar eff orts in other island regions of the world.
P.C. Andreozzi, R. Griffi ths, D. Moverley, J. Wainiqolo, R. Nias, S. Boudjelas, D. Stewart, S. Cranwell, M. Smith and P. Cowan
704 Bird, J.; J. Shaw, R. Alderman and R. Fuller. A review of monitoring of biodiversity responses to island invasive species eradications
A review of monitoring of biodiversity responses to island invasive J. Bird, J. Shaw, R. Alderman and R. Fuller species eradications
J. Bird, J. Shaw, R. Alderman and R. Fuller Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia. A recent review examined the benefi ts from invasive species eradications on islands worldwide. While the review concluded that island eradications are overwhelmingly benefi cial for native biodiversity, a response to eradication was only demonstrated for 22 of the 532 islands treated. While many studies advocate monitoring, there appears to be a gap, either between eradication eff ort and monitoring eff ort, or between monitoring and analysing/reporting responses. We focussed on regions of the Pacifi c, Australia and the Caribbean to document the level of monitoring on islands where eradications have taken place. We collated published and unpublished literature and spoke to key practitioners in the region to investigate targets for monitoring, duration and frequency of monitoring, and the ability of implemented monitoring work to detect responses. We also investigated drivers of monitoring such as type of funder or implementing organisation behind the eradication operation. The study’s fi ndings highlight apparent biases in monitoring eff ort, they provide a benchmark of current monitoring eff ort, and open the debate on when and where monitoring should be undertaken and how best to develop optimal monitoring strategies.
Booker, H.; D. Appleton, D. Bullock, R. MacDonald, E. Bell, D. Price, P. Slader, T. Frayling, A. Taylor and S. Havery. A review of seabird recovery on Lundy Island, England, over a decade following the eradication of brown and black rats A review of seabird recovery on Lundy Island, England, over a decade following the eradication of brown and black rats
H. Booker, D. Appleton, D. Bullock, R. MacDonald, E. Bell, D. Price, P. Slader, T. Frayling, A. Taylor and S. Havery Species and Habitats, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, RSPB, Headquarters, the Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK. Lundy, a 450 ha island situated 19 km off the Devon coast in the UK’s Bristol Channel, is internationally important for its marine life and its waters were established as the UK’s fi rst Marine Nature Reserve in 1971. Lundy is home to eleven seabird species, including Manx shearwater (Puffi nus puffi nus), for which the UK has a global responsibility and Atlantic puffi n (Fratercula arctica), a globally threatened species. Steep declines in Lundy’s seabird populations, with puffi ns nearing extinction and low numbers of Manx shearwaters, led to the establishment of the Seabird Recovery Project in 2001. The project aimed to improve the conditions for these burrow-nesting seabirds through the eradication of brown and black rats. From 2002–2004 a ground-based operation was undertaken, and in 2006 Lundy was offi cially declared rat-free. The seabird populations of Lundy have been well studied with detailed regular data spanning the last 35 years. Over the last decade, as a result of rat removal, seabird numbers on the island have doubled and storm petrels have colonised. By 2013, the breeding population of Manx shearwaters increased more than ten-fold to an estimated 3,451 pairs. In 2004, the puffi n population on Lundy fell to an all-time low with only fi ve individuals, but in 2013, more than 80 individuals were recorded. Here we discuss the observed seabird responses to the eradication and present the most recent results of the monitoring surveys from 2017. These impressive results highlight the importance of and need for eff ective biosecurity to reduce the risk of re-incursion of rats. Lundy is a popular tourist destination with a working farm; therefore, the regular transportation of cargo remains a high biosecurity risk. A revised biosecurity and incursion response plan is now being fi nalised.
H. Booker, D. Appleton, D. Bullock, R. MacDonald, E. Bell, D. Price, P. Slader, T. Frayling, A. Taylor and S. Havery
Boser, C.L. Eradicating invasive ants in conservation areas Eradicating invasive ants in conservation areas C.L. Boser C.L. Boser The Nature Conservancy, 532 E Main St, Suite 200 Ventura, California 93001, USA. Established invasive invertebrates, such as Argentine ants (Linepithema humile), can have long-term and cascading adverse ecological impacts for native communities. In Mediterranean ecosystems, they out-compete most native ant species and harm plants such that they interfere with pollination, reducing seed set. In 2013–2016 we developed and carried out a unique treatment protocol on four Argentine ant infestations on Santa Cruz Island, California, totalling 410 ha. We used polyacrylamide beads, hydrated with 6 ppm thiamethoxam and 25% sucrose water distributed at a rate of 148 litres per hectare via helicopter and hopper. We treated the four infestation areas 14 times, for total cost of US$1,400 per ha. Two monitoring strategies used lures and visual searching on 74 ha in 2013–2015, with costs at US$2,200 and US$500 per ha. The less costly, targeted strategy revealed one spot population totalling 0.3 ha. This population was located at the edge of a treatment site, possibly indicting that the 50 m buff er added to that delimited infestation was insuffi cient. Follow up treatments were conducted on that site and Argentine ants were not detected in subsequent monitoring rounds. Monitoring will continue 2016–2020 throughout all four treatment areas, aided by a fi ne-scale model of probability of detection and probability of persistence by vegetation type, and detection dogs. Packaged with patience and persistence, these treatment and monitoring protocols show promise as an eradication tool. Preliminary data indicate that the treatment may also be eff ective in eradication programmes for other invasive ant species.
705 Brazier, M. Big island, small invader: eradicating invasive fi sh on a national scale Big island, small invader: eradicating invasive fi sh on a national scale
M. Brazier M. Brazier National Fisheries, Environment Agency, Bridge End Depot, Causeway Road, Kendal, Cumbria, North West, UK. Topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) is an invasive non-native cyprinid from Asia. Listed as a Species of Union Concern under the EU Invasive Alien Species Regulations, it is considered one of the most potentially damaging non-native fi sh species to invade Western Europe. Introduced to Great Britain (GB) in 1984, evidence indicated that if topmouth gudgeon established in GB, the impacts on our native species and habitats could be severe. The threats were clear, and the case for action robust. However, in 1980s and 1990s GB authorities lacked a coherent invasive species strategy, regulatory powers were ineff ective, there was no focused expertise or capacity and the tools and techniques necessary to control such a tenacious invasive species had not been developed or adopted. Topmouth gudgeon spread inexorably across England and Wales, until 2004. By 2004, with seven populations identifi ed, the authorities were no closer to a solution. However, using an innovative biocide-based approach, a local Environment Agency team successfully eradicated topmouth gudgeon from a fi shery in the Lake District. This led to a number of small scale, ad hoc eradications, but as confi rmed populations climbed to 14, sustainable removal of the species from GB was not considered feasible. In 2011, supported by the GB Invasive Species Strategy, the Environment Agency utilised their growing expertise and capacity to develop a specialist team and equipment and implemented a Water Framework Directive National Programme; their ambitious objective: total eradication of topmouth gudgeon from GB by 2018. Scaling up from small scale, localised eradication to a national landscape scale programme to eradicate an aquatic invasive species was unprecedented and presented signifi cant strategic, legal, operational, economic and political challenges. This paper documents that 12-year journey, highlighting the challenges, discussing how they were overcome, the lessons learnt, and considers the future potential and direction of this work. Population growth of seabirds after the eradication of
R. Buxton and M. Brooke introduced mammals R. Buxton and M. Brooke Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, 1474 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. Eradication of introduced mammals to restore island ecosystems has become increasingly common, with more than 1,000 successful projects around the world. Various benefi ts for native fauna have been documented, including reduced predation and positive demographic response. However, evidence that these eradications lead to increases in populations of seabirds, which are important island ecosystem engineers, is sparse. The limited amount of monitoring is partly because of seabirds’ long life cycle, meaning that several years or even decades may elapse before populations respond to eradication. Drawing on data from across the world, we assemble population growth rates (lambda, λ) of 181 seabird populations of 69 species following successful eradication projects. After successful eradication, the median growth rate was 1.12 and populations with positive growth (λ > 1; n = 151) greatly outnumbered those in decline (λ < 1; n = 23) and those that exhibited no change (λ = 1; n =7). Population growth was faster at newly-established colonies compared to those already established, and in the fi rst few years after eradication before the species’ age of fi rst breeding. Because λ was higher before fi rst-time breeders are recruiting back into the colony, this suggests that immigration is important for colony growth. Population growth was also faster among gulls and terns compared to other seabird groups and when several invasive mammals were eradicated together in the course of the restoration project. This refl ects the relative lack of philopatry among gulls and terns and reinforces current best practice – the removal of all invasive mammals where feasible. These results may help prioritise sites for future eradication projects and determine where active seabird population management is required after eradication. Assessment of the possible effects of biological control agents of Lantana camara and Chromolaena odorata in Davao City, C. Canlas, C. Gever, P. Rosialda, Ma. N. Quibod, Mindanao, Philippines P. Buenavente, N. Barbecho, C. Layusa and M. Day C. Canlas, C. Gever, P. Rosialda, Ma. N. Quibod, P. Buenavente, N. Barbecho, C. Layusa and M. Day Biology Department, Adamson University, 9666 Dona Cipriana Street, Gat-Mendoza, Brgy. Vitalez. Invasive plants have an impact on global biodiversity and ecosystem function, and their management is a complex and formidable task. Two of these invasive plant species, Lantana camara and Chromolaena odorata, are found in the Philippines. Lantana camara has the ability to suppress the growth of and outcompete neighbouring plants. Chromolaena odorata causes serious agricultural and economical damage and causes fi re hazards during dry season. In addition, both species have been reported to poison livestock. One of the known global management strategies to control invasive plants is the introduction of biological control agents. These natural enemies of the invasive plants reduce population density and impacts of the invasive plants, resulting in the balance of the nature in their invasion. Through secondary data sources, interviews, and fi eld validation (e.g. microhabitat searches, sweep netting, opportunistic sampling, photo-documentation), we investigated whether the biocontrol agents previously released by the Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) in their Davao Research Center to control these invasive plants are still present and are aff ecting their respective host weeds. We confi rm the presence of the biocontrol agent of L. camara, Uroplata girardi, which was introduced in 1985, and Cecidochares connexa, a biocontrol agent of C. odorata released in 2003. Four other biocontrol agents were found to aff ect L. camara. Signs of damage (e.g. stem galls in C. odorata, and leaf mines in L. camara) signify that these biocontrol agents have successfully established outside of their release site in Davao. Further investigating the extent of the spread of these biocontrol agents in the Philippines and their damage to the two weeds will contribute to the management of invasive plant species in the country. 706 Buxton, R. and M. Brooke. Population growth of seabirds after the eradication of introduced mammals Canlas, C.; C. Gever, P. Rosialda, Ma. N. Quibod, P. Buenavente, N. Barbecho, C. Layusa and M. Day. Assessment of the possible eff ects of biological control agents of Lantana camara and Chromolaena odorata in Davao City, Mindanao, Philippines Cecchetti, M.; G. Dell’Omo and B. Massa. Black rat eradication from Linosa Island: work in progress Black rat eradication from Linosa Island: work in progress M. Cecchetti, G. Dell’Omo and B. Massa M. Cecchetti, G. Dell’Omo and B. Massa University of Exeter, Environment and Sustainability Institute, College of Life and Environmental Science, Penryn Campus, Cornwall UK; and Berta maris, Linosa. The black rat (Rattus rattus) is one of the most successful colonising mammals and one of the 100 world’s worst invasive species. It is a generalist and opportunistic predator, particularly of seabird eggs and chicks on islands where it has been transported by humans on ships. The Life project “Pelagic Birds: Conservation of the main European population of Calonectris diomedea and other pelagic birds on Pelagic Islands” on Linosa Island involves the eradication of black rats, since it is considered the major cause of Scopoli’s shearwater breeding failure. From 15 May to 10 October 2013, a preliminary phase was carried out to determine the abundance and the distribution of black rats and house mice (Mus musculus) through captures. In four sessions of captures in eight diff erent representative habitats, a total of 197 rats and 247 mice have been captured. In the same year rats impacted negatively the 34% of the 400 shearwater nests monitored, having a similar impact on eggs and chicks. On February 2016 we set 2,700 rodenticide stations all around the island. Then, the rodenticide was replaced in April, June, October and November, with positive results. The rat take of baits has decreased signifi cantly. In November, an average of 86% of baits were left in the stations, indicating a strong decrease of the rat population. Continuing the action and the distribution of rodenticide is essential in order to reach the eradication of this aggressive predator by the end of the year. Cecchetti, M.; L. Nelli, B. Massa and G. Dell’Omo. Eff ects of cat, rat, and human predation on Scopoli’s shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) breeding success and nest-site occupancy on Linosa Island Effects of cat, rat, and human predation on Scopoli’s shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) breeding success and nest-site occupancy on Linosa Island M. Cecchetti, L. Nelli, B. Massa and G. Dell’Omo M. Cecchetti, L. Nelli, B. Massa and G. Dell’Omo University of Exeter, Environment and Sustainability Institute, College of Life and Environmental Science, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, UK; and Berta maris, Linosa. Biodiversity on islands is seriously threatened by invasive species, that have been voluntarily or accidentally introduced by humans. Seabirds, especially small and medium ground-nesting Procellariiformes, are particularly vulnerable to introduced predators which can negatively aff ect breeding success and nest occupancy. Linosa is a small Mediterranean island where thousands of Scopoli’s shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea) breed each year. Their survival is endangered by the presence of 400 inhabitants, 300 free-roaming cats (Felis catus), and a conspicuous population of rats (Rattus rattus). Our study aims at evaluating the eff ects of cat, rat and human predation on the shearwaters’ breeding success and the eff ects of breeding failure on nest-site occupancy. From 2013 to 2016 we monitored shearwater nests and collected data on burrow occupancy, egg deposition, egg hatching, and chick fl edging taking notes of cases of failure. Nest characteristics were also measured. Overall, the shearwater breeding success was 65% and predation by mammals was the major cause of breeding failure (19%). We analysed the eff ects of cat and rat predation and poaching on the nest occupancy in the following year, using generalised linear mixed eff ect models. We also analysed if nest characteristics (depth and diameter) and nest position, in terms of distance from houses, roads, trails and coastline, were related to the probability of predation by cats, rats and poaching. Egg-poaching had a negative eff ect on the occupancy of the following year, whereas predation upon eggs by rats and predation upon chicks by cats had a minor eff ect. We also found that the nest position didn’t aff ect the probability of predation by rats and cats and egg poaching. However, increasing in cavity depth reduces the probability of cat predation.
Clubbe, C. Invasive plants: what can be done about this continuing threat to biodiversity? Invasive plants: what can be done about this continuing
C. Clubbe threat to biodiversity? C. Clubbe Conservation Science, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK. Human intervention has led to plants being moved around the world for centuries. This practice has been both unintentional and intentional. Unintentional when seeds and/or vegetative propagules were transported vicariously alongside other materials being moved. Intentional when desirable and useful plants were moved around the world, often linked with colonialisation, arguably the fore-runner of today’s globalisation. Many of these plants became naturalised only locally or required careful nurturing to survive in their new habitats. However, some of these plant species found their new environments highly conducive to spread. Removed from controlling factors such as pests and herbivores, they became established over signifi cant areas posing a serious threat to native biodiversity. Invasive species are now recognised as a major driver of biodiversity loss globally, with particularly severe impacts on islands. We have reviewed six global invasive species databases to determine the number of invasive plants globally. Taxonomic reconciliation has demonstrated that 6,075 vascular plant species are currently documented as invasive. The fi rst part of this talk will review this in its historical context and consider the implications of the continuing increase in the number and spread of invasive plant species globally. The second part of the talk will review work by Kew’s UK Overseas Territories team on invasive plants. The UK Overseas Territories support the most signifi cant UK biodiversity in terms of unique species and habitats. This biodiversity is under severe threat from invasive species. We have been identifying and mapping invasive plants, and developing actions plans for their control. The talk will include examples from St Helena, Ascension, Falkland Islands and British Virgin Islands. Wider implications from this work for dealing with this global threat will be considered.
707 Cranwell, S. Partnerships in the restoration of tropical Pacifi c islands Partnerships in the restoration of tropical Pacifi c islands S. Cranwell S. Cranwell Birdlife International, GPO Box 18332, Suva, Fiji. The eradication of invasive alien species from islands is a highly eff ective conservation action for the recovery of declining and threatened native species. Among the characteristics necessary for the success of these operations and the sustainability of the conservation outcomes is a range of technical expertise, cultural and political support, and fi nancial and organisational capacity. In the tropical Pacifi c, civil society organisations including the BirdLife Partnership have taken a lead in implementing invasive vertebrate eradications, and despite capacity limitations have successfully delivered operations for 40 sites in fi ve countries since 2007. The scale and complexity of these eradications have increased over time, from focusing on single target species on individual islands to simultaneously addressing multiple invasives and islands. This growing experience has highlighted the strengths of locally based civil society organisations, particularly in addressing the cultural and political issues associated with vertebrate eradications, but also the essential role of partnerships in supporting their technical preparation and fi nancing. The operations to date have benefi ted multiple threatened species. However, if invasive species management is to fulfi l it’s potential to reduce biodiversity loss on Pacifi c islands, political support and local capacity must increase, particularly for biosecurity. Stronger partnerships between governments and non-governmental organisations are also necessary, both to engage local communities and to meet the specialised technical preparations and signifi cant fi nancing needs, so that the challenges of island restoration are met with a response of the requisite pace and scale.
del Mar Leza, M.; A. Marqués, C. Herrera, M. Ángel Miranda, M. Ruiz, A. Pou and C. Guerrero. Vespapp: citizen science to detect the invasive species Vespa velutina. Vespapp: citizen science to detect the invasive species Vespa velutina
M. del Mar Leza, A. Marqués, C. Herrera, M. Ángel Miranda, M. Ruiz, A. Pou and C. Guerrero University of Balearic Island, Palma of Majorca, Balearic Island, Spain. The yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina) is an Asian native species recorded across Europe, including mainland Spain, since 2004. Its fi rst detection in Majorca (Balearic Islands; Spain) took place by researchers at the Laboratory of Zoology in collaboration with local beekeepers in October 2015. This invasive species has an important impact on biodiversity, apiculture and human health. Adult wasps are predators of bees, therefore contributing to the loss of honeybee colonies. For effi cient actions to minimise the harms of the invasive species, early detections are crucial. Thus, civic collaboration may off er an important source of information to determine the presence and distribution of V. velutina. Current technological advances off er the opportunity for citizens to become active participants of the scientifi c research (citizen science). Vespapp is a software, either as a cell phone app or a website, which aims to identify any suspicious observation (hornets and nests) by sending a picture to a global database. The received information is subsequently confi rmed or discarded by an expert panel. In case of a positive identifi cation, an action protocol is implemented including the placement of traps, nest removal and monitoring the area. Since the Vespapp launch in June of 2016, the app has been downloaded 1436 times, has received more than 450 photos and 31 of them have been positive in the Balearic Island and the Iberian Peninsula. These results have enabled detection and removal of a total of nine nests during 2016, which is of great importance in controlling the expansion of the V. velutina considering the early stage of invasion in the Balearic Islands.
M. del Mar Leza, A. Marqués, C. Herrera, M. Ángel Miranda, M. Ruiz, A. Pou and C. Guerrero
Djeddour, D.; N. Maczey and C. Pratt. Wild ginger, a beautiful menace to island ecosystems – can a natural solution be found? Wild ginger, a beautiful menace to island ecosystems – can a natural
D. Djeddour, N. Maczey and C. Pratt solution be found? D. Djeddour, N. Maczey and C. Pratt CABI Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK. Kahili or wild ginger, (Hedychium gardnerianum (Zingiberaceae)) poses a serious threat to many unique island ecosystems worldwide including: the Federated States of Micronesia, Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Hawaii, New Zealand, La Réunion, the Macaronesian Archipelago and Jamaica. Introduced from the foothills of the Himalayas for its ornamental/ commercial value, kahili has escaped cultivation and to become an aggressive coloniser in its introduced, sub-tropical range. Adaptable to a wide range of habitats, from native wetlands and riparian areas through to forest understorey, road verges and scrubland, wild ginger forms large, herbaceous, shade tolerant monocultures which outcompete native vegetation. It has the potential to prevent regeneration of native forests and cause wide scale ecosystem collapse and biodiversity loss. Wild ginger forms deep rhizome beds, reproduces vegetatively as well as through seed and is spreading unchecked across extensive and rugged terrain, which make chemical and mechanical control largely ineff ectual. Classical biological control is widely believed to be the only long-term solution for this intractable invader. A biocontrol initiative for kahili ginger was initiated by CABI in 2008 for Hawaiian and New Zealand stakeholders. Surveys in the native range identifi ed a number of damaging and limiting natural enemies which continue to be evaluated for specifi city in the UK. The progress, prioritised agents and future prospects are further described.
708 Doube, J. Is poisoning rodents a health hazard? Is poisoning rodents a health hazard? J. Doube J. Doube SAAS-MedSTAR, SA Health (and Australian Antarctic Division), 5 Taylors Lane, Strathalbyn, SA 5255, Australia. As large-scale island eradication projects expand, it is inevitable that aerial baiting will occur on inhabited islands. However, when anticoagulant bait is to be spread all around living areas, community concerns about the safety of such projects are likely and understandable. Health monitoring of bait handling personnel on the largest island aerial baiting projects (including Macquarie Island and South Georgia), has shown no signifi cant poisoning. Given the exposure of these individuals is orders of magnitude beyond that of community members, such monitoring can provide reassurance to far less exposed individuals. Additionally, lessons can be learnt on how to manage the community perceptions of these issues for critical conservation projects.
Fleischmann, K.; S. Massy, M. Schmutz, B. Seraphine and J. Millett. When our enemy is our friend: new approaches to managing alien vegetation in Seychelles catchment forest
When our enemy is our friend: new approaches to managing alien
K. Fleischmann, S. Massy, M. Schmutz, vegetation in Seychelles catchment forest B. Seraphine and J. Millett K. Fleischmann, S. Massy, M. Schmutz, B. Seraphine and J. Millett University of Seychelles, P.O. Box 1348, Anse Royale, Mahé, Seychelles. Invasive alien plants are one of the major causes of biodiversity loss with impacts on ecosystems such as alterations of biogeochemical and hydrological cycles. The Seychelles’ forest is dominated by non-native vegetation arising from plantation agriculture often referred to as novel ecosystems. Under some circumstances native vegetation shows signs of recovery, particularly in low light conditions that occur under a forest canopy dominated by exotic species. Conversely, high light conditions arising from forest disturbance benefi t invasive exotic species especially vines such as Merremia peltata which outcompete native vegetation. The Ecosystem Based Adaptation in the Seychelles project aims to enhance water-catchment management formulating recommendations for vegetation rehabilitation and establishing post-rehabilitation monitoring. The project will rehabilitate 600 ha of forest, an ambitious target that requires forestry management capacity development, policy development and community support to ensure long-term protection and management of catchment forest. Catchment vegetation quality was assessed using plant endemism, species diversity and forest rejuvenation indices. Sampling was conducted by transects and permanent monitoring plots in 10 intensive monitoring sites in water catchments. The project also deployed drone monitoring and light level monitoring using images taken with a fi sh eye lens. Rehabilitation has been implemented fi rst on sites with high vegetation quality indices where management is expected to assist natural regeneration. Management has focused on removal of exotic saplings and under-canopy shrubs leaving a forest canopy dominated by exotic species including Tabebuia pallida and Falcataria moluccana intact. This counterintuitive approach is expected to maintain the shade conditions and the microclimate that will benefi t native species over non-native species and facilitate the regeneration of palm dominated native forest. Initial indications are that closed canopy forest rehabilitation and community supported protection of forests from disturbance are important management measures for these novel ecosystems and hence for water catchments.
Fric, J.; T. Dimalexis, V. Goritsas, A. Evangelidis and I. Nikolaou. Eleonora’s falcon (Falco eleonorae) benefi ting from rat eradication – the case of Andros, Greece Eleonora’s falcon (Falco eleonorae) benefi ting from cat eradication J. Fric, T. Dimalexis, V. Goritsas, – the case of Andros, Greece A. Evangelidis and I. Nikolaou J. Fric, T. Dimalexis, V. Goritsas, A. Evangelidis and I. Nikolaou Nature Conservation Consultants Ltd., Chalandri, GR-15231 Greece. Three colonies of Eleonora’s falcon (Falco eleonorae) on the island of Andros (Cyclades, Greece) have been monitored since 2006. On two of these colonies, presence of rats has been recorded at least since 2006, while the third colony was invaded by rats in 2011. The latter provided a unique situation to study the short-term impacts of rats on the breeding performance of the Eleonora’s falcon. On the newly rat-infested islet within a single year the number of active nests, the breeding success and the total number of fl edglings were reduced by 47%, 23% and 58% respectively. Rat eradication operations were successfully carried out on all three islets in 2012 and 2014. At all colonies the breeding performance improved immediately. At the colony where rats were present for only one breeding season (2011), all breeding parameters recovered to pre-invasion levels within the rat eradication year. In all colonies, vegetation degradation resulting from rat foraging had consequently led to lower nesting site quality for falcons. Therefore, rat eradications were followed by construction of artifi cial nests which further improved the breeding habitat. In the years following the eradications 14–25% of active nests were artifi cial and the breeding success in artifi cial nests was in general higher than in natural nests. The rat eradication operations in combination with the construction of artifi cial nests on the islets of Andros indicate the benefi ts of these management measures on the breeding performance of the Eleonora’s falcon and highlight the importance of immediate response to rat infestation. The conservation measures were implemented as part of the LIFE Nature project ANDROSSPA (LIFE10 NAT/GR/000637).
709 Fric, J. and A. Evangelidis. A review of 12 years of rat eradication operations for the conservation of priority island nesting birds in Greece A review of 12 years of rat eradication operations for the conservation of priority island nesting birds in Greece J. Fric and A. Evangelidis J. Fric and A. Evangelidis Nature Conservation Consultants Ltd., Chalandri, GR-15231, Greece. Since 2005, rat eradication operations have been carried out on a total of 41 uninhabited islets and islands in the Aegean Sea in Greece ranging in size from less than 1 ha up to almost 300 ha with the total area exceeding 1,050 ha. The initial eradication methodology was developed with the support of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and further optimised through implementation of consecutive eradication operations. The operations were carried out on 16 diff erent groups of islets and islands with the aim of improving the breeding habitat of a signifi cant proportion of island nesting bird species of conservation concern, including Eleonora’s falcon (Falco eleonorae), Mediterranean shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii), Audouin’s gull (Larus audouinii), yelkouan shearwater (Puffi nus yelkouan), Scopoli’s shearwater (Calonectris diomedea diomedea) and European storm-petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus). While the most recent eradication operations are still underway, previous operations have successfully removed all rats, eliminating egg and chick predation, as well as, degradation of bird nesting habitats. All rat eradication operations were carried out using brodifacoum-based bait, deployed mainly through placement of bait stations in association with hand broadcast. No signifi cant negative impacts on non-target species due to baiting have been recorded. All rat eradication operations have been carried out through six diff erent LIFE projects co-fi nanced by the European Commission.
Fric, J.; A. Evangelidis, T. Dimalexis, N. Tsiopelas, S. Xirouchakis, C. Kassara and S. Giokas. Improving nesting habitats for the Eleonora’s falcon and seabirds Improving nesting habitats for the Eleonora’s falcon and seabirds
J. Fric, A. Evangelidis, T. Dimalexis, N. Tsiopelas, S. Xirouchakis, C. Kassara and S. Giokas Nature Conservation Consultants Ltd., Chalandri, GR-15231 Greece. Rat invasion is considered a major environmental issue regarding the Aegean islands (Greece), which are characterised by a rich biodiversity of faunistic and fl oristic taxa of high conservation concern. One of the most emblematic bird species at national level, Eleonora’s falcon (Falco eleonorae), is severely aff ected by rat invasion. The Aegean islands constitute the core of its breeding range, holding more than 80% of the species’ breeding population. In the framework of the LIFE Nature project “LIFE ElClimA” (LIFE13 NAT/GR/000909), rat eradication operations take place at two uninhabited island complexes, hosting approximately 6% of the species’ national population, as well as important colonies of other priority seabird species that are also aff ected by rat predation, namely the yelkouan shearwater (Puffi nus yelkouan) and Scopoli’s shearwater (Calonecrtis diomedea). Removing rats from a total area of 705 ha is the largest rat eradication operation ever attempted in the country. Rodenticide baits have been primarily deployed in bait stations to minimise primary poisoning risk to non-target species, e.g. partridges (Alectoris chukar) and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), as well as their predators such as Bonelli’s eagles (Aquila fasciata) and long-legged buzzards (Buteo rufi nus), which could be deprived of their food source. After several months of regular baiting, bait consumption is minimal and the eradication operations are considered to be at their fi nal stage. Close cooperation with regional and local stakeholders throughout the fi eld operations aims to ensure optimal involvement of local communities and authorities as well as minimal risk of future rat reinvasion. The rat eradication operations implemented in the framework of the current project are expected to contribute to the preservation of the high ecological value of the two island complexes in general and, in particular, to the improvement of the nesting habitat and conservation status of important bird species in the area.
J. Fric, A. Evangelidis, T. Dimalexis, N. Tsiopelas, S. Xirouchakis, C. Kassara and S. Giokas
Genovesi, P. Broadening the context of invasive species eradications Broadening the context of invasive species eradications P. Genovesi P. Genovesi ISPRA and IUCN SSC ISSG, Via V. Brancati 48, Rome, ROMA 00144, Italy. Our ability to eradicate harmful organisms has greatly progressed in the last decades, and available information shows that currently this management tool not only is one of the most eff ective conservation weapons, but also that it permits protection of human livelihood. In conservation we tend to refer to eradications as the total and permanent removal of an invasive species’ population by means of a time-limited campaign; this term is more often used for eradications carried out on islands, where some general rules apply, such as that all individuals need to be vulnerable to the removal methods, and that there should be no risk of reinvasions. However, there is a growing number of interventions that go beyond this defi nition. Eradications can now target multiple species, and campaigns carried out in densely inhabited regions need to address signifi cant risks of reinvasions through long term surveillance and rapid response eff orts. Furthermore, there have been eradications carried out at much larger scales than small islands, such as those implemented for human or animal health purposes (e.g. smallpox or the rinderpest virus eradicated from the globe), or of eradications in mainland areas, requiring complex geographical planning, and that may set context specifi c objectives such as management to zero density in key areas through permanent control eff orts. To fully exploit the potential of invasive species control for conservation, it is important to adapt the lessons learnt in islands eradications, rethinking the paradigms of this conservation tool to the new challenges that need to be met, as also highlighted by the Honolulu Challenge on Invasive Alien Species adopted in 2016. The New Zealand Predator Free 2050 campaign, planning to eradicate several key invasives at an unprecedented scale, is indeed a milestone in this direction, providing a basis for broadening the global vision of invasive species management.
710 Geraldes, P.; T. Melo, P. Oliveira and V. Paiva. Recovery of Santa Luzia Nature Reserve and translocation of the globally endangered Raso lark Recovery of Santa Luzia Nature Reserve and translocation of the
P. Geraldes, T. Melo, P. Oliveira and V. Paiva globally endangered Raso lark P. Geraldes, T. Melo, P. Oliveira and V. Paiva Marine Program, Sociedade Portuguesa Estudo das Aves, Av Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, 87, 3º, Lisbon, 1070-062 Portugal. The inhabited island of Santa Luzia is a priority KBA located in Cabo Verde. It holds the entire world population of the Critically Endangered Raso lark (Alauda razae) and the most important colony of Cabo Verde shearwater (Calonectris edwardsii). Since 2013 SPEA, Biosfera1 and RSPB have developed a feasibility study for habitat recovery of Santa Luzia, including an operational plan for cat (Felis catus) eradication and several baseline studies on the local species, both native and alien. The current project aims to translocate part of the population of Raso larks to the nearby island to increase the resilience of the population to long periods of droughts that have been increasing with global climatic changes. The feral cat population, estimated at 126 animals (95% CI 87.5 – 189) individuals, has strong negative impacts on several species of fauna on the island and will have to be removed to increase the chances of success of the re-introduction of Raso larks. Mice (Mus musculus) are also present, but at very low densities. Abundance index was calculated throughout the year and peaked at 0.06 and 0.067 captures/trap/night in February and March respectively (mean abundance index throughout the year 0.026). Recent data on the cat diet shows high levels of reptile predation and was found to change markedly depending on annual conditions. In 2010 mice were 79.6% of prey species identifi ed in cat diet, while in 2013 and 2014 cats preyed mostly upon reptiles (91.67% of scats and >70% of prey item biomass). The project will rely strongly on local staff and will involve local communities in order to build local capacity and to increase awareness of the problems caused by IAS on islands. We aim to achieve sustainable protection of the habitats and threatened biodiversity of Raso, Branco and Santa Luzia marine protected areas. Setting-up a predator-free area on a Macaronesian island using a P. Geraldes, T. Pipa, N. Oliveira, C. Silva and S. Hervías pest-proof fence
P. Geraldes, T. Pipa, N. Oliveira, C. Silva and S. Hervías Marine Program, Sociedade Portuguesa Estudo das Aves, Av Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, 87, 3º, Lisbon, 1070-062 Portugal. The island of Corvo, with an area of 17.1 km2, is the smallest, westernmost and least populated of the nine islands of the Azorean Archipelago; 41% of the island is classifi ed as a Special Area for Conservation and Special Protection Area thus included in the Natura 2000 Network and classifi ed as UNESCO’s Biosphere Reserve. Azorean settlers brought a number of associated threats to the local fauna and fl ora, such as the introduction of invasive mammals (rats (Rattus spp.), mice (Mus musculus), cats (Felis catus), goats (Capra hircus) and sheep (Ovis aries)), which jeopardize the breeding populations of seabirds. The archipelago still remains of critical importance for the conservation of several petrel species, namely Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris borealis), little shearwater (Puffi nus lherminieri) and Madeiran storm-petrel (Hydrobates castro). From 2009 to 2012, with funds from the EU LIFE program, a 100% pest proof fence 800 m long was built on Corvo, Azores. This solution was adopted to create a safe nesting area of 3 ha for shearwaters and petrels breeding in the island and subject to high predator pressure from feral cats, dogs (Canis familiaris), black-rats (Rattus rattus) and mice. Following the closure of the area, all predators were removed and biosecurity procedures were adopted. The vegetation cover inside the fenced area was cleared of alien plants and native fl ora was abundantly replanted to recover the natural habitats. Acoustic and visual luring methods for prospecting seabirds were employed, and for three consecutive years small groups of juveniles Cory’s shearwaters were translocated to the area. The fence withstood hurricane type winds and very frequent harsh weather conditions for long periods of time with minor maintenance necessary. After four years the fence demonstrated to be a feasible solution for adequate areas and the fi rst breeding pairs of seabirds were recorded inside the area during the 2016 breeding season. Green iguana (Iguana iguana) monitoring and control efforts on
J. Haakonsson, F. Rivera-Milan and E. Radford Grand Cayman J. Haakonsson, F. Rivera-Milan and E. Radford Cayman Islands Department of the Environment, Terrestrial Resources Unit, PO Box 10202, 580 North Sound Road, Grand Cayman KY1-1002,Cayman Islands. Eff ective control management of invasive alien species (IAS) is limited by our understanding of population dynamics. Monitoring and modelling are essential components of control management. The green iguana (Iguana iguana) is overabundant on Grand Cayman (estimated density ± SE = 41.363 ± 16.813), and this can cause signifi cant economic losses (e.g., damage to roads and agricultural crops), pose serious health and safety hazards (e.g., diseases and accidents), and trigger negative ecological interactions with endemics (e.g., hybridisation with the Sister Island rock iguana (Cyclura nubila caymanensis)). Therefore, control management is a priority for the Cayman Islands Department of the Environment (DOE). In this poster, we provide information about green iguana population surveys conducted on Grand Cayman in August 2014, 2015 and 2016. With the abundance estimates derived from these surveys, we conducted a model-based assessment of population response to sustained removal eff ort. Although the green iguana is exposed to human-induced mortality (e.g. hunting at private property, depredation by feral cats (Felis catus) and dogs (Canis familiaris), and road kills), the population increased at an annual rate of 60% between 2014 and 2015 and 98% between 2015 and 2016 (not including hatchlings). Herein, we present the results from experimental culls organised by the DOE in June 2016 in which 18,838 green iguanas were removed mainly from western Grand Cayman. Bounty hunter groups and skilled hunters under contract both averaged about 100 iguanas killed per day. Removal eff ort, technique used and crippling loss (i.e., shot but not retrieved) were among the variables quantifi ed, which also included biological data to establish a baseline understanding of green iguana population dynamics and response to control management. Applying basic concepts of harvest theory and decision analysis, the DOE and USFWS are developing cost eff ective strategies going forward. Geraldes, P.; T. Pipa, N. Oliveira, C. Silva and S. Hervías. Setting-up a predator-free area on a Macaronesian island using a pest-proof fence 711
Haakonsson, J.; F. Rivera-Milan and E. Radford. Green iguana (Iguana iguana) monitoring and control eff orts on Grand Cayman Haber, E.; M. Eppinga, M. Ferreira dos Santos, M. Rietkerk and M. Wassen. Predicting the potential habitat of the invasive coral vine (Antigonon leptopus) using remote sensing and species distribution modelling Predicting the potential habitat of the invasive coral vine (Antigonon leptopus) using remote sensing and species distribution modelling
E. Haber, M. Eppinga, M. Ferreira dos Santos, M. Rietkerk and M. Wassen Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80115, Utrecht, 3508 TC, The Netherlands. The spread of invasive plant species often outpaces the capacity to manage the invasions. Remote sensing can be used to map the distribution of invasive plant species at a snapshot in time, but it is diffi cult to predict the future distribution without incorporating the habitat preferences of the invasive species. Habitat suitability modelling is predictive, but often suff ers from an insuffi cient number of training points. In this study we combine vegetation classifi cation models based on remotely sensed imagery with habitat suitability models to predict the potential distribution of an invasive vine, Antigonon leptopus (Polygonaceae), on two neighbouring Caribbean islands, St. Eustatius and Saba. A Support Vector Machines (SVM) classifi cation was produced for two WorldView-2 images of St. Eustatius (images acquired on 8 February 2011 and 24 August 2014) to produce maps of presence/absence of the vine. Pixels from the SVM classifi cations where A. leptopus was present in both years were used as the dependent variable in the species distribution model for St. Eustatius. The independent variables tested for the species distribution model were slope, elevation, soil hardness, soil moisture, drainage area, distance to nearest building, and distance to nearest road. The results suggest that the potential for A. leptopus invasion can be readily assessed for other islands in the Lesser Antilles. We illustrate this potential for the neighbouring island of Saba, revealing that the expansion of A. leptopus may approach that of St. Eustatius if no preventive actions are taken.
E. Haber, M. Eppinga, M. Ferreira dos Santos, M. Rietkerk and M. Wassen
Hammer, S. and J. Russell. The diet of ‘Viking mice’ on Nólsoy, Faroe Islands
The diet of ‘Viking mice’ on Nólsoy, Faroe Islands S. Hammer and J. Russell S. Hammer and J. Russell University of Glasgow, 3R 51 Taylors Lane, Dundee, DD2 1AP UK. Burrowing seabirds can be very vulnerable to rodents. Although there is abundant evidence for the negative impact of rats, there is some recent evidence that mice (Mus musculus) can also have a detrimental eff ect on seabird populations. Introduced by Vikings, mice are the only rodent on Nólsoy in the Faroe Islands, which also hosts one the largest European storm-petrel colonies in the world. Using stomach dissections and stable isotope analysis we examined for evidence of storm petrel consumption (eggs or chicks) in mice on Nólsoy. The fi ndings may have implications for rodent management on Nólsoy and other Ramsar sites in the Faroe Islands.
Hernández-Montoya, J.C.; L. Luna-Mendoza, A. Aguirre-Muñoz, F. Méndez-Sánchez, A. Duarte-Canizales, E. Rojas-Mayoral, S. Hall, Z. Peña-Moreno, S. Figueroa-Flores, D. Cosio-Muriel and M. Latofski-Robles. Seabird restoration and advances towards the eradication of feral cats on Guadalupe Island, Mexico Seabird restoration and advances towards the eradication of feral cats on Guadalupe Island, Mexico
J.C. Hernández-Montoya, L. Luna-Mendoza, A. Aguirre-Muñoz, F. Méndez-Sánchez, A. Duarte-Canizales, E. Rojas-Mayoral, S. Hall, Z. Peña-Moreno, S. Figueroa-Flores, D. Cosio-Muriel and M. Latofski-Robles Director de Proyecto Isla Guadalupe, Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Islas, A.C., Moctezuma 836, Centro, Ensenada, Baja California 22800, Mexico. Guadalupe Island (24,172 ha; 1,298 m) is located in the Pacifi c Ocean, 260 km off the Baja California Peninsula. It is inhabited (ca. 150 people) and is part of a Biosphere Reserve, managed by Mexico’s National Commission for Natural Protected Areas (CONANP) in collaboration with Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Islas, A.C, a professionalised Mexican NGO. Guadalupe has 223 vascular plant species (12% endemic), and hosts 139 taxa of birds, including seven endemic races, six of which are considered extinct. Goats (Capra hircus), cats (Felis catus) and house mice (Mus musculus) were introduced by the end of 19th century. Now a goat-free island, the feral cat is the most serious threat to biodiversity, especially to surface- and burrow-nesting birds. The island hosts the most important breeding colony of Laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) in the Eastern Pacifi c. Upon its colonisation in 1983, albatross adults and chicks have been subject to severe predation by feral cats. To protect the albatross population, since 2003 we have done cat control around the breeding area, now improved by the construction of a 700 m exclusion fence that protects 65 ha. Thanks to these eff orts, the number of breeding pairs has increased exponentially, with more than 400 to date. With a long-term vision and the support from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) and the Alliance WWF-Fundación Carlos Slim, as of March 2017 we have moved from cat control to eradication. Timeframe for the eradication campaign will be 4.5 years. The methods will involve hunting, trapping (leg-hold traps) and detection dogs. Since the island is inhabited, biosecurity measures are crucial since the eradication’s start. The achievement of the eradication will benefi t native and endemic seabirds and landbirds–especially those endangered–preventing their extinction. J.C. Hernández-Montoya, L. Luna-Mendoza, A. Aguirre-Muñoz, F. Méndez-Sánchez, A. Duarte-Canizales, E. Rojas-Mayoral, S. Hall, Z. Peña-Moreno, S. Figueroa-Flores, D. Cosio-Muriel and M. Latofski-Robles 712 Hudin, S. From island studies to mainland management From island studies to mainland management S. Hudin S. Hudin Natural Areas Conservancies Federation, 6 rue Jeanne d’’Arc, Orléans, 45000 France. Islands have been the fi rst and foremost natural habitats impacted by alien invasive species. With some delay, mainland ecosystems are going through the same eff ects. Diffi culties to manage and mitigate the eff ects of AI on indigenous species are even greater, and the task to defi ne a strategy more complex, on the continent. The numerous studies and reports have helped taking the challenge up in some territories, and in France, it was decided to plan and organise eff orts at the hydrological scale of the great river, the Loire. Since 2002, exchanges between on-fi eld managers and stakeholders have permitted the creation of a network that has emerged as an example, as it edited a fi rst interregional strategy of management of alien species. The fl ow of information, the common edition of documents and supports for the management were the fi rst on the to-do list. Now, as Europe has announced its fi rst 37-long list of priority species, the Loire working group is revising its third version of a prioritised list and editing a fi rst mapping of more than 60 species. Most of these species came or were helped by the connected water system of the large river and its tributaries. As an interconnected habitat system within the continent, the Loire basin can be compared to an island and as such has a lot to inform the managers from the island alien invasives techniques used to eradicate the species. The creation of an atlas helps visualise which species should be targeted for such eff orts, and where to start. So, the achievement of more than 15 years is only the start.
Jesse, W.; J. Ellers, J. Behm and M. Helmus. Diff erential eff ects of human impact and habitat type on exotic and native species diversity on oceanic islands Differential effects of human impact and habitat type on exotic and native species diversity on oceanic islands W. Jesse, J. Ellers, J. Behm and M. Helmus W. Jesse, J. Ellers, J. Behm and M. Helmus Ecological Science - Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Human land use is considered one of the main drivers of species compositional change. While some species experience population decline as a result of human activities, others optimally exploit human-impacted environments. We hypothesised that such contrasting responses could in part be attributable to species’ native or exotic origin. Our objective was to assess the eff ect of human impact, defi ned as the addition of man-made substrates, on the taxonomic and functional composition of exotic and native reptile assemblages of two anthropogenically impacted Caribbean islands. We extensively surveyed insular reptile communities and recorded species abundance and richness data. Functional traits were obtained from literature and used to construct functional diversity metrics for every sampled community. Of the composite environmental variation among 114 sample plots, 46% could be reduced onto two PCA axes, resulting in a habitat structure axis (29%) as well as a human impact axis (17%). PCA axes were subsequently regressed against various taxonomic and functional abundance and diversity indices. Habitat structure and human impact independently aff ect abundance and diversity indices across both islands. The direction of these eff ects largely depends on exotic or native origin. Exotic species are never found in forest habitat, whereas native abundances peak in tropical forest. Exotic abundances are primarily aff ected by human impact levels while native abundances show no signifi cant association. Exotic species occur in higher numbers on St Martin, which is likely due to regional shipping intensity rather than within-island factors. Furthermore, on St Martin, exotic species signifi cantly increase functional trait diversity by occupying unique functional niche space in impacted environments. However, we found no indication of environmental fi ltering of functional trait values as a result of human impact, rather habitat structural change seems to shift community trait values towards benefi cial levels for survival in non-forested environments.
Kanavy, D. and D. Threadgill. Genetic pest management technologies to control invasive rodents Genetic pest management technologies to control invasive rodents
D. Kanavy and D. Threadgill D. Kanavy and D. Threadgill Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Joe H. Reynolds Medical Bldg. Rm. 440, College State, TX 77840, USA. Many strategies exist to manage invasive pests on islands, ranging from poison to trapping, with varying degrees of success. Genetic technologies are increasingly being applied to insect pests, but so far, not to vertebrates. We are implementing a genetic strategy to eradicate invasive mouse populations as another tool for pest control. Mus musculus, the common house mouse, is one of the most widespread invasive species. Mice threaten human health, agriculture, and biodiversity on many islands, particularly seabirds. Seabirds are endangered indirectly through competition for resources or predators being attracted by the mice or directly with mice attacking chicks and eggs. Rodenticides are the most common method of eradicating mice, but their use leads to poisoning of non-target species and has limited effi cacy against mice. An approach that could eliminate non-target species impact would be to engineer daughterless mice linked to a gene drive system for self-sustained propagation. For this project, we have investigated exploiting a naturally occurring gene drive, the t-complex. Using the tw2 haplotype of the t-complex, we observed the tw2 haplotype being transmitted to off spring with a transmission distortion ratio of 95.3%. The daughterless phenotype is being accomplished by inserting the Sry gene (male sex-determining gene) into an autosome containing the tw2 haplotype via CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. The presence of Sry will induce testis formation, regardless of the sex chromosomes naturally inherited. When Sry is inserted into the t-complex, the desired gene will spread through the population, eliminating female off spring. This model system will support studies to evaluate the eff ectiveness of crashing an invasive population without adversely aff ecting other species. While still in the beginning stages, this is a novel idea and once this method has been perfected, it will open the way to use this genetic strategy for the eradication of other invasive mammal species.
713 Keith, I.; J. Carlton and G. Ruiz. A new look at Galapagos fouling communities A new look at Galapagos fouling communities
I. Keith, J. Carlton and G. Ruiz I. Keith, J. Carlton and G. Ruiz Marine Biology, Charles Darwin Foundation, Av. Charles Darwin, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galapagos Islands, Puerto Ayora, Ecuador. The maritime history of the Galapagos Islands begins in 1535 with the accidental discovery of the archipelago. For the past 500 years the islands have endured a signifi cant amount of terrestrial plant and animal introductions and, to some extent, freshwater invasions; however, the number of marine introductions reported has been signifi cantly lower. Research has been conducted looking at the fouling communities of the Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) to provide a clearer picture of the true scale of marine non-native species present in ports and harbours of the GMR. Settlement plates were deployed for three and 14 months on fl oating docks on the Islands of Santa Cruz and San Cristobal. As a result, numerous new records of introduced species of hydroids, polychaete worms, bryozoans, and ascidians, amongst other taxa, have been documented for the Galapagos. The continued increase of marine traffi c from many sources to the Galapagos Islands concomitantly increases the risk of arrival of non-native species to this region. While research on terrestrial invasive species is well established, research on marine invasive species and their impacts in the GMR has been less investigated. The Charles Darwin Foundation (CDF), the Galapagos National Park Directorate (GNPD) and the Galapagos Biosecurity Agency (ABG) have been working together to improve the marine biosecurity standards for the GMR, and some clear advances are now in place. A synthesis of marine biosecurity based on prevention, early detection and management of marine non-native species is presented and potential management strategies discussed.
Kelly, J.; K. Springer, C. Stringer, A. Schofi eld and T. Glass. Planning processes for eradication of mice on Gough Island Planning processes for eradication of mice on Gough Island J. Kelly, K. Springer, C. Stringer, A. Schofi eld and T. Glass J. Kelly, K. Springer, C. Stringer, A. Schofi eld and T. Glass Species and Habitats, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, RSPB, Headquarters, the Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK. Gough Island, part of the remote Tristan da Cunha group in the South Atlantic, is considered one of the most important seabird islands on the planet. A UK Overseas Territory and World Heritage Site, Gough supports millions of breeding seabirds and the UK’s only Critically Endangered bird species, the Tristan albatross and Gough bunting. Invasive house mice (Mus musculus) were introduced in the 1800s and prey on hundreds of thousands of chicks each year. It has been predicted that the Tristan albatross faces extinction within c. 30 years unless the mice are eradicated. Led by the RSPB and the Government of Tristan da Cunha, the Gough Island Restoration Programme aims to eradicate mice from Gough Island using aerial baiting containing anticoagulant toxin; a methodology established during previous island eradications. Now in the operational planning phase, the programme aims for mouse eradication on Gough in 2019. Applications for various approvals are required and a captive bird management programme designed to protect land birds vulnerable to secondary poisoning. As well, robust operational planning and detailed logistical planning need to be completed. Situated around 2,800 km from Cape Town, South Africa, Gough Island presents challenges including its remoteness, terrain, weather and cave systems. Long lead in times for planning are required, refl ecting the scale and complexity of logistics and regulatory requirements.
Knapp, J.; C. Boser, J. Randall, E. O’Byrne and S.A. Morrison. Perils of saving the smallest for the last: lessons learnt about sequencing eradications on Sant Cruz Island, CA Perils of saving the smallest for the last: lessons learnt about sequencing eradications on Santa Cruz Island, CA J. Knapp, C. Boser, J. Randall, E. O’Byrne and S.A. Morrison J. Knapp, C. Boser, J. Randall, E. O’Byrne and S.A. Morrison The Nature Conservancy, 532 E. Main Street, Suite 200, Ventura, California, USA. The biota of many islands have been damaged by invasive species, but in a growing number of cases island invaders have been successfully eradicated. Many eradication projects target vertebrate species whose size and harmful eff ects make them particularly conspicuous. Unfortunately, smaller and less conspicuous invaders, including invertebrates and plants, may be overlooked before or following successful eradications, and their continued presence can limit the attainment of some of the management goals that may have motivated the earlier eradications. For example, vegetation recovery that often follows removal of herbivores can make eradication of remaining invaders more diffi cult. Vertebrate eradications can result in the release of perceived “secondary” invaders, which can compromise the benefi ts of the initial eradication. We review the suite of eradications that have occurred or are underway on Santa Cruz Island, USA, which have focused on plant, invertebrate, avian, and mammalian taxa. We discuss the biological impacts of – including the long-term management challenges created by – decisions regarding which taxa were eradicated when. We recommend that prior to undertaking any eradication all invasive species and the resources they threaten be evaluated with regard to how the sequence of eradications may positively or negatively aff ect any eradication eff orts that may follow.
714 La Morgia, V.; D. Paoloni, P. Aragno and P. Genovesi. Citizens’ attitude towards the removal of grey squirrels in Italy: what support do we need? Citizens’ attitude towards the removal of grey squirrels in Italy: what support do we need? V. La Morgia, D. Paoloni, P. Aragno and P. Genovesi V. La Morgia, D. Paoloni, P. Aragno and P. Genovesi Institute for Environmental Protection and Research – ISPRA, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Via Ca’’ Fornacetta 9, Ozzano Emilia (BO), 40064 Italy. Grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) were introduced in Umbria, Central Italy, in 2000. Since then, they have successfully occupied a range of about 50 km2. The LIFE U-SAVEREDS Project now aims to eradicate this isolated population, but the squirrel distribution is centred on the city of Perugia and animals are particularly abundant in public urban parks and private house gardens. Thus, part of the public opinion opposes the project activities. For this reason, the overall management strategy involves both direct (capture and euthanasia) and indirect (capture and surgical sterilisation) removal of the animals. Further, a Decision Support System including the evaluation of social issues was specifi cally developed. It identifi ed spatial intervention priorities and it allowed the start-up of grey squirrel management in areas where the overall social context was favourable. At the same time, we implemented a targeted information campaign to increase the population’s knowledge on the issue of invasive alien species and, most important, to actively involve citizens in the Project. As a consequence, several citizens agreed to collaborate on the eradication campaign. Following the intervention in diff erent management units, characterised by a diff erent acceptance level of the eradication campaign, we now evaluate how the citizens’ collaboration aff ected the outcome of Project activities. The percentage of accessible land (ranging from 84 to 21%) for each management unit was quantifi ed through mapping and modelling in GIS environment, and was compared to the outcome of direct removal of the animals. In 2016, 470 animals were removed, and preliminary results suggest that the spatial confi guration of accessible lands also plays an important role in the eradication. Considering both social and technical issues, simulations were fi nally implemented to assess the success probability of the eradication campaign at local scales. Lennon, Z.; H. Wittmer and N. Nelson. Computer modelling of complex interstitial spaces to protect endemic island lizards from invasive mice
Computer modelling of complex interstitial spaces to protect endemic island lizards from invasive mice
Z. Lennon, H. Wittmer and N. Nelson Z. Lennon, H. Wittmer and N. Nelson School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. New Zealand is home to a large diversity of endemic lizards, with 42 gecko (Diplodactylidae) and 55 skink (Scincidae) taxa, ~ 84% of which are classifi ed as Threatened or At Risk. Habitat destruction and invasive mammalian predators are responsible for much of this decline. Endemic lizard species are aff orded legal protection in New Zealand, meaning that when populations are threatened by human activity such as road construction, individual animals must be salvaged and moved to a safe location (mitigation translocation). Mitigation translocations of lizards in New Zealand often involve habitat enhancement, for instance building new rock pile habitat. However, there is little research to show if habitat enhancement actually has the intended eff ect of providing better habitat for lizards, or if there might be undesirable side eff ects such as creating habitat for invasive predators like mice (Mus musculus). I describe a novel technique using a computer game physics engine (Unity, PhysX) to investigate the best rock pile design to protect translocated skinks while hindering the movement of mice. I achieve this by measuring the interstitial spaces in virtual rock piles to determine which compositions (sizes, shapes of constituent rocks) will maximise spaces skinks are able to fi t through while minimising spaces mice are able to fi t through, enabling skinks to avoid predation by mice. My virtual approach to this problem allows me to model complex spaces which were unable to be measured using previous, physical techniques. Predictions from modelling are confi rmed using data from computed tomography (CT) scans of real rock piles. The design that results from this research will be tested in a real mitigation translocation to determine whether skinks have higher survival in my rock pile designs. This research will inform understanding of invasive predator/prey interactions and conservation of species threatened by invasive mammals.
Li, J.; C. Zhao and X. Zhao. An integrated physical control method on Spartina alternifl ora An integrated physical control method on Spartina alternifl ora J. Li, C. Zhao and X. Zhao J. Li, C. Zhao and X. Zhao Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China. Spartina alternifl ora is a noxious invasive plant due to its ecological impact. An integrated method of mowing plus shading (MS) was conducted for control of Spartina alternifl ora in Guangxi, China. Plant height, node number, node length, basal stem diameter, aboveground biomass and population density of this weed were used to compare the eff ectiveness of mowing and MS. Results showed that all characters of S. alternifl ora were signifi cantly decreased by mowing plus shading (P<0. 05), and only node number, plant height and aboveground biomass were suppressed by mowing alone. It was indicated that clonal growth and sexual reproduction of S. alternifl ora were absolutely inhibited by mowing plus shading in the whole growth season. We also found the restraining eff ect of mowing plus shading was positively correlated with shading degree. The light transmittances of single layer shading net, double layers shading net and triple layers shading net were 15.27%, 2.29% and 0.31%, respectively, and rhizome survival rate were 3.68%, 2.09% and 1.70% in November respectively. Above-ground parts were all dead in November before mowing plus single layer shading treatment, while they were all dead at July in mowing plus double layers shading treatment and mowing plus triple layers shading treatment. In the future, mowing plus shading may be used as an eff ective method of controlling S. alternifl ora.
715 Libeau, M.; R. Pouteau, R. Taputuarai and J.-Y. Meyer. Predicting the risk of plant invasion on islands: the case of Miconia calvescens in the Marquesas, French Polynesia (South Pacifi c) Predicting the risk of plant invasion on islands: the case of Miconia calvescens in the Marquesas, French Polynesia (South Pacifi c) M. Libeau, R. Pouteau, R. Taputuarai and J.-Y. Meyer M. Libeau, R. Pouteau, R. Taputuarai and J.-Y. Meyer Délégation à la Recherche, Government of French Polynesia, B.P. 20981, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia. Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae), a small tree native to Central and South American rainforests, is a dominant plant invader in the Society Islands (French Polynesia), Hawaii, New Caledonia, and tropical Australia, thus listed as one of the world’s 100 worst invasive species. This fast growing, early reproducing and prolifi c seed producer (small fl eshy fruits dispersed by birds over long distances) with a long-lasting soil seed bank (several decades) was fi rst detected 20 years ago in the Marquesas (French Polynesia), a remote archipelago with a unique and endangered native fl ora (48% of endemism and 145 threatened species). Despite some eradication eff orts, several new outbreaks have been located in the last few years on the largest island of Nuku Hiva. In this alarming context, it is urgently needed to determine the potential distribution of the species in order to assess the risk of invasion and refi ne the areas for further surveys and control. Species distribution models (SDMs) are numerical tools that project species distribution from the combination of species occurrences with environmental variables. Fitting an SDM on the basis of Marquesas populations to predict the future of Miconia over the archipelago would violate the equilibrium assumption behind SDMs. Moreover, projecting the environmental envelope occupied by the species in its native range would ignore inherent characteristics of island ecosystems (e.g. low species richness, low functional redundancy, competitive release, vacant niches, restricted and specialised habitats) that leave them much more vulnerable than continents to biological invasions. As a result, the environmental distribution of Miconia across the similarly-sized high-elevation islands of the Society and the Hawaiian archipelagos was projected over the Marquesas. The diff erent SDMs agree that Miconia will spread over a large area of native lowland rainforest and montane cloud forest in Nuku Hiva unless appropriate control strategies are rapidly adopted.
Lindholm, A. and B. König. The secret life in Switzerland of an island pest, the house mouse The secret life in Switzerland of an island pest, the house mouse A. Lindholm and B. König A. Lindholm and B. König Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. House mice (Mus musculus) can have harmful eff ects on island biota, and are frequently the targets of eradication eff orts. The success of eradication strategies will be infl uenced by how well the biology of the house mouse is understood. We have carried out a long-term study of a free-living population of wild house mice in Switzerland, following mice in the population from cradle to grave (or disappearance). Adult mice are chipped and a system of antennas installed at the entrances to nests have allowed us to monitor the movements of house mice and observe their social lives in unprecedented detail. House mice live in large but fairly closed social groups of males and females, sharing several nests. Competition between males and between females has led to dramatic reproductive skews in both sexes and high rates of infanticide, despite ad libitum food availability. Multiple paternity within litters is common. Cooperation between breeding females within a social group also occurs, in communal nursing of all pups present in the same nest. Population density has increased over time, giving rise to larger group sizes. How this increase in social tolerance is achieved is unclear. Furthermore, population size recovered rapidly from an epidemic that killed ca 30% of adults. We are currently focused on understanding factors infl uencing reproductive suppression, dispersal likelihood, social tolerance and cooperation between females, including genetic infl uences, such as the t haplotype. Our studies may be useful in predicting the outcome of interventions to house mouse populations.
Little, A.; A. Aguirre-Muñoz, G. Seutin, L. Wein, P. Nantel, H. Berlanga, F. Méndez-Sánchez, J. Putnam, E. Iñigo-Elías and G. Howald. Catalysing conservation of islands through collaboration: a North American perspective Catalysing conservation of islands through collaboration: a North American perspective
A. Little, A. Aguirre-Muñoz, G. Seutin, L. Wein, P. Nantel, H. Berlanga, F. Méndez-Sánchez, J. Putnam, E. Iñigo-Elías and G. Howald U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1901 Spinnaker Drive, Ventura, CA 93001, USA. The countries of North America are inextricably linked through shared species, habitats, and ecosystems. Over the last several decades, signifi cant eff orts have been made to protect and restore unique island ecosystems within the three nations. Many of the signifi cant advances have been through bi and trilateral collaboration. In recognition of the value of cross border collaboration, in 2014, the governments of Canada, United States and Mexico signed an agreement to protect fragile island ecosystems and their imperilled species. This agreement, endorsed under the scope of the Trilateral Committee for Wildlife and Ecosystem Conservation and Management, strengthens the on-going collaboration between the three nations on the conservation and restoration of island ecosystems and their adjacent coastal and marine environments. Through coordinated eff orts, government and NGO partners are accelerating investment in island conservation programmes across North America with a focus on invasive species, biosecurity, restoration, and regulatory processes. Activities include prioritisation of invasive species on a continental scale, sharing of expertise and technology, strengthening institutional capacities, and leveraging (shared) funding and support. These partnerships have accelerated conservation outcomes across North America, including the eradication of invasive species in Canada, protection of rare species and ecosystems in the United States, and a systematic and comprehensive programme to conserve and restore islands in Mexico. A. Little, A. Aguirre-Muñoz, G. Seutin, L. Wein, P. Nantel, H. Berlanga, F. Méndez-Sánchez, J. Putnam, E. Iñigo-Elías and G. Howald 716 McHenry, E.; X. Lambin, T. Cornulier and D. Elston. The value of monitoring and the price of uncertainty in the management of an invasive population The value of monitoring and the price of uncertainty in the management
E. McHenry, X. Lambin, T. Cornulier and D. Elston of an invasive population E. McHenry, X. Lambin, T. Cornulier and D. Elston School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen, UK. Improving decision-making regarding resource allocation for the control of invasive populations often requires monitoring to obtain information on the state of the population. The cost incurred by monitoring detracts from the resources available for direct control, and so, for monitoring to be feasible, the information gained must have greater value to management than the costs of obtaining it. We aim to provide generalisable recommendations on the use of monitoring data to inform the management of invasive species. Here we present a simulation study inspired by the control of invasive American mink in Scotland. Mink populations exhibit seasonal dynamics with highly dispersive juvenile and intrasexually territorial adult life stages. Control eff ort was simulated to be dependent on season and perceived variation in the abundance of settled adults. Imperfect monitoring can result in false positive or negative detections of adults, allowing the value of reducing uncertainty by increasing monitoring eff ort to be explicitly considered in terms of its impact on the invasive population and unplanned overspending of eff ort budgets. The modelling framework allows the relative value of monitoring eff ort to be assessed for diff erent control strategies. Future work will utilise large-scale mink control data and surveys of a threatened endemic prey species, the water vole, to estimate the level of mink control required for a high probability of persistence of water vole metapopulations. This will inform future simulation work identifying the balances between monitoring and intervention that maximise the probability of favourable conservation outcomes for fi xed cost. Miranda, M.A.; C. Barceló, D. Borràs, A. González, M. Leza and C. Paredes-Esquivel. Invasive arthropods of ecological, agricultural and health importance recently introduced in the Balearic Islands (Spain) Invasive arthropods of ecological, agricultural and health importance M. A. Miranda, C. Barceló, D. Borràs, recently introduced in the Balearic Islands (Spain) A. González, M. Leza and C. Paredes-Esquivel M. A. Miranda, C. Barceló, D. Borràs, A. González, M. Leza and C. Paredes-Esquivel Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa km 7,5, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands 07122 Spain. The Balearic Islands archipelago (Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera) is located in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea. Like other places in the area, the Balearic Islands are exposed to the introduction of several highly invasive species, some of them even world-wide distributed. In fact, the Balearic Islands have a long record of introduced species including diff erent taxa of animals. Here we focus on those invasive arthropod species that were introduced during the last decade and have high impact on ecosystems, agriculture and human health. We present a description of the current situation of the incursion, spread and impact of the tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta, Gelechiidae); the red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, Curculionidae); the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus, Culicidae) and the Asian hornet (Vespa velutina, Vespidae). We conducted an analysis of the path of entry of the diff erent species to the Balearic Islands, considering means of transport including commodities and human transportation. We also analysed the current impact of the presence of the above-mentioned species on agriculture (i.e. increase use of insecticides), landscape (i.e. palm trees destruction), human health (i.e. vector-borne diseases) and ecosystems (i.e. impact on bee population). Results indicate that some invasive species, such as T. absoluta could be eff ectively managed by farmers after a period of adaptation of control procedures to the new pest. The impact on landscape by species such as the red palm weevil has notably increased since its introduction and its expansion is currently uncontrolled. Species such as the Asian tiger mosquito have changed the perception of citizens on the risk of vector-borne diseases, due to the current expansion and its possible implication on arbovirus transmission. Finally, the recent detection of the Asian hornet, has deeply increased concern about the role of bees as an essential component of ecosystems.
Mohanty, N.P.; G.J. Measey, A. Sachin, G. Selvaraj and K. Vasudevan. Using key-informant surveys to reliably and rapidly estimate the distributions of multiple insular invasive species Using key-informant surveys to reliably and rapidly estimate the distributions of multiple insular invasive species N.P. Mohanty, G.J. Measey, A. Sachin, G. Selvaraj and K. Vasudevan N.P. Mohanty, G.J. Measey, A. Sachin, G. Selvaraj and K. Vasudevan Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. Knowledge of invasive species’ distributions is critical to manage established populations. Distribution at large spatial scales can be rapidly estimated through public surveys, though reliability of such information must be tested. We gathered detection/non-detection data for the Indian bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus), the common myna (Acridotheres tristis), the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), and the giant African snail (Achatina fulica) through interviews in 91 sites on inhabited islands of the Andaman Archipelago. We interviewed 855 key informants comprising farmers, plantation workers, and aquaculturists, from January to March and September to December 2015. Additionally, we obtained detection/non-detection data for the Indian bullfrog (75 sites), the common myna (65 sites), the house sparrow (39 sites), and the giant African snail (29 sites) through systematic visual encounter surveys and opportunistic records. We corrected the informant data for false positive detections in an occupancy framework and estimated the distribution of the four species. The Indian bullfrog occurred on all islands, except Baratang, Long, and Little Andaman Islands. The giant African snail was ubiquitous, occurring on all islands. The distribution of the common myna was most likely infl uenced by roads, while ports might be signifi cant for the house sparrow invasion. The fi ndings substantiate the effi cacy of public surveys in generating rapid distribution information on multiple invasive species simultaneously.
717 Negrín Pérez, Z.; D. Da Re, M. Bernardos and B. Garrido. Time germination response to temperature and light conditions in Ulex Time germination response to temperature and light conditions in Ulex
Z. Negrín Pérez, D. Da Re, M. Bernardos and B. Garrido Z. Negrín Pérez, D. Da Re, M. Bernardos and B. Garrido La Laguna University, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. The Canary Islands are widely recognised as an outstanding biodiversity hotspot worldwide. Biological invasion, together with wildfi re, are two of the main factors of biodiversity loss in the islands, due to low habitat diversity, their simplifi ed trophic webs and the high rates of endemism. Ulex europaeus is an invasive species, which is in the early period of its naturalisation, but it is already aff ecting two of the richest ecosystems of the island: laurel and pine forests. Previous studies were focused on shade and post-fi re conditions as key factors in the growth of young plants, while less attention was oriented to factors linked to seeds germination. The goals of this study are to understand the role of light exposure and temperature shocks in U. europaeus germination, and to highlight the optimal conditions. In this study, seeds experienced three diff erent light exposures (total darkness, 70% shade and full light) with eight diff erent temperature ranges (from 30º to 130º C). Then seeds were exposed to temperature shocks for 1, 5 and 10 minutes. The results of DCA and standard statistical analysis show that light exposure has a low relationship with seed germination. Signifi cant diff erences were found between temperature and time germination: a short exposure to temperatures between 40º to 70 ºC has a positive eff ect on the germination of U. europaeus, although higher temperatures inhibit germination. These results enable a greater understanding of the relationships of U. europaeus and environmental conditions of fi re zones, but further studies that take into consideration the role of litter and ashes are needed also.
Oliveira, N.; P. Geraldes, I. Fagundes, P. Oliveira and J. Andrade. Rat eradication from Berlengas Island, Portugal Rat eradication from Berlengas Island, Portugal N. Oliveira, P. Geraldes, I. Fagundes, P. Oliveira and J. Andrade N. Oliveira, P. Geraldes, I. Fagundes, P. Oliveira and J. Andrade Marine Conservation Department, Sociedade Portuguesa Estudo das Aves, Av Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, 87, 3º, Lisbon, 1070-062 Portugal. The Berlengas Archipelago, six miles off the coast of Portugal, is composed of a main island of 95 ha and fi ve small islets. It holds the only colony of Cory’s shearwaters (Calonectris borealis) on continental Portugal, and the largest Portuguese colonies of shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) and yellow-legged gull (Larus michaellis). A breeding population of Madeiran storm-petrel (Hydrobates castro) of unknown size also breeds on the nearby islets. The native vegetation includes three endemic species of conservation concern. The presence of IAS in Berlengas (black rat, Rattus rattus) is considered to have a signifi cant impact on several seabird species and on the island vegetation. It is also thought to prevent colonisation of the main island by prospecting Madeiran storm-petrels that are often recorded there. Within the scope of an EU funded LIFE programme, a full rat eradication started in 2014, and is still underway, to restore the local ecosystem. A grid of 1,000 closed baiting stations (25 m x 25 m) was used with cereal pellets containing the anticoagulant brodifacoum. Special care was taken to prevent secondary poisoning of non-target species, and a full assessment of the invasive alien species populations was made before any control action started. Species abundance, local distribution, inter-annual abundance variation, and genetic characterisation was determined prior to the baiting operations that started on September 2016. The last confi rmed rat sign was registered at the end of October during the weekly monitoring surveys. After December 2016, the remaining toxic baits were removed from the baiting stations and non-toxic scented baits were used to detect any remaining signs of rat activity. The operational phase is expected to last at least two years after the fi rst baiting station was set and we expect that after the eradication the subsequent recovery by seabirds and native plants will make a substantial conservation contribution at European level. Palmas, P.; R. Gouyet, T. Ghestemme, A. Matohi, E. Terorohauepa, I. Tauapaohu, C. Blanvillain, J. Zito, D. Beaune and E. Vidal. Response of an open feral cat population to an intensive control programme for improving the Critically Endangered Fatu Hiva monarch conservation strategy Response of an open feral cat population to an intensive control programme for improving the critically endangered Fatu Hiva monarch conservation strategy
P. Palmas, R. Gouyet, T. Ghestemme, A. Matohi, E. Terorohauepa, I. Tauapaohu, C. Blanvillain, J. Zito, D. Beaune and E. Vidal Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Centre IRD de Nouméa, BPA5, 98848 Nouméa cedex, Nouvelle-Ca, Nouméa, New Caledonia. The Fatu Hiva monarch (Pomarea whitneyi) is an endemic terrestrial bird of Fatu Hiva Island (Marquesas, French Polynesia) red-listed by IUCN as Critically Endangered since 2000. Recent decline of the remaining populations is particularly alarming with 30 individuals currently remaining while 275 were still present 10 years ago. Introduced predators have been identifi ed as the main cause of extirpation, especially ship rat (Rattus rattus), introduced in the 1980s and feral cats (Felis catus) that reatly impact the remaining population at all bird demographic stages (chicks at nest, fl edging chicks, and adults). An intensive feral cat culling programme has therefore been progressively implemented over the past fi ve years by SOP-Manu (Birdlife representative in FP) on a 290 ha controlled area to secure part of the Fatu Hiva monarch population. By using data from 43,845 trap-nights and > 189,000 camera-trap images we evaluated the eff ects of this intensive cat control on feral cat abundance in the treated area (three diff erent indices: abundance index, minimum number of individuals and individual capture histories using the spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) model to calculate densities). In parallel, we fi tted cats with GPS collars to (i) understand the recolonisation process from the untreated adjacent areas and (ii) assess the risk due to domestic and stray cats from the nearby village. These results will help to refi ne and optimise feral cat control strategy in this large, mountainous and inhabited island where eradication could be considered, although diffi cult. The protected and treated area includes 25 of the 30 remaining individuals whose only three breeding pairs of this species are on the verge of extinction. P. Palmas, R. Gouyet, T. Ghestemme, A. Matohi, E. Terorohauepa, I. Tauapaohu, C. Blanvillain, J. Zito, D. Beaune and E. Vidal 718 Palmas, P.; H. Jourdan, E. Bonnaud, F. Rigault, L. Debar, H. De Méringo, E. Bourguet, R. Adjouhgniope and E. Vidal. Feral cats threaten the outstanding endemic fauna of the New Caledonia biodiversity hotspot: implications for feral cat management strategy Feral cats threaten the outstanding endemic fauna of the New Caledonia biodiversity hotspot: implications for feral cat management strategy
P. Palmas, H. Jourdan, E. Bonnaud, F. Rigault, L. Debar, H. De Méringo, E. Bourguet, R. Adjouhgniope and E. Vidal. Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Centre IRD de Nouméa, BPA5, 98848 Nouméa cedex, Nouvelle-Ca, Nouméa, New Caledonia. Among invasive species, feral cats (Felis catus) are one of the most successful and harmful predator species leading to dramatic loss of biodiversity on the world’s islands. Eff ective feral cat management (eradications, controls) on numerous islands generally resulted in positive eff ects for native biodiversity conservation. The lack of feral cat diet study in the New Caledonia archipelago was an obstacle (i) to assess the importance of feral cat issues and (ii) to provide relevant guidelines for feral cat population management to mitigate their impacts. Our study aims to evaluate feral cat threats to the outstanding biodiversity at this major biodiversity hotspot in order to provide recommendations to prioritise management and preservation of native biodiversity. We investigated feral cat predation by analysing 5,300 cat scats sampled at 14 selected representative sites giving an accurate picture of the four main natural habitats. Feral cats prey upon at least 43 vertebrate species, 20 of which are IUCN Red List threatened species. New Caledonia is the home of 30.8% of IUCN threatened species preyed on by feral cats, while representing only 0.12% of the total area of islands (including Australia). Thus, this study increases at least by 44.4% the number of IUCN threatened species vulnerable and preyed upon by feral cats across islands worldwide. Threatened vertebrate species preyed on by feral cats are skinks, fl ying foxes and petrels, and their predation mainly occur in humid forest and maquis mosaic sites. The results of this study prompted feral cats to be listed among the top-fi ve priority species for future management in New Caledonia. We therefore recommend that future actions be prioritised based upon the most critical species situations (most impacted and endangered native species, i.e. skinks, fl ying foxes, seabirds), and targeting fi rst some geographic areas of manageable size already off ering some management facilities and support.
P. Palmas, H. Jourdan, E. Bonnaud, F. Rigault, L. Debar, H. De Méringo, E. Bourguet, R. Adjouhgniope and E. Vidal. Pandoo, S.; P. Ragen, B. Vishnuduth, Z. Jhumka and J. Mauremootoo. Scaling up invasive plant management for ecosystem restoration in Mauritius: successes and challenges Scaling up invasive plant management for ecosystem restoration in
S. Pandoo, P. Ragen, B. Vishnuduth, Mauritius: successes and challenges Z. Jhumka and J. Mauremootoo S. Pandoo, P. Ragen, B. Vishnuduth, Z. Jhumka and J. Mauremootoo InSpiral Pathways, 23 Southside, Congresbury, Bristol, Avon BS495BS, UK. Objectives: To document progress made in the last 30 years in restoration of Mauritian terrestrial ecosystems with a primary focus on the invasive plant management component. Methodology: Invasive plant management activities and results have not been systematically monitored so much of the evidence for management eff ectiveness is anecdotal. As part of the UNDP-GEF PAN Project (Expanding coverage and strengthening management eff ectiveness of the protected area network on the island of Mauritius) practitioners’ knowledge of plant restoration practices undertaken to date has been synthesised in a ‘Good Practice Guide for Native Forest Restoration in Mauritius’. This synthesis has allowed us to take stock of management eff ectiveness. Results: The area under restoration in mainland Mauritius has increased from < 10 ha in the 1980s to almost 100 ha from the 1990s to the 2000s to nearly 500 ha today. Per hectare weeding costs in real terms have been reduced by more than half during this period, principally by moving away from pure manual weeding to an approach that involves a mixture of manual and chemical approaches, and more eff ective implementation arrangements. There are certain common practices in invasive plant management but there are also site and species-specifi c weeding approaches, and initiatives that could be scaled up such as utilising weed biomass as a cost-recovery option, and using mulching as a weed suppression technique. Conclusions: Much progress has been made at both the site level and nationally for the country’s entire PA estate. The Good Practice Guide will help disseminate this knowledge among new and existing practitioners as a contribution to management eff ectiveness.
Parish, J. Implementing an early detection programme on Catalina Island: prioritising landscaped grasses Implementing an early detection programme on Catalina Island:
J. Parish prioritising landscaped grasses J. Parish Catalina Island Conservancy, PO BOX 2739, Avalon, California 90704, USA. Invasive species pose a signifi cant threat to native plant species by increasing the risk of wildland fi res, displacing native species, and altering native habitat. Recent trends in Southern California landscaping have increased the demand for drought resistant grasses, and often these are non-native species. Catalina Island Conservancy’s Catalina Habitat Improvement and Restoration Program’s invasive plant project developed an early detection and rapid response project, the Avalon Grasses Initiative, in 2016 to address recent introductions of three highly invasive grass species installed in landscaping. The Avalon Grasses Initiative implements “target-based” early detection methodology created by previous research and early detection eff orts conducted on mainland California. Roadside surveys detect populations and staff walks through the community going door to door to request permission to remove target species and off er native plants as replacement. Initial surveys detected 30 populations of Cortaderia selloana, Pennisetum setaceum, and Stipa tenuissima. Control and survey eff orts are on-going, but more than 1,000 plants have already been removed and replaced with native Catalina Island plant species grown in the Conservancy’s native plant nursery.
719 Parrott, D.; G. Massei, R. Ridley, J. Sandon, M. Lambert, D. Cowan and M. Sutton-Croft. Challenges and opportunities for lethal and non-lethal management of non-native ungulates on islands: feral pigs, goats and cows...... Challenges and opportunities for lethal and non-lethal management of non-native ungulates on islands: feral pigs, goats and cows D. Parrott, G. Massei, R. Ridley, J. Sandon, D. Parrott, G. Massei, R. Ridley, J. Sandon, M. Lambert, D. Cowan and M. Sutton-Croft M. Lambert, D. Cowan and M. Sutton-Croft National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal & Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK. The National Wildlife Management Centre (NWMC), which is part of the UK Government’s Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), has supported and delivered the management of non-native species including commensal rodents and ungulates on a variety of islands across the world. The NWMC utilises a range of both lethal and non-lethal approaches in these projects. We will present two ungulate case studies highlighting the merits and limitations of each of these approaches. This includes NWMC’s recent work to reduce the population of feral goats on Great and Little Tobago in the British Virgin Islands. NWMC worked with the RSPB and the National Parks Trust of the Virgin Islands to directly reduce this population through humane culling and trained locally-based staff to increase their capacity to deliver similar projects in the future. Although this project proceeded as intended, lethal control is not suitable in all situations. We have found that although it can deliver rapid reductions in populations in the short term, and is often the best option where complete eradication is the aim of the management intervention, it may be unfeasible or be unacceptable due to its impact on the environment and on animal welfare. Fertility control is increasingly being considered as an alternative long-term solution to reduce population sizes of problematic species. This non-lethal method can off er a humane, publicly acceptable method to reduce population sizes. Recent advances in research and development have led to the registration of novel fertility control agents for wildlife. Species-specifi c systems to deliver baits containing oral contraceptives to target species are now available. In addition, the development of new software and mathematical models has allowed researchers to make predictions of the eff ects of fertility control on population size. In our second case study, we present experimental data on the effi cacy of fertility control agents on model wildlife species and illustrate examples of species-specifi c bait delivery systems. Pink, C.; D. Algar and P. Green. Diet of introduced black rats Rattus rattus on Christmas Island: setting the scene with stomach and stable isotope analysis Diet of introduced black rats (Rattus rattus) on Christmas Island: setting the scene with stomach and stable isotope analysis
C. Pink, D. Algar and P. Green C. Pink, D. Algar and P. Green Evolution and Ecology, Latrobe University, P.O. Box 867, Christmas Island, Western Australia 6798, Australia. The black rat (Rattus rattus) is an introduced and invasive rodent, negatively aff ecting endemic species on many islands worldwide. Black rats have existed on Christmas Island for more than 100 years, and feral cats (Felis catus), also on the island, are poised for imminent eradication. The risk of meso-predator release needs to be considered, and a combination of stomach and stable isotope analyses of rats was used to determine potential impacts on native fauna should such a release occur. Samples of rat stomach, muscle and fur, along with baseline and consumer reference groups were collected in plateau forest and coastal terrace for stable isotope analysis during the wet and dry season of 2015/16. Stomach analysis revealed an omnivorous diet, with reproductive parts (fl owers, fruits and small seeds) of plants signifi cantly dominating the invertebrate component. One reptile was found in a single gut, the introduced blind snake (Indothyphlops bramini) but no birds were detected in stomach contents. Stable isotope analysis showed an omnivorous to predatory role compared with stomach analysis, but no association with nesting seabird sources. The eff ect of habitat and season did not result in major diet shifts, with rats consuming items that primarily followed the C3 pathway. Omnivory was predominant in plateau forest and carnivory dominated the coastal terraces, while trophic niche width broadened on the coastal terraces. Homogeneity of diet across habitat and season suggests persistent plant and invertebrate resources may satisfy nutritional requirements through opportunity or necessity year-round. Little evidence of signifi cant dietary overlap was shown with feral cats based on stomach data from previous diet studies. Further investigation into the diets and relative abundance of rats over time is required to reliably gauge their impacts on vulnerable species and communities on Christmas Island, to justify future rat control actions in the wake of feral cat eradication. The prospects for biological control of Rubus niveus in the K. Pollard, D. Kurose, A. Buddie and C. Ellison Galapagos Islands
K. Pollard, D. Kurose, A. Buddie and C. Ellison Invasive Species Management, CABI-UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK. Following its introduction for its sweet edible fruit in the 1970s, Rubus niveus, native to Indochina, has become one of the worst invasive weeds on the Galapagos archipelago. It invades open vegetation, scrub and forests where it can grow to 4 m in height and form dense, impenetrable thickets. As a result, R. niveus can out-compete native fl ora and decrease biodiversity; the endemic Scalesia pedunculata forest on Santa Cruz Island is currently threatened by R. niveus. It is also a serious problem for agricultural land where it increases the cost of weed control and may render land unsuitable for cultivation. Current control methods are based on mechanical removal followed by chemical control. However, due to the long-lived seed bank and rapid growth of R. niveus, this has to be repeated, which is both labour intensive and costly. Classical biological control using coevolved, host-specifi c natural enemies from the native range of an invasive species can be an economic and self-sustaining method of weed control. It is important to select natural enemies for further evaluation that are best-adapted to populations of R. niveus on the Galapagos Islands. The results of on-going molecular research undertaken to determine which area in the native range the archipelago biotype originated from, will be presented. In addition, the results of a desk-based analysis and preliminary natural enemy surveys in India and China, which have revealed a suite of insects and fungal pathogens that target R. niveus, will be discussed. Pollard, K.; D. Kurose, A. Buddie and C. Ellison. The prospects for biological control of Rubus niveus in the Galapagos Islands 720 Pott, M.; E. Hagen, P. Martínez and M. Díaz. A tool for biodiversity conservation within Chile: renewed interest in island eradications sparked by successful European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) eradication A tool for biodiversity conservation within Chile: renewed interest in island eradications sparked by successful European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) eradication M. Pott, E. Hagen, P. Martínez and M. Díaz M. Pott, E. Hagen, P. Martínez and M. Díaz 2100 Delaware Avenue, Suite 1, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA. Choros Island (301 ha) and Chañaral Island (517 ha) are the two largest islands which make up the Humboldt Penguin National Reserve (RNPH), in northern Chile, within Chile’s National Protected Areas System (SNASPE) designed to protect the rich resources of the Humboldt Current. The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was introduced to both islands in the mid-20th Century, triggering erosion and negative impacts on native vegetation and two seabird species endemic to the Humboldt Current: the Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) and the Peruvian diving petrel (Pelecanoides garnotii). Island Conservation and CONAF (Corporación Nacional Forestal; Chile’s National Forestry Corporation and RNPH manager) initiated the eradication of European rabbits from Choros Island in 2013 – the fi rst eradication of invasive species from a Chilean island in a decade. The project was successfully confi rmed in 2014, prompting the partnership to pursue ecological restoration of Chanaral Island in 2015, beginning with the removal of invasive rabbits. Utilising lessons learnt from work on Choros Island, the eradication on Chañaral Island was initiated in 2016 and is currently in a monitoring phase. The opportunity to remove all invasive vertebrates from the entirety of a protected area – RNPH – has built confi dence in planning, implementation and monitoring among government offi cials and local stakeholders (ecotourism operators) and has facilitated increased momentum in Chile for island biodiversity conservation through the eradication of invasive species. As a result, CONAF seeks to achieve greater biodiversity conservation within other islands in the SNASPE, such as the Juan Fernández Archipelago National Park (PNAJF), representing unique ecosystems severely aff ected by multiple invasive vertebrates. Finders keepers? Discovering and securing the rare species P. Ragen, S. Pandoo, V. Bachraz, rediscovered in weeded restoration plots Z. Jhumka and J. Mauremooto P. Ragen, S. Pandoo, V. Bachraz, Z. Jhumka and J. Mauremooto InSpiral Pathways, 23 Southside, Congresbury, Bristol, Avon BS495BS, UK. Objectives: To document the role of the expansion of weeded areas in increasing the discovery of threatened plants and how this process can be integrated into systematic plant species recovery programmes. Methodology: Mauritius hosts some of the most threatened plant species in the world. More than 80% of its remaining 273 endemic plant species are considered to be threatened. The expansion in weeded areas in recent years has resulted in a number of species rediscoveries and increases in the known wild populations for other species. Written and verbal records of species rediscovery from diff erent agencies are consolidated. Results: Results are summarised by numbers of species and number of individuals rediscovered, location of these discoveries and the fate of the discovered individuals. Some rediscovered individuals have been successfully utilised for their germplasm for propagation and subsequent reintroduction. However, in most cases, this process has not been systematic. Conclusions: Finding previously unrecorded species and populations is clearly a positive thing. However, there are challenges. Weeding, although essential for the long-term health of Mauritian native forest, can cause short-term negative eff ects for rare plants and other threatened taxa. Therefore, it is important to develop weeding approaches that take the requirements of rare plants into account, for example leaving certain exotic species which act as substrates to epiphytic plants, and gradually removing species in the vicinity of rare plants so that they are not exposed to a sudden change in micro-climate. These actions have been implemented in certain instances but have been neglected in others, chiefl y because of the lack of knowledge of labourers who are not trained to recognise rare native plants. Rediscovery does not mean that the species concerned are ‘out of the woods’ so it must be considered to be a part of an overall rare species recovery plan. Impacts and control of invasive species: trading off actions
M. Roberts, W. Cresswell and N. Hanley M. Roberts, W. Cresswell and N. Hanley James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, Scotland. Environmental conservation is chronically underfunded, as a result of both an absolute shortfall in funding, and poor funding prioritisation. Control of impacts of invasive species on native ecosystems is recognised as of high global conservation priority, but also requires signifi cant economic investment. Improving prioritisation of invasive species control options, and identifying alternative funding sources, would therefore greatly improve effi ciency in mitigating degradation caused by invasive species. We incorporate ecological, economic, and social considerations to prioritise options for control of invasive grazing species on Bonaire, Caribbean Netherlands. We estimate impacts of control of terrestrial invasive species on the dry-forest, and on the coral reef, linked by changes in terrestrial sedimentation rates. To address absolute shortfalls in funding, we estimate willingness of SCUBA divers to pay for terrestrial invasive species control. We fi nd signifi cant negative relationships of donkey density with vegetation ground cover; and a signifi cant positive relationship of ground cover on the watershed with coral cover at depths below 10m. Using these models we estimate the impacts on coral cover of strategies to control grazing, including fencing and eradication. Cost curves for each strategy indicated that fencing of watersheds to exclude grazers presented the most cost eff ective solution within a 50-year time frame. We conducted choice experiments with SCUBA divers to estimate willingness to pay for control of terrestrial invasive species, where this would improve reef health. Willingness to pay exceeded the total costs of both fencing and eradication. We illustrate that control of terrestrial invasive species can lead to benefi ts in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and that funding for such projects may be possible via marine stakeholders. The combination of both terrestrial and marine considerations into invasive species control can greatly improve effi ciency, while ensuring funding is allocated to address all threats to ecosystems under direct use.
Ragen, P.; S. Pandoo, V. Bachraz, Z. Jhumka and J. Mauremooto. Finders keepers? Discovering and securing the rare species rediscovered in weeded restoration plots 721 Roberts, M.; W. Cresswell and N. Hanley. Impacts and control of invasive species: trading off actions Rogers, A.; J. Shaw and S. Kark. Incorporating interaction networks into conservation: Tasmania as a case study Incorporating interaction networks into conservation: Tasmania as a
A. Rogers, J. Shaw and S. Kark case study A. Rogers, J. Shaw and S. Kark Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. Quantifying the direct impacts of invasive species requires time and resources which are not always available. In systems with limited information, qualitative interaction networks provide a method in which to explore the potential interactions between species at the community level. In Tasmania, hollow-breeding bird communities have been invaded by fi ve hollow-nesting birds and one hollow-using, predatory marsupial, contributing to the decline in populations of several threatened species. While some interactions between native and invasive species on the island have been well documented, little information exists on the impact of most invasive species across the island. The aim of this research is to develop a model which quantifi es the likely competitive interactions between hollow-breeding species across Tasmania in order to determine the potential impacts of unstudied invasive species. Hollow-breeding communities are an ideal community in which to study competitive interactions because there is direct competition between species over shared resources and it is possible to include all species in the community. Here we use species traits to model individual species breeding niche space, and use a metric of niche overlap between species to build qualitative networks representing potential competitive interactions for entire hollow-breeding communities. This method highlights known impacts of established invasive species and can be used to model the potential interactions of alien species present but not yet established.
Rojas-Sandoval, J.; P. Acevedo-Rodríguez, M. Datiles, S. Dube, H. Diaz-Soltero, L. Charles, G. Richards, M. Angel Duenas, D. Simpson, E. Ventosa-Febles, J. Ackerman, F. Areces-Berazain, M. Caraballo-Ortiz, A. Carvajal-Vélez, J. Chabert-Llompart, S. Kaufman, J. Thompson and J. Vélez-Gavilán. Invasive plants of the Caribbean: application of herbarium collections to protect a regional biodiversity hotspot Invasive plants of the Caribbean: application of herbarium collections to protect a regional biodiversity hotspot
J. Rojas-Sandoval, P. Acevedo-Rodríguez, M. Datiles, S. Dube, H. Diaz-Soltero, L. Charles, G. Richards, M. Angel Duenas, D. Simpson, E. Ventosa-Febles, J. Ackerman, F. Areces-Berazain, M. Caraballo-Ortiz, A. Carvajal-Vélez, J. Chabert-Llompart, S. Kaufman, J. Thompson and J. Vélez-Gavilán Compendium Offi ce, CABI, Nosworthy Way, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 6RP, UK. The Caribbean Islands represents a biodiversity hotspot with over 650 Critically Endangered or Endangered species. Collation and dissemination of knowledge is a requisite to address the problem of invasive species, a major driving force of species extinction with many other serious socio-economic impacts. This poster describes how, building on the keystone work, ‘Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies’ and analysis of over 14,300 georeferenced herbarium accessions at the Smithsonian Institution, a project has collated data on over 570 invasive plant species prioritised from 1,879 plants identifi ed as exotic to the region. Expert authors were selected to compile datasheets on each species from records in the herbarium and in scientifi c journal articles and authoritative databases. The datasheets were peer reviewed and submitted to CABI for fi nal style edits and publication in the Invasive Species Compendium (ISC), a scientifi c knowledgebase with global coverage and reach. As of February 2017, 253 of 417 completed datasheets have been published. Inclusion in the ISC provides an Open Access platform for comparison with other taxa and geographic regions within a sustainable programme where information will be updated. Data are collated and presented with particular focus on risk assessment, management of pathways, public awareness, policy development, identifi cation, detection, and options for control. Future work will include in-country gap analyses through consultation and comparison with locally compiled invasive species lists. J. Rojas-Sandoval, P. Acevedo-Rodríguez, M. Datiles, S. Dube, H. Diaz-Soltero, L. Charles, G. Richards, M. Angel Duenas, D. Simpson, E. Ventosa-Febles, J. Ackerman, F. Areces-Berazain, M. Caraballo-Ortiz, A. Carvajal-Vélez, J. Chabert-Llompart, S. Kaufman, J. Thompson and J. Vélez-Gavilán
Ruffi no, L. and T. Cornulier. Can large database mining inform invasive non-native species management on islands?...... Can large database mining inform invasive non-native species management on islands? L. Ruffi no and T. Cornulier L. Ruffi no and T. Cornulier University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK. Global databases, including the IUCN Red List database, the Global Invasive Species Database, and the Threatened Island Biodiversity Database represent invaluable assets for investigating global patterns of extinction risk in insular vertebrates and target priority islands and species for conservation or eradication management. In view of the growing number of studies mining these databases to inform global conservation priorities, we ask two key questions: 1) what questions can these data most eff ectively address or not address; and 2) are the recommendations issued useful to practitioners and policy makers? Here, we critically assess the quality of the evidence used for quantifying global impacts of invasive non-native species on island vertebrates, and the methodology used in analyses of large publicly-available datasets. We provide recommendations on how to overcome limitations identifi ed in the data, their processing and reporting, and suggest perspectives to address critical knowledge gaps.
722 Russell, P. and S. Weaver. Management of numerous introduced plants on Matiu (Somes Island), Wellington, New Zealand Management of numerous introduced plants on Matiu (Somes Island), Wellington, New Zealand P. Russell and S. Weaver P. Russell and S. Weaver Scarhead House, Glenfarg, Perth, PH2 9QG UK. Matiu (Somes Island) is a 24.9 ha island in Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. The island has been free of introduced wild mammals since the late 1980s and provides a valuable opportunity to restore coastal forest ecosystems, including biota now rare or extinct on the mainland. Despite being only c. 2.5 km from the mainland, experience to date suggests invasion by invasive plants from the mainland is generally unlikely, although this situation may change in future. Restoration planting began in 1981. Major eff orts to manage numerous plants known to threaten the restoration and protection of the island’s native biodiversity (“weeds”) began in 1998 and were initially somewhat ad hoc. Due partly to the retention of skilled personnel the island’s weed management strategy has been refi ned greatly since 2007, including: enhancing biosecurity procedures pertaining to weeds; developing a thorough, systematic and regular approach to surveying; considering all introduced plants and implementing a precautionary approach (erring on the side of controlling plants that may be a threat, especially if rare and easy to kill); upskilling personnel; more strategically dividing volunteer, staff and contract labour and prioritising control work (including placing greater emphasis on early detection and nascent foci); and increasing the diversity of the island’s native vegetation to enhance its resistance to weed invasion. Of 129 plants of concern to date, 73 (57%) are rated as posing a very high, high or moderate threat and 53 (73%) of those are now considered rare, possibly eradicated or probably eradicated. Major progress has also been made in most other areas of the weed management strategy, although some tenacious weeds remain a challenge. Lessons learnt on Matiu during the last 20 years may be applicable to other sites, including larger ones; sites with multiple land uses, owners and management regimes; and sites with greater chances of weed invasion.
Schmack, J.M.; M.C. Barron, D.F. Ward and J.R. Beggs. Managing Vespula wasp invasion in New Zealand Managing Vespula wasp invasion in New Zealand J.M. Schmack, M.C. Barron, D.F. Ward and J.R. Beggs J.M. Schmack, M.C. Barron, D.F. Ward and J.R. Beggs School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Introduced Vespula wasps cause severe problems to New Zealand ecosystems. Though vespulid wasps have successfully invaded most of New Zealand’s off shore islands, little is known about their abundance and population development on those islands. Anecdotal observations suggest three off shore islands in the Hauraki Gulf and on the coast of the Coromandel (Little Barrier Island, Korapuki and Tiritiri Matangi) have become vespula wasp-free following successful mammal eradication. This study aims to investigate the drivers of successful wasp suppression and the prevention of reinvasion. Wasp monitoring will be conducted on diff erent off shore islands along the northern east coast of New Zealand’s North Island to measure the relative abundance of wasps and to collect a database on the island’s environmental parameters. The combination of wasp trapping and a molecular analysis of paternity levels will allow us to estimate nest densities on off shore islands. The proposed study is novel because it will use a combination of methods (fi eld based and molecular) to assess the density of vespula wasps in low-density areas (not beech forest). This database will also serve as a baseline for future investigations on pest dispersal and colonisation processes. It is crucial that we improve understanding of how diff erent factors infl uence the development of wasp colonies to elaborate effi cient pest control plans. The effi ciency of fi ve novel control methods will be forecasted using population modelling on colony and landscape scales.
Sjodin, B.; R. Irvine, G. Howald and M. Russello. Invasive rat colonisation history and movement dynamics in Haida Gwaii Invasive rat colonisation history and movement dynamics in Haida Gwaii
B. Sjodin, R. Irvine, G. Howald and M. Russello B. Sjodin, R. Irvine, G. Howald and M. Russello University of British Columbia, 1531 Appleridge Rd, Kelowna, British Columbia V1W3A5, Canada. The brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) and black rat (R. rattus) are among the most invasive species worldwide with distributions encompassing every inhabited continent. Through predation and competition, invasions from both species have caused range contractions, local extirpation, and extinctions, resulting in reduced biodiversity. On Haida Gwaii, invasive rats have been implicated in population declines of six seabird species. Eradications were conducted on several islands where important nesting sites for sea-birds exist. On the Bischof Islands, reappearance of rats post-eradication has been observed. The objectives of this research are to investigate population history and movement dynamics of invasive rats in Haida Gwaii. Presently, 551 brown and black rats have been sampled from eighteen islands, collected from 2008 to 2016. Pre- and post-eradication samples were collected from the Bischofs allowing for an explicit evaluation of re-emergence versus re-colonisation in these locations. Genomic DNA was extracted from ear samples and used to construct double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing libraries and sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq2500 PE125 platform. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identifi ed, genotyped, and used to assign individuals to species using a Bayesian clustering approach. The two species were then separated, and SNPs were re-identifi ed and genotyped for further analysis. Resulting SNP data will be analysed using a series of population genetic and spatially-explicit analyses to determine the source of re-established populations and quantify the extent and direction of gene fl ow throughout the system. Genotypic data are being collected such that they off er full connectibility to a global SNP database of brown rats to infer potential sources of the populations in Haida Gwaii. Results of these analyses will help facilitate future eradications and provide useful insights to prevent the spread of rats elsewhere within the system.
723 Skei, B. Garden cans and river rafts – equipped to approach invasive freshwater fi sh Garden cans and river rafts – equipped to approach invasive B. Skei freshwater fi sh
B. Skei Environmental and Biosecurity Measures, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Nordengbakkan 47, Levanger, +47 7602 Norway. How can environmental and fi shery managers benefi t from a natural toxin when aiming to maintain healthy native aquatic ecosystems? Rotenone is the only substance on the EU Biocides Regulation 528/2012 product-type 17 (piscicides) list and considered one of the most environmentally benign toxicants available for eradication of invasive fi sh. The substance is distributed in the formulated product CFT Legumine (CFT-L). In the wake of a CFT-L treatment, rotenone persistence in natural waters diff ers from a few days to several weeks depending on the season. Unless all parts of a large water body or catchment can be treated more or less simultaneously, the breakdown of rotenone may allow fi sh migration back into previously treated areas, i.e. undermining a successful treatment operation. When aiming for treatment of invasive alien species against a complex hydrogeological backdrop, standard tools are often pushed towards customised equipment. This poster presents equipment and techniques used in CFT-L treatment of diverse habitats such as groundwater entries, ponds and lakes, streams and rivers, tarns and marshlands, opening a toolbox containing garden cans, peristaltic pumps,
backpack pumps and river rafts.
Springer, K. What happens after the helicopters have gone – assessing post-eradication changes on Macquarie Island What happens after the helicopters have gone – assessing post-eradication changes on Macquarie Island
K. Springer K. Springer 16 Rinaldi Ave, The Pines Beach, North Canterbury 7630, New Zealand. In 2014 an eradication operation targeting house mice (Mus musculus), black rats (Rattus rattus) and European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island was successfully concluded. Monitoring of outcomes since that time has been sporadic and some is partly anecdotal, however the changes apparent on Macquarie Island in the absence of pest species are nonetheless considerable and are signifi cant indicators of the progressive recovery of an island ecosystem. Vegetation changes following cessation of rabbit grazing are the most visually dramatic and widespread and are demonstrated partly by use of photo-points. Censuses of some seabird and invertebrate species have documented changing trends in island populations. Further changes can be expected for decades to come although some changes will be infl uenced by changing climatic conditions.
Thibault, M.; F. Brescia and M. Barbet-Massin. Predicting the distribution of island invader bird species under climate change Predicting the distribution of island invader bird species under
M. Thibault, F. Brescia and M. Barbet-Massin climate change M. Thibault, F. Brescia and M. Barbet-Massin Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien (IAC), Equipe ARBOREAL (AgricultuRe BiOdiversité Et vAlorisation), BP 73, 98890 Païta, New Caledonia. The red-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer), the common myna (Acridotheres tristis) and the red-whiskered bulbul (P. jocosus) are three passerine bird species native to the Indian subcontinent that were transported to islands from the early 1900s. Nowadays, the common myna is considered established in 20 island territories, the red-vented bulbul in 11 (32 islands) and the red-whiskered bulbul established in four island territories. Considering that perturbations associated with human activities will continue to increase during the 21st Century, leading to unprecedented species transportation rates, understanding potential climatic ranges of these species could be crucial. Moreover, predicting future range shifts under various climate change scenarios could be very useful in order to better inform management strategies. This is particularly true for birds as climate is often assumed to be one of the main drivers of the distribution of this taxon at large spatial scale. Here, we used eight species distribution models, fi ve global circulation models and four representative concentration pathways using presence data from both the native and alien ranges of the three species. The objectives of this study were to i) assess the potential invasion risk of the red-vented bulbul, common myna and red-whiskered bulbul; ii) highlight priority locations for the management of these species and prevention of their introduction; and iii) explore the likely infl uence of climate change on the future climatic range of each. Our world climate suitability maps for each species predict a latitudinal expansion of climatic range. Then, our projections highlight three major potential climatic pathways for the establishment of the three species around the coasts of Northern Brazil, Guinea Gulf and North-West of the United States.
724 Vanderwoude, C.; S. Boudjelas, P. Andreozzi, P. Cowan and J. Wainiqolo. Biosecurity Plan for invasive ants in the Pacifi c Biosecurity Plan for invasive ants in the Pacifi c C. Vanderwoude, S. Boudjelas, P. Andreozzi, P. Cowan and J. Wainiqolo C. Vanderwoude, S. Boudjelas, P. Andreozzi, P. Cowan and J. Wainiqolo Invasive Species Programme, Secretariat of the Pacifi c Regional Environment Programme, PO Box 240, Apia, Samoa. Invasive ants are very adept hitchhikers and invaders of novel ecosystems. They have the ability to move through a wide range of international trade pathways. Once established, invasive ants are very diffi cult to eradicate or control. Their impacts are felt across many sectors including, agriculture, horticulture, trade, tourism, human health and the environment. Pacifi c islands are un-adapted to the presence of invasive ants and largely devoid of native ant species. Their impacts are often more far-reaching than at other locations, threatening not only delicate and complex island ecosystems, but the livelihoods and wellbeing of island communities. In the face of climate change, invasive ants will further reduce the climate resilience and food security of subsistence economies. A best practice integrated biosecurity system is needed to prevent the entry and establishment of these species as well as mitigate impacts caused by priority invasive ants currently present in the region. We recommend a regional approach to invasive ant biosecurity be established, which includes the essential elements of prevention, early detection, rapid response, ongoing management, capacity building, outreach and research. This system should operate at island, national and regional scales.
Varnham, K.; E. Radford, S. Busuttil, C. Forbes, E. Gibbs-Williams and G. Gerber. Rat control to protect the Turks and Caicos rock iguana: monitoring and responding to rat activity on a Caribbean island Nature Reserve Rat control to protect the Turks and Caicos rock iguana: monitoring and responding to rat activity on a Caribbean island Nature Reserve K. Varnham, E. Radford, S. Busuttil, C. Forbes, E. Gibbs-Williams and G. Gerber K. Varnham, E. Radford, S. Busuttil, C. Forbes, E. Gibbs-Williams and G. Gerber Nature Recovery Unit, RSPB, The Lodge, Sandy, Beds, SG19 2DL. UK. A signifi cant proportion of the global population of the Critically Endangered Turks & Caicos rock iguana (Cyclura carinata) is found on the small 43 ha island of Little Water Cay, which is managed as a nature reserve by the Turks & Caicos National Trust (TCNT). Black rats (Rattus rattus) and feral cats (Felis catus) are also found on the island, which is connected by sand bars to two larger islands and within black rat swimming distance of the large inhabited island of Providenciales. While rat eradication is not currently thought sustainable, a control programme began in 2015 aiming to control rats to zero/low density, reducing predation pressure on young iguanas. The baiting programme uses the fi rst-generation anticoagulant rodenticide diphacinone set in bait boxes on a 50 m grid across the island. Following three weeks of baiting in November 2015 anecdotal changes were observed; increased sightings of young iguanas, nesting least terns (Sternula antillarum) on the sand bar and presence of a juvenile Antillean nighthawk (Chordeiles gundlachii). However, a second scheduled baiting round in November 2016 showed that rats were once more found across the entire island. We therefore devised a monitoring system to observe the speed and distribution of the infl ux of rats, predicted to walk across from the adjoining cays and/or swim from Providenciales. After the second baiting season non-toxic chocolate wax monitoring blocks were set in 20 bait stations across the island and checked weekly for signs of rat activity. These data will inform the timing and duration of future rat control undertaken on the island, allowing us to maximise the conservation benefi ts to iguanas while minimising the amount of rodenticide used, and thus non-target impacts. TCNT staff have been trained in rat control and monitoring techniques and now lead this project to reduce the impact of invasive rats on this important species.
Varnham, K.; S. Thomas, L. Bambini, S. Havery and L. Lock. An innovative programme to protect the UK’s seabird islands An innovative programme to protect the UK’s seabird islands K. Varnham, S. Thomas, L. Bambini, S. Havery and L. Lock K. Varnham, S. Thomas, L. Bambini, S. Havery and L. Lock Nature Recovery Unit, RSPB, The Lodge, Sandy, Beds, SG19 2DL, UK. The UK supports globally signifi cant populations of seabirds, including 80% of the world’s Manx shearwaters (Puffi nus puffi nus) and almost 60% of northern gannets (Morus bassanus), with breeding populations mostly restricted to off shore islands. However, many of these islands have one or more invasive non-native mammals present which negatively impact seabirds as well as many other native species. In 2013 the RSPB’s innovative Seabird Island Restoration Project was established to protect these important islands using three key approaches. Firstly, we have developed a best practice toolkit for UK ground-based rat eradication projects, to be launched in 2017. This toolkit is based on international standards but tailored to the UK environmental, legal and social situation, consisting of technical advice documents on planning and carrying out eradication, biosecurity and incursion response work, as well as templates and series of worked examples. We have also collaborated on a prioritisation exercise to identify the UK islands where the greatest conservation gains can be made through eradication of invasive non-native mammals (eradication priorities) and where the greatest losses would be expected to occur were brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) to arrive on currently rat-free islands (biosecurity priorities). Finally, we are building UK capacity in island restoration through supporting UK-based conservation organisations, off ering training in biosecurity, safe and eff ective rodenticide use, and incursion response planning, as well as writing, and supporting others to write, biosecurity plans, feasibility studies and operational plans. We have supported and trained two incursion response teams, one in south-west England and one in north Scotland, and plan to extend this network UK-wide. We believe this combination of working at the sites where the greatest conservation gains can be made, with well-trained people following tailored best practice guidelines off ers the best chance to protect the UK’s iconic seabird island heritage.
725 Veatch, S.D. Prioritising islands for the eradication of invasive vertebrates in the Arctic
Prioritising islands for the eradication of invasive vertebrates in the Arctic S.D. Veatch S.D. Veatch American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016, USA. As human activity increases and climate warms, invasive alien species pose a serious, growing threat in the Arctic to native biodiversity, ecosystems, and inhabitants, particularly those of Arctic island ecosystems. Consequently, Arctic states have recognised the need to eradicate invasive alien species from Arctic island ecosystems. The Arctic Council – an intergovernmental forum comprised of eight countries and six Permanent Participants that represent Arctic indigenous peoples – has defi ned a collective priority for upcoming action in the Arctic Invasive Alien Species (ARIAS) Strategy and Action Plan: “actively facilitate the eradication of invasive alien species from island ecosystems throughout the Arctic, as well as the recovery of native island species and habitats that have been impacted by invasive alien species”. Prioritising islands for eradication activity is both necessary and strategically important in order to achieve this goal with limited resources across multiple jurisdictional authorities. This paper will explore the application of a study published in Conservation Biology (“Prioritising islands for the eradication of invasive vertebrates in the United Kingdom overseas territories”) to the development of a prioritisation schema for the eradication of terrestrial invasive vertebrates on Arctic islands. The paper will provide a summary of key fi ndings, including the identifi cation of relevant data gaps; a proposed Arctic island prioritisation schema for the eradication of terrestrial invasive vertebrates; and a summary of further needs for input from scientifi c and policy perspectives. These fi ndings will be applied to the ARIAS Strategy and Action Plan Steering Committee’s eff orts to develop a plan for the eradication of invasive alien species from Arctic island ecosystems.
Veitch, C.R. Changes in forest passerine numbers on Hauturu following rat eradication
Changes in forest passerine numbers on Hauturu following rat eradication C.R. Veitch C.R. Veitch 48 Manse Road, Papakura, New Zealand. Passerines were monitored on Hauturu (Little Barrier Island) over 15 years (1975–89) spanning the period (1976–80) when feral cats were eradicated from the island and again for the period 2013–2017. All birds seen and heard were recorded while walking three transects representing an altitudinal range from near sea level to approximately 550 m above sea level. Analysis of variance statistics were used to test for diff erences in bird numbers between transects and between years. Bird species were examined by transect to test for changes in numbers over time. Following cat eradication three species had increased on some transects, and two species had decreased on some transects, but it was diffi cult to attribute changes in bird numbers to the one cause which we were able to study: reduced cat numbers. Following rat (Rattus exulans) eradication in 2004 there have been signifi cant increases and decreases of forest dwelling passerines. Field work for this study was completed in March 2017 and the data have yet to be analysed in detail.
Webber, B.; K. Uyehara, T. Luxner and D. Dewey. Habitat features that infl uence predation of endangered Hawaiian common gallinule nests by invasive vertebrates in Hanalei and Huleia National Wildlife Refuges Habitat features that infl uence predation of endangered Hawaiian common gallinule nests by invasive vertebrates in Hanalei and Huleia National Wildlife Refuges
B. Webber, K. Uyehara, T. Luxner and D. Dewey B. Webber, K. Uyehara, T. Luxner and D. Dewey Kauai National Wildlife Refuge Complex, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, PO Box 1128, Kilauea, Hawaii 96754, USA. Hanalei and Huleia National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs) on the island of Kauai in Hawaii are designated as core wetland areas essential to the recovery of fi ve endangered Hawaiian waterbird species. These two sites support approximately 50% of the endangered Hawaiian common gallinule (Alae ula, Gallinula galeata sandvicensis) population state-wide. On Hanalei NWR, taro (Colocasia esculenta) farming provides dense emergent aquatic vegetation needed for breeding gallinules, but previous research suggests that dikes, water drawdowns, and harvested fi elds may increase access by introduced mammalian predators. Although these studies documented egg predation, researchers were unable to determine nest fates for 25% of the nests using observer-based methods. In this pilot study, we evaluated the use of remote motion detection cameras as a method to determine gallinule nest fates and elucidated factors related to predation events through the early brooding phase. We predicted that taro farming practices infl uence predation by invasive vertebrates (e.g. feral cats (Felis catus), rats (Rattus spp.)) and negatively aff ect gallinule nest success in taro fi elds, when compared to managed wetland units that have fewer dikes, suitable vegetative cover, and stable water levels. Higher gallinule nest success in wetland units, coupled with reliable data regarding drawdowns and predation of nests in taro fi elds, allows managers to implement more specifi c management and monitoring methods to control and reduce access of invasive vertebrates that prey on endangered gallinule nests in these critically-important wetland, riverine, and agricultural landscapes.
726 Will, D.; T. Hall, M. Khalsa and J. Bruch. Using sUAS to direct trap placement in support of feral cat eradication on islands
Using sUAS to direct trap placement in support of feral cat eradication on islands D. Will, T. Hall, M. Khalsa and J. Bruch D. Will, T. Hall, M. Khalsa and J. Bruch Island Conservation, 2100 Delaware Ave, Suite 1, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA. Trap location is one the most important elements in a successful trapping programme and requires specialists that can analyse microhabitats across a landscape and identify areas of likely cat (Felis catus) presence and key travel routes. This is particularly true when determining the location of walkthrough trap sets. Existing remote sensing data can help specialists identify macrohabitats where cat activity is suspected but is not collected at a fi ne enough resolution to resolve microhabitats or topographical features where cat activity is likely. Using a case study on Kaho’olawe, Hawaii we evaluate how placing very high resolution sUAS-derived data in the hands of trapping specialists can be used to direct trap placement reducing the need for time intensive exploration of the landscape. On Kaho’olawe (11,550 ha), there is considerable need to direct trap placement because the presence of unexploded ordnance (only 10% of the island is cleared to a depth of four feet and 69% of the island surface-cleared) poses a signifi cant risk to staff safety and greatly increases project risk and cost. In this case study, we use traditional remote sensing techniques to select three representative study areas that have limited UXO concerns and estimated high cat habitat suitability. Each study area is mapped at a resolution of less than 5 cm and resulting products are reviewed in 2D and 3D by trapping specialist to select suitable trap locations. Trapping specialists evaluate each study area on foot using their normal protocols to determine trap locations. Finally, we evaluate the effi cacy of sUAS direct trap placement by comparing the sUAS derived trap locations with the ground-truthed locations. The workfl ows for collecting, processing and analysing sUAS data that we describe should enable managers to determine if integrating sUAS into trapping programmes is a cost-eff ective and effi cient way to improve project success. Wynn, M. and D. Driscoll. Removal of invasive, black rats increases activity levels and population density of Christmas Island’s last remaining endemic reptile Removal of invasive, black rats increases activity levels and population density of Christmas Island’s last remaining endemic reptile M. Wynn and D. Driscoll M. Wynn and D. Driscoll The Australian National University, Fenner School of Environment and Society, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Invasive black rats (Rattus rattus) have been implicated in the extinctions of native species across the globe, particularly where native fauna are predator-naïve and are within insular island systems. Through the process of introduced disease and predation, Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean has suff ered catastrophic extinctions of four endemic mammals and four reptiles since the early 1900s. Up until now, the endangered Christmas Island giant gecko (Cyrtodactylus sadleiri) has resisted extinction, but the interactions of this rainforest-dwelling endemic species with invasive and abundant black rats are unclear. With the recent onset of feral cat eradication by the Australian Government’s Christmas Island National Park, a greater understanding of the potential for rats to impact on threatened reptile species is critical. Here we will present novel fi ndings from a large-scale manipulation experiment to determine the impacts of the removal (using poison bait) of black rats from primary rainforest areas on Christmas Island, and the consequential behavioural and population responses of giant geckos. Giant gecko activity levels were found to increase as rat activity dropped, and gecko population density doubled, from 27 to 62 geckos per hectare, when rats were no longer present in high densities in the rainforest, with the greatest eff ect occurring in the dry season, eight weeks after initial baiting. Interestingly, insect and forest bird activity was also observed to increase with the reduction of rat activity, suggesting the role of the black rat as a predator of other native forest species. This research will assist in predicting the consequences of increased rat predation on Christmas Island’s last remaining endemic reptile, helping to guide future management of invasive black rats, and suggests the urgent need for further research on complex interactions between invasive species and native prey on Christmas Island, and a multi-species approach to any further predator eradication. Zhao, C.; J. Li and X. Liu. Eff ect of Spartina alternifl ora invasion on benthic macro-invertebrate communities in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Effect of Spartina alternifl ora invasion on benthic macro-invertebrate communities in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region C. Zhao, J. Li and X. Liu C. Zhao, J. Li and X. Liu Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China. In order to assess the ecological impacts of Spartina alternifl ora invasion in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, we analysed communities of macro-invertebrates in diff erent habitats and with diff erent invasion times of Spartina alternifl ora. Results showed that Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson diversity indices diff ered between the S. alternifl ora wetlands and a mangrove wetland, and macro-invertebrate communities in S. alternifl ora habitat mainly diff ered from those of mangrove habitats based on the non-metric multidimensional scaling used in this study. Perhaps due to the invasion of S. alternifl ora, the bivalve Glauconome chinensis became the predominant species, leading to a greater macro-invertebrate biomass in S. alternifl ora wetlands than in mangrove wetlands. Species composition, biomass and diversity of macro-invertebrates were assessed between the diff erent invasive years of Spartina alternifl ora including 20 years, fi ve years and one year. Results showed that the community structures of macro-invertebrates were distinctly diff erent between the 20-year Spartina alternifl ora communities and the other two communities. The biomass of macro-invertebrates decreased with the length of time Spartina alternifl ora communities were established. No signifi cant diff erences of richness of macro-invertebrates were found among diff erent invasive years (p<0.05). The results also showed all of these changes of macro-invertebrates at diff erent communities or diff erent invasion time were related to the density of Spartina alternifl ora based on multiple linear regressions.
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