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Probable Age Ightham, Kent, Their Downloaded from http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/ at Cornell University on July 13, 2012 Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society On the Occurrence of Palæolithic Flint Implements in the Neighbourhood of Ightham, Kent, their Distribution and probable Age Joseph Prestwich Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 1889, v.45; p270-297. doi: 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1889.045.01-04.18 Email alerting click here to receive free service e-mail alerts when new articles cite this article Permission click here to seek permission request to re-use all or part of this article Subscribe click here to subscribe to Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society or the Lyell Collection Notes © The Geological Society of London 2012 Downloaded from http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/ at Cornell University on July 13, 2012 270 PROF. J. PEESTWICH ON THE OCCURRENCE OF 16. On the OCCURRENCE of PALmOLITHIC FT,INT IMPLE.~IENTS ~n t~t~ NEIGHBOURHOOD of IGHTHAM, KENT, their DISTRIBUTION and PROBABL~ Ao~. By Jos~P~ PR~STWIC~, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c. (Read February 6, 1889.) [PL,vEs IX.-XI.] IT has hitherto, with a few disputed exceptions, been generally held that, in this country, palmolithic stone implements are con- fined to "river-drifts" and caves of the so-called Postglacial age, in which they occur buried at greater or less depths ; and little search was made outside the drift-deposits, or the valleys to which such deposits are confined. It is true that a few specimens had been found at various heights on the hills, but they failed to attract much attention or to suggest any different explanation. In 1861 Dr. John Evans * found a large pointed implement on the surface of a ploughed field in the parish of Abbots Langley, and at a height of 160 feet above the Colne. Another smaller specimen was found in 1861 by Mr. W. Whitaker on the surface of the Chalk, one mile east of Horton Kirby, and about 200 feet above the Darent t. In 1869, in searching over a field near the edge of the Chalk-escarp- ment at Currie Farm, Halstead, Kent, in company with General Pitt-Rivers, Sir J. Lubbock, and myself, Dr. Evans picked up a rude ovoid specimen; but we did not succeed in finding any more. This spot is nearly 600 (not 500) feet above O.D. From time to time a few similar instances have been recorded ; but they were either passed by as chance specimens, possibly dropped and lost, or were in some way supposed to be connected with the ordinary river-valley drifts +% But the remarkable discoveries of pal~eohthie flint implements made during the last ten years by Mr. Benjamin Harrison, of Ightham, in the neighbourhood of that village, and lying on the surface of the ground, at all levels up to nearly 600 feet above the seaw showed that the subject required further investigation. I was otherwise engaged when Mr. Harrison first called my attention to his discoveries; and though from year to year I have paid occasional visits with him to the different sites where he had found palmohthic implements, it was not until this last summer that I was able to complete my survey of the ground, and come to See his ' Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain,' chapter xxiii. t Mr. De Barri Crawshay, of Sevenoaks, has since found a rude ochreous scraper in a field by the side of the road on the top of the same hill, at 390 feet above O.D. I Ancient Stone Implements, p. 531. Since this paper was written, Mr. Harrison" informs me that he found a pal~eolithicimplement, very like the Currie-Wood specimen, on the summit of the chalk-escarpment above Wrotham, at a height of 750 ft. above O.D. I have not yet been able to visit the spot. Downloaded from http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/ at Cornell University on July 13, 2012 PAL~0LITHIC FLL~T IMPLEMENTS IN KENT. ~71 the conclusions which I now beg to bring before the Society. Although long acquainted with the ground generally, it was evident that this inquiry needed a more special study of the drift-beds and phy- siography of the district % For this purpose I have visited with Mr. Harrison, who possesses an intimate knowledge of the ground, every locality where traces of drift and flint implements have been found r Mr. Harrison's attention was first dh-ected to the subject about the year 1863, when he found on a heap of stones gathered off a field to the S.E. of Rose Wood, near Ightham, and at a height of 475 feet above O.D. and 300 above the valley, a large, massive, pointed, flint implement. He subsequently f~und a few others on the surface of adjacent fields, but did not be~n a systematic search until 1879. Since then he has found within a radius of five miles around Ightham above 400 specimens. These were, with very few exceptions, all on the surface of the ground and at all levels, from a few feet above the present streams to nearly the summit of the highest hills ; and he rightly collected not only the well-marked specimens but also the more obscure forms, amongst which are some that seem to belong to the earliest implements fashioned by primitive man in England. Local Topography.--The topography of the district is somewhat exceptional. Ightham is situated on the Folkestone Beds of the Lower Greensand. One branch of the small stream ++ which flows through it southward to the Wealden area rises at the foot of the Chalk Downs 11 mile above the village, and the other turns round westward to springs on the slope of Oldbury Hill. On either side, and at a distance of about a mile from these head-waters of the ' Shode,' the surface-waters run--in one direction westward into a tributary valley of the Darent (a river flowing northward into the Thames), and in another direction eastward into the small stream which flows past Mulling and Leybourne into the lower Medway (see fig. 1, p. 272). The watersheds which part the Shode from these other two streams consist of low ridges of Gault and Lower Chalk, rising only a ibw feet above the level of the upper waters of these streams. :But as the Shode flows south through the range of the Lower Greensand, high hills rise boldly on either side, forming a deep and picturesque valley as far as the junction of the Shode with the broad Medway valley in the Wealden area, near Hadlow (see Map, P1. IX.). Sections of the Ightha~n F'alley.--Seetion No. 1 is taken at a * Mr. Topley gives a general account of the drift of the district in his ' Geology of the Weald' (Men. Geol. Survey, 1875) ; but owing to the absence of open pits, and to the very small size of many of the patches, some of the drift-gra~els are apt to escape notice unless observed by some one residing in the district, and. who has the opportunity of workin,g over the freshly ploughed fields, and takmg a~lvantage of every chance openmg. t His manuscript lists give the locality and height above sea-level of every specimen, and their general character and form. .+ On the Ordnance Maps no name is attached to this stream. Mr. Harrison informs me that on Symondson's old map of Kent it is called the ' Shode,' but that it is known i~ the district at present by the name of the Busty or Buster. Q.$.G.S. No. 178. x Downloaded from http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/ at Cornell University on July 13, 2012 272 PROF. J. PRESTWICH 01~ THE OCCURRENCE OF SECTIONS OF THE SHODE VALLEY. Fig. 1.--Across the Head-waters and adjacent Watersheds. (The North Downs in the distance.) ..... 9-o- I |',7-'--. .. ....................................... ::::~ ....................... ~ ..-*'" _ 7re [.TAe~Tam~" .~t~tt'l~hnnt ~?ze ~r Pa,,'l, fttrrn . | I n,~.~n o~ ~ bH2h-~ik "ma~nl i .... ! " _.l~ ~ "--.~1 - ~~ - __~,_~--q_~_~ [ _--~- ..... Fig. 2.--From Oldbury Hill to Hi(jhlands Hill. Oldbury High- Gorgeof Hill. Ightham. field, the Shode. Highlanda. , i / ~' " .__-.L~_ ..... '_L_ .......... :Fig. 3.--From Ightham Common to Comp Wood. 9 .~ Fig. 4.--From Shipbom~e to Hamptons. I , ~ , -t',~........... 3. ! a. Traces of an old drift of worn and stained flints ......... (Preglacial ?) b. Unstratified gravel of white flints t of uncertain age (Glacial ?) b'. Hill-gravel ........................ -" c. High-level Valley- or River-gravel e'. Low-level Valley- or River-gravel :::::::::::::::::::::::: ) Post-glacial. • Sites of Pal~eolithie Flint Implements. Highest old river-level. S.L. Sea-level. (Vertical soale { inch=100 feet. Horizontal scale 1 inch={ mile.) Downloaded from http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/ at Cornell University on July 13, 2012 PALEOLITHIC FLINT IMPLEMEN]S IN KE~T~ ~73 distance of about half a mile from the head of the main stream (the Shode). Nos. 2, 3, and 4 follow in succession in descending the valley at distances of from 1 to 11 mile apart. No. 4 is close to the junction of the old Shode with the old 3Iedway valley. The height at which the Shode flowed at its earlier stage is regulated by the height of its watershed, and is marked by the horizontal broken lines. These are slightly too low in figs. 1 and 3, and too high in fig. 2. This small stream is ten miles long from its source above Ightham to its junction with the Medway; but the old stream, when both rivers flowed at a higher level, was not more than six miles in length, with a breadth of channel seemingly of from I to 11 mile ; while that of the Medway, at Tunbridge, could scarcely have been less than five miles in width.
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