8300 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 29
The bill United States submitting several general in the Marine Corps for temporary nominations of general officers in the service from the 23d day of October 1941. Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, there Marine Corps, which was referred.to the Brig. Gen. Philip H. Torrey to be a major has been addressed to me by Mr. Jerry S. Committee on Naval Affairs. general in the Marine Corps for temporary Ashley, general chairman, national rice service from the 23d day of October 1941. festival, Crowley, La., a telegram which I (For nominations this day received, should like to read. It is as follows: see the end of Senate proceedings.) CONFIRMATIONS We extend to you and the entire United EXECUTIVE REPORTS OF COMMITTEES States Senate an invitation to attend the na The following favorable reports of Executive nominations confirmed by tional rice festival at Crowley, La., October 29, nominations were submitted: the Senate October 2.8 JUDGE attendance of any or all of the Senate. Clifford J. Durr, of Alabama, to be a mem J. Joseph Smith to be United States district ber of the Federal Communications Commis judge for the district of Connecticut. I hope that some of my colleagues will sion for a term of 7 years from July 1, 1941, take advantage of this invitation. I am vice Frederick I. Thompson. DIPLOMATIC AND FOREIGN SERVICE confident that all who attend will come By Mr. THOMAS of Utah, from the Ccm• Angus I. Ward to be a consul general of mittee on Mllitary Affairs: · the United States of America. in contact with real, genuine southern Several officers for appointment to tempo hospitality. rary rank in the Air Corps, Regular Army; COLLECTOR OF .. CUSTOMS With the kind indulgence of the Senate and Saul Haas to be collector of customs for I will read from a statement sent to me Sundry offlcers for appointment and ap customs collection district No. 30, with head by Mr. Orville E. Priestley, publicity di pointment by transfer in the Regular Army. quarters at Seattle, Wash. , By Mr. WALSH, from the Committee on rector of the rice festival, giving a short APPOINTMENT IN THE REGULAR ARMY Naval Affairs: description of th~ affair: Sundry offlcers for appointment and pro Sum!ler Wilson Elton to be a captain, The National Rice Festival, the fifth to be motion in the Navy. Judge Advocate General's Department. held since the celebration was inaugurated in By Mr. McKELLAR, from the Committee APPOINTMENTS, BY TRANSFER, IN THE REGULAR October of 1937, will be held in Crowley, La., on Post Offlces and Post Roads: ARMY the "Rice City of America," on Wednesday, Samuel John Hughes, to be postmaster at October 29, 1-941, to celebrate the harvesting Cashmere, Wash., in place of A. F. Farris, Lt. Col. Myron Joseph Conway, to Adjutant · of the rice crop. deceased. General's Department. The event was inaugurated not only as a First Lt. Frank Willoughby Moorman, to celebration of the annual harvest, a period of The VICE PRESIDENT. If there be Signal Corps. prayer and thanks for the bountiful crop, no further reports of committees, the but as a means of focusing the attention of clerk will state the nominations on the America on the fact that the United States calendar. SENATE produces more rice each year than is con sumed. And it 1s hoped that the publicizing DIPLOMATIC AND FOREIGN SERVICE WEDNESDAY, OcTOBER 29, 1941 of this great food crop, which means much to The legislative cl~rk read the nomina (Legislative day ot Monday, October 27, four States of the Union-Arkansas, Cali tion of Angus I. Ward to be consul gen 1941) fornia, Louisiana, and Texas-but which is eral. not grown extensively over the Nation, would The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, increase the consumption. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob jection, the nomination is confirmed. on the expiration of the recess. The day's program opens with thanksgiving The Chaplain, Rev. Z~Barney T. Phil services in all Crowley churches before the COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS gaiety prevails. Then following, starting at lips, D. D., offered the following prayer: 9:30 Wednesday morning, October 29, a pro The legislative clerk read the nomina 0, Thou to whom light and darkness gram of activities which includes the select tion of Saul Haas to be collector of cus are both alike, come and abide with us ing and crowning of two queens (children's toms for customs collection district No. through every experience of life, that we and adults'; staging of four parades (parade 30. may neither weary of the day nor fear of rice farm Machinery, childreL's parade, The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob what night may bring. afte: noon grand parade of beautiful float.s, jection, the nomination is confirmed. and night parade of floats) ; band concerts; We thank Thee, though betimes we free circus acts; rodeo; softball games, deter THE ARMY labor under a sense of failure and are mining champion rice eater and rice grader; The legislative clerk proceeded to read burdened with the memory of duties left holding of French hour; and then the grand undone or shamed by yielding to tempta festival ball, the concluding affair of the day. sundry nominations in the Army. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob tion, that Thou dost lift our eyes to the The National Rice Festival has become the life for which we long and wilt not suffer Nation's greatest one-day agricultural festi jection, the Army nominations are con val. More than 50,000 thronged the city's firmed en bloc. us to lose our aspirations which are the streets last year, and even a greater attend That completes the Executive Calendar. soul's true wealth, the spring of all exist ance 1s anticipated this year. ence. Mr. BARKLEY. I ask that the Presi Arm us with that courage by which State officials from Texas, Arkansas, and dent be at once notified of the confirma Louisiar.a will be present for the event this alone men master self and every circum year, and three princesses from pan-American tion of all nominations acted on today. stance; still Thou the weak complainings countries competing for the title of queen, The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob of our tongues, and, though we cannot see who is to be awarded a Caribbean cruise this jection, the President will be notified tomorrow and darkness hangs about our year, will be present carrying out President forthwith. path and mystery at every turn confronts J:l,oosevelt's good-neighbor policy. These wlll RECESS be students from Cuba, Venezuela, and us, fortify our hearts against all fear, and Mexico now enrolled at the Louisiana State Mr. BARKLEY. As in legislative ses guide us with Thine unseen hand, that, University at Baton Rouge, but offlcially sion, I move that the Senate take a recess as we joyfully accept the great responsi designated by their respective Governments until 12 o'clock noon tomorrow. bilities and conditions of our earthly pil as representatives at the Crowley cele.bration. The motion was agreed to; and Germany Medal for each person who served dar day of Tuesday, October 28, 1941, Delaware [Mr. HUGHES], the Senator in Germany or Austria-Hungary during the period of occupation; without amendment was dispensed with, and the Journal was from North Carolina £Mr. REYNOLDS], (Rept. No. 776). ' approved. the Senator from South Carolina [Mr. By Mr. ELLENDER, from the Commitee on MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT SMITH], the Senator from Arkansas [Mr. Claims: Messages in writing from the Presi SPENCER], and the Senator from Mary S. 1771. A bill for the relief of R. V. Thurs land [Mr. TYDINGS] are necessarily ton and Joseph Hardy, a partnership; with dent of the United States submitting absent. out amendment (Rept. No. 778); nominations were communicated to the Mr. McNARY. I announce the neces S.1777. A bill for the relief of Robert Lee Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his secre Ph1llips and for the six minor children of taries. sary absence of the following Senators: The Senator from New Jersey [Mr. Robert Lee Phillips and the late Estelle Phil NOTICE OF HEARING ON NOMINATION OF BARBOUR], the Senator from Maine [Mr. lips, namely, Robert Lee Phillips, Jr.; James CHARLES FAHY Rudolph Phillips; Katherine Phillips; Richard BREWSTER], the Senator from Massa Eugene Phillips; Charles Ray Phillips; and Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, under a chusetts [Mr. LoDGE], the Senator from David Delano Phillips; with amendments rule recently adopted by the Judiciary Kansas [Mr. REEDJ, and the Senator (Rept. No. 779); Committee it was decided that no action from Indiana [Mr. WILLIS]. H. R. 666. A bill tor the relief of Frank would be taken on the nomination of a The VICE PRESIDENT. Seventy-nine Kassner; without amendment (Rept. No. judge until after at least 7 days' notice Senators have answered to their names. 780); had been given of the time and place of A quorum is present. H. R. 1854. A bill for the relief of Walter M. Ziegler; without amendment (Rept. No. hearing in order that any person who EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS 781); desired to appear might do so. H. R. 2379. A bill for the relief of Mary, Today the nomination of Mr. Charles The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Ethel, and Richard Farrell; without amend Fahy to be Solicitor General of the Senate the following letter, which was ment (Rept. No. 782); and United States has been sent to the Sen referred as indicated: H. R. 4415. A bill for the relief of the ate. I have been appointed chairman of AWARDS OF CONTRACTS FOR THE NAVY Macon County Oil Co.; without amendment a subcommittee to consider the nomina A letter from the Secretary of the Navy, (Rept. No. 783) . tion. Without establishing any prece reporting, pursuant to law, relative to divi By Mr. BROWN, from the Committee on dent-because Mr. Fahy is not nominat sions of awards of certain quantity con Commerce: ed to be a judge-but because the posi tracts for aircraft, aircraft parts, and acces H. R. 4381. A bill to repeal the act entitled tion for which Mr. Fahy is nominated is sories therefor entered into with more than "An act to authorize the construction of perhaps the most important legal posi one bidder under authority of law; to the bridges across a portion Jf the Minnesota Committee on Naval Atrairs. River in the State of Minnesota," approved tion in the United States, I give notice March 15, 1904; without amendment (Rept. now that on Thursday, the 6th day of PETITIONS No. 784); November, at 10 o'clock a. m., in the Ju H. R. 4642. A bill authorizing Douglas diciary Committee room, the subcom Petitions were presented and referred County, Nebr., to construct, maintain, and mittee will hear any person who wishes as follows: operate a toll bridge across the Missouri River to appear, either for or against the nom By Mr. MEAD: at or near Florence station, tn the city of ination of Mr. Fahy. Petitions, -numerously signed, of sundry Omaha, Nebr.; without amendment (Rept. citizens of Rochester, N. Y., praying for the No. 785); CALL OF THE ROLL Immediate repeal of the neutrality law; to the H. R. 4912. A bill to extend the times for Mr. HILL. I suggest the absence of a C0mmittee on Foreign Relations. commencing and completing the construc quorum. .. By Mr. CAPPER: tion of a bridge across the MiSSissippi River The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk A petition, numerously signed, of sundry at or near Memphis, Tenn.; without amend will call the roll. citizens of Alton, Kans., praying for the en ment (Rept. No. 790); ac~ment of the bill (S. 860) to provide for the H. R. 4994. A bill granting the consent of The Chief Clerk called the roll, and common defense in relation to the sale of Congress to the Commonwealth of Pennsyl the following Senators answered to their alcoholic liquors to the members of the land vania to construct, maintain, and operate a names: and naval forces of the United States and to free highway bridge across the Susquehanna Adams Gerry O'Mahoney provide for the suppression of vice in the River at Bridge Street in Plymouth Borough, Aiken GUlette Overton vicinity of m111tary camps and naval estab between Plymouth and Hanover Townships, Andrews Glass Peace lishments; to the table. Austin Green Pepper in the C)Unty of Luzerne, and. in the Com monwealth of Pennsylvania; without amend Ba1ley Gutrey Radcliffe REPORTS OF COMMITTEES Ball Gurney Rosier ment (Rept. No. 786); Barkley Batch Russell H. R. 5128. A bill to extend the times for Schwartz The following reports of committees Bllbo Hill were submitted: commencing and completing the construc Bridges Holman Shipstead tion, by the Alabama Bridge Commission, an Brooks Johnson, Callf. Smathers By Mr. PEPPER, from the Committee on Brown Johnson, Colo. Stewart agency of the State of Alabama, of a toll Bunker Kilgore Taft Commerce: bridge and causeway between Dauhpln Island Burton La Follette Thomas, Idaho H. R. 4993. A b1ll to extend the times for and the mainland at or near Cedar Point, B·1tler Langer Thomas, Okla. commencing and completing the construc within the State of Alabama; without amend Byrd Lee Thomas, Utah tion of a bridge across Sarasota Pass and ment (Rept. No. 787); Tobey Capper Lucas across Longboat Pass, county cf Manatee, H. R. 5556. A bill granting the consent of Caraway McCarran Truman State of Florida; with an amendment (Rept. Chandler McFarland Tunnell Congress to the State of Minnesota and the Chavez McKellar Vandenbers No. 772). city of Minneapolis to construct, maintain, Clark, Idaho McNary VanNuys By Mr. THOMAS of Utah, from the Com and operate a free highway bridge across the Clark, Mo. Maloney Wallgren mittee on Military Affairs: Mississippi River at or near Minneapolis, Connally Mead Walsh S.1973. A bill to provide for the pay and Wheeler Minn.; without amendment (Rept. No. 788); Danaher Murdock costs of transportation of civilian employees and Davis Murray White appointed for duty beyond the continental Doxey Norris Wiley B. R. 5557. A bill authorizing the State of Ellender Nye limits of the United Sta '! and in Alaska; Indiana to construct, maintain, and operate George O'Daniel without amendment (Rept. No. 773) ; and a free highway bridge across the Wabash H. R. 5356. A b111 to constitute an Army Mr. HILL. I announce that the Sen Chaplains' Corps with a brigadier general as River at or near Montezuma, Ind.; without ator from Washington [Mr. BoNE] and chief; without amendment (Rept. No. 774). amendment (Rept. No. 789) . the Senator from New York [Mr. WAG By Mr. TRUMAN, from the Committee on BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION NER] are absent from the Senate because Military,Atrairs: INTRODUCED of illness. H. R. 1106. A b1ll to authorize the Secre The Senator from California [Mr. tary of War to grant a right-of-way to Grand Bills and a joint resolution were intro DOWNEY] is detained on important pub Trunk Western Railroad Co. across the Kala duced, read the first time, and, by unani mazoo National Guard target range, Michi mous consent, the second time, and re lic business. gan; without amendment (Rept. No. 775). The Senator from Alabama [Mr. By Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado, from the ferred as follows: BANKHEAD], the Senator from South Committee on Military Atrairs: By Mr. BAILEY: Dakota [Mr. BuLow], the Senator from H. R. 5750. A bill authorizing the procure S. 2017. A bill to amend Pri•;ate Act No. Arizona [Mr. HAYDEN], the Senator from ment and Issue of an Army of Occupation of 446, Seventy-sixth Congress, approved July 8302 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 29 2, 1940, and for other purposes; to the Com ADDRESS BY LT. COL. HEBER H. RICE ON war necessary to protect and defend our mittee on Claims. OUR SOLDIERS IN FIELD AND CAMP freedom. By Mr. LANGER: [Mr. KILGORE asked and obtained leave DEFENSE HOUSING CONTRACT8-BID OF s. 2018. A bill for the relief of Mina Bau der; to the Committee on Finance. to have printed In the RECORD a radio address CURRIER LUMBER CO. s. 2019. A bill to provide pensions for on the topic Our Soldiers In Field and Camp Mr. TRUMAN. Mr. President, I widows of United States mail carriers: to the delivered by Lt. Col. Heber H. Rice, of the should like to make a brief report on a Committee on Pensions. office of the Under Secretary of War, under the auspices of the National Defense Com matter which has come before the Com By Mr. BILBO: mittee Investigating Contracts Under the 8. 2020. A bill authorizing the use of spe mittee of the Federal Bar Association, on cial canceling stamps and postmarking dies October 21, 1941, which appears in the Ap National Defense Program. in connection with Cotton Week, for the pendix.] The Senate should be informed of the promotion of the consumption of cotton; to STRIKES IN DEFENSE INDUSTRIES facts concerning the so-called Currier the Committee on Post Offices and Post case. The Currier Lumber Co. made the Roads. Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, on lowest bid to the Mutual Home Own By Mr. BARKLEY: March 19, 1937, as will appear from the ership Division of the Federal Works 8. 2021. A bill to authorize the Library of CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, volume 81, part 3, Agency to construct 300 houses for de Congress Trust Fund Board to allocate one Seventy-fifth Congress, first session, at half of the income from certain property to fense workers at Wayne, Mich. The bid the Smithsonian Institution: to the Com- page 2471, I criticized the so-called sit was low by more than $200,000-$216,000, mittee on the Library. . down strikes. I said, in part: to be exactly accurate-more than $600 (Mr. SCHWARTZ introduced Senate bill That the sit-down strike method is abhor a house. 2022, which was referred to the Committee on rent to me, ~ un-American, is nothing short Mr. Sidney Hillman, Associate Director Claims, and appears under a separate head of a hold-up, and should no longer be tol of the Office of Production Management, ing.) erated. and in charge of its· Labor Division, tes By Mr. BROWN: .-' S. 2023. A bill for the relief of Roy F. Lassly, I further stated: tified before the National Defense Com former Acting Chief Disbursement Clerk, De I sympathize with these strikers, but I am mittee, of whieh I am chairman, that he partment of the Interior, and G. F. Allen, a<>'ainst the methods employed by their lead took upon himself the responsibility of Chief Disbursing Officer, Division of Dis e:s. I cannot believe that the strikers are re telephoning the Federal Works Admin bursement, Treasury Department; to the sponsible for the method now in vogue. I istrator and advising him not to award Committee on Claims. blame their leaders. the contract to the lowest bidder because . By Mr. BARKLEY: . Mr. President, I quote further from Mr. Currier employed C. I. 0. labor (lnd S. J. Res. 113. Joint resolution establishing A. the Robert Fechner memorial fund: to the my speech: did not employ F. of L. labor, and be Committee on the Library. cause Mr. Hillman feared labor trouble I do not know who is responsible for this. from irresponsible members of the CI..AIMS INCIDENT TO ERADICATION OF I am told that John L. Lewis is the leader of A. F. cf L. MEDJTERRANFAN FRUITFLY (REPT. NO. the movement. If Mr. Lewis is, I brand him a traitor to American ideals and a menace to Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, will the 777) the peace and prosperity of our Nation. Senator yield? . The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Mr. SCHWARTZ. Mr . .President, as Mr. President, at the time I made the chairman of the joint committee author Senator ·from Missouri yield to the Sen charge against Mr. Lewis I y;as in doubt, ator from New Mexico? ized to make a full and complete investi because I did not have positive knowl gation with respect to the losses sustained Mr. TRUMAN. I yield. edge of who the traitor was. In the im Mr. HATCH. I think the Senator is a as a result of the Mediterranean fruitfiy pending labor trouble we know that the eradication and quarantine campaign little mild in his statement. He says Mr. leader is Mr. Lewis. He has come to the Hillman said he feared labor trouble. conduc.ted in the State of Florida in 1929 surface in his usual arrogant and defiant and 1930 under Senate Concurrent Reso The statement was that he feared civil manner. I now take· occasion to renew strife, civil war. lution 40, Seventy-sixth Congress, and affirmatively my charges against Mr. acting in behalf of myself, the Senator Mr. TRUMAN. The Senator is correct Lewis, not only branding him as a traitor in his statement. Mr. Hillman was asked from Louisiana [Mr. ELLENDER], and the to our American idea,ls and .a menace to Senatcr from Wisconsin [Mr. WtLEY1, on whether his advice was in any way based the peace and prosperity of our Nation on doubt as to the ability of the Currier the part of the Senate, I submit our re but a traitor to the boys who are now port for printing. Lumber Co. to construct the 300 houses. preparing themselves to defend our Na He replied that it was riot; that he was Pursuant to the direction of the con tion and preserve our cherished liberty. not interested in that question; and that current resolution, we have undertaken I further brand John L. Lewis as a to determine the nature, character, and he had no responsibility which required menace to the labor movement in this him to investigate that phase of ·~he con amount of such losses, the circumstances country. The present administration troversy. He had never met Mr. Currier, under which the losses occurred, and the has leaned backward in its ef!orts to help and he admitted that he had never seen persons who sustained the losses, and I the workingman; and I, for one, am the proposed contract. am presenting herewith our conclusions proud of the small part that I played in in the form of a bill to carry the recom Mr. Carmody, the Federal Works Ad the movement. I now desire to warn ministrator, and Colonel Westbr Jc~. his mendations of the committee into effect. labor the workingmen, the toilers of our deputy, were satisfied that Mr. Currier All cf which is submitted for such fur Natio~, not to follow this labor agitator, could perform his contract, and Mr. ther action as the Senate may desire to this labor bully, who seeks advancement, currier is willing to furnish a perform take. not through the usual orderly and dem ance bond of $1,500,000. Mr. Currier I recommend that the bill, which I now ocratic methods heretofore adhered to, testified that he and his associates have ask consent to introduce, together with and 1n normal times, but who seeks to built 950 houses in the Detroit area this the report, be referred to the Committee accomplish his purpose at a time and year; that.he has on hand his supplies on Claims. with full knowledge that noncompliance and material for this job; and that he has The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob with his demands will threaten our very a net worth of $3,000,000. He has a com jection, the bill and report will be re existence. pletely integrated organization of his ceived and referred as requested by the I plead with the laboring man to foster own which can do the entire job without Senator from Wyoming, and the report a movement to oust such leadership be outside assistance. I am convinced that will be printed. . fore it is too late. Do not force. Congress he can do the job unless his employees The bill (S. 2022) for the relief of cer into a position where it may be compelled are forcibly and illegally prevented from tain claimants who suffered losses and to pass laws that will take away from working. sustained damages as the result of the labor some of its most cherished rights. Mr. Hillman was asked whether his campaign carried out by the Federal Gov The patience of Congress and of the advice was based on information that ernment for the eradication of the Medi American people is almost at an end. any of Mr. Currier's employees were terranean fruitfiy in the State of Florida Unjustifiable strikes, such as the coal members of the A. F. of L. who would was read twice by its title, and, with the strike, will not be tolerated. America not work on the houses. He replied: accompanying report, referred to the must go forward full speed ahead lest I have no such information. I haven•• Committee on Claims. we deny t4? ourselve~ the implements of looked for it. 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. SENATE 8303 Mr. Gray, the spokesman for the A. F. The most important part of that sta will support him. In the Currier case of L., disclaimed any contention that any bilization agreement is that the American John L. Lewis urged my committee to of Mr. Currier's employees belonged to Federation of Labor solemnly pledges call the American Federation of Labor to the A. F. of L. He also estimated that that there will be no stoppage of work account for the very same improper about one-fourth of all small homes in on defense projects on account of juris practice of which he is guilty in the cap the Detroit area are constructed by non dictional disputes or for any other cause. tive coal mines case. Lewis should take union men, and said that he_did not The A. F. of L. recognizes that the build his own advice. question the possibility that sufficient ing trades of the A. F. of L. are solemnly The United States is going to defend mechanics coUld be assembled to do the committed by this provision and that it itself, and to the best of my ability I am job. He did questic.n Mr. Currier's ability would be illegal for them to strike any going to see to it that neither big indus to get supplies usually hauled by A. F. defense project. Mr. Gray, as acting try nor labor impedes that defense pro _of L. teamsters, but Mr. Currier says he president of the building-trades depart gram for selfish motive. has all the necessary supplies, and the ment, testified that there was no sug Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, will the fact that he has built 950 houses this gestion on the part of the A. F. of L. Senator yield? year speaks for itself on that point. Mr. that this agreement was going to be vio Mr. TRUMAN. I yield. Currier says he expects to build 5,000 lated by striking defense projects. Mr. HATCH. The Senator has been houses in the Detroit area, whether he This leaves only the question as to discussing a case which came before the gets this contract or not. whether the A. F. of L. intends to inter Special Committee to Investigate Con The matter therefore boils down to fere with Mr. Currier's men when they tracts Under the National Defense Pro this: A responsible company has made are delivering materials or erecting the gram, of which I have been a member, a low bid, which it is prepared to per houses. Mr. Gray, speaking for the but I have not been able to follow the form and is capable of performing if not A. F. of L. on this question, said: developments as closely as I would have illegally interfered with, and Mr. Hillman We couldn't lawfully interfere with tt. desired. The impression I have gathered advises that it be denied that contract from the case under discussion, however, and that the taxpayers pay several hun Later Mr. Gray said that he feared is simply that if the Currier Co. is not dred thousands of dollars more because that illegal acts would be done by some awarded the contract in question, and if . Mr. Hillman fears trouble from what he of the A. F. of L. men, but Mr. Gray the American Federation of Labor pre calls irresponsible elements of the Amer would not or could not specify which vails in this matter, the United States ican Federation of Labor. A. F. of L. unions he thought were going Government will pay tribute out of its to do these illegal acts. The only union Treasury. I am thinking of a famous Colonel Westbrook testified that Mr. named was the teamsters. Mr. Roe, Carmody had reserved the power of de American, who lived some time ago, and cision in this case to himself, but that business representative of the Detroit who gave utterance to a famous state he-Colonel Westbrook-would recom teamsters' local, was called before the ment, which I wish to amend. He said, mend rejecting all bids because he committee, and testified as follows: "Millions for defense, but not one cent We don't take any mega! actions. for tribute." I would amend the state thought he should follow Mr. Hillman's ment, in view of our present-day appro ·advice instead of making a recommenda- I do not think that the A. F. of L. is priations, "Billions for defense, but not tion on the facts. If Mr. Cutrier again going to permit any illegal action. If it one cent for tribute." submitted the lowest bid, Colonel West does, the responsible heads of the inter Mr. MEAD. Mr. President- brook said he woUld again advise that national A. F. of L. unions will be subpe the Currier bid be rejected. Mr. TRUMAN. I yield. naed by the committee and asked point ·Mr. MEAD. I wish· to commend the I cannot condemn Mr. Hillman's posi- blank whether their signed agreements energy and the application of the chair ·tion too strongly. First, the United are worth the paper they are written on man of our committee, and of the com States does not fear trouble from any and whether they propose to discipline mittee itself, for the splendid effort being source; and, if trouble is threatened, the the locals guilty of what the A. F. of L. made in behalf of our national-defense United States is able to protect itself. admits would be illegal action. program. But I believe it could be said If Mr. Hillman cannot or will not protect Also, I have every confidence that the in support of the position taken by Mr. the interests of the United States, I am Governor of Michigan and the mayor of Hillman that, while he and his large or in favor of replacing him with someone Detroit will do their sworn duty and see ganization are affiliated with the C. I. 0., who can and will. Second, the American that those guilty _of illegal action are and it might naturally follow that he -Federation of Labor is not irresponsible. called to account therefor. If they do would be friendly toward that organiza Its members are decent, law-abiding, not, I am going to ask them to tell the tion, in this instance his decision favored patriotic citizens, and I am personally Committee Investigating the National the American Federation of Labor. acquainted with many of its leaders and Defense Program why they cannot en I believe that Mr. Hillman advanced a know them to be fine, conscientious citi force the law. very logical reason to support and sub zens. They are not going to take illegal ·· The Department of Justice has already stantiate his attitude. According to tes action. If some irresponsible element ruled that it would be illegal under these timony from some witnesses the Currier does any illegal act, the United States is circumstances to disregard the low bid. Co. has been a notorious wage-cutting not going to stand for it anyway. I am going to ask the Attorney General organization in the past. It did not rec There has been a great deal of talk to keep closely informed as to develop ognize any union; it fought all the about a so-called stabilization agreement ments in this matter, and I know that he unions, until it was necessary for it to and a claim that it gives the American will perform his duty and see to it that associate with some union in order to Federation of Labor a closed shop on all any one violating any laws of the United participate in the defense program. I am defense construction jobs to the exclu States will be apprehended and tried. told there is pending against it now in sion of half a million nonunion men and I have been in favor of all legislation the courts a case alleging violation of 50,000 C. I! 0. construction men. The forth-. benefit of labor, and I shall con the wage and hour law, which may sub stabilization agreement contains no such tinue to be. But labor owes a duty to stantiate in part, at least, the attitude provision, and Mr. Hillman and Mr. Gray, the United States, and a duty to itself taken by Mr. Hillman. the spokesman for the American Federa to see to it that the defense program While Mr. Currier explained to the tion of Labor, deny that they were ever proceeds in an orderly fashion, and is committee that he has personnel suffi given any such promise. If there had not used as a tool to force special bene cient to do the job, Mr. Gray, of the been any such promise, it would have fits to labor or anyone else. The American Federation of Labor, stated been a usurpation of the powers of the· Currier case involves the American Fed that such personnel may be in most part Congress, which has never legislated in eration of Labor's attempt to get a closed made up of unskilled labor, rather than favor of or against any particular union shop in the building trades, but the same of skilled mechanics needed in the con or in favor of or against the closed shop. principle applies to John L. Lewis' at struction of a housing project of the size But if the bids by responsible contractors tempt to get a closed shop in the captive of the one in question. are to be rejected solely because they do coal mines. I am very glad that the Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, will the not hire A. F. of L. men, the Government President has taken a strong stand on Senator yield? has given the A. F. of L. a closed shop. that point. I am sure that the country Mr. MEAD. I yield. 8304 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 29 Mr. HATCH. The things of which the behind the President. We need unity Mr. TRUMAN. I simply wish to say Senator is speaking were known; they and need .it badly. that the Currier Co. has constructed 950 were investigated, and the contract was The rank and file of the workers of houses in Detroit this year. Mr. Currier - awarded to Mr. Currier. America are for such unity, and when expects to build 5,000 houses, no matter Mr. MEAD. Of course, the Senator there shall be unity there will not be what the outcome is of the dispute with will not insist that it will in any way in jurisdictional disputes. So, in my judg respect to this contract. jure the Senate if I recite some of the ment, the evidence adduced presents to The interest of the chairman of the things which were brought out in sub both the C. I. 0. and the American Fed committee investigating national defense stantiation of the attitude taken by Mr. eration of Labor an eloquent appeal for is the taxpayers' interest. We stand to Hillman. I believe Mr. Hillman is act unity. If we are going to become an save $216,000 by letting this contract to ing in good faith. I am merely trying to example of democracy for the world, let the low bidder. He can qualify. He can bring out some of the stated reasons for us have democracy in industry, and in furnish a bond. I do not think it is our his position which were advanced before democracy in industry let it be the privi interest whether the A. F. of L. and the our committee. lege of every man to join a union, but C. I. 0. engage in a dispute as to who I wish to commend tt.e chairman of let us not have competition between shall do the war:,. I think it is the busi the cor .mittee because he has brought out unions, which is responsible for this dif ness of the Housing Administrator to the fact, and the committee has brought ficulty. accept the low bid. That i · the interest . out the fact, that the difference in the So I plead with organized labor to of the chairman of the _committee, and . bids was not so large as some newspapers come together to the end that jurisdic that is the reason I have made this re have reported it to be. tional disputes shall no longer hinder port to the Senate, because I wanted the Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, Will the the progress of the Nation's defense pro Senate to have the facts. Senator Yield for one more question? gram. In a word, I think labor should Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the Mr. MEAD. I shall yield in a moment. listen to the timely advice of the Presi Senator now yield? The Currier bid does not include many dent o: the United States. I say that Mr. TRUMAN. I yield to the Senator of the facilities which were included in as one of labor's friends and members. from Ohio. the other b!ds. As I understand, those Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the Mr. TAFT. I am interested in the facilities include sewerage and water and Senator Yield to me? question whether additional legislation other vital services of that kind, and they Mr. MEAD. Yes; I am glad to yield to is needed to deal not ohly with this sit amount to over $200,000, so, to begin the Senator from Ohio. uation but with other situations in ac with, that cuts the difference in the Mr. TAFT. The Senator does not cordance with the two amendments first and second bids in half. think that unity of that kind would open which have already been offered to the At any rate, I merely wanted to bring the captive coal mines, does he? That pending measure. The Senator stated out for the record, in behalf of the atti situation in no way involves a jurisdic that he had complete confidence that the tude taken by Mr. Hillman, some of the tion~! dispute. mayor of Detroit and the Governor of evidence which was gathered by our com- Mr. MEAD. The Senator from New Michigan would do their duty in case a . mittee in the course of its investigation. York was not discussing the captive coal state· of civil strife should arise. Mr. Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, will the mines. He merely referred to the situa Hillman says he fears civil strife, and, Senator now yield? . tion which might arise if the A. F. of L. as he is a laboring man, when he makes Mr. MEAD. I am very glad to yield to should attempt to organize the mines. such a statement there is some justifica the Senator from New Mexico. Mr. TAFT. The A. F. of L. did attempt tion for the possibility. Mr. HATCH. I am very glad the Sena to organize those mines. Can the Senator tell me, first, whether tor has said what he has said. I have no Mr. MEAD. I said that if the A. F. of Michigan has any other organization to criticism of him whatever for that. But L. should attempt to organize the captive preserve peace except the police? Is to mt the difference in the bids, whether coal mines difficulty and trouble might result. there a National Guard remaining, or it be $200,000 or $400,000, is not the es has the entire National Guard been sential point. The point is whether the Mr. TAFT. Of course, Mr. President, called out by the Federal Government, United States Government is going to the A. F. of L. did attempt to organize the as it has been in most of the other surrender because somebody threatens it. captive coal mines, and the National States? Mr. MEAD. I doubt very much Labor Relations Board threw them out Mr. TRUMAN. Mr. President, I sug whether there was any threatening in o~ the window and maintained the con gest that the Senator from Ohio ques this matter. Mr. Hillman reviewed the trol in ~he United Mine Workers. tion the Senators from Michigan on that facts and made his recommendation. Mr. MEAD. The Senator from New subject. I am not familiar with that That was all. It was not necessary to York is not in sympathy with the strike situation. follow his recommendation. He made in the captive coal mines and would-rec his recommendation in good faith, I be ommend mediation to both the employer Mr. TAFT. The Senator expressed lieve. - and the employee in that instance. his confidence in the ability of the local Mr. Presid.mt, the American Federa Mr. TAFT. I understand the National authorities to suppress civil strife, and I tion of Labor has been about as well or Mediation Board has already mediated am wondering if he knows that they ganized in the building-trades activity as the dispute. have any means of suppressing civil the C. I. 0. is in the mini11g industry. Mr. MEAD. I understand the Na strife in the State of :Michigan. The C. I. 0. is the all-important labor tional Mediation Board has attempted Mr. TRUMAN. I suppose they have organization in the mining industry, and from the very beginning to settle the and I suppose they have the arms nec if the A. F. of L. should attempt tc inject dispute, and I am for them. I believe in essary to suppress civil strife. itself into the mining industry, in what mediation. I am merely bringing out the Mr. TAFT. The Senator from Mis might be considered interference with fact that, in addition to the reasons back souri expresses complete confidence in existing, established mine workers' of an occasional strike such as this, there the President's strong stand in connec unions, they would bring about strife and is the added reason that springs from the tion with the captive coal-mine strike. difficulties. The A. F. of L. building keen competition of the two competing But what does the Senator suggest fn trades probably would have a similar unions for the same membership. I case civil strife should arise, or in the feeling in respect to the C. I. 0. organ plead for unity, and with unity media present case of the closed mines? What izers coming into the building trades tion, as suggested by the distinguished remedy is there for labor difficulties, and where they are already organized. Senator from Ohio. is legislation required? That is what I I see in it all, Mr. President, an excel Mr. TAFT. Will the Senator yield to ask. lent reason for following the advice given me for a moment further? Mr. TRUMAN. The Senator is a very by the President to both these great Mr. TRUMAN. Mr. President, I have able lawyer. He knows exactly what organizations in his eloquent appeal for the floor, and I should like to make a re the powers of the President are in the unity; that they get together, forget their mark, and then I shall be glad to yield case, and I think the President knows diflerenc.es, and join ranks first of all the floor to any Senator who wants it. his powers, and that he will exercise with each other and then close ranks Mr. TAFT. Very well. them. I hope he will do so. 1941 CONGRESSIONAL R_ECORD-SENATE 8305 Mr. TAFT. There has been no evi However, it now becomes necessary, it the record of the past year or two and dence that the President thinks he can seems to me to be in some respects per mark there the many instances of Mem call out the Army in a certain case, and haps rather 'brutally frank. Whereas in bers of this body rising in their places he has not done so. the past we have been following a leader and warning, whether we got in fJr Mr. TRUMAN. The President used his ship which was winning large applause by stayed out of the European war, of the authority to take over the plant in Cali reason of what was commonly called days to come which would have to be fornia, and I judge that he 'Can use the going forward to peace, today, in the reckoned with, when the people of this same authority to act in this case. light of what has transpired within the country would suffer the severest kind Mr. TAFT. I am in serious doubt past week or two, we must acknowledge of penalty because of the excessive co~t whether we should enact additional leg that the complexion of going forward to and burden of debt that our madness islation or whether it is required in war is now rather complete. Forgetting of the past year or two has entailed. order to deal with this situation, and I the niceties of the definition of the word One cannot look at the· hourly expendi thought the Senator's committee, which "war," our approach at this hour is very tures of our Government, which are investigated that matter, perhaps had directly to war. only borrowings on our own credit come to some conclusion. Before I enter upon a discussion of the and the credit of our children and of Mr. TRUMAN. No; we have not. field that I wish to cover this afternoon, their children and even of generations MODIFICATION OF NEUTRALITY ACT and in light of the solicitude voiced on the yet unborn, without knowing that there floor yesterday by one of my colleagues, is awaiting America a far more terrible The Senate resumed the· consideration I feel called upon to afford answer to of the joint resoiution torpedo the destroyer Greer had been a words of 1917-words and posters of hate going to be sent into any foreign wars. rather wanton thing, a defenseless ac . and of fear. - . Thi ~ . of course, was while the President tion, an action that ou~ht to enrage Who does not feel the steady approach still believed Iceland a long distance America. In the announcement of the -of olirs that Will hold not only talk and away, and certainly considered it to be incident which found .the Greer a target ·_ writing .of newly found documents that' foreign territory. This was before the the President told us quite directly that President's talking one way .· and acting · ·the Greer was engaged in the very inno- go to show America as the blueprint cent game of ·carrying mail to Iceland. ~ ground for foreign aggression but of another found American boys on the . another proposal to import for public· Greer and the Kearny engaging in. the ; The President t6ld us that the Greer had exhibition some foreign children with harmless and innocent game of convoy- · riot invited in any way· the incident: I , their hands cut off, as was urged by a ' ing and chasing submarines, a game or- : wonder if it would not be well at this : Pennsylvania attorney named Buftlngton dered by the President himself. point to repeat what the President said : back in 1917? . But I was speaking primarily of the to ·the American people in his address to degree to which the President kept them at that time? I quote from his And if hysteria ·can only continue to statement, as foilows: · - · . grow we can expect tales like that American f-athers, mothers. and others'· feeding on assurances of determination My dear. felloV? Americans, the Navy De , which had · the- President's -secretary . partment of tne United States has reported . Tumulty--shot as a German spy; like the' -to keep us out of war. He had great to me tliat on the morning of September 4 · one : about the- five Americans, former -assistance in the-battle of assurances by the U. S. destroyer Greer, proceeding iri. full ·. German prisoners, in a hospital ship on his opponent of last fall, "Sir Echo" . daylight toward - Ic~land, had reac~ed a point · the Potomac with their tongues cut out; Willkie. Indeed, with the ·1940 ele-ction ; southeast of· Greenland. She was carrying . or the one about a crew from a German qver, "Sir Echo" was about the only one· mail to Iceland. She was flying the 4merican : submarine which had sneaked into an in the. big show ready to acknowledge : fiag. !{er id~ntity as an American ship was that any promises or assurances had been' unmistakable. · . . Atlantic cove and released its men, who Slie ~as_ then and there .attac~ed by a. su..b : were working inland, poisoning wells arid given the people in the course of . the; Presidential_captpaign of last .year. The mar_ine. · Germany admits that it ·was a: Ger ' water supplies on their way. ' ~an ·submarine.- The· submarine deliberately First -Lady of the land was certain that fired a torpedo at the Greer, followed later Who does ·not vision the screaming -no promises had been given, but "Sir· . posters, like the one portraying the hate by another. torpedo attack. In spite of what Echo" declared in a broadcast to the Hitler's propaganda bureau has invented, and ~ ful, helmeted head . of the Kaiser built ~merican people on November 12, 1940: . in spite of what any American obstructionist into the bold words: ! organization may prefer to believe, I tell you . - Mr. Roosevelt and I both promi,sed the pea-: non•t·talk. The web is spun for you with pie in the course of the campaign that if we · the blunt fact that the German submarine invisible threads. Spies are. listening. fired first upon this American destroyer with . were elected we would keep this country out out warning and with deliberate design to of war, unless attacked. ·Mr. Roosevelt was If the pending joint resolution is en- · reelected, and this solemn pledge for him I sink' her. acted into law, then '!Don't talk" may know will be fulfilled, and I know the Amer Mr. President, the President could not · very quickly become the words Americans ican people desire him to keep it sacred. be listened to at that time by any Ameri . will hear more often than any others, for can without the conclusion being. drawn · the provisions of the pending resolution Those were the words of Wendell Will kie. What happened to Mr. Willkie that this incident was wholly without . are such as would take us into the middle provocation; that not the slightest ex -of Europe's.war. after November 12 is a question, and a subject for discussion in which I shall be' cuse had been given by this naval vessel . The resolution provides for the arming glad to engage ~ little later~ At pres- of ours for the incident _that befell it. . of American merchant· ships, and re . ent I would only stress the conviction Resolutions were ·introduced here in the : moves any and all restriction upon the which "Sir Echo" entertained as recently' Senate. by s,ome, I suppoSe, of those to -movement of American ships. A surer as the time indicated that promises to whom the President refers as obstruc · way to get into war is not known than keep out of war had been made. But it tionists; asking that our Committee on · that of gofng out and looking and asking will be noted that he put a bit of stress Naval Affairs ascertain what facts might for war. That way invites incidents_. on the words "unless attacked." Well, be · available concerning . this incident; not _lone incidentS, but incidents by · we have been attacked now; at least, it and 2 weeks or thereabouts · after the · wholesale. was so announced by the President in President's announcement the Senate is Unending have been Presidential as his address on Navy Day, night before afforded, through the omces of the chair . surances that we woUld stay out of this last. Report is made and contention is man of .the Naval Affairs Committee, a war. These assurances have been - offered that we have been attacked, and report contributed by Admiral Stark, : strengthened by the President himself · it is now up to the churches of America head of our Naval Establishment. I ask acknowledging, as he did at Chauta~qua, to learn to hate, to learn to thirst for that that report by Admiral Stark, now that our staying .out or getting into war blood. We have been attacked. . made public,.may be printed in the REc depended largely upon the wisdom and Behind the story of the attack, of . ORD at the end of my remarks. determination of whoever at the moment course, are two incidents, the most re The PRESIDING OFFICER destroyers arming our ships back in 1917. I do not the Greer followed-followed for min belonging to the United States Navy know how anyone can coldly sit by and utes, followed for a half hour, followed while there stood upOn the statute books insist that there is not great danger in for an hour. Remember, now, that the laws forbidding giving, selling, lending, the policy we are now being asked to submarine, when first the Greer was ad or leasing any vessel belonging to the pursue, in the practice we are now being vised of it. was only 10 miles ahead; but United States to any power upon the asked to permit the President to indulge for hours the Greer · follo.wed the .sup earth. We are told that this is no more himself. marine. Evidently those on the Greer a declaration of war than was the en - Getting rid of whatever is left of forti did not see the submarine, but they con actment of the lend-lease bill; and I sup ·flcation against America:P involvement is stantly heard its motors. Obviously the pose, strictly speaking, one ·must' agree the continuing purpose embodied in the submarine was trying to get away. · that this is not a declaratlon of war; that pending proposal. We are told that the After approximately 3 hours of this it need not necessarily be followed by a laws b! neutrality have proven a failure. chase by our destroyer Greer, the British declaration of war. But, Mr. President, Yes, Mr. President, they have proven a bombing plane, which had opportunity no one will deny that if we arm our mer failure, a miserable failure, from the to see where the submarine was-which chantmen and open up the sea lanes standpoint of such people.. as may have was not the opportunity . of the de the world over' to them, encourage them hoped that the United States would be stroyer-:flew over it and sought to drop to navigate in war zones, ·even urge them come involved in Europe's war in spite of bombs _upon the submerged submarine. · to go into the ports of belligerent na the existence of such laws. But the laws I do not think it wlll be contradicted that tions, certain it is that. we shall be of neutrality have been .a huge success the submarine had no means of knowing extending an invitation to trouble that from the standpoint of the purpose which that there was an airplane overhead; had is very, very sure of ·being accepted; and caused their enactment. They were in no means of knowing precisely where the we shaU·have instance upon instance, we tended to afford America a fortification explosions resulting from those bombs shall have chance upon chance to have against easy involvement in another for came from. Those on board the sub our hates and our fears played upon as eign war, and so long as we have per marine could conclude onlY .. as I see the these ships, doing what they will then do mitted those laws to function they have story clearly, that the explosions were and what they are now under the law served their purpose exactly 100 percent. the result of bombs dropped by the de forbidden to do, invite trouble for But if we now repeal what we are asked to stroyer that had been following the sub America. repeal by the pending proposal, we can marine for hours. Following that at I read within the last 3 or 4 days, as put it down as pretty certain that we will tempt, at least, to bomb the submarine, other Senators saw, the pronouncement be involved in the European war. Admiral Stark tells us that the sub of our former ambassador, Mr. Bullitt, One who enjoys his quip wrote me marine brought itself around into a that it was time the United States went from the West a few days ago that the position where it might, even though in into this war "all out,'' with everything voting there was 10 to 1 that if we en the dark, take a blind torpedo shot at we have. He is the sa!lle Mr. Bullitt who, acted the proposed legislation the United the ship that was following it. It missed through the days of the repeal of the States would be in the war be{ore Great by a hundred yards. It fired again and arms embargo, our disposition of the de Britain got into it. That is not so funny. missed by more yardage than that the stroyers, and the lend-lease days, was For months we have been pouring out second time. arguing with all his might and main that the sympathy of our heart and the That, in substance, is the story which the American people need have no fear wealth of our purse for poor Britain. We comes to us from Admiral Stark concern of involvement in the war by reason of have poured wealth which was not ours hig the ·Greer incident. It has amazed these steps which were being taken to the to give; we have poured the credit of me that although, when the President end that we might give larger aid to cer generations yet unborn to the aid of spoke of how this incident had been un tain causes involved in the war. Britain 1n the courageous stand she was provoked, American newspapers blazed Mr. Clark Eichelberger is another who making against great odds. Yet when the story under banner headlines upon has preached for months and for years and if we will stop to survey the facts we their front pages, this story which Ad the assurance that America would not let know that Britain has not begun to be in miral Stark tells of fact and of truth herself be involved in another war, who the war as some other peoples have been found its place, I believe, in the New urged repeal of the arms embargo, sale involved in it. York Times on either page 19 or page 21, of the destroyers, the lend-lease legisla Mr. President, I ask unanimous con and not all of the story then. Americans tion, and all the other steps which have sent to have printed at this point in my by the millions today there are who do been asked and have been taken. On remarks an article entitled "War Losses not know this true story of what occa October 14 Mr. Eichelberger, according Extremely Low Until Russian Campaign," sioned the incident that befell the Greer. to a headline dated in New York, says, appearing at page 28 of the September 15, Mr. President, the Greer incident as it "United States entry in war called essen 1941, issue of Newsweek. stands recorded now finds us having tial." Let me read what he is quoted as The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there issued an engraved invitation for the having said: objection? incident. What the German submarine Eichelberger retitrned from a 3-week trip to There being no objection, the matter did was probably less than we would have England, where he was received by British was ordered to be printed in the RECORD. done under like circumstances had the leaders. "I am convinced," he said, "that as follows: · shoe that Germany wears today been on while the British Isles cannot be invaded, our foot. We have virtually put an R. S. Britain cannot win the war, by which I mean [From Newsweek of September 15, 1941) V. P. on the invitations which our con the destruction of Hitlerism, without the WAR LOSSES; EXTREMELY LOW UNTIL RUSSIAN duct of foreign policy have extended for m111tary participation of the United States." CAMPAIGN trouble for America. So, I repeat, before The pending legislation, Mr. President, Not even an authoritative estimate of the we too quickly draw conclusions concern- asking for a setting as~de of more of our casualties in the Russian campaign has yet 8308 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 29 been made. The Germans give the astro In conjunction with this article ap "We are in the war now." This ts said by nomical figure of 5,000,000 Ii.ussian dead, pears a most interesting chart revealing practically everyone. wounded, and captured, while the Soviet es "We shall go further in, but gradually." timates Nazi losses at more than 2,000,000. the military and civilian casualties which Something like this, in varying terms, is the By any standards, however, the Russo-Ger have befallen the 14 or 15 nations which unanimous opinion. man contest ranks as one of the bloodiest in have been involved. I wish to call to the Formal declaration of war is not expected all history. This is in striking contrast with attention of the Senate some of the facts in the near future-the next few months. the previous trend in the · var. Partial figures revealed by the chart. Situation may change, but this is not antici for previous campaigns have now. been com Of military casualties, we find the total pated. piled and, as shown below, indicate that the in the case of Russia to be 2,585,000; Defense has changed to offense-in official number of dead and wounded has been in France, 2,365,000; Poland, 1,675,000; Ger talk-in the tone. Officials in private con credibly low, considering the scale of the versation don't say "defense." They say operations. many, 1,282,000; Italy, 252,000; Belgium, "war." "We have got to smash Hitler and Poland: The Germans admitted only 230,000; Yugoslavia, 225,000; Holland, his system. There's no half way." That's 10,572 killed, 30,332 wounded, and 3,409 miss 160,000; Great Britain, 134,000. the new mood. The new catchwords are ing. No Polish . losses have been revealed, Now, let us consider the civilian cas "freedom" and "victory." except for a German claim of 694,000 ualties shown at the end of 2 years of war. When full war? Obviously, we shall not prisoners . . We find in the case of Poland that there be prepared before 1943. This time is em Norway: Using fewer than 100,000 troops, were 450,000 civilian casualties: Russia, phasized by all, supported by war-production the Germans counted their dead at 1,317, statistics. "If necessary, we shall enter a wounded at 1,604, missing at 2,375. Some 230,000; France, 65,000; Germany, fighting war sooner, but not fully. We are 2,000 Norwegians are estimated to have been 15,000: Great Britain, 100,000. blocking the Axis . where, when, and as we killed, while the British S" far have admitted It should be said that the chart from can. It's a chess game. only 1,105 dead. which I have been quoting these figures Army of 4,ooo,ooo-some say 5,ooo,ooo-is Low Countries and France: About 125,000 breaks down the more than 10,000,000 planned for 1943. Frenchmen were killed and a somewhat larger casualties, including dead, wounded, Purpose, to make an American expedition number wounded; of 1,900,000 prisoners missin,g, and prisoners, for the first 2 ary force. Precisely where, when? Not an taken, 400,000 have been released. The Ger swerable. mans admitted 27.074 dead, 11,034 wounded, years of the war, and the figures are fur Token American expeditionary forces next and 18,884 missing. Belgium has admitted nished by the participating countries. spring are regarded as "quite possible." 8,500 killed and 1,583 wounded; prisoners, The figures, it is admitted, are estimated, ·most of them since released, were listed as for if there are wide discrepancies be Mr. NYE. Mr. President, I thank the 127,487, against a German claim of 1,250,000 tween the figures claimed by a country's Senator from Monta!'la. I feel called at the time of the Belgian capitulation. enemy and figures admitted by such na upon to remark that this particular news Netherlands troops lost 27,000 dead and 70,000 tion, it follows, of course, that there must letter borrows many words, many phrases wounded. The British listed killed and to which we have been listening now for wounded t . gether as 13.000, with 40.095 taken be some estimates. But, on the whole, prisoner these facts would permit me to repeat a great many hours, phrases used by the The Balkans and Crete: Italy's losses in with greater conviction that Great Brit President himself. I wonder if the ·this area were 14,443 killed, 39,944 wounded, ain has not yet been in the war in any American people are not today, since and 25,693 missing, compared with only 2,559 such degree as have been endless num the President's speech of Monday night, Germans dead, 5,820 wounded, and 3.169 m~ss bers of other peoples who have given often much more firmly convinced that per ing. Total British killed and missing their very all. So I can well understand haps there is intent by Government to amounted to 25,902. Greece announced no take us even further than we have gone figures, but the Nazis claimed 218,000 cap what this friend meant when he sug tured. Berlin also announced the capture of gested that the voting in his neighbor in the way of involvement in the Euro 313,864 Yugoslavs. hood was 10 to 1 that if we enacted the pean war? There is an increasing feel Africa: In the Libyan campaign, Italian pending legislation we would be in the ing that the door has been opened wide .dead and wounded amounted to 10,000 whites war before Great Britain got in. now, and that America is marching .and 5,000 natives. The British also captured Mr. President, however uncertain we straight to that door inviting complete 120,000 whites and 1!?,000 natives, while ad may have been concerning the sincerity involvement in the war. mitting losses of only 2,000 themselves. In East Africa, the British captured 96,000 whites of .purpose expressed by those who have I suppose it will be said if further in and 54,000 natives, Fascist· .casualties sought down through the months sepa cidents arise, "Well, we can keep on car amounted to 25,000 whites and 132,000 na rate, distinct, step-by-step changes in our rying these goods over there, convoying tives, mostly deserters. .foreign policy and in our neutrality law, them, loading them into our own ships, Syria: Australian forces listed 236 dead, today it must be acknowledged that the lose a ship now and then, lose a few 976 wounded, and 3,927 mi~sing, while the -line is definitely, clearly drawn and de hundred American sailors, and still keep Free French estimated 8,000 total casualties. out of the war," meaning avoiding the There are no statistics on Vichy French losses fined. No longer is it going to be very in Syria. ardently argued that the repeal now be sending of another A. E. F. to Europe. Civilians: The extent of heme-front cas ing asked for is in the interest of helping But I would remind the Senate-and it ualties is shown in these figures: The de keep America out of the war. Now the will probably be reminded again by struction of Warsaw took 40,000 noncom acknowledgment must be that if we take others-that even at the time we declared batant 1ives, and that of Rotterdam, 30,000; the steps which it is now proposed we war in 1917 men in authority, men who some 10,000 Belgian civiEans died in the shall take, we will move right into the knew what was in prospect, were saying western campaign; British air-raid dead have risen to 42,257, with 53,125 serious injuries; center of this war which we have been that we would not have to send any and the Germans have admitted civilian cas swearing a determination not to enter. A. E. F., we would not have to send men, ualties of 3,835 dead and 9,455 injured.· Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will we would not have to send ships; · that All in all, and despite Russia, the lcsses of the Senator yield? all we would do would be to furnish the this war still don't compare with those of Mr. NYE. I am glad to yield to the supplies for our Allies and the credits ·1914-19. Then, out of 65,038,810. men Senator from Montana. needed for the purchase of such supplies. mobilized, the dead numbered 8,538,315 and But coming back to the argument I total casualties 37,494,186. Mr. WHEELER. I hold in my hand a letter called the Kiplinger Washington was making, it now seems to me very Mr. NYE. Mr. President, on Septem letter. I think every Senator is familiar clear that our Government is ready to ber 15 of this year the Washington with it. The letter which goes out from move further in the direction of the pres Times-Herald and other newspapers car the Kiplinger Washington agency is ent war; and if its actions invite involve ried a very interesting study of casualties probably one of the most representative ment, then to accept involvement as a visited up::m various nations whose hands of such letters. The letter is dated natural consequence. have touched the war thus far. Mr. Washington, Saturday, October 25, 1941, Mr. President, we cannot arm ships, Lowell Limpus, writing under the head and I read from it, as follows: we cannot arm our merchantmen, and line "War casualties now exceed 10,- leave any alternative to submarines other DEAR SIR: When and how are we going to 000,000; one-fourth killed," reported that get into full war? than that which was left in 1915, 1916, "more than 10,324,000 casualties consti This is a basic question in all personal and and 1917. We cannot abandon the war tute the bloody score of Mars for the first business plans. zones which have been fixed and in which 2 Years of the second World War, accord We have discussed it this w~ek with high American ships and American passengers ing to the resu1ts of an international sur- responsible otll.cials, and can report the sub in them have been forbidden to travel ·vey concluded yesterday." · stance of what' they say-and the spirit. without inviting incidents. We cannot 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8309 permit our ships to enter belligerent war. As I see it, it would be a step to ing measure we should still be at peace ports without concluding that they are war. and not at war. subject to the same identical kind of Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, will the · The Senator says he has no recollec treatmen: accorded the ships of belliger Senator yield? tion of having made predictions in the ent nations. Mr. NYE. I yield. past. Such predictions have caused the Oh, I know the argument will be Mr. LUCAS. The Senator from North American people considerable alarm dur made-we will hear it more and more Dakota just made the statement that if ing the past 2 years, and have resulted that we have got to lay claim to, we we should adopt the policy laid down in in a divided public opinion upon this have got to stake down our rights to the joint resolution it would mean war. question. I should like to have the Sen freedom of the seas. I share the wish Does the Senator care to make a pre ator say now what he thinks about the that we might have that thing called diction as to how soon war would come pending measure so far as war is con freedom of the seas; but I for one shall to America if the joint resolution should cerned. not forget the day when our departed be passed? Mr. NYE. Mr. President, I have said colleague, the Senator from Nevada, Sen Mr. NYE. Just so soon as American that I have no recollection of having ator Pittman, took his place on this floor ships start arming and sailing into the made any specific predictions as to the and showed what has happened to the war zones and into belligerent ports, time within which, following the enact doctrine of freedom of the seas and dem where they will be subject, under inter ment of certain legislation, the United onstrated that in time of war there is no national law, to the same identical kind States would become involved in war. It such right acknowledged as that of free of treatment as that accorded the ships will not be at all embarrassing to me if dom of the seas. That was why the Con of any belligerent nation. the Senator finds something indicating gress of the United States wrote the laws Mr. LUCAS. Does the Senator care to that there was at least insinuated a pre of neutrality. make any definite prediction as to the diction of that sort; but I will say to the Freedom of the seas! If we were ever number of days or months which will Senator that in each and every one of going to enjoy freedom of the seas, we elapse before war will come to America? the steps which have been taken there should have enjoyed it since 1919, when Mr. NYE. I can make no such predic has been the pronouncement that it was a great and powerful and strong Ameri tion without knowing when the President in the interest of peace and keeping the can President went to Versailles with may invoke the powers which would be United States out of war. Each step has point No.2 of his 14 points, a demand for his if we should enact the joint resolu brought us ever a little closer to the in freedom of the seas, and made his de tion. I only know that he has not de evitable day. I should not be surprised mand upon France and upon England layed long in invoking other powers which to find that upon occasion I had gone out with all the powers he possessed, but were granted him P.fter the legislation of my way to try to convince those who England and France held back. was enacted. would hear me that instead of being in Colonel House, speaking for the Presi Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, will the the interest of keeping America out of dent, told the representatives of England Senator yield for a further question? war the proposed action was more likely and France that unless England and Mr. NYE. I yield. to be a step and a course of action which France would accept freedom of the seas Mr. LUCAS. The only reason why I would involve America in war. as a principle to be considered and in asked the able Senator from North Da Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the cluded in the treaty which was to be kota that question is that if I understood Senator yield to me so that I may ask written following the. war, the President his utterances in the past, he has made the Senator from Illinois £Mr. LucAs] a of the United States would be apt to frequent predictions that war would come question? withdraw the United States from the to America within 30, 60, or 90 days after Mr. NYE. I yield. war and leave England and France fight the enactment of certain measures which Mr. TAFT. I ask the Senator from ing it alone. The word was sent back to a number of us considered defense meas Illinois whether he read the President's Mr. Wilson that in such event England ures for this country. I was wondering speech in which the President said that and France would choose to fight on whether the Senator would care to make the shooting had begun. alone, rather than to give freedom of the another prediction along that line. Mr. LUCAS. It has begun. seas the chance it ought to have had in Mr. NYE. I can respond to the Sen Mr. TAFT. Taken in connection with the peace which followed the last war. ator only by saying that I have no recol the President's statement, shooting They would not consider freedom of the lection of having made any precise pre means war. seas. They would not have anything to diction as to how many days, weeks, or Mr. LUCAS. Does the S~nator from do with it. Churchill's face must have months would elapse before we should Ohio agree that the shooting has begun? been exceedingly red on that day when become involved in war. Mr. TAFT. I certainly agree that the he said "Me, too," to the 8 points which Mr. LUCAS. The Senator says he has shooting has begun. were contrived on the excursion by 2 no recollection of such predictions. I am Mr. LUCAS. Who fired the first shot? men in a boat a few weeks ago, for it was now making an independent investiga Mr. TAFT. That I do not know. Church1ll who wrote, after it was all over tion of that very question. It seems to Mr. LUCAS. The Senator does not with the last time, that David Lloyd me that I distinctly remember, upon at know. George had done the right thing in de least three different occasions during the [Manifestations of applause in the clining to grant freedom of the seas. past few years, that the Senator from galleries. l Britain does not want freedom of the North Dakota has made the prediction Mr. TAFT. However, that has nothing sea, and never has wanted it. She wants that if a particular measure then pending to do with the question. The question is what >he now has, or has had, namely, before the United States Senate were en whether the Senator-- sovereignty of the seas, domination of acted we could depend upon the United Mr. LUCAS. If it has nothing to do the seas by and for Great Britain. States going into war within a certain with the question, why did the Senator Let us not conceal what are the known number of days. That is the reason why ask me the question? facts. Britain had her chance at free I asked the Senator the question. As I Mr. TAFI'. I asked the Senator dom of the seas in 1919 and declined it. understand his argument, he considers whether he maintains that no war has She would have absolutely nothing to do the proposal now before us as the most occurred. with it. I have yet to see evidence which serious step that has been taken up to Mr. LUCAS. Yesterday the Senator would lead me to believe that there is any date. said, in answer to a specific question of better chance to accomplish freedom of Notwithstanding all the predictions that kind, that there is no war at the the seas after this war, however victo which have been made by the Senator present time. rious Britain may be, than there was from North Dakota and others who for Mr. TAFT. I said tllat a skirmish of after the last war. the past 2 years have constantly declared the war has already occurred, but that Mr. President, the proposed legislation before the American public that every we did not necessarily have to proceed; leaves nothing to the imagination. In step this Nation has taken as a defense that if the Senate should refuse to pass this instance, listening to experience and measure meant war, we are still at peace. the pending measure, the President profiting from history, if we should adopt Yesterday the able Senator from Mon would have to withdraw from the shoot the policy laid down in the joint resolu tana [Mr. WHEELER] and the able Sena ing policy which he has begun. tion, it would mean war for the United tor from Ohio Mr. [TAFT] stated that Mr. LUCAS. Of course, th~ RECORD States. It would not be a step short of notwithstanding the passage of the pend- speaks for itself. If the able Senator did 8310 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 29 not say yesterday that there is no war NYE thinks British may have sunk the York City newspapers, and I will show at the present time as a result of what Robin Moor. him some of the most astounding things has :':lappened upon the high seas, then NEw YoRK, June 12.-Reterring to the that ever have resulted from interviews sinking of the American freighter Robin or reports of public meetings. I have my ears deceive me. I think the RECORD Moor, the Committee to Defend America• by will bear me out. Aiding the Ames tonight advocated policing been astounded by them. Mr. TAFT. The Senator miSunder of the Atlantic by the United States Navy, Mr. CONNALLY. I do not want to be stood his ears. whlle Senator NYE (Republlcan), of New any more astounded than I have been Mr. LUCAS. Not at all. The able York- by the report I have just referred to. I Senator from Montana [Mr. WHEELER] That is an error, of course; it should could not conceive that any Senator also sa;d, in direct answer t~ that ques be North Dakota- would make such a statement and the tion, that there is no war. reason I am asking the Senator about it suggested that Britain might have engineered is in order to get his interpretation and Mr. TAFT. I should like to know the disaster. whether the Senator from Illinois is In a statement issued by ~he former the his answer. maintaining that the proposed step sinking was described as "an act of war" and Mr. NYE. In what the Senator has would not lead to war? "a violation of the freedom of the seas which thus far read, I believe he has read not Mr. LUCAS. I do not intend to debate our Government has declared essential to more than two words in quotation marks. that question with the Senator from Ohio the maintenance of American security." Mr. CONNALLY. Only one. NYE's remarks concerning the Robin Moor Mr. NYE. Yes; just one word in quo in the time of the Senator from North were made at a press conference at which he Dakota. I shall debate it in my own also expressed bellef that Britain might have tation marks. time; and if the Senator will be good been responsible for the recent Dublin bomb Mr. CONNALLY. The word is "wel enough to be present when I am debating ings, adding that "it wouldn't be wholly im come": it, I shall answer that question. possible for the British themselves to engi· Senator GERALD P. NYE • • • today Mr. TAFT. I shall be delighted to be neer Uttle programs of that kind." charged the administration would "welcome" present. Did the Senator from North Dakota future attacks on American vessels and inci [Manifestations of applause in the gal dents to involve this Nation in the European make a statement that, in his opinion, war. leries.] England might have caused the sinking Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Mr. Presi of the Robin Moor? The implication from this alleged state dent, will the Senator yield? Mr. NYE. Mr. President, I am glad ment would be that the Senator from Mr. NYE. I yield. the Senator from Texas raises the ques- North Dakota was so hostile to the ad Mr. CLARK of Missouri. On the ques . tion that certainly is raised by that sort ministration and to those of us who favor tion of who fired the first shot, it seems of reporting. I do not remember pre the pending legislation as to charge that to me to be very material to observe that cisely the time, I do not remember pre the administration would welcome the all the shooting that has taken place took cisely the place where, interviewed by sinking of our ships and the murder of place after the President of the United the press, I was asked if I thought there our seamen in order to help get the States deliberately announced to the was any chance that the Robin Moor had United States into the World War. I am whole world that he had ordered the been the victim of British torpedoes; and very glad indeed to have the denial by the American Navy to shoot on sight at the another voice at once chimed in and Senator from North Dakota. ships of a nation which is technically at asked, "Or how about the bombing of Mr. NYE. I thank the Senator for peace with us. Dublin?" To which I responded that a:L:ording me the opportunitY. to make Mr. NYE. I thank the Senator. the history of British activity would not that denial. Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, will necessarily put a thing like that beyond Mr. CONNALLY. But, Mr. President, the Senator yield? them, but I certainly would not want to I hope the Senator from North Dakota Mr. NYE. I yield. charge that any such purpose or any hereafter will not be so careless in his Mr. CONNALLY. The Senator from such action had been involved. Now we associations as to form contacts with men North Dakota thinks that if the pending see the way the interview was reported. who misquote him and who make state measure should be enacted it would mean After a half hour of interview all that ments in the newspapers which he never war. came out was this. authorized and did not believe in. I Mr. NYE. i have said specifically that Mr. CONNALLY. Would the Senator think it is a very bad practice. if the joint resolution should be enacted, mind saying now that the German Gov Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Mr. Presi and the powers therein proposed to be ernment has admitted tre sinking of the dent, will the Senator yield? granted should be pursued, it would lead Robin Moor? . Mr. NYE. I yield. inevitably to war. Mr. NYE. It admitted it, if I am not Mr. CLARK of Missouri. If the Sen Mr. CONNALLY. Let me suggest that mistaken, the very next day. ator from Texas and the Senator from the Senator bases that prediction upon Mr. CONNALLY. Would the Senator North Dakota have been able to devise the fact that our ships will be sunk, and mind answering another question? I any method of keeping themselves from that following that there will be armed have in my hand a clipping taken from being misquoted in the Washington Pest conflict. Is that correct? the Chicago Tribune, which appears to in regard to the particular question of the Mr. NYE. Well, experience tells us be carrying a Washington dispatch un involvement of the United States in war, that we can be confidently certain that der date of October 22, only a few days I should be very glad indeed to hear the that will follow. ago: formula expounded in the Senate. Mr. CONNALLY. Very well. That Mr. CONNALLY. The Senator from has already happened, has it not? WASHINGTON, D. C., October 22.--Senator GERALD P. NYE (Republican, North Dakota) Missouri is wholly in error as to the Mr. NYE. That our ships have been today charged the administration would newspaper from which the dispatch I SU!!k? "welcome" future attacks on American ves have read was taken. This dispatch was Mr. CONNALLY. Yes; not in war sels and incidents to involve this Nation in taken from the Chicago Tribune. zones, but in noncombat areas. the European war. Mr. CLARK of Missouri. But the first · Mr. NYE. But carrying contra The charge was made to a group of 500 quotation the Senator from Texas made band-- Brooklyn members of the America First was from the Washington Post. Mr. CONNALLY. The Lehigh did not Committee. Mr. CONNALLY. Yes; but it was an carry any cargo. And so on. Did the Senator make any Associated Press dispatch from New Mr. NYE. Or carrying that which statement such as that? York. The Washington Post does not could be counted as contraband. Mr. NYE. I am certain I mace no write New York dispatches under the Mr. CONNALLY. I should like to men such statement as that. headline of the Associated Press. tion to the Senator that I have in my Mr. CONNALLY. It is so nstounding Mr. CLARK of Missouri. I would not hand an article clipped from the Wash in its implications that I could not read .put it past them. [Laughter.] ington Post, carrying an Associated Press it without-- Mr. CONNALLY. It was a New York dispatch from New York, under date of Mr. NYE. If the Senator wants to dispatch under the name of the Asso June 12 of this year. The headline read some astounding things, I would ciated Press. reads-but the headline, of course, does have him sit down with me some day But, of course, when Senators become not control: and read the files of some of the New so perfervid that they see bogeys behind 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8311 every bush ahd become suspicious of States as to who fired the first shot in Mr. NYE. No American lives lost as a everybody and everything, I cannot help preference to that of the Senator from result of the sinkings, so far as we know. not paying much attention to their ex North Dakota. [Manifestations of ap Mr. LEE. Of course, if the ships did pressed fears. But the second express plause in the galleries.] not sink would that change the situation quotation is from the darling Chicago Mr. NYE. In spite of what Admiral any, even though lives were lost, as on the Tribune, which the Senator from Mis Stark has had to say, the Senator would Kearny. Eleven men were killed on the souri presses to his bosom each morning take the conclusions reached by the Kearny, were they not? and, as he ·lies down to slumber each President of the United States, before he Mr. NYE. We do not know the story night, fondly kisses farewell just before had all the facts at hand, concerning who of the Kearny as yet. What was the he falls asleep. [Laughter.] was primarily to blame for the first inci Kearny .doing? Does the Senator know? Mr. CLARK of Missouri. The Senator dent. Mr. LEE. No, but I have been badly from Texas seems to know a good deal Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, will misinformed if the Kearny was not tor more about my nightly habits than I the Senator yield for one other question? pedoed by a German submarine. I do myself do. The Senator from Texas, Mr. NYE. I will if it is on this par not believe the United States would shoot being such an obsequious worshiper at ticular subject. its own men. The Senator admitted to certain shrines, just presumes that every Mr. CONNALLY. It is on this subject. the Senator from Texas that he did not one else who happens to disagree with The Senator from North Dakota makes say that Great Britain did the shooting him must be a worshiper at some other some point about who fired the first shot. in a similar instance. shrine. Let me say for myself that I Mr. NYE. The Senator from Dlinois Mr. NYE. Mr. President, I shall do a think the Chicago Tribune has in many [Mr. LucAs] raised that question. thing I had not planned to do this after cases, in this particular matter of great Mr. CONNALLY. The question is noon, because of the time it would take. national moment, pursued a very splen here, no matter where it came from. I thought we had finished with the Greer did policy editorially and in its news Mr. LUCAS. I may say that the Sena incident for this afternoon. I have tried columns. tor from Ohio [Mr. TAFT] raised it in the to be as brief about it as I could, but if Mr. CONNALLY. That is what I first instance. we have got to go back to that point, I say-- Mr. CONNALLY. I should like to ask shall go back to it, and while I am read Mr. CLARK of Missouri. But I am by the Senator from North Dakota iri the ing the letter which I am about to read, no means bound by the actions of the case of the Robin Moor, which was sunk I shall decline to yield to any interrup Chicago Tribune or of any other news without warning by a torpedo-perhaps tion, because the letter to which I refer paper. it may not be called shot, but a torpedo is deserving of appearance in the REcORD Mr. CONNALLY. Certainly not. I is more deadly than a cannon shot-who of today without editing, without cutting, know that. fired the first shot? without deleting. I read from a letter addressed by Amos R. E. Pinchot to the Mr. CLARK of Missouri. The Senator Mr. NYE. Certainly I would hold no from Texas seems to think he is bound brief for who was responsible for the Honorable Franklin ·D. Roosevelt, the by the course of any newspaper which White House, Washington, D. C., under sinking of the Robin Moor under the cir date of October 24, 1941: may happen to agree with him and play cumstances which we know surrounded him up and play up his policies. I want it; but do not forget that the Robin Moor NEW YORK, October 24, 1941. to assure the-senator that I have no such was engaged in what might be called the The Honorable FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, intention in regard to the course of any innocent task of carrying contraband to The White House, newspaper. Washington, D. C. a nation engaging in war. MY DEAR MR. PRESmENT: In July 1870, Mr. CONNALLY. The Senator from Mr. CONNALLY. Then let us take the just prior to the outbreak of the Franco Missouri is mistaken about that. None Lehigh, which had no cargo and was not German War, at a moment when relations of the newspapers play me up. in a combat zone, but in the South At between the two countries were exceedingly Mr. CLARK of Missouri. I read the lantic. It was sunk by a submarine with strained, Chancelor Bismarck, who wanted newspapers myself-- ·OUt warning. Who fired that shot; who war for his own political reasons, falsified and Mr. CONNALLY. Precisely. My rea gave to the press the text of a telegraq1 he fired the first shot? · had received from the King of Prussia de son for saying what I did say about the Mr. NYE. I heard a gentleman argue scribing the progress of the international ne Senator reading this newspaper is that a before the Foreign Relations Committee gotiations at Ems. This garbled text, gen few days ago a very eminent journalist, the other day a point of law in support erally referred to as the Ems telegram, mak in a social conversation, referred to the of the sinking of the Lehigh. I am not ing it seem that negotiations had been Senator from Missouri and said, "He is ready to hold any brief for that incident. abruptly broken off, which was not the case, the most voracious reader of the news Mr. CONNALLY. The Senator does and that the French Ambassador and Prus papers. He buys every edition all d,ay sian King had been grossly insulted, inflamed not sympathize with such a contention, the press and enraged both the German and long; and at night, when he passes the does he? French peoples. newsstands, he buys all the late editions, Instantly excitement spread through and takes them home and reads every Mr. NYE. No; I do not. Mr. CONNALLY. Then why refer to France, already tense over the German pro line of them. The result is that he can it? posal to place a Protestant Hohenzollern on refer to incidents and quotations and the Catholic throne of Spain. Newspapera statements to a greater extent than can Mr. LEE. Mr. President, will the Sen blazed with inflammatory headlines. Ths any other Senator." I took the remark ator yield there? voice of the advocates of peace was drowned as a great compliment to the Senator; Mr. NYE. I yield to the Senator from in the clamor; while politicians, hoping to and I know that the Senator from Mis Oklahoma. further their interests through war, seized Mr. LEE. The Senator admits that the reins of power, and cries of "On to Berlin" souri, in reading all the newspapers that resounded through the streets of Paris. he does read, and in buying the great American ships have already been sunk, On July 15 war was declared and credits collection of newspapers that he buys, does he not? voted by the Chamber of Deputies. And on never would have overlooked the great Mr. NYE. I have so admitted. that day an unprepared, yet confident, France Chicago Tribune. [Laughter .J Mr. LEE. The Senator was arguing in entered the valley of the shadow, where, in Mr. NYE. Mr. President, the question the statement he made before he was a short but terrible conflict, an empire fell interrupted that the pending measure, if and the blood of young Frenchmen flowed in has been asked, Who fired the first shot? streams. In less than three-quarters of a Does the Senator from Illinois · want to passed, will take us to war because it will century thrice have foreign intrigues and suggest at this time who has fired the result in the sinking of ships, a situation cynical ambition at home deceived the people first shot so far as our involvement may which has already occurred. of France and plunged them into war. be concerned? Mr. NYE. I have not argued that war Mr. President, the American people are Mr. LUCAS. What does the Senator would result from the sinking of ships; I being deceived. They are not being told the from North Dakota think about it, since have argued that it would result from the truth. They are being led, by false repre he has the floor? loss of American lives upon the ships; sentations, toward repeal of the Neutrality Act, which is war, much as the French were Mr. NYE. I am going to speak my and there have as yet been no American led 71 years ago. Partly by politicians with an mind on that question right away. lives lost. ax to grind, partly by foreign and domestic Mr. LUCAS. I am willing to take the Mr. LEE. Does the Senator say no interests with a stake in war, and also by word of the President of the United lives have been lost? wen-meaning citizens who are victims of 8312 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER _29 propaganda, we are being told half truths and U. S. destroyer Greer, proceeding in full day break down resistance to war, is the tragic monstrous untruths in order to win our light toward Iceland, had reached a point torpedoing of the United States destroyer support for your war program. southeast of Greenland. She was carrying Kearny on October 17, in which 11 men were For instance, we are being told the cow mail to Iceland. She was flying the American killed and 10 wounded. This incident your ardly untruth that this resourceful Nation, flag. Her identity as an American ship was administration is interpreting to the country with its 130,000,000 people and matchless in unmistakable. as another piece of German frightfulness. dustrial power, cannot defend itself and will "She was then and there attacked by a But, Mr. President, you cannot broadcast to be enslaved by Adolf Hitler, unless, as the submarine. Germany admits that it was a the world that the American Navy, or perhaps British and Russians ask, we go forth to fight German submarine. The submarine deliber it should be called your navy, w111 open fire on foreign battlefields thousands of miles ately fired a torpedo at the Greer, followed on sight and blow any German naval vessels from home bases and under conditions of later by another torpedo attack. In spite of it encounters to kingdom come, and expect grave, if not fatal, disadvantage. We are what Hitler's propaganda bureau has in the commanders of such vessels not to try to told this in spite of the fact that the high• vented, and in spite of what any American get in the first crack. est m1litary experts unanimously testify that obstructionist organization may prefer to be You cannot cast yourself as a deadly, gun with the huge, modern air force we can as lleve, I tell you the blunt fact that the Ger toting aggressor and then rage to high heaven semble long before any foreign power, or man submarine fired first upon this American if you are last on the draw. Nor, having is powers, could strike. this country will be as destroyer without warning, and with deliber sued your shoot-first order in September safe as though it were on the moon. "The ate design to sink her." thereby starting, without authority of Con• bomber has made the American coast 1m You also said, "The United States de gress and in defiance of the Constitution, pregnable to invasion. This is the most im stroyer, when attacked, was proceeding on a your own naval war-can you in October portant· military fact that can be deduced legitimate mission." You said the attack was shift from your own shoulders responsibility from the European war," writes Lieutenant "piracy, legally and morally," ·and the act of for the death of the sailors killed in an at Colonel Ph1llips, of the Army General Staff. a "rattlesnake of the Atlantic." You assmed tack which you certainly invited. As a matter Almost every responsible authority writing in your audience that our part in the matter of cold, hard fact, horrible as has been Hitler's the United States on military matters takes was solely defense. And, as further justifica record in Europe, he has on the whole, for nis this view. None has questioned it. tion for your shoot-first order, which you ow~ reasons, refrained from aggressive or 11- We are told that if Hitler wins the war we announced in- that broadcast, you llkewise legal acts on the seas against America. And will be overwhelmed by Nazi economic com described certain sinkings of cargo vessels in this is the more true when we remember the petition. Therefore, we must choose the cer the Atlantic-the Robin Moor, the steel Sea numerous and vatious acts of war committed tain horrors of war in order to escape future farer, etc., fall1ng to mention that every one by your administration against Germany.~ competition that may or may not ever exist. of them was carrying contraband of war to No American whose thinking has not been Mr. Bernard Baruch; Prof. Sumner Slichter the British in violation of international law, bent by Nazi or Communist influence can have Lamont, professor of economics at Harvard of the Neutrality Act which you signed, and anything but disgust - for the unspeakable and president of the American Economic As of your promises to Congress during the Hitler, the equally unspeakable Stalin, and sociation; and authorities of equal standing lend-lease debate that this country would not their inhuman philosophies. I hold no brief flatly assure you that, considering the effi· be responsible for the delivery of lend-leas~ for them. But I do hold a brief for the people ciency of our system of private, competitive goods. of the United States, who do not want this mass production, it will be the totalitarian Returning to the Greer case, let us now see war, which is utterly needless for defense, nations, and not the United States, that will what were the real facts-the facts which any more tlian you did before election day, be on the sp(lt .. would never have seen the light of day had a11d who are gradually being hornswoggled by We are told that no negotiated peace should not Senator DAVID WALSH, chairman of the your administration and. a half puppet Con• be made while Hitler is in power. In other Naval Affairs Committee, succeeded, after gress into the feeling. that somehow or other words, peace must be outlawed until a mili long delay and much difficulty, in obtaining war is inevitable, and that we have gone so tary victory has bee~ won, however long it a report on the su!>Ject fro~ Admiral Stark, far and committed ourselves so deeply that m.ay talte, and whether or not a drawn-out Chief of Naval Operations. we cannot draw back. That, of course; -is confiict ·to the death will" destroy the rising The Stark report revealed: (a) That at nonsense. War is not inevitable, nor has any. generation in Europe and civilization itself, 8:40 on the morning of September 4 the one committed us to it but yourself, who including England's, while the children in Greer, being about 175 miles from Iceland, have no legal or moral right to do so, as the the conquered areas starve by millions. Yet was "informed by a British plane. of the statesmen of Europe should know by now. men and women of common sense know that presence of a submerged submarine" 10 miles Before .his great post-election awakening, no peace treaties are binding because good away; (b) that the Greer thereupon increased Wendell Wlllkie put it in a nutshell: men are in power. They are binding and speed, zigzagging to pick -qp the submarine's "It is the duty of the President of the la~ting only when the negotiations have trail by sound detectors; (c) that at 9:-20 she United States to recognize the determination achieved a compromise which is to the inter• found the trail and followed the submarine of the people to stay out of war and to do est of the contracting parties to preserve. for 3 hours and 28 minutes, meanwhile broad nothing by word or deed that will undermine Finally, in order to harrow up the people casting its position so that British planes or that determination. No man has the right and ride them on a wave of indignation into destroyers could approach and make the kill; to use the great powers of the Presidency to repeal of the Neutrality Act and war, we are (d) that at the end of that time the sub lead the people indirectly into war; only told that Germany is attacking us on the marine, having failed to elude the Greer, the people through their elected representa ocean and, as Mr. Hull puts it, is "attempting launched 2 torpedoes, which missed their tives can make that awful decision, and there to create a reign of terror, frightfulness, and mark, the Greer replying by discharging ·u is no question as to their decision." absolute lawlessness on the high seas and on depth bombs; (e) that, shortly after contact War is a grim and terrible thing. And it the Atlantic." He charges the German Navy with the submarine was- lost, it being uncer is a grim and terrible thing for a man in with acts that are "contrary to all law and tain whether or not she had been sunk or your position to get a nation into war by in harmony with all the definitions of piracy disabled; (f) that the Greer's action was "in high-pressure salesmanship, misrepresenta and assassination." And you, Mr. President, accordance with existing orders." tion, or concealment of essential facts, or by have gone as far, or further, than Mr. Hull in In a word, Mr. President, the story of the any means whatever except presenting the drawing a picture of frightfulness on the Greer, as carried to the people in your Sep truth to the people and letting them decide. seas which, in its essentials, I regret to say, tember 11 broadcast, was not factual. It was That, by the way, is democracy. It is also is not in accordance with the record. in direct conflict with the facts. The Greer common decency. And the young men of Conseqtlently, notwithstanding the fact was not proceeding on a "legitimate mission" our country and their fathers and mothers that the administration is fast reaching a of carrying mall to Iceland when the tor who, if war comes, must bear its pain and state of mind where it considers anyone pro pedoes were launched. She was, and for sorrow, deserve no less. Nazi and a comfort to Hitler if he uses the hours had been, tracking the U-boat, with Sincerely, common sense God gave him and speaks the intent either to destroy it herself or cooper AMOS PINCHOT. truth about the war, I wm, with your per ate with the British in doing so; nor in any mission, discuss very briefly the description honest sense can it be said that "the blunt Mr. TOBEY. Mr. President, will the of the so-called Greer incident, which you fact" was that the submarine fired first, Senator yield? incorporated in your broadcast of September •'•without warning." Mr. NYE. I yield. 11, made from the White House to a hushed In a way your broadcast about the Greer Mr. TOBEY. I wish to take advan and tense audience estimated at 50,000,000 incident was perhaps worse than the Ems tage of the kindness of the Senator from people. And let it be borne in mind that, telegram, for, while Bismr ck acted on the North Dakota to offer for about 3 min according to the press, that description so spur of the moment, altering and publishing generally infiamed the country, and Congress "it in its changed form the same day he utes a little collateral evidence a!ong the 1n particUlar, that the advocates of war, up received it, you made your broadcast a week lines of that which is contained in the to that hour downcast and even desperate, ~fter the Greer's brush. with the. submarine, letter he has just read. I am referring suddenly became confident. You said: and had ample time to digest the facts. now to statements of two gentlemen who "My fellow Americans, the Navy Depart Another case where·, it seems to me, unfor were perhaps as eminent members 'Jf the ment of the United Stat~ has reported to givable deception has been practi~ed on the columnist profession as any in the coun 1 me that o~ ~he morning o~ September 4th~ bewlldered, long-suffering public, in· order to try, UP to a few weeks ago, One was 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8313 ·named Joseph Alsop, the other was Rob· Mr. TOBEY. What I said was that no incidents which were challenging ert Kintner. They published their col· that was expert testimony from the to us. umn, which had wide circulation, and "insiders" of the administration. Now again, in the name of freedom of which created great interest among the Mr. CONNALLY. Very well. I will the seas, which Britain denied us after reading public. · . answer that. The Senator brings that the last war, we insist that it is our right, This man Joe Alsop is one of the in· here and quotes it. Alsop and Kintner · it seems, to go chasing German subma telligentsia, a graduate of Harvard Uni· are his witne·sses, and he approves them rines over the Atlantic and reporting the versity, a cousin of Franklin Delano and vouches for them, and therefore any results of our chasing and the locations of Roosevelt, I understand. No man, fig. reasonable man would conclude that the submarines to the nation, or to the uratively speaking, had more in his grasp those are the sentiments of the Senator·. instruments of the nation t.nat is fight· the keys to the doors of the White House from New Hampshire. ing Germany, and we expect to get by and the Executive chambers than Joe I charge him now at least by innuendo scot free, without any · scratch, without Alsop; in fact, Alsop and Kintner jointly and by implication of ·making a charge ·any incident. were authors, I believe, of the so-called which he dare not make now, he says, on Mr. President, experience tells us that, · White Paper of the administration. I his own authority. ·by reason of our conduct, we had every think I am correct in that statement. Now I wish to ask the Senator from right to expect incidents such as those ·They no longer are writing columns for North Dakota a question. The Senator befalling the Greer and the Kearny. the press of the country, because each ·read a letter from Mr. Amos Plnchot, Now I hasten to a conclusion for this has received an appointment at the and I suppose he approves what is in it. afternoon. hands of Mr. Frank Knox, Secretary of Does he, or not? Up until now it has been possible for the Navy; and they are now in the naval Mr. NYE. I do not know·· of any mis· those who want our intervention in . service. But in the column which they Europe's war to argue, with some plausi wrote, which appeared-in the newspapers statement of fact contained within the letter. If I ·were expressing the same bility and with tremendous sentimental . of the country about 10 d~ys before they facts, I should probably not do so as . ·and emotional appeal, that all we have . were elevated to the Navy, Joe Alsop and been doing in the conduct of our foreign Kintner wrote as follows: ·bluntly as it was don~ there. Mr. CONNALLY. The letter seeks to ·policy these last 2 years could truly The President and his close advisers are justify the sinking of the Greer and the ·be summed up in that stockworn phrate hoping that an incident w111 happen in con· "steps short of war," or "steps to keep us , ne.ction with the Iceland patrol that will in Kearny. I wish to ask the· Senator from : volve this Nation in war. NQrth.Dakota, Does he justify the sink our of war." ing of the Kearny or the Greer? The nasty looking ·claws of war, with That is not CHARLES ToBEY, noninter ·an of war's meanings, were overlooked as . ventionist, or, as some call us, isolation · Mr. NYE. The Greer was not sunk, the ears were charmed with the gentle . 1st, speaking, or GERALD NYE, or_ the the Senator from Texas should know. · : ·purrs· that repealing the arms embargo Senator from Missouri· [Mr. CLARK], or Mr. CONNALLY. It was attacked~ · ·and adopting a lend-lease program of BURTON WHEELER, or the distinguished Mr. NYE. It was not even struck. ·aid to Britain and ·her allies were by no Senator from Ohio, ROBERT TAFT. That Mr. CONNALLY. It does not matter · ·means acts of war, but really designed to is Joe Alsop, cousin of the President, close whether it · was sunk or just attacked, ·preserve America's neutrality while at the friend and adviser, and author of the does the Senator justify on this floor, o'r ·same time helping a gallant people. White' Paper; and' it should go down in seek to justify, the attacks on these two The idea had charm. It had sufficient the category of expert testimony. . naval vessels? He · knows whether he charm to make it possible fo.r many who I repeat, because it will bear repeti does or not. I do not . . · are definitely against actual involvement . tion, the horror of the thing: Mr. NYE. Mr. President, I shall take in war to believe that we could really go The President and his close advisers are considerable time in answering the Sen- . for a stroll with the leper of war and hoping that an incident wlll happen in con . ator's question. It does not lend its~lf to come back without having caught leprosy. nection 'with the Iceland patrol that will that easy "yes" or "no" answer which is The result is that there are those who involve this Nation in war. so often demanded. I received a letter a instantly cry out against actual war, but Not God Bless America should we sing, ·few days ago from someone who said in . . who have heaped maledictions upon my but in the face of that utterance our song · anger, "Are you stil~ in contact with Hit· : self and .others who had some oppor ler? Answer 'Yes' or 'No.~" Then he ' should be God Save America. 1 tunity to see the picture as it was. We Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. ·President, will would not even sign the letter so that I have been condemned as pro-Hitler and the Senator from North Dakota yield? could answer it. When the Senator from pro-Nazi, as British haters and as plotters Mr. NYE. I yield. Texas puts the question which he pro. of a Fascist regime for the United States. Mr. CONNALLY. I wish to say, in the pounds to me, it deserves a very profound Our sin, of course, was that we wanted time of the Senator very graciously ex answer. and still want to keep America out of war. tended, that I am absolutely amazed at After our experience with Europe in : The point is that there have been those · the statement of the Senator from New the last World War, when we surveyed of us who feared that from the very day Hampshire, that he on his own authority the causes which had been instrumental' when the President suggested that we says that the President of the United in taking us into that war, and when we must quarantine the aggressors there States and his advisers are hopeful of an saw what had not been won after the war would be an inching away from neutrality incident which will involve thiS country was won, the American people set them and in the direction of war, such an inch· in war. · selves to the high purpose of doing every ing that, unless halted, would inevitably Mr. TOBEY. If the Senator will yield, thing they could possibly do to avoid repe· embroil us in whatever European war I think the Senator misunderstood my titian of that experience. There was an might at the moment be cooking. statement, if he will pardon me for inter· acknowledgment on every hand then that A fuller .picture was clear in the pro rupting him. If I am wrong, I stand we could not hope to accomplish what posal to repeal the arms embargo, and at corrected. What I said was that Joe we were trying to accomplish, namely, to that time the opponents of such repeal Alsop in his column made the statement succeed in our insistence upon rights set the record straight with an exact pre that the President and his advisers were which were ours but which were not rec· diction of what next was to come. We hoping for an incident to happen tn the ognized by anyone else in time of war. were shouted down. Of course, they Iceland patrol that would involve this We recalled the experience which fol did not want to and would not give any Nation in war. I will show the Senator lowed the arming of our merchantmen. · money to any of the belligerents; of the clipping, if he would like to see it. We saw what had resulted from our en course, we would keep American ships out Mr. CONNALLY. l do not want the deavor then to exercise what were alleged of the combat zones; of course, we would clipping; Y heard the Senator. He to be our rights upon the high seas. So not think of putting guns on American quoted these two men, and then, on that we wrote laws which would keep Ameri- merchant ships, and by all means, of · basis, speaking on his own autho.rity, he . can ships· out of dangez: zones and away course, and by all that was holy, great : said how terrible it was for the President from such involvement as would imme oaths were taken that, of course, they did of the. United States and his advisers to diately invite ·incidents, and so long as not want another A. E. F., and by no want an incident to occur which would we observed those laws, which ·were thus possible stretch of the imagination dld involve this country in war. provided after the la'st war, there were they even dream of wanting war. LXXXVII--525 8314 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-·SENATE OCTOBER 29 Well, the gloves are off now. The claws There can be no ·vote taken on this Under the Neutrality Act, how many are out. The point and purpose of it all question without full consideration of its American lives have been lost on Ameri is clear to anyone who can read or think. implications, its probabilities, and its in can merchant ships? None. The mouse, the .American people, has evitable consequences. 'rhis is not a There is no proof that the Neutrality been played with long enough. Now is matter of giving in a little; this is ''all Act has been a failure. Indeed, the evi the time to gobble it. out~ · - dence is to the contrary. What we are faced with today is no The neutrality law can be called out To arm merchant ships invites attack. pretty tale of how just a little help from moded and unrealistic if one so desires, To arm merchant ships strips them ef us in the way of a few over-age destroyers · but that same person will have trouble whatever possible immunity they might and perhaps a cannon or two will settle denying that under its provisions, some enjoy as unarmed craft. Mr. Hitler's hash for him and permit of which still remain, we are still not in To arm merchant ships in no way Britain to spread the four freedoms to the war; we are still in command of our strengthens them and is a deliberate dong dang and the whirling dervishes, liberties, which an active state of war jeopardizing of American lives. under our benign direction. would remove from us, and we have, for Such jeopardizing of American lives The pending question is this and blunt what it has been worth, been of some with its inevitable loss of American life ly this and no less than this: help, perhaps, to Britain whom we pro is the final key to war. Shall America, deliberately and con fess we are so eager to preserve as a sym It cannot ~ forgotten that such men sciously, go all the .way into a shooting bol of all that is good and holy in Europe, as will handle the guns aboard such mer chant ships would be gun crews from the war, perhaps upon two oceans, or shall In this connection, I am reminded that it not? United f?tates Navy, and the Navy is more than a year ago I observed that under orders to shoot on sight. That question has no trimmings and America's foreign policy, advertised as so no qualifying phrases to go along with This is war. Whether honestly desired tender a regard for sister democracies, here, it is what I oppose. Let the pro it. It is a question of war or no war, war h.ad most emphatically not only been of with its inevit&ble A. E. F. and its in ponents of shooting on sight and of arm no help whatsoever to those democracies ing ships to do it be honest with us and evitable slaughter, or no war With an but could well be considered to have be America. pursuing the independent des tell us that is what they want. If it is not trayed them. I rather doubt that what they want, at least it is what is tiny which it can so readily achieve, be France, Belgium, Norway, Holland, and holden to no one, afraid of nothing. guaranteed by this program. Finland have r~son to love us, and I They leave no doubt in their minds, as The high command of Britain has said then, and I have not abandoned the made it plain that without an American it is, but it would seem they owe it to thought, that it may some day be said their own conscience to confess what is A. E. F. there is no possibility of reenter we also betrayeu Britain and that Britain ing the continent of Europe and forcing so obviously true, dictated by the experi will some day tell us so. ence which has been ours in times past. Hitler back into Berlin. How can any Certainly if we get actively into the one possibly doubt, at this point, that EXHIBIT 1 war--as the present program would lead REPORT OF ADMIRAL STARK the first American ship manned by an us into it-it is going to be our war all American crew, under an American flag, the way, and no longer a proposition of NAVY DEPARTMENT, loaded with American munitions de OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF signed for Britain and running a Ger holding Stalin's coat and handing up the NAVAL OPERATIONS, sponge and water bucket to England. It Washington, September 20, 1941. man submarine blockade, is simply the is going to be our war to a point where · Ron. DAvm I. WALSH, adyance guard of an American transport every American voice will demand we Senate Naval Affairs Committee, loaded with troops for overseas duty and keep our weapons at home and our dollars Washington, D. C. return voyages with our dead and at home for American purposes instead DEAR SENATOR WALSH: I am again indebted wounded? to you for sending us the questions on the It is a question of war or no war for of sending them into somebody else's Greer incident before the hearing. a further reason: war. It is going to be our war to the ex I am enclosing herewith a statement In the arms embargo repeal proposal tent that aid under lend-lease, which which I have drawn up and which I believe the emotions were well played upon; our seems to have been little more than a gives a good picture of what happened. ~ I natural sympathies for Britain and the splash anyway, will slow to a trickle if, suggest it be :read before the answers· to the indeed, it does not disappear altogether. questions are read, as I think it will make little countries of Europe were played the answers to the questions more · readily upon to the fullest. We were advised Whatever the British high command understandable. that the practical advantage of repeal may think we are better friends of Brit I have tried to present a complete and clear was at least the satisfaction of a desire ain out of the war than we could be in. picture of the entire incident to you, because to be helpful to what we considered sister Let us not underestimate our own pecul there is nothing the Navy wishes to conceal democracies. iar ways. If we get in this war, there will except some pu.rely military features. Any Lend-lease was an extension of this be no thought but to push it through to such omissions affect in no way whatever the theory, and there was the practical successful conclusion in the quickest way complete picture. However, if they were if given out they would be useful to an enemy; thought that operation of a lend-lease possible, and Britain gets trampled in for instance, the distance at which the Greer program would give us production facili the rush, that will be just too bad, but originally picked up the submarine would b~ ties for our own needs in the way of we will be in a hurry-all of us. a clear indication to an enemy of the ca weapons, and indeed give us, as some The facts of World War No. 1 plan of pacity of our listening gear an"' would be one so charmingly put it, "a nice little arming merchant ships ought to be reit valuable information to them. The insertion boom" here at home. erated again and again. The stTiking of such data, I feel, would not be helpful in any way to the committee in this incident Where is the advantage to America in lesson of how It worked then is as good and would be harmful from the standpoint of this program? today as it ~ was when we woke up from national defense. It simply created a new and greater our debauch in the 1920's and began to I want you to know that I feel you can war hazard without even a salve for the tell ourselves "never again." count on our keeping the country informed itchings of our doubts. Before our entry into World War No. 1 of everything that we possibly can, withhold It has been well established in our ex there were American merchant ships sunk ing only what we feel should be withheld in perience in the last war, and reestab or damaged. Numerous American lives the best interests of national defense. I can think of nothing further of interest lished on this very :fioor from the records were lost. We went to war finally because which I could give you other than what is only this week, that an armed merchant so many American lives had been lost and included in my statement, together with the man is less safe than an unarmed one. so much American shipping had been de answers which I am also submitting to the Its armament is wholly inadequate to stroyed. That was the touchstone of the questions. protect it from the attacks which it in whole business. Now what do we pro Of course, I shall be glad to appear before vites; it has not a chance. It is not of pose? We propose to make it possible for the committee if, after going over these, you would like to have me do so. I have en record that an armed merchant ship ever American lives to be lost on American deavored, however, to make the enclosed sank a submarine, but it is of record that merchant ships; we propose to invite at papers so complete that it would be unneces an armed merchant ship, headed for a tack by sending those merchant ships sary to take the committee's time for further belligerent port, carrying goods for a against a submarine blockade, headed investigation. country at war, is a natural target for straight for the shooting zones, armed With best wishes~ as always, that submarine. ' with a sling-shot against torpedoes. - . Sincerely. H. R. STARK: 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8315
STATEMENT WITH REGARD TO THE "GREEn" INCI• Question 2. Did the Greer have orders from Question 8. How many torpedoes were fired DENT, SEPTEMBER 4, 1941 the Department to proceed through this at the Greer and at what intervals were they On September 4, 1941, at 0840 G. C. T., the area? fired? How long was it after the submarine U. S. S. Greer, while en route to Iceland with Answer. The Greer had orders from the was sighted or first heard that the first tor United States mail and passengers and some commander in chief of the Atlantic Fleet to pedoes were fired? How near did the tor freight, was informed by a British plane of proceed through the area. The Navy Depart pedoes come to bitting the ship? the presence of a submerged submarine, dis ment had full knowledge of this. Answer. Two torpedoes were fired at the tance about 10 miles directly ahead. Question 3. Were any other ships in com Greer. The firing of the first one was indi This British plane continued in the vicin pany with, or in sight of, the Greer just be· cated by the sighting of the impulse bubble ity of the submarine until 1052, when she fore or at any time during the encounter? at 1248, just 3 hours and 28 minutes after departed. Prior to her departure, at 1032, If so, (a) what were the names and na the Greer first detected the submarine by she dropped four depth charges in the vicinity tionality of these vessels and (b) did any means of her sound equipment. At 1249 the of the submarine. of these ships take part in the encounter wake of this torpedo was observed about 100 Acting on the information from the British either directly or indirectly? yards astern. At 1258 the wake of a second plane, the Greer proceeded to search for the -Answer. A British destroyer was in sight torpedo was observed 500 yards distant on submarine, and at 0920 she located the sub about 5 miles distant from the Greer when the starboard bow. The Greer avoided it, the marine directly ahead by her underwater the Greer made a depth-bomb attack at 1512. torpedo passing about 300 yards clear of the sound equipment. The Greer proceeded then This British destroyer bad arrived on the ship. to trail the submarine and broadcasted the scene at 1415 and bad asked the Greer if she Question 9. How many depth charges were submarine's position. This action taken by (the Greer) desired to conduct a coordinated dropped by the Greer, and at what 1Iitervals? the Greer was in accordance with her orders, search for the submarine. To this question Answer. U. S. S. Greer dropped 8 depth that is, to give out information but not to the Greer replied "No." The British destroyer charges, commencing at 1256; 11 depth charges attack. stood through the area and disappeared to were dropped, commencing at 1512. All these The Greer maintained this contact until the southward. depth charges were dropped after the first about 1248. During this period (3 hours . Question 4. Were any airplanes in sight of torpedo had been fired at the Greer. 28 minutes) the Greer maneuvered so as to or in communication with the Greer just be Question 10. Has anything been seen or keep the submarine ahead. fore or ,during the encounter? If so, (a) what heard from this submarine since the last At 1240 the submarine changed course ar..d were the nationality of these planes and (b) depth charges were dropped by the Greer? closed the Greer. did any of these planes furnish any infor Answer. Not by the U. S. S. Greer, nor has The disturbance of the surface and the mation to the Greer or take part either the Department any word. change in color of the water, marking the directly or indirectly in the encounter? Question 11. Has the Department received passage of the submarine, was clearly distin Answer. Yes. At 0840 a British plane ap a copy of the log of the Greer from the 2d guished by the Greer. proached the U.S. S. Greer and signaled that to the 5th of September, both dates inclusive? At 1248 an impulse bubble (indicating the a submarine had submerged about 10 miles Answer. No. discharge of a torpedo by the submarine) directly ahead of the Greer. The plane fur Question 12. What information In general was righted close aboard the Greer. nished no further assistance to the Greer. is entered into the log? At 1249 a torpedo track was sighted cross At 1032 this plane dropped four depth charges Answer. All facts concerning the incident ing the wake of the ship from starboard to are entered in the log. in the vicinity of the submarine and at 1052 Question 13. Is there any reason, or rea port, distant about 100 yards astern. the plane departed from the area. It should At 1256 the Greer attacked the submarine be particularly noted that this plane left sons, why this log should not be mada public? If so, what are these reasons? With a pattern of eight depth charges. the area at 1052 and did not return and that At 1258 a second torpedo track was sighted Answer. It is not desirable that this log be the Greer fired no guns or torpedoes or made public for the reason that to do so on the starboard bow of the Greer, distant dropped any depth charges until 1256-some about 500 yards. The Greer avoided this would disclose confidential mllitary informa 8 minutes after the submarine fired a tor tion. torpedo. pedo at the Greer-or, in other wo::ds, over At this time the Greer lost sound contact 2 hours after the British plane had left the Question 14. Are there any reasons why the with the submarine. commanding officer and other officers and scene. men of the Greer should not appear before At 1300 the Greer started searching for the Question 5. Was the commanding officer of submarine, and at 1512, in latitude 62-43 N., the committee? If so, what are those rea- the Greer informed that a submarine was op . sons? longitude 27-22 W., the Greer made under erating in this vicinity before his vessel was water contact with a submarine. The Greer Answer. Yes. Testimony of such officers attacked or before the submarine or her peri would be almost certain to disclose vital attacked immediately with depth charges. scope was seen? If so, when and from whom In neither of the Greer's attacks did she m111tary secrets which would endanger other did he receive this information? naval vessels. In addition, to establish a observe any results which would indicate that Answer. Yes. See answer to precedlng the attacks on the submarine bad been efi'ec precedent or to have naval officers at sea question. The periscope of the submarine feel that whenever they take action they tive. was not seen at any time by the Greer. The Greer continued search until 1840, at would or might be called before a congres Question 6. If be had information from sional investigating committee to explain and which time she again proceeded toward her an outside source that there was a submarine destination, Iceland. justify their action, would be prejudicial to in the vicinity, (a) did ~ he change his course From the above it is clearly evident that the conduct of operations on the high seas. and speed and start a search for the subma Question 15. In view of the fact that the the Greer, though continuously in contact rine; (b) bow long did be search for the with the submarine for 3 hours 28 minutes, United States Navy now has orders to shoot did not attack the submarine, although the submarine before be was fired upon; and at Axis submarines or raiders, is there any (c) did other vessels or planes assist in this reason why the orders under which the Greer Greer herself was exposed to attack. search? At no time did the Greer sight the sub was operating at the time shouldn't now be marine's periscope. Answer. As soon as information was re made public? The weather was good. ceived by the Greer from the British plane Answer. Naval operation orders that In any The commander in chief of the Atlantic that a submarine was directly ahead of her, manner do or might involve mll1tary action Fleet corroborates the above report in detail, the Greer increased speed, started zigzagging, are considered as of the most secret nature and further states that the action taken by and commenced a search for the submarine. and should not be disclosed publicly, because the Greer was correct in every particular in Five minutes after the search began, namely, of the unquestioned value they would be to accordance with her existing orders. at 0920, the Greer located the submarine by foreign powers. her underwater sound equipment; she held H. R. STARK. Question 16. Have officials of the State De this contact until 1248, namely, 3 hours partment taken up with the German Embassy 28 minutes before the submarine made her the question of this attack upon a United QUESTIONS ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARY OF THE attack. No assistance by either planes or States naval vessel? If so, it is requested NAVY BY THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SENATE NAVAL ships was given to the Greer during this that the committee be furnished with a copy AFFAIRS COMMITTEE, AND PROPOSED ANSWERS period. of the official communication. THERETO, IN CONNECTION WITH THE "GREER" Question 7. If he first learned of the pres Answer. No. INCIDENT ence of the submarine from his submarine Question 17. Has the German Embassy for• Question 1. Did the incident take place in detection device or from sighting it, (a) did warded any official explanation of the attack an area dec~ared to be blockaded by the Ger he change his course to search for or head to our Government? If so, it is requested man Government? for the submarine or (b) would be have be~n that the committee be furnished a copy of Answer. The Greer incident took place ln out of range of the submarine's torpedoes this explanation. an area approximately 175 miles southwest if he had continued on his course? Answer. No. of Iceland and directly in the path of com Answer. The first part of this question is H.R.STARK. munication between American ports and Ice~ answered by the answer to the preceding Mr. McNARY. I suggest the absence land. This area was within the zone of op question. As to the second part of this ques erations announced by the German Govern tion, the answer is problematical. No person of a quorum. ment 011 March 26, 1941, as a zone within can predict what the submarine's course The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. which vessels entering exposed themselves "to would have been. The answer, therefore, OvERTON in the chair). The clerk will the danger of destruction." might be "Yes" or it might be "No.'' call the roll. 8316 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 29 The Chief Clerk called the roll, and claimed that we were fighting to make of America and the Government of those the following Senators answered to their the world safe for democracy. people intend and expect to remain at peace with all the world. names: DISILLUSIONMENT OF LAST WAR Adams Gerry O'Mahoney On October 16, 1935, in a message to Aiken Gillette Overton After that war was won an alleged the fifth annual women's conference, Andrews Glass Peace peace was concluded. The disillusion in New York, the President said: Austin Green Pepper ment in this Nation created a political Bailey Gu1fey Radcliffe I have pledged myself to do my part 1n Ball Gurney Rosier upheaval. The party which had been re keeping America free of those entanglements Barkley Hatch Russell sponsible for taking the Nation to war, that move us along the road to war. Bilbo Hill Schwartz the party which had claimed that the Bridges Holman Shipstead On November 11, 1935, in an Armistice Brooks Johnson, Calif Smathers great war effort on the part of the peo Brown Johnson, Colo. Stewart ple of the United States was for preser Day speech at Arlington National Ceme Bunker . Kilgore Taft vation of the rights of self-determina tery, he said, in part: Burton La Follette Thomas, Idaho Butler Langer Thomas, Okla. tion and freedom of the seas, to make the The primary pUrpose of this Nation is to Byrd Lee Thomas, Utah world safe for democracy, and to end all avoid being drawn into war. • * • Capper Lucas Tobey war, was overwhelmingly defeated at the The new generation, unlike us, have no Caraway McCarran Truman polls in 1920. That was the last cam direct knowledge of the meaning of war. Chandler McFarland Tunnell They are not immune to the glamor of war. Chavez McKellar Vandenberg paign, as I recall it, in which the Demo • • • Fortunately, there is evidence on Clark, Idaho McNary VanNuys cratic Party endeavored to wage a contest Clark, Mo. Maloney Wallgren every hand that the youth of America, as a Connally Mead Walsh predicated upon the principles on which whole, is not trapped by that delusion. They Danaher Murdock Wheeler it claimed to have entered the war. In know that elation and prosperity which may Davis Murray White ,fact, after the overwhelming defeat in come from a new war must lead-for those Doxey Norris Wiley who survive it--to economic and social col Ellender Nye 1920 the sentiment created by the dis George O'Da.niel illusionment after the last war was so lapse more sweeping than any we have expe great in this Nation that the Democratic rienced in the past. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Seventy America must and will protect herself. Party itself had to abandon the concepts Under no circumstances will this policy of nine Senators have answered to their and the position in international affairs names. A quorum is present. self-protection go to lengths beyond self upon which it had gone to war. · protection. Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Mr. President, I Moreover, the present President of the believe this country faces one of the most United States, who was Assistant Secre On January 3, 1936, in his message to momentous decisions in its historY. In tary of the Navy in the Wilson admin the Congress, the President said: what I am about to say I Wish to assure istration, and who was subsequently a The United States and the rest of the my colleages, if that be necessary, that Vice Presidential candidate on the Dem Americas can play but one role: through a nothing in my remarks will be intended ocratic ticket, himself abandoned the well-ordered neutrality to do naught to en to impugn the motives, the character, or courage the contest, through adequate de position which his party had taken upon fense to save ourselves from embroilment the high patriotism of those who dis foreign affairs. agree with me upon this issue. I hope and attack, and through example and all PRESIDENTIAL STATEMENTS legitimate encouragement and assistance, to that my 16 years of service in this body persuade other nations to return to the ways make it unnecessary for me to amplify I desire to quote a few excerpts from of peace and good will. that statement. some of the speeches he made since he Within democratic nations the chief con became President. WORLD WAR NO.1 cern of the people is to prevent the continu On December 28, 1933, in an address ance or rise of autocratic institutions that I have never advanced the claim, and before the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, beget slavery at home and aggression abroad. I do not now, that this present war in he said: the Old World is like World War No. 1. On August 14, 1936, speaking at Chau The definite policy of the United States tauqua, N.Y., he said, in part: But I do venture the prophecy that fu from now on 1s one opposed to armed inter ture unbiased historians, if such there vention. We shun .political commitments which may be, outside of concentration camps might entangle us in foreign wars; we avoid On January 3, 1934, in a message to the connection with the political activities of the anywhere in the world when this conflict Congress, he said: League of Nations. comes to a close, will recite the deadly I wish I could keep war from all nations; parallel between the steps whereby we I have made it clear that the United States cannot take part in political arrangements but that is beyond my power. I can at least entered World War No. 1 and those by ln Europe. make certain that no act of the United States which apparently we are entering the helps to produce or to promote war. present conflict. I shall suggest but a On January 4, 1935, in a message to If we face the choice of profits or peace, few of them in passing. Congress, he said: the Nation will answer-must answer-"We A political campaign was fought in The maintenance of international peace choose peace." It is the duty of all of us to this country, Mr. President, in 1916. It is a matter in which we are deeply and un encourage such a body of public opinion. was won by the candidate of the Demo selfishly concerned. There ls no ground for We can keep out of war if those who watch 7 apprehension that our relations with any and decide have a sufficiently detailed under cratic Party, Woodrow V\ ilson, seeking nation will be otherwise then peaceful. standing of international a!Iairs to make cer reelection to the Presidency of the United tain that the small decisions of each day do States upon the slogan that ''He kept On June 12, 1935, in an address to the not lead toward war, and if, at the same ·time, us out of war." A few short months after graduating class at West Point, he said: they possess the courage to say "No" to those that election had been won the Congress As a nation we have beer.. fortunate in our who selfishly or unwisely would let us go to of the United States was asked to grant geographic isolation, which in itself has par war. to the then President the power to arm tially protected our boundless resources. It On October 13, 1936, in a speech at is in full appreciation of our advantageous merchantmen. The Congress did not act Wichita, Kans., President Roosevelt upon that proposal because in this body position and of our own devotion to the cause of peace that our Nation's defensive system said: there were 12 men, afterward designated has always reflected the single purpose that We have sought for security from war with by the President as "12 willful men,'' who that name implies. other nations. • • • We propose, of exercising the right of freedom of de course, no interference with the affairs of bate in this Chamber refused to let that On October 2, 1935, in a speech at San other nations. measure come to a vote. Diego, Calif., he said: Subsequently, and very shortly there The American people can have but one On October 14, 1936, in a speech at after, the President asked the Congress concern and speak but one sentiment: De St. Louis, Mo., he said: for a declaration of war.. and it was con spite what happens in continents overseas, All major wars have brought about major stitutionally voted. We went to war, for the United States of America shall and must disturbances in our social and economic ma remain, as long ago the Father of our Coun chinery. The late war has been no excep a number of reasons, among them free try prayed that it might remain, unentangled tion. We rejoice here that these problems dom of the seas and preservation of the and free. are being met and solved without impairing rights of weaker nations. It was desig As President of the United States I say to - our faith and confidence in the people's abil nated as "a war to end war." It was you most earnestly once more that the people ity to do it themselves by the peaceful proc- 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8317 esses of democratic representative govern a belligerent, and that they must stay out of try as a result of the sad experience of ment. war zones. Was that right? · our last mad adventure in Europe that On October 14, 1937, in a speech at And at Boston, on Oct.ober 30, 1940, the neither candidate for President of the Madison Square Garden, New York City, President said: United States felt that he could do other he said: And while I am talking to you, fathers, wise than to pledge the American elector The Nation knows I hate war, and I know and mothers, I give you one more assurance. ate that, if entrusted with the high du that the Nation hates war. I submit to you I have said this before, but I shall say it ties and powers of the office of President a record of peace. again and again and again: Your boys are of the United States, he would not send Today there is war and rumors of war. not going to be sent into any foreign wars. American boys to die on the battlefields We want none of it. But while we guard They are going into training to form a force of the Old World. One of my reasons for our shores against threats of war, we will so strong that, by its very existence, it will being so disturbed about the course of continue to remove the causes of unrest and keep the threat of war far away from our events in this country in relation to our antagonism at home which might make our shores. Yes; the purpose of our defense is foreign policy is my fear of the ultimate people easier victims to those for whom for defense. eign war is profitable. Those who stand to disillusionment which will seize upon the profit by war are not on our side in this Again, at Cleveland, on November 2, people of the United -States when they campaign. 1940, as the campaign drew to a close, find that the men whom they trusted the President said: with high offices have, despite their sol In his message to Congress in Septem We know that we are determined to de emn pledges, led a reluctant people to ber 1939, in seeking a repeal of the arms fend our country, and with our neighbors war in the Old World. embargo, the President said: to defend this hemisphere. We are strong STATEMENTS OF ADMINISTRATION SPOKESMEN I give you my deep and unalterable con in our defense. • • • viction, based on years of experience as a The first purpose of our foreign policy is Somewhat the same thing can be said worker in the field of international peace, to keep our country out of war. of the manner in which we have pro that by the repeal of the embargo the United States will more probably remain at peace The candidate running upon the Re ceeded to whittle away, and now we are than if the law remains as it stands today. publican ticket for the Presidency of the urged finally to emasculate the Neutral I say this because with the repeal of the United States has, since the election, ity Act. Let me quote a few words from embargo this Government clearly and defi before the Foreign Relations Committee the late Senator Pittman, of Nevada, who nitely will insist that American citizens and of the Senate, indicated that he regard handled the amendments to the Neu American ships keep away from the immedi ed some of his statements made during trality Act which were passed in 1939. ate perils of the actual zones of conflict. the campaign as a bit of "campaign ora In the Senate on October 6, 1939, he tory"; but, despite that self-revelatory said: I believe that American vessels should, so It is my candid belief that there is not a far as possible, be restricted from entering statement, I still believe that for the danger zoneB. • • • RECORD I should quote a few of his re-· man in the Senate who knows the history of marks. the World War-and I think all of them do · The second objective 1s to prevent Ameri now-who would have taken the steps we can citizens from traveling on belligerent ves At Cumberland, Md., on October 30, took then, knowing what we know now ·sels er in danger areas. • • • 1940, Mr. Willkie said: that is, that we may suspend our rights under Under present enactments such arms can In protecting America, the maintenance of international law on the high seas, whatever not be carried to belligerent countries on peace in the· Western Hemisphere will be my they may be, rather than pay the cost that American vessels, and this provision should objective. • • • we did pay, and probably will have to pay not be disturbed. The interests of the United States would again, to fight for those rights. To those who say that this program (em have been. better served if the third-term bargo repeal) would involve a step toward candidate had been outspokenly for peace On October 27, 1939, Senator PITTMAN war on our part, I reply that it offers far and nonparticipa tion rearlier] instead of said: greater safeguards than we now possess or waiting to pledge it in an election. Mr. President, we should not allow the re have ever possessed to protect American lives peal of the law which protects our country and property from danger It is a positive . At Chicago, on October 22, 1940, Mr. in time of war. We should not allow our program for giving safety This means less Willkie said: citizens to sail on belligerent passenger ves likelihood of incidents and controversies sels. Whether they are killed legally or which tend to draw us into conflict, as they One difference (between my foreign policy and that of the New Deal) is my determi illegally on such vessels, when they are killed did in the last World War There Ues the it arouses a war spirit in this country. we road to peace. nation to stay out of war. I have a real fear that this administration is heading for should never let that happen again. We CAMPAIGN PROMISES war, and I am against our going to war and should make it a permanent policy that our will' do all I can to avoid it. merchant marine shall not be armed when Then we come to the campaign of engaged in foreign commerce, because it in 1940. At St. Louis, on October 17, 1940: vites destruction by submarines, prevents At Philadelphia, on October 23, 1940, We do not want to send our boys over there search on the surface, and makes defense the PJ'esident said: again. We cannot and we must not under practically impossible. We are arming ourselves not for any for take to maintain by force of arms the peace • eign war. We are arming ourselves not for of Europe. No one here desires to take the same chance any purposes of conquest or intervention in At Buffalo, on October 15, 1940: again. foreign disputes. I repea~ again that I stand on the platform of our party: "We will not I favor aid to Britain "short of war," and The able majority leader, the Senator participate in foreign wars and will not send I mean "short of war." from Kentucky [Mr. BARKLEY], speaking our Army, naval, or air forces to fight in for in the Senate on October 19, 1939, said, eign lands· outside of the Americas except in And again at Cambridge, Mass., on in part: October 11, 1940, Mr. Willkie said: case of attack." The law we are now proposing would have It is for peace that I have labored; and it We can have peace, but we must begin prevented these attacks upon (World War is for peace that I shaH labor all the days of to preserve it. To begin with we shall not sinkings) and losses of property and lives, my life. undertake to fight anybody else's wars. Our because both prop~rty and lives would have boys shall stay out of Europe. None of us been withheld from the regions of danger, On October 28, 1940, at New York City, is so simple as to think that Hitler is plan the President said: resulting in their destruction or attacks upon ning this moment to send an exped.itionary them. The law we are proposing will keep By the Neutrality Act of 1935, and by other force acrm:s the Atlantic. He is aware that American ships and American cargoes and steps, we made it possible to prohibit Amer if we maka democracy strong here, his own American sailors and American travelers out ican citizens from traveling on vessels be system of blood and tyranny cannot survive of present regions of danger. longing to countries at war. Was that right? forever. In lieu of a mere embargo on the sale of We made it clear that American investors Mr. President, m3' purpose in quoting arms, which is not what forced us into the who put their money into enterprises in for war 22 years ago, we propose to place an em eign nations could not call on American war these statements for the RECORD is not to bargo against the type and destiny and means ships or soldiers to bail out their investments. inject a political issue into this momen of commerce and travel which did force us Was that right? tous debate. My only purpose is to show into war 22 years ago. • Under the . We made it clear that ships flying the that up until the end of the 1940 campaign measure now before the Senate there will be American flag could not carry munitions to there was such a sentiment in this coun- no necessity for an embargo on arms. • • • 8318 -CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE_ 0CTOBER _29 It canno_t be shipped to _a belltgerent nation apprehensive that it might imply that we · erty, and minimized the.loss. of Ameri-, or through a danger zone anywhere in tpe were going to deliver the goods to- the can life. J • w.orld 1n an American ship~ • .- • • This measute is consistent and sum.clent. - · beneficiaries of the Lend-Lease Act. The Were .it not for the evasion -.of the It 1s not likely that the American people able senator from Georgia rMr. GEORGE]# law, by the transfer of American-owned will become excited or that our Government who guided the· bill through the Senate, ships to Panamanian registry in violation would become active or -interested over the one of the moS.t distingliis~ed - lawyers in of the clear intent of the law, I contend sinking of a foreign vessel containing no this body, asserted that the word could that the loss of property and the loss of American citizen or an article of commerce not be torn out of the context, out of the life would have been eve~ : less t,han pas owned by an .Ainerican, no matter what ~he farilily of words, as lie described it, and now been sustained. , . origin of the cargo. • • • that there was nothing. in the measure . Mr. President, we ~re _' ~ske4 . 'to repeal We cannot become the target of a nation unless we are within range of its operations; which could be construed to indicate that the provision prohibiting the arming . of and certainly we cannot become the target for there was any authority to deliver goods. ships, section 6; we are asked to repeal any nation when w~ withhold ourselves from When the i>oint was pressed the admin the provision in section 2, prohibiting our the 'range of its operations. · · istration forces readily ' and willingly ships from going to belligerent ports; agreed to the insertion of a word which and we· are asked to report section 3, . The Senator from Texas [Mr. CoN would qualify "transfer," by including the which provides for the establishment of NALLY], now .the distinguished. chairman word "title." the so-called combat zones. o! the Committee on Foreign Relations, Mr. President, . I discussed at great Stripped of all the husks, what does speaking in the Senate on October 4, 1939, length on the floor of the Senate my rea this naked proposal niean? · It- means said this, in part: sons for being opposed to the Lend-Lease that American ships, flying the American . Let. me say right here that there has been Act. It is not my purpose to review the flag~ armed with guns obtained from the more misinformation, there has been more di:dusive and deceptive information, or mis argument at this time, but I do wish tq American Navy, manned by men of th'e information-! will not call it information point out that-it was only shortly' after American Navy, are to be ·sailed into bel' about this whole measure anti about the tile Lend-L_ease Act l!ad bee!} passed, ·and ligerent ports carrying actuar·and eut Embargo Act than any other similar measure the Seriate had been assured again and right contraband of war which is being within my recollection. : again and again that tliere.was no ques furnished to belligerents -out" ·of - pay A n:umber of people in the country have tion of delivery of goods involved in it, ments from the Treasury of the United been led to l:;lelieve that the United States is that on May 27, 1941, the Pz:esident de States. No :such proposal has ever been to furnish arms and ammunition; that the livered his unlimit~d-emergency speech, sanctioned in all the history of inter Government is to do it. Why, of co~se, the Goveriiinent is not going to spend a nickel in which he announced the patrols which national law. I venture ·the assertion. for arms and ammunition under this joint were _to be established in the AtJantic that· if the situation were reversed, our resolution. · The Government Will not furnish Ocean by our N~vy, and in which he Nation would be the first to protest and a 'single bayonet or a single bullet. • • • made further commltments of aid. then vigorously to resist. They simply· will be sold by our citizens. FURTHER STEPS TOWARD WAR I also venture to suggest, · Mr. Presi They will be sold to foreign governments and dent, that in this strange condition in foreign natiopals, it is tr.ue, but they will be On July 7, '1941, without consulting which the world today finds itself, the sold here on our own soil. Before they leave Congress, the President ordered the precedent which we are now and here our ports the title must be divested out of troops of the United States to a joint asked to establish on the part of the Gov American citizens. They must be placed, not occupation of Iceland, outside the \\·est upon American ships, but upon neutral or ernment of the United States may re other foreign · ships. · ern Hemisphere, and, in my opinion, con turn to plague us some day. trary certainly to the spirit of the law. I do not intend to go into any great He stated further on: At that time we were assured· that this detail insofar as the matter of sinking . Mr. President, I wish to conclude. What joint occupation of Iceland was to be of ships is concerned. I certainly do not is our plan? Our plan is to allow American only temporary. and th.a t we were to take justify tho-se sinkings. I think they are s.bips to carry no commerce-not merely arms over the occupation of Iceland. But we reprehensible. But I do take the posi and ammunition-but no commerce-to the now know, as a result of the letter writ tion that the sinkings to date, and even nations at war. • • • We propose that ten by the Senator from Michigan [Mr. all nations may buy the products of our farms the loss of American life to date, do not and factories, any · and everything, if they VANDENBERG], that there is a Joint Amer justify this Nation in going to war. al'e carried away in foreign ships. ican-British occupation of Iceland, and Mr. CLARK of Idaho. Mr. President# Then, Mr. President, we propose that Amer that if Nazi Germany, or the forces un will the Senator yield? ican citizens shall not sail upon belUgerent de:.· her control, attack Iceland in order Mr. LA FOLLETI'E. I yield. ships. • • • to attack the British forces which are No ' American cargo destined for a nation stationed there, we and the British will Mr. CLARK of Idaho. I may observe at war can be sunk, because there will be no offer a joint defense. to the distinguished Senator from Wis American cargo bound for a nation at war. On September 11, 1941, the President consin that there has not been a single That is our answer. How much stronger of the United States delivered his ad American life lost on any merchaqt ves could we make it? What greater sacrifices dress ·to the Nation in which he an sel flying the American flag. could be asked? What greater assurance is Mr. LA FOLLETTE. That is true,>so ~emanded of our desire to stay out of war? nounced that he had issued orders to the Navy to shoot on sight "enemy" vessels. far as I know. LEND-LEASE DEBATE This was done without the approval or Mr. CLARK of Idaho. There were Mr. President, after the repeal of the consent of Congress, which has sole soine lives lost on the destroyer, the arms embargo came tht enactment of power to declare war. Kearny, which was struck by a torpedo. the Lend-Lease Act. I shall not take the In short, a reluctant people have .been I notice that the President this morning, time of the Senate to quote from the de taken step by step closer to the brink of in a message which was carried on the bates on tl:at occasion. They are suffi tne catastrophic struggle now going on in third page of the newspaper, stated that ciently recent so that I am sure that the Old World, and on each and every the Kearny was pursuing a submarine every Senator bears them freshly in his occasion when each step has been taken way off course when the torpedo struck recollection. Suffice it·to say that, with the people have been assured that it was her. But I think it is definitely true that but a few notable exceptions, those who there has not been an American life lost a mea~ of keeping them out of war. sponsored and steered the Lend-Lease so far on any ship :flying the American Act through the Senate assured the Sen NEUTRALITY LEGISLATION HAS ACCOMPLISHED fiag. PURPOSE ate and the country again and again and Mr. LA FOLLETI'E. Mr. President, again that there was no danger, as a Now we are asked by the administra when I spoke about loss of life I had in result of the Lend-Lease Act, of our being tion to gut the Neutrality Act. I want the mind the loss of life as the result of the drawn nearer to the war, so far as Amer RECORD to show that it is my deliberate torpedoing of the destrGyer, and it was ica was concerned. They said, in effect, judgment that the Neutrality Act has ac not my purpose to discuss these sinkings tbat it was .a means whereby we could complished the purposes for which it was at all except to say that, in my judg keep the United States from becoming intended. It has accomplished the pur ment, no matter how unjustifiable they involved in war. i:>ose of keeping the United States out of are-and I am willing to grant that they Senators will recall the debate over the war. It has, as it was intended to do, are unjustifiable-they do not, in my word "transfer." Some Senators were minimized the loss of American prop- opinion, create a sufficient cause for 1941 CONGRESSIONAL R .ECORD~SENATE 8319 ' plunging this Nation into the vortex of exception of .the Lehigh, were carrying did say that the Navy did not initiate the the European war. · contraband of war. policy of arming merchantmen. Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. President, will SHIP ARMING INEFFECTIVE Mr. BARKLEY. He so stated, and that the Senator yield? Turning now to another subject, I de statement has also been made in debate Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I am glad to yield sire to express my firm conviction that, heretofore. If it is to be repeated over to the Senator from Kentucky. from the standpoint of actual protection and over again that he made that state Mr. CHANDLER. I should like to say, of the ships, the arming of these mer ment, it ought to be repeated over and in answer to my friend the Senator from chant ships will prove to be a sad disap over again that the Navy favors the Idaho [Mr. CLARK], that stopping a ship pointment to those in Congress who sup policy, on the high seas and setting the crew port the measure, and to the sailors in Mr. LA FOLLETTE. So far as I am adrift in lifeboats is not exactly calcu our services who go on the high seas, if concerned, the senator is at liberty to lated to insure their safety. they are under the impression that these introduce Admiral Stark's testimony in · Mr. CLARK of Idaho. Mr. President, guns are going to furnish them pro f~ll at the conclUSion of my remarks, if will the Senator from Wisconsin yield tection. that will relieve him. further? First of all, I want to quote briefly from Mr. BARKLEY. I do not need any Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I yield. President Wilson's message to Congress relief: I simply did not want the Sen-:. . Mr. CLARK of Idaho. The only ship I on April 2, 1917, asking for a declaration 'ate or the country to get a wrong impres know of that was stopped by a submarine of war. I wish to quote briefly his con 'sion; I did not understand the Senator . in this hemisphere was the Robin Moor. ci_usion about' the experience of the couil- . as trying to create the imP,ression that . Am I correct in that statement; may I try with armed merchant ships . . Al ask-my distinguished colleague the Sen- - though the Congress, through the .filibus ·Admiral Stark or the Navy did not favor ator from Kentucky? ter, failed to pass the arm:d ship bill he the proposed legislation simply because · · Mr ~ CHANDLER. The Senator from . requested, he, upon the advice of the At they di~ ,not initiate it. . . Idaho said that no lives of men on our torney General, had nevertheless armed · : Mr. ·. LA FOU$TI'E. I am· certainly , merchantmen had . been lost. If you our merchant ships. sorry I gave an,y such impression. I state · stop the shfp in the ocean, and torpedo · President Wilson said: ag-ain th~t I_ ha!;l no _intention to. do ~o • . r:r:he fact remains that the . Navy D~-: the ship, and set its crew adrift in small , -When I addressed ,the _Congress on the 26th partment, which is charged with the re-_ boats, far away from port, that does not of February last I thought that it would suf give them very much insurance of reach- · fice to assert our neutral rights with arms, sponsibility of convoying and tl,le protec- _· 'our right to use the seas against unlawful in tion ·of our.shi:Ps on the high seas-t~ose · ing port, and if tliey die on~ the way to that are !l()ing to Iceland and those that . pprt you might as well kill them when terferenc~. our right to keep our people. safe . against unlawful violence. But armed neu are going-elsewhere-has stated positively you torpedo the ship. trality, it now appears, is impracticable. • • • that it did. not initiate -the proposal to · Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Mr. President, I Armed neutrality is inetlectual enough at arm ·merchant ships. In my own view · am not arguing at . all the point which best; in such circumstances and in the face that is a very significant statement. The · the Senator from . Kentucky raised. I . of such pretentions, it is worse than 1ne1Iec- _ Senator may place his own interpreta- simply wish to make the statement for tual; it is likely only to' produce what 1t was . tion upon 'it. ·. · . ' the RECORD that on the basis of the sink meant to prevent; it Is practically certain· to ·I wish to quote briefly at this point : bigs to date and the·loss of life, I do not . draw us Into ',he war without either the rights :or the_etlecttveness . of belligerents. from an article-by Col. -Frederick-Palmer : think· there is any justification-for the ·in the washington Star of October 13: - United States going to war on that issue. Admiral Stark testified before the- For- · ·The periscope of a submarine Is a sliver · . I also wish to point out that if the . eign Relations Committee that the ad of a target. If the periscope is not hit at . pending measure is passed, sinkin~s will ministration's request for armed ships 'once the submarine is wholly submerged. ~ It · tremendously increase. I also WISh to w·as not initiated by the Navy. Now, it is 'ts futile for a merchant ship to carry· depth point out that there were no ships &unk true that arming our merchantmen -will - charges. She has not the destroyer's speed in the Red Sea while it was a 'barred result in causing the· Submarines making to make thein effective. zone. any e·ffort to attack our ships to do· so I should also like to quote from an · Mr. PEPPER. · Mr. President, will the .while they are submerged. article by Arthur Krock-- Senator yield? Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I do. the Senator yield? the Senator yield? -Mr. PEPPER. Since reference was -Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I do. Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I yield. made to the hemisphere lines; I wonder Mr'. BARKLEY. I am sure the Senator Mr. BARKLEY. I do not wish to in if the Senator has noted the places of from Wisconsin does not desire to leave terrupt the Senator, but . the distin, the various sinkings, so as to know the the impression with the Senate that Ad guished officer from whom the Senator number of · sinkings which occurred in miral Stark in stating that the Navy did has just quoted is an Army officer and the Eastern Hemisphere and the num not initiate the measure which we are not a naval officer. ber which occurred in the Western Hem- · now considering intended to express his -Mr. LA FOLLETTE. That is true. isphere? .. opposition to the propooed legislation. Mr. BARKLEY. He was an Army Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Yes. I have Mr. LA FOLLETI'E. On the contrary, officer. made a very careful notation and study Mr. Presiderit- ·Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I thought the of it, but it was not my purpose in my re Mr. BARKLEY. He made that state Senator would know that when I said. marks today to go into that, and I was ment, :-,nd it was a proper statement, be "Colonel Palmer." trying, I see now very unsuccessfully, to cause the Navy does not initiate ~ues . Mr.- BARKLEY. I did know it; but dismiss the details of sinkings by making tions of policy. But Admiral Stark very what I had in mind was that. having no effort under any circumstances to re clearly stated that he had opposed the been an Army officer, he would not be in view or to argue the occasion of the ships enactment of the neutrality ~aw in 1939 a position to testify as to the effective being sunk, but simply to make the state and was .very vigorously urging its mod~ ness of depth bombs or periscopes to ment that so far as my own judgment is flcation at this time, and the mere ·state the same degree a naval officer might be concerned. there has not been a sufiicient ment that he did not initiate the pro able to testify on that subjeet. I think pattern established upon which to'justify posed ~egislation might unwittingly leave Admiral Stark and other naval officers plunging this Nation into the maelstrom the impression that he did not favor it. made it clear-at least to me-that the of war in the Old World. . Mr. LA FOLLE'I'TE. Of course, I do assumption which seems to be contained Mr. PEPPER. I wish to say to the not wish to leave such an implication. in Colonel Palmer's remarks is not alto Senator that it was more the question Admiral Stark testified before the com gether in harmony with their views. which was .propounded of the Senator mittee in favor of the repeal of section 6, Mr. LA FOLLETTE. That may be than his own statement that led me to and stated, as the Senator said, that he true; but I am submitting Colonel Palm make that inquiry. was not in favor of the Neutrality Act to er's opinion for whatever it is worth. Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I also wish to begin with. The only point I wish to Since he has written upon this subject, I point out,' Mr. President, that all the $ips make is that in res'ponse to a question by assume that he· has made an :effort to in which thus far have been sunk, with the the Senator from 'Iowa [Mr. GILLETTE] he fqrm himself: . 8320 CDNGRESSIONAL -RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 29 . armed ships is,· I believe, from any point of . I also wish to quote from Mr. Arthur but apparently this ·is at the expense of badly needed gu.1s on naval vessels. As view, an unlimited act of war, and would · Krock's column in the New York Times legally be so construed. recently as Septemb.er 18 t_he Secretary of October 2 this statement concerning : It is true that the country has committed the arming of merchantmen: is reported in the New York Times as numerous acts of war already, and that the · ·1n cold fact the British officers don't think :SaYing that the procurement of the nee-. arming of ships and sending them across the that arming merchantmen in itself is much :essary guns is a serious problem, and for 'Atlantic would be but another such act. But protection, largely because operation of the 'that reason the Nav~· had not made up there must be a point at which England's guns requires integrated training of a whole ;its mind about the arming of merchant enemies wlll forcibly resist these acts of war. · ship from the master down, plus a lot of fire :ships. 'sending armed ships with United States Gov control apparatus that only fully trained ' ·Also we know, Mr. President, that mer ernment munitions across the Atlantic can crews could operate. The number of men as ! c~ant vessels of 2,000 tOns or over in this hardly fail to be resisted by arms, so that far · signd in our Navy to the type of gun intended more American ships, cargoes, and lives will ; for merchantmen is a secret. But it is an Nation now number about 1,200. We probably be lost than is the case now. This awfully large number to include in a mer 'know that only a few hundred of them is especially true in view of the "shoot first" chant crew. ;can be armed over a considerable period orders already given to American naval ves ;of time. If we enact the proposed legis sels, orders that would probably be extended Further, he said: ilation we are in effect notifying Germany to armed merchant· vessels, as they were to Generally, according to information here, :and the Axis Powers that all our mer Britain's as early as 1915. By arming, tne the British have not made a practice of arm chantmen are armed, or, at least, they danger to American ships will obviously be . ing their merchant ships, preferring to put would then be in a position to assume that · increased, for there will be no warning. There the armament on destroyers that escort con :au our merchantmen were armed. There is very little evidence· that armament on mer voys and have aboard them crews who know chant ships constitutes genuine protection . . how to operate the guns and have enough fore we would run the risk of · attack If a submarine or plane were actually hit, it manpower for the duty. :without warning upon all ships flying the would be a lucky shot. The .armament is Should the enterprise of equipping the :American flag, and the large majority of more likely to be . a delusive protection, but · ships with arms prove as ineffective a~ the ·ships would not have even the protec it is certainly a snare and an invitation to expert testimony cited above represents that . jtion-if there be any-of the armament immediate destruction. tt would be, the interim step would hardly ,which it is now proposed to provide. A few words on the law are justified. A be worth the loss of time, property, and life. I Captain McCauley testified before the neutral merchant ship may arm to protect its Senate committee that only compara neutral rights--not on its own responsibility . According to information furnished by but on the responsibility of its government. Admiral Stark to the House Foreign Af tively few of the present merchantmen · The United States went through this experi fairs Committee, no armed merchant have been constructed under the specifi ence in March 1917. and the files may be vessel was officially credited with fatally· cations of . the Maritime Commission, studied. If a neutral ship arms, however, lt damaging any vessel during the last war. which would permit immediate arming loses and forfeitS all its immunities as a mer However, 35 armed merchant ships were without structural changes in the ships. chantman. If it fires or threatens to fire sunk in the last. war, with the loss of 58 ARMED SHIPS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW upon a belligerent warship, it forfeits its lives. status as a neutral and may be treated as an Mr. President, let us wave aside all that. armed enemy ship. Even if it does not shoot In this connection I wish to quote two Let us wave aside the question of whether at warships, it exposes itself, its passengers excerpts from Admiral Sims. On June or not arming merchantmen will give and crew to sinking at sight, for a warship, 28, 1917, he sent this communication more or less protection to the ships and especially a submarine, cannot stop to in from London to t~e N:1vy Department: quire about the nationality, destination, and to their crews. What would be the posi cargo of an armed ship. All this is true even Guns are no defense against torpedo at tion of our ships if we should pass the tack without warning. In .this area alone if the cargo is innocent cargo, noncontraband during the last 6 weeks 30 armed ships were proposed legislation? Armed merchant in character. But when the cargo consists sunk by torpedoes without a submarine be men could legitimately be treated as war of munitions of war sent by the United States ing seen. ships. In this connection I wish to quote to a belligerent country, the ship or cargo a statement from Professor Hyde: cannot claim to be either neutral or innocent; . In his book entitled "Victory at Sea," nor can any immunity from immediate at The merchantman when equipped with a be said: tack be claimed for such cargo or ship in any gun of great destructive force and long range sea. Moreover, if only some American ships All of the experience in thiS submarine becomes itself a valuable weap.on of offense. are armed, all American ships are exposed to campaign to date demonstrates that it would The master is encouraged to engage any pub equal danger of unwarned attack. be a seriously dangerous ~isapprehension to lic vessel of the enemy, of inferior defensive base our action on the assumption that any strength and of whatsover type, which comes Were the ship unarmed, even carrying con armament on merchantmen is any protec traband, it could claim immunity from sink within range, and that irrespective ot whether ing at sight; it could be sunk only if the tion against submarines which are willing the latter initiates hostilities. As the mer to use their torpedoes. captor was unable to bring it into a prize chantman by ·reason of its armament may be court, possibly only if the contraband ex Maj. George Fielding Eliot-who, I · deemed by the enemy to be justly subjected ceeded certain proportions set out in the to attack without warn~ng, the master may Declaration of London, and if provision is hasten to add, bears the title of an A:rmy fairly regard himself as on the defensive, officer, but who purports to be an ex made in acco:r;dance with the 1930 Treaty of whenever his ship. is pursued by an enemy London for the safety of passe,ngers and crew. pert on questions of national defense vessel of war, or even sighted by one. Thus That is some protection against the loss of . stated: the armed merchantman, although_ its chief life, even in dangerous waters. But all that In fact, the principal result of arming mission be the transportation of passei;J.gers protection, whatever it may be-and up to merchant ships was to compel the sub and freight, becomes necessarily a participant now, it Is believed, no American life on an marines to attack without warning. • • * in the conflict. American merchant ship has been lost-is · It is just as true now as it was in 1917 that, • the equipment of a belligerent . forfeited by arming the ships, whether it be against submerged attack, without warning, merchant marine for hostile service, even called for defense or offense. Armament guns are no defense. * ·* * It must not though defensive rather than offensive, thus increases the danger to human life. be supposed that arming merchant vessels serves, on principle, to deprive the armed ves Of course, United States naval vessels on is in any way a solution of the submarine sels of the right to claim immunity from war missions to Iceland or Europe can claim or air-attack p~oblem. attack without warning. no immunity. SHORTAGE OJ' GUNS Also I submit an excerpt from a state The war zones declared by the belliger ment of Edwin Borchard, eminent legal ents, extending far out to sea, have no stand- . Rear Admiral Blandy testified before ing in international law and any suggestion . the Committee on Foreign Relations of authority of the Yale Law School: that a belligerent may sink an unarmed the Senate that a shortage exists in anti The proposal to arm merchant ships can neutral merchant ship 1n such zones is with aircraft guns, that the guns which would hardly be considered independently of the out warrant. Such a claim, on the part of be used for arming our merchant vessels President's request that Congress 11ft the the. United States, how.ever, 1s somewhat if the pending measures should pass are statutory ·restrictions which . bar American · weakened by the fact that American officials identical with guns needed for general ships from the dangerous combat zones and seem to be making a claim to far-reaching belligerent ports. I can understand the de "defense zones," or "American defense wa naval uses, and that arming merchant mand to use American flag ships to deliver ters," undefined, in which belligerent acts will vessels with those guns would, as he military equipment to the Allied Govern not be tolerated. There is no foundation tor said, be choosing between two necessary ments, but this can hardly be justified as a any such claim, any more than there is a uses. step short of war, or the armament of the right to protest against the sinking of ships Secretary Knox has said that there ships as a protection to them. To deliver under foreign, even Latin-American flags, es are guns for arming the merchant ships, United States- military equipment in· such pecially !hips that-are carrying contraband or 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8321 are under convoy to belligerent destinations. ing the American fiag have not generally been won, as was suggested yesterday by the Any claim to immunity for American ships sunk, even by the Nazis. I do not believe Senator from Florida [Mr. PEPPER]. in or out of belligerent war zones would be that the Nazis' actions have been controlled completely defeated by the fact that they by a feeling of respect fer international law, through the mere furnishing of materials were armed, even 1f they were not carrying but an issue is not clarified by misleading and supplies. The highest British mm.:. mtlitary supplies from the United States Gov statements such as listings of torpedoed ves tary authorities have stated positively ernment to aid one belligerent only. To call sels in which there was merely some Ameri that the only way in which this war can this claim a demand for the freedom of the can interest, and without reference to other be won is by an expeditionary force on seas is to misuse terms. vital factors, such as belligerent convoy, and the Continent of Europe. In short, this It thus appears that the sending of Ameri so forth. We should realize that if we arm can vessels with United States Government our merchant vessels and send them out war cannot be won by naval blockade. owned or sold ammunition or supplies to under existing conditions, we are putting on In my judgment, it is a tragic mistake one favored belligerent Is not innocent neu the seas tonnage which may be sunk without to make that assumption. The naval tral trade but an act of war in the strongest any violation of law. If Congress should then blockade is no doubt pinching the Axis sense, entailing all the consequences of bel· take the second step of repealing more of Powers; but because of their ruthless con ligerency. If this should be disputed and it the Neutrality Act to permit these ships to quest of territory it cannot and will not should be claimed without legal warrant, enter combat zones, we must expect a large be the effective weapon that it was in that the trade is privileged, then the ships, number of them to be attacked without warn cargoes, anci crew and passengers would ing. I am quite ready to admit that the the last war. The best evidence which probably be safer from unwamed attack and Nazis would sink them anyway in combat I am able to obtain indicates that a sinking if they were unarmed. By arming zones and I regard the possible repeal of sec Qnited States Army of from 8,000,000 to they lose and forfeit the last vestige of a tion 2 of the Neutrality Act as more serious. 10,000,000 men will be required if we are claim against unwarned attack and sinking. The Nazis give no special legal rights to their to attempt to invade the continent of Indeed, if the United States Government naval vessels by marking oft great areas of Europe. arms its vessels on such missions, it com the seas as danger zones; the United States So, firmly believing that ther,e can be mits an act of war. The issue should be gives no special legal rights to its merchant no "partial war," firmly believing that considered on that basis.-EDWIN BoacHARD. or naval vessels by marking oft great areas o! the seas as defensive zones this war cannot be won by naval war Finally, I submit excerpts from a PHILIP C. JE...CISt:rP. fare, I think the most important issue .statement of Philip C. Jessup, another that we have to decide is the question of recognized authority on international GREATER JEOPARDY TO AMERICAN LIVES war or peace. law: We know, Mr. President, that if tl)e As I understand them, the two major proposed legislation is enacted, the ships . That international law does not forbid a premises upon which the people of this nonbelllgerent or even a neutral government are to be manned. and omcered by crews country have been urged to go to war by to arm its merchantmen is, of course, true and officers from the United States Navy; the war party are, first, to fight foi: but relatively Immaterial. The important and we know what are the present or foreign trade and fi'ee markets; second, question is, What are the legal consequences, ders to the United States Navy. They are to avert a foreign invasion-the-buga.;. under international law, when a peaceful to "shoot on sight." boo which is used to ·frighten many of merchant vessel is thus armed? The subject As to what this m-eans, let me quote our people. It is my purpose now briefiy was very fully discussed during the last Great War, and much has been written on the sub Admiral Stark. He admitteq the policy . to discuss these two propositions in order. Ject since then. One legal consequence of would probably involve greater loss of life FOREIGN TRADE AND FREE MARKETS arming a merchant vessel is to change the wh.en he acknowledged in the hearings: As I view the situation, Mr. President, vessel's character; she loses a vital part of I say that the armed ship is more likely to most of the old concepts of international her status as a merchant vessel and assumes escape, although occasionally you might lose trade are no longer applicable. New sys .. some of the risks which attend a combatant a lot of lives where you would not otherwise. vezsel in time of war. As the ofHcial Commis tems of trade involve transactions for sion of Jurists under American chairmanship Let me also quote from a statement the most part between governments, and pointed out at The Hague in 1923: "The made by Admiral McClain, of our Navy, not between individuals. Since the last moun tlng of arms in time of war may be made in 1930 before the Senate Com war governments have been more inter construed as prima facie evidence of an in mittee on Naval Affairs: ested in economic independence than in tention take part in hostilities." This to The most effective step toward humanizing old theories of lowest comparative pro consequence is especially clear when the ves duction costs as related to world trade. sel operates under shoot-at-sight orders of a the use of submarines in war would, in my government which has been at pains to make opinion, have been a provision forbidding the Governments have found that they can known that it is seeking to encompass the arming of merchant vessels when on a peace exercise more economic power by con defeat of one of the belligerents and that it ful mission. • • • A submarine in the last trol of trade; and therefore for the past is operating on the theory that offense is the war fired without warning purely because he decade or more there has been a defi best defense. In such cases the merchant knew that as soon as he exposed himself to nite trend in the direction of increased man is, in legal contemplation, offensively give warning he would be shot at by the mer chant vessel. To my mind, the question of governmental interest and control by armed. As has frequently been pointed out, means of export and import control ar an armed merchant vessel can fight a sub disarming a merchant vessel is the secret of the whole thing. • • • rangements. marine on terms of at least equality and While I would be the first to concede usually of superiority. The superiority is Mr. President, it is my contention that clear if the submarine comes to the surface that there are many disadvantages, both to fulfill the duty of visit and search nor if we adopt the joint resolution which political and economic, in a system of mally imposed by international law. The proposes the repeal of the three most governmental trading or trading control, law, however, does not require a belllgerent vital sections of the Neutrality Act we it is the situation we must be prepared submarine to commit the suicidal act of ris shall have removed the last barrier which to face. Obviously, it is not a one-edged ing to the surface near a vessel which carries stands between the people of this country sword. a gun capable of destroying the submarine and actual involvement in war. and which is under orders· to shoot the sub Governments choosing to exercise such marine at sight. Our attention is drawn to THE ISSUE OF WAR OR PEACE collective economic power simply invite the London Naval Treaty of 1930 with its Therefore, I think that when Senators competitors to use similar methods. If rules on submarines, which Germany ac vote upon this issue they will be voting that is to be the kind of world trade with cepted. The London treaty, however, like upon the issue of peace or war. I am which we shall be confronted in the fu the prior Washington draft treaty, dodged convinced that if we repeal these essen ture-and I fear, Mr. President, that it the problem of the armed merchantman. For tial sections of the Neutrality Act, if we will be, war or no war-there is no rea the reasons stated above, I think it clear that an offensively armed merchantman is send our merchantmen armed and in son on earth why the United States can not entitled to claim the treatment due to convoys through belligerent waters and not beat any combination at this game, a merchant vessel under the London treaty. have them discharge actual contraband because, collectively, in economic re I am quite aware that Jt is charged that of war in belligerent ports, our ships will sources we are the most powerful nation German submarines pay no attention to in be sunk and lives will be lost. In my on earth. Furthermore, the United ternational law anyhow. Somewhat Ulogi opinion, this w111 be the :final softening States and the Western Hemisphere can cally, we have been told also that because of be as self-sufficient and as powerful as the Nazis' general disregard of international up process in an effort to bring a reluc law, the Nazis are not entitled to invoke tant people to a willingness to accept any foreseeable combination of nations international law as a Justification for even actual hostilities. in the Old World. such of their acts as may be legal. As a mat But further than that, Mr. President, In-thinking about the old concepts of ter ot fact, we know that merchantmen fiy- I am convinced that this war cannot be international trade we are prone to fall 8322 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 29 to realize that the march of science and we loaned our allies in the last war about undertake, in the near· future, the most invention has tended, and will continue .$10,000,000,000, with which, it is true, they staggering military adventure in all his to tend, in the direction of breaking down bought American goods. But they did tory across from three to six thousand and making less important those old not repay the dollars. In the 1920's we miles of ocean, desert, jungles, and moun concepts of free . international trade. loaned to countries abroad another $10,- tains. The shipping tonnage necessary l'he scientists' ability -to change atomic 000,000,000, or approximately that sum, to transport and supply an. overseas mil structure and to develop substitute raw and in return we got nicely engraved itary expedition in modern warfare is materials is a large contributing factor. stocks and bonds as certifi0ates of the almost incomprehensible. Self-sufficiency grows with the invention investment. Those securities are now To supply an army of 1,000,000 men of every substitute or synthetic product. nearly all worthless. That investing was in this hemisphere would require at least We are :finding that often the substitutes responsible for much of the foreign trade 13,000,000 tons of shipping, according to or synthetic products are better than the which we enjoyed in the 1920's. an objective estimate of the military and originals. This revolution in technology Then in the 1930's we spent about naval expert of the New York Times, is having, and will continue to have, an another $10,000,000,000 in the purchase Mr. Hanson W. Baldwin, which, so far as important effect not only on the eco of gold at a premium. By that exchange I know, never has been publicly disputed nomics of foreign trade but also on inter we sold goods abroad. That was the pri by other military authorities. The trans national politics. The drive toward im mary basis of our trade abroad in the portation of a small force of 50,000 men perialism, war, and world conquest falls thirties. Now, we are giving up to would require 375,000 tons, perhaps 40 fiat when the scientist can produce in $13,000,000,000 in lend-lease materials ships. Double that tonnage, perhaps his back yard the materials over which purchased with money out of the Treas quadruple that tonnage, would be neces past wars have been fought. ury of the United States. Of course, this sary monthly to supply such a force, ac It is foolish, therefore, to think in is appearing in our foreign-trade statis cording to the same authority. In other terms of international police to divide tics. words, half the original German mer the world's raw materials. Any nation chant marine would be necessary to sup such as America can, if need be, develop Thus, Mr. President, we have spent ply merely 50,000 men. commercially what scientists have ex about $43,000,000,000 since 1913 to stimu We are asked by these apostles of the plored, and, although such products late our foreign exports. The attempt to war party to believe that this military might cost more, the additional cost tell the American people that one of the adventure will occur in the face of sul would be in nowise commensurate with reasons why we must participate in the len opposition and smoldering revolt the alternative cost of carrying on European war is to protect our markets among 500,000,000 or more plotting Ger war in order to maintain world markets abroad is simply too ridiculous to war- man-dominated Britons, Frenchmen, or sources of ·supply of raw materials- rant further discussion. . Austrians, Poles, Norwegians, Czechs, or of policing the world in order to con I should not want to be put in the Danes, Hungarians, Hollanders, Greeks, trol markets or sources of supply once position of saying that I am opposed to Yugoslavs, and the people of Soviet peace has been achieved. No matter helping people who are in · distress; it Russia. what may be the outcome of the present may be very necessary for us, when the A further argument of fear is that the war, assuming that this country does not war is over, to go to the aid of prostrate Germans may win the war and seize the become involved, the economic future of peoples, to feed them, and to rehabilitate British Fleet. The Secretary of State is this Nation is not at stake. them; but let us not fool ourselves into responsible for the statement that he We face, in my opinion, a difficult thinking that the result would be world has received an assurance from Prime foreign trade outlook and, undoubtedly, trade in the 1913 concept. Let us rec Minister Churchill that under no cir:.. an economically united Europe no mat ognize it for what it is-a giant Work cumstances will the British Fleet be sur ter how the war may result. But I am Projects Administration project to in rendered. It is preposterous, it is an in firmly convinced that America will be crease our trade. sult to the traditions of the British Navy, able to compete successfully with a united If the farmers of this country, 1f the to contend that it would surrender. It Europe. This opinion is shared by many manufacturers of this country, need seems to me that upon this particular of our most prominent businessmen, and money with which to :finance their ex proposition the interventionists are especially by those who have had any ports, it would be much better to be placed in a position in which they must experience in South American competi frank about it, and provide the funds either accept Mr. Churchill's word and tion with the Axis Powers. But, even if directly rather than through the medium solemn pledge that the British Fleet we were not able to compete, only 5 per of loans and gifts abroad. never will be surrendered, or they must cent of our economy would be directly HYSTERIA OF INVASION have grave doubts when they view our affected adversely-less than 5 percent Now, Mr. President, I wish to speak entrance into a partnership in a war of our national output normally goes into briefiy about another aspect of the situa which may last for 5 or 10 years. foreign trade-and there would be com tion, namely, the attempt to scare the Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will pensating production and employment in people of America into thinking that they the Senator yield? the domestic substitutes for presently must go into the war in the Old World Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I yield. imported articles. · in order to save themselves from inva Mr. WHEELER. The Senator spoke The major problems which we will sion at home. Of all the varied and often about the amount of money that was face will be of our own making as the re contradictory arguments used to high loaned by us to our Allies in the World sult of lend-lease activities. One of the pressure the American people into reluc War. I desire to call attention to a serious challenges arising out of the lend tant acceptance of the philosophy of in statement showing the amount of money lease policy in the future will be the reper tervention and war, the one with the that our nationals loaned to Germany cussions as the result of the distorted greatest sales appeal has been the hys after the war. It is a statement that markets and abnormal channels of trade terical cry of imminent invasion. was made by Lord Beaverbrook in Can produced by our lend-lease activities. Spokesman after spokesman has pounded ada, and was published in the Toronto A serious economic problem will arise at America's faith in herself and has Globe on August 17, 1931. out of the total inability of the prostrate made us contemptible in the eyes of the Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I shall be glad peoples of Europe to buy our goods, ex world with our moaning of weakness and to have the Senator do so. cept when financed by our money, In imminent collapse. Hitler had to or Mr. WHEELER. He points out that short, Mr. President, any contention that ganize "fifth columns" to soften and sap the United States loaned to Germany we have any stake in world trade worth the moral fiber of Belgium, Norway, Hol £165,000,000 of short-term money and the economic, social, and political conse land, and France before contemplating £600,000,000 of long-term money. He quences of our involvement in the war actual conquest of those nations. In this says: now raging in the Old World is a fan country the faith of America in America No man would conceive that such huge fig tastic pipe dream. ures could be reached. They were a revela is being battered to bits by Americans. tion to the world. It is fortunate for Great GOVERNMENT FINANCING OF AMERICAN FOREIGN The apostle of fear would have us believe Britain that New York is more heavily in TRADE that, after several years of stupendous volved. France, on the other hand, has prac;,. Since 1913 we have had very little world war effort, Nazi Germany, with a popula tically no money out in Germany. About trade in the old sense. In the :first place. tion of 80,000,000, will be in a position to £5,000,000 will cover all her short-term credita. 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8323 Then he says Great Britain has made discover that fact until after the war was still a battle going on for the pres loans to Germany of £100,000,000 in was over. ervation of the British Empire. And I short-term obligations and £50,000,000 in Mr. LA FOLLETTE. I thank the say that if their commitments in that long-term obligations. He goes on to Senator. . respect are not good, then I certainly point out that the situation is so serious Mr. President, coming back for a min would dread the day when I saw the war that there may be a collapse in England, ute before I conclude on this question of party take my country into war with and says it would probably mean that it the effort to create a hysteria in this Britain as a partner, a war which may would be necessary to set up a national country and a fear of invasion, I have last from 5 to 10 years, or even longer. government in Great Britain. What does asserted as my own opinion that the Mr. CHANDLER. The Senator knows he mean by "a national government" in British never will surrender their fleet, what happened to the French Fleet. Great Britain? Of course, he means and have stated that Churchill has made Every assurance was given that .they some form of temporary dictatorship. that solemn pledge, and that if his word would never surrender, and that the Brit He says-this is a dispatch from Halifax is not good on that subject it certainly ish would get the fleet. But when they under date of August 16, 1931: is not good on others, and I would not demanded it and tried to get it, they·had Startling figures, totaling hundreds of mil like to regard him as a partner, if I were to go to Oran and sink part of it, and a lions of dollars, and representing short-term a member of the war party, in a war part of it got away. I do not know what credits extended to Germany by Great Britain which may risk the very fate of the a government does when it no longer and the United States, form the crux of to United States over a period of 8 or 9 exists. I cannot see how a government day's world financial crisis, declared Lord years. can keep commitments when it does not Beaverbrook, Canadian-born British news Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. President, will paper peer, in an interview with the Haltfax exist. my friend yield at that point? Mr. LA FOLLETTE. The Senator Herald. • • • Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Yes; I will. That efforts in Great Britain to deal with must assume that Great Britain has been this situation would likely result ln the for Mr. CHANDLER. I -am one of those invaded and completely conquered, and mation of a national government was the pre who have the fear that perhaps, if Eng if the British Fleet is going to run away diction to be read into Lord Beaverbrook's land were forced to capitulate, or fer from the battle of Britain in order to re comment on methods which probably would any reason were overrun by the Ger main intact, then I do not think we can do be pursued in the old country. mans, there would be no government in very much to help Britain with the Lend England, and there would be nobody I call that statement to the attention Lease Act, or even if we get into war to there to keep their commitments. save her. · of the Senator because it is in line with Mr. LA FOLLETTE. That may be what he has been-stating in regard to Mr. President, the representatives of true; but if such a situation should be the war party say that even if the British how cur world trade grew as a result of created that Great Britain had no gov the money we poured into Germany and Fleet is not surrendered the shipbuilding ernment at all, the Senator from Ken capacity which the Nazis will then have, other countries. tucky does not think the British Fleet Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Mr. President, I manned by slave labor in Europe, will would have stayed away from the battle result in their being able to build a fleet do not think there can be any argument which produced that situation and still about that. The economic result of our so big that it could come here and smash be intact, does he? the United 'States. On that score, and $10,000,000,000 of war loans, which were Mr. CHANDLER. I should like to have never repaid, was, of course, a tremen in answer to that contention, I wish to my friend remember what happened to quote from the article which Mr. Hanson dous amount of trade during the war. the French Fleet. I happen to have some Then the $10,000,000,000 which we loaned W. Baldwin wrote for the Reader's Digest information about that. The French in August 1S41: abroad during the twenties, which were vowed that they never would surrender never repaid for the most part, was also the F1·ench Fleet; but what actually hap We need not fear being outbuilt in a naval a very important factor in our trade at race, even should Hitler be able to turn all pened was this: The Germans got the Europe and England to the task. One au that time. I think no one will question names of the skippers, the commanders, thority has estimated the shipbuilding ca that the $10,000,000,000 of foreign gold the officers, and the men, and radioed pacity of Germany, her conquered lands, and which we have purchased resulted in the them and said to them in simple lan her allies, at 3,200,000 tons, and of Britain establishment of dollar exchange in the guage: "We have your families, your at 2,500,000 tons-a total of 5,700,000 tons a United states whereby those countries year. Assume that Hitler could get the full women and children. Bring that ship benefit of this, an assumption which disre were able to buy the products of this back to port! If you do not bring it back Nation for export. Now we have appro gards damage already done to shipyards by to port, you can just guess what will bombs and ignores the ineftlciency of sullen, priated about $13,000,000,000 for lend .happen to them." conquered labor. Still we could meet the lease purposes-with the end not yet in I do not know what the British would challenge, for we shall turn out 1,100,000 sight-which we are giving to Great Brit do with their fleet, but I am one of those tons of merchant ships alone this year, and ain and the other nations that are the who are a little bit fearful about what next year 3,000,000, and more than 5,000,000 beneficiaries of our generosity in this might happen to it in the event they lost tons in 1943. And simultaneously we are world situation, and, of course, that will the war and were forced to make some pushing forward a naval building program be exported in American goods. But to just about equal to the combined programs sort of surrender. If the Germans or .of all the rest of the world, including the contend that we live in the kind of a dered those aboard a British battleship British Empire. . world that existed before 1913, and that to bftng the ship to port, I do not know there is substantial amounts of so-called what they would do. The Government HARD, COLD FACTS OVERLOOKED BY WAR PARTY free trade in the world, to go out and would be gone. There would not be any Mr. President, very briefly I wish to wage a war for, in my opinion, :flies right body then to speak for the Government. enumerate a few other hard, cold facts in the face of all our experience. It is If the British Fleet should fall into the which the war party overlooks. one of the most preposterous of the rea hands of the Germans, will the Senator They overlook the development and sons which the war party has advanced address himself to what might happen if the importance from a military stand for getting into the war. we faced that sort of prospect? point of shore-based bombers. On this Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Mr. President, will Mr. LA FOLLETTE. The Senator's point I wish to quote from an article the Senator yield for a short observa assumption is a wild one. There is all which Col. Thomas R. Phillips, of our tion? the British Empire remaining, no matter Army General Staff, wrote and which Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Yes; I yield. what happens to England. Under all the was published in the Army Ordnance Mr. SHIPSTEAD. I believe it was re circumstances, it is preposterous to as magazine. He said that- corded in the press, and never denied, sume that the British Fleet is going to the bombing plane has made the American that Woodrow Wilson, on his return from be surrendered. But even if it were sur coast impregnable to invasion. France after his last trip there, made a rendered, upon the basis of such testi It makes it possible for this country to in sure not only its own continental territory speech in St. Louis in which he pointed mony and information as I have been from invasion but by the provision of a suit to the fact that the tragedy of World able to gather, we need not fear the re able air base and airways system to insure the War No. 1 which had disillusioned him sult, so far as actual invasion is con 1mpregnab1Uty of North and South America. was that he admitted that it was in fact a cerned. But I refuse to believe that the Even if the United States had no harbor commercial war. He evidently did not British Navy would surrender while there defenses, it would be impregnable to invasion. 8324 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 29 And this still would be true if our Navy tection of larger nations. Witness what I do not want to see the war party bring were inferior to an invading power. Land has happened in this war. Great Britain some form of fascism to power in Amer based air power has made the United States had an expeditionary force on the Conti ica by taking this Nation into an over impregnable to a sea-borne invasion. nent of Europe. Was she able to protect seas war. Colonel Phillips in his article quoted the territorial integrity of the nations What is the real menace of nazi-ism, Prime Minister Churchill on the failure whose sovereignty and integrity the war communism, and fascism? Once · you of Norway. Churchill said it came party now believes we must go to Europe strip off the hideous aspects, the brutal about- to restore? ity, the ruthless repression of civil liber by intense, continuous bombings of the bases, Another hard fact which I think the ties, the persecution of minorities-what which prevented the landing of any large war party overlooks is the size of the is the real challenge behind these ene reinforcements and even of artlllery for the Axis armies, 500 war-hardened, veteran mies of democracy? The real challenge, infantry already landed. divisions. Against them can -Be mus Mr. President, is whether the democratic Further in the article Colonel Phillips tered probably 50 British divisions, some form of government can solve the prob said: of which have seen actual war service, lems presented by a modern industrial some of which have not, and our 50 divi society; whether we can put our idle Leaving aside naval interference, imagine sions, most of them composed of raw re manpower, productive capacity, and cap a convoy of 40 or 50 troop ships crossing the cruits, who have not been able to get the 3,000 miles of Atlantic Ocean toward the ital to work; whether we can afford an United States. The departure of such an necessary material with which to train opportunity to youth; whether we can invading force could not be kept secret. for modern war, because we have been give the aged in our society in their de- Our defending bombers would start at diverting a major portion of it abroad . clining years security; whether, in short, tacking it a thousand miles from the coast. under the lend-lease program. we can make our economic system func The attacks would grow in intensity as the Mr. President, I yield to no one, in the tion. These are the real challenge be convoy approached. The invasion might not Senate or outside it, in my supreme con hind all the hideous aspects of nazi-ism. be stopped before it reached the coast, but fidence in the potential capacity of this And I think, Mr. President, one of the it would be badly damaged. Nation and its people, but I say, despite Imagine, then, this convoy attempting to tragedies of the policies of the war party come into a harbor and remaining practically that supreme confidence, it is neverthe is that they have turned their backs upon stationary for days in narrow waters with less a physical fact that we call spread the vital problems at stake in the world the entire bombing force avallable to the our strength out so thin over this globe today and seek to solve them by a mad United States working on it. that we will weaken ourselves. military adventure 3,000 miles away from The picture is incredible. The invasion Can we supply materials of war for our shores. would be doomed. No military leader would ourselves, for Great Br!tain, for Russia, The Old World is in a state of revolu ever think of making. such an attempt. and for China? Russia had 9,000,000 tion. This is no time for emotionalism Mr. President, let us reverse the situa men under arms on the continent of to dictate high national policy. Hang tion, and think of this Nation attempt Europe, with no problem of overseas ing Hitler will not solve the problems ing, in conjunction with the British, the transport or the establishment of bridge that created him. War, in other words, Russians, or any other people who may heads. When Lord Beaverbrook re modern, total war, has become such a be available at the time we are ready, turned from his last visit to Moscow he destructive force that it is not the in to establish bridgeheads in Europe under reported the Russians in the position, so strumentality with which any nation or the conditions which Colonel Phillips has far as material was concerned, that the group of nations can solve grave do described. Yet, if the pending measure British were in when they evacuated mestic and international economic prob shall be enacted, if we shall gut the Neu from Dunkirk. We have not been able to lems. That experience should have been trality Act, just as certainly as night supply the British with enough tanks. learned from World War No. 1. That follows day, the war party will ultimately Are we in a position to furnish Russia war only served to intensify, to magnify, face the necessity of a military invasion enough material, when we have not been and to make more ditncult of solution in Europe. able to supply Great Britain with sufil the economic problems which existed be I pause long enough to say that one of cient tanks, and when everyone knows fore it happened. This war will prove the most incomprehensible examples of we do not have sutncient tanks for our to be even more devastating in its eco war party mental gyrations is their selves? nomic consequences. hysterical fear that Hitler can take POSSmiLITY OF A SEPARATE PEACE The statesmen in Europe found no so America whenever he gets good and Another hard fact which I think the lution in the 21 years after World War ready, but in the next breath they say war party overlooks is the possibility of No. 1 for the economic problems which we can go 3,000 miles across the ocean, separate peace upon the part of these that war created. We found no solu establish bridgeheads on the Continent nations we are asked to join in war. tion for our problems here at home. But of Europe, and lick the pants off the Today most nations are forced to deter now it is proposed to solve the problems Germans with one hand tied behind our mine policy on a basis of self-interest r of Europe, of Asia, of Africa, and of the back in the Pacific. and military necessity. Some Americans Western Hemisphere, by our joining tn Another point which I think the war may believe that Britain is fighting our a mad military and naval adventure party overlooks is the vulnerability of war. The people in Britain do not think which may take from 5 to 10 years or the British Isles. That is our only pres so. They are fighting heroically to de longer. ent bridgehead in Europe, and is sur fend their homeland and to preserve the What kind of a solution are you who rountled by air bases from Norway to the British Empire. When those objectives advocate this policy going to find for tip of France. have been attained, will they make peace the teeming millions of China, who TRANSFUSIONS FOR THE BRITISH EMPmB or will they not? I confess I do not through countless generations have Another thing which I think the war know. But I confess that it is a prob never been able to lift themselves up party overlooks is the economic decline lem which I think should have the great out of poverty? What kind of solution of the British Empire. It is no longer a est consideration from those who are are you going to find for the teeming paying economic unit, and if we engage in assuming responsibility to take this Na millions of India, who through the cen the partnership which is envisioned in tion into war. turies have been exploited and degraded the repeal of the Neutrality Act we not MENACE OF NAZI-ISM, COMMUNISM, FASCISM and humiliated? Have you some answer only will have to furnish the manpower Mr. President, I hate nazi-ism, com to that? to secure the military victory necessary to muniGm, and fascism as much as any I say to you that war is no answer achieve this objective but thereafter we man in this country. I detest them be to it, for war will create more teeming will have to give economic transfusions to cause I have seen them at work. I saw millions who are poverty stricken and the British Empire to keep it a going Italy and Russia under dictatorship in diseased and undernouriEhed. concern. 1923. In that year I saw the final prep What will you do with your four free Another hard fact which I think the aration by economic events for the ad doms in that kind of a world when war party overlooks is the increased diffi vent .of Hitler in Germany. I was in the Four Horsemen · of the Apocalypse culty of defending small nations. The Germany in 1937 and saw the Nazis are riding? development of aircraft has made it nec working their brutalitarian machine. I The plain fact of the matter is, Mr. essary for small nations to seek the pro- hate them so much, Mr. President, that President, that democracy cannot live in 1941 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8325 a starved economy. It must have a lush Snuff it out here, and perchance count · The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without economic environment in which· to nur less generations may pass before it is objection, the nominations in the Army ture the "four freedoms" and all the oth lighted again. are confirmed en bloc. ers. Get into this war and the economic Mr. President, I am opposed to the THE NAVY fat will be burned off from this Nation. joint resolution because I think that in The war party is sowing the seeds of in its ultimate consequences it threatens The legislative clerk proceeded to read tolerance, communism, and fascism right the destiny of democracy in America and sundry nominations in the Navy. here in the United States of America. the world. Mr. BARKLEY. I ask that the nomi When the devastating war is over you Mr. THOMAS of Utah. Mr. Presi nations ip the Navy be confirmed en will reap the crop. You are sowing the dent-- bloc. wind-may God help America when it The PRESIDING OFFICER. The The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without comes time to reap the whirlwind. Senator from Utah. objection, the nominations in the Navy Mr. President, I am not a pacifist. I Mr. THOMAS of Utah. Before I pro are confirmed en bloc. would vote the last man and the last ceed, may I ask what is the intention Mr. BARKLEY. I ask that the Presi dollar if I thought that the vital interests of our leader with respect to taking a dent be immediately notified of all the of this Nation were at stake; and if I recess? nominations confirmed today. belonged to the war party I would be ·Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I could The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without advocating all-out war. But because I hardly ask the Senator to proceed at this objection, it is so ordered. know from experience that war is the late hour. With the understanding that That completes the calendar. No.1 enemy of democracy I contend that he may take the floor the first thing RECESS it should be resorted to by a democratic tomorrow, I am willing, after a brief nation only when its vital interests are at executive session, to have the Senate take Mr. BARKLEY. As in legislative ses stake. a recess. sion, I move that the Senate take a recess I fear that not only will we be unable Mr. THOMAS of Utah. Very well. until 12 o'clock noon tomorrow. to achieve the objectives about which we The motion was agreed to; and the Senate fear that we ma;y lose them here at home. Mr. BARKLEY. I move that the Sen took a recess until tomorrow, Thursday, In my opinion, one reason why we may ate proceed to the consideration of exec October 30, 1941, at 12 o'clock meridian. lose them here at home is the disillusion utive business. ment that will come over the people of The motion was agreed to; and the NOMINATIONS this country when they find that the Senate proceeded to the consideration of steps which they have been told were executive business. Executive nominations received by the short of war will lead them into war. Senate October 29 (legislative day of When they find that men in public life EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED October 27), 1941: who pledged to the people in no uncertain The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Mc FARLAND in the chair) laid before the SOLICITOR GENERAL terms that they would not take this Charles Fahy, of New Mexico, to be Solicitor country into war or contribute to taking Senate messages from the President of General, vice Francis· Biddle, who has been it into war, get them into war, there will the United States submitting sundry appointed Attorney General. be a disillusionment of the first magni nominations, which were referred to the tude. appropriate committees. APPOINTMENTS IN THE REGULAR ARMY Second Lt. Richard Gates Davis, Ordnance IMPERIALISM MAY REPLACE "FOUR FREEDOMS" . ' ABKANSAs ' · FLORIDA Scott H. Wheeler to . be_ post~aster at Char.i.es E. Lin"dsey ,. to be postmaster · at John H. Bci'Wm.an to be postmaster at' Coro Niantic, Ill. Ofl)c~ became Presi~ential J:\}ly Forester, Ark. Office becam-e Presidential nado Beach, Fla., in place of J. H. Bo-wman. 1, 1941. ,. . r..: • -~ti' July 1, 1941. Incumbent's commission expired February 18, . Estella Rhodes to be~. postmaste~ ..at ,O.ak 'Hazel P. Screeton ·to be postmaster at 1941. wood, Ill. Office l;>ecame Presidential J~ly 1, Hazen, Ark., · iii place of E. t... Waggoner, W11liam J. Christie to be postm~ter at 1941. . transferred. - - Dunedin, Fla., in place of B. R. Fulmer, re Emmert M. Reeser to be postmaster at signed.' Orangeville, Ill., in place of E: M. Reeser.. In Charles B. Casey to be postmaster at Jasper, cumbent's commission expired. July 26, 1941. Ark., in place of W. J. Pruitt. Incumbent's Mildred Byers to be postmaster at Orange Park; Fla.; in place of Lyman Byer.s, deceased. Henry .B. Reiss to be postmaster at St. commission expired June 3, 1940. Peter, Ill. Office .became Presidential July .1, Clifton H. King to be postmaster at Mabel GEORGIA 1941. . -·, - vale, Ark. Ofilce became Presidential July 1, Qertrude W. Stroupe . to be postmaster at Thomas E. Morrow to be postmast'er at 1941. . Aragon, Ga. Office became Presidential July Seneca, Ill., in place of T. E. Morrow. In Rudolph M. Biddy to be postmaster at 1, 1941. cumbent's commission expired August 5, Parkin, Ark., in place of L. M. Logan. In Jerry W. Duggan to be postmaster at Dud 1941. cumbent's commission expired June 18, 1941. ley, Ga. Office became Presidential July 1, Irene C. Cinnamon to be postmaster at Joe L. McClellan to be postmaster at Pine 1941. . ' Steger, ill., in place of I. C. Cinnamon. In Bluff, Ark., in place of J. L. McClellan. In William B. James to be postmaster at Elli cumbent's commission expired July 30, 1941. cumbent's commission expired June 18, ·1941. jay, Ga., in place of P. L. Watson, resigned. ·Kate M. Weis to be postmaster a:t Teu · Stephan i.f. Helin to be postmaster at _11;ank S. ~glish to be postmaster at Gor topolis, Ill., in place of K. M. Weis. Incum Scranton, Ark., in place of S. M. Helm. dc;lli, · ~a., in pi~ce of F. s. Epgllsh. Incum bent's commission expired July 28, 1941. Incumbent's commission expired August 2'3, bent's commission expired July 28, 1941. Vernon c. McGinnis to be postmaster ·at 1941. . . . Minnie M. Chambliss to be. postmaster at Warren, Ill.,' in place 'of G. K. Goldhagen-. In '·suciie E. Crain to be pcisttnaster at wnson, Hadaock, Ga. Office became Presidential cumbent's commission expired February 6, 1941. .; ... ' ' Ark, in place of I . C. Cra,.in1 resigned. Juiy 1, 1941. • .· Nell Braii$0n .to bf;l p_ostma~ter aji K.ings Charles· E. Reilly · to - be postmaster at CALIFORN~ ·o: ton, Ga. Office became Presidential July 1, W:innebago, Ill., in place of C. ~· .Reilly.· In Genevieve P. Dutra to be postmaster at 194l. . . cumbent's commission expired May 7, 1941. Alvarado, Calif., in place of G. P. Dutra. In Elliott Redding to be postmaste;r at . La~e · Lawton c. Spangler to 'be post'rmister at cumbent's commission expired June 23, 1941. Park, Ga. Oftice became Presidential July 1, Woodlawn, Ill., in place of L. C. Spangler. · Howard ·E. Frakes to be postmaster at 1941. - . Incumbent's commission expired July 28, Arcata, Calif., in place ef S. J. Titlow. IJ?. 1941. . Eli B. C9t~on to be .P
James H. Broyles to be postmaster at Kent cumbent's commission expired June 1, 1940. NORTH DAKOTA wood, La., i:r;l place of J. H. Broyles. Incum Michael Mayberry ·to be postmaster at Ruth c~ Borman to be ppstmaster at Alamo, bent's commission expired July 30, 1941. Sulli:van, Mo., in place of M. B. Lane, de N. Dak. Office became Presidential July 1, William S. Chandler to be postmaster at ceased. 1940. Norco, La., in place of Dennis·Gomez, Jr. -In MONTANA · Raymond L. Driessen to be postmaster at · cumbent's commission expired March 16, 1941. Grover C. Dowen to be postmaster at Chi Balfour, N. Dak., in place of R. E. Ulrich, James L. Derouen to be postmaster at nook, ·Mont., in· pl!ice· of· G. C. Dowen; In transferred. Welsh, La., in place of J. L. Derouen. In cumbent's· commission expired July 28, 1941. OHIO cumbent's commission expired July 30, 1941. Lee Jellison to· be postmaster at Hobson, Pollard Hugh Mercer to be post1.1aster at Oliver Perry McDaniel to be postmaster at Mont., in place of Lee Jellison. Incumbent's Carey, Ohio, in place of 0. P. McDaniel. In- · Winnfield, La., in place of P. H. Mercer. In commission expired July 30, 1941. . cumbent's commission expired July 2!3, 1941. cumbent's commission expired February 3, . Estelle K. Riley to be postmaster at Re 1941. MASSACHUSETTS serve, Mont. Office became Presidential July Clarence Hicks to be postmaster at Chesa Peter J. Smith to be postmaster at .Little 1, 1941. peake, Ohio, in place of Clarence Hicks. In ton, Mass., in place of M. E. Healy, removed. NEW JERSEY cumbent's commission expired July 29, 1941. - John W.hitman to be postmaster at Conti MICHIGAN Het:bert H. King to be postmaster at Flanders, N. J. Office became Presidential nental, Ohio, in place of John Whitman. Ralph H. Premo to be postmaster at Amasa, July 1, 1941. Incumbent's commission expired February . Mich., in place of R. H. Premo. Incumbent's 3, 1941. . ' commission expired July 30, 1941. NEW YORK Vern C .. Wallace to be. postmaster _at East Waldo Whitehead to ,be postmaster at At Mary T. Goehren to be }::>stmaster at Ards ¢anton, Ohio, in place of V. C. Wallace. In lanta, Mich., in place of Waldo Whitehead. ley', N.Y., in place of M. T. Goehren. Incum cumbent's commission expired July 28, 1941. · Incumb~nes commission expired July 30, bent's cO:m'mission expired· May 4, 1941. · · ~lice L . .Wyllner to be postmaster. at La-· 1941. ' John Rewey Ford to be postmaster at Berk grange, Ohio. Otnce became Presidential July r Orva W. Murphy to be postmaster at Au-. shire; N. Y., iii place of J. R. Ford. Incum 1, 1941. , burn, Mich., in place of J. A. Maxwell, trans bent's commission expired July 28, 1941. · Clayton · G. Roshon to be postmaster at ferred. Marjorie E. Dickinson to be postmaster at Reynoldsburg, Ohio, in place of C. G. Roshon. Joseph.Schneller to. be postmaster at Calu Bridgehampton, N. Y.,in place of M. E. Dick Incumbent"s commission expired February met, Mich., in place of Michael Leary, de-. inson. Incumbent's commission · exp1red ~8. 1941. . ceasjld. · June 2, 1941. · OKLAHOMA Audrey J. Fipey to be postmaster at Mich . · Geprge G .. 'I:aylor to _be postmaster at Ca-, igan Center: Mich., iri place of A. J. Filley.' naan, N.Y., in place of· G. G.-Taylor. Incum - John_C ..Atfholder to be postmastei:.at BlacJt-· rncumbent's commission expired July 28,' bent's commission expired June 2, 1941. well, Okla., .in pla()e of J. C. Atfholder. In 1941. - . ·James O'Doherty ·to· be postmaster at Cen cumbent's C9mm,ission expired _Juiy 28, l941.. William. J. Faircloth to be postmaster at _ Emma W. Cle.q1 to be postmaster at Colbert, tral Islip, N. Y., in place of James O'Doherty. Okla. Office became Presidential 'July·1, 1941. Onaway, Mich., in place of _W. J. F.aircloth. ~ncumbent's commission expired February 4, lncumbent's co!}lmission expired June 3',1940. 1941. . . · Ray' v·. Swiercinsky to be postmaster at' Vez:a P. Ramsey to be po.Stmaster at Pin:. Elgin, Okla., in place. of ·R. W. Swiercinsky.· · C. Leon Rye! to be postmaster at Copen Incumbent's commission . expired Jl(ly · 30, conning, Mich., in· place ·or v. P. Ramsey~ hagen, N. Y., in place of c. L. Ryel. Incum 1941. . Incumbent's commission ~ expired June 29, bent's commission expired February 9, 1941. 1941. : George ·A. Spies .to pe postmaster. at Hydro, Emily C. · Squires to be postmaster at Okla., in place of c. H. Hatfield; retired. · .--Homer Edwin Wassam to. be postmaster. at Hampt0n Bays, N. Y.,in piace of E. c. Squires; Temperance,. Mich., in place of H ..: ~ . .. Was Incumbent's commission expired June 15·, ' Arlie A:. Collins to be postmaster at Konrnva, sam. Incumbent's commission .e?Cp~re<;l. . F~b 1941. . 0kla., in place of A. A. Collins:" Incumbent's _commisslou expired July 3q, 1941. ruary 9, 1941. ' Joseph E. Downs to be postmaster at Islip, MINNESOTA N. Y.-, in place 'of J. E. Downs. Incumbent's OREGOl'{ . Alta. R. Dickson to be postmaster at Sig commission expired June 2, 1941: Dewey D. Horn to be postmaster at Bo Falls, Minn., in place ·or A. R . Dickson. ln . Timothy . E. Driscoll to be postmaster at nanza, Oreg., in place of D, D. Horn. Incum ·cumbent's commission expired· July 28, 1941. Kauneonga Lake, -N. Y., in place of T. E. bent'~ commission expired July 30, -1941. Jasper W. Thoma to be postmaster at Isle, Driscoll. Incumbent's commission expired ·Minn., in place of H. 0 . Haggberg. Incum June 2, 1941. - PENNSYLVANIA . bent's commission expired April 22, 1941. George W. Millicker to be postmaster at Richard Armstrong to be postmaster at Ira T. Strom to be postmaster at Lake Mahopac Falls, N. Y., in place of G. W. Mil· Allenwood, Pa., · in ·place of Richard Arm Lillian, Minn., in place of 1. T. Strom. In Iicker. Incumbent's commission expired strong. Incumbent's commission . expired .cumbellt's commission expired May 28, 1941. June 2, 1941. · July 28, 1941. George Neumann to be postmaster at Osseo, Sarah E. Austin to be postmaster at Patter Origen K. Bingham to be postmaster at Minn., in place of George Neumann. Incum son, N: Y., in place of S. E. Austin. Incum Bridgeville, Pa., in place of 0. K. Bingham~ bent's commission expired April 22, 1941. _bent's commission expired Mare,h 24, 1941 . Incumbent's commission expired June 2, 1941. Arthur E. Osberg to be postmaster at Up Rosemary Hearn to be pQStmaster at Port _ Fanny M. Daniel to be postmaster at Co~ sala, Minn., in place of · J. M. Nilson, re Byron, N. Y., in place of Rosemary Hearn. Ionia! Park, Pa. Office became Presidential ·moved. Incumbe'lt's commission expired July 28, July 1, 1941. Teresa C. Kline to be postmaster at Vesta, 1941. . Lillian M. Tierney to be postmaster · at . Minn. Office became Presidential July 1, · Edward D. Bradley to be postmaster · at Hallstead, Pa., in place of L. M. Tierney. 1941. 'Pottersvipe, N. Y., in place of E. D. Bradley. _Incumbent's commission expired July 28, MISSISSIPPI Incumbent's commission expired July 28, 1941. Golda H. Oaks to be postmaster at Burns 1941. Christina R. Hankin to be postmaster at ville, Miss. Office became Presidential July Thomas W. Smith to be postmaster at West North Wales, Pa., in place of C. R. Hankin. ' t, 1941. ' . Winfield, N.Y., in place ofT. W. Smith. In Incumbent's commission expired June 2, Mattie B. ·Catching to be postmaster at cumbent's commission expired July 28, 1941. ' 1941. Georgetown, Miss., in place of M. B. Catch Frances H. Courtney to be postmaster at J. Alvin Byers to be postmaster at Perry ing. Incumbent's commission expired July Wilmington, N. Y. Office became Presiden- opolis, Pa., in place of J. A. Byers. Incum 27, 1941. tial July 1, 1941 _. · bent's commission expired ·February 18, 1941. Emma V. Zerbe to be postmaster ·at Valley Nadine L. Hall to be postmaster_at Hick NORTH CAROLINA ory Flat, Miss., in place of N. L. Hall. In View, Pa., in place of G. F. Zerbe, deceased. cumbent's commission expired April 21, W. Reid Howe to be postmaster at Cramer Thomas M. Hayden, Jr., to be postmaster 1941. _ton, N.C., in place of W. R. Howe. Incum· at West Sunbury, Pa. Office became Presi Velma L. carr to be postmaster at sum bent's commission expired July 28, 1941. dential July 1, 1941. ner, Miss., in place of L. B. Carr, deceased. Victor N. Fair to be postmaster at Lincoln RHODE ISLAND ton, N.C., in place of J. F. Seagle, deceased. MISSOURI Matthew A. Moran to be postmaster at Artus E. · Howell to be postmaster at Oak . Block Island, R. I., in place of Nicholas Ball, Charles 0. Pool to be postmaster at Bowl boro, N. C. Office became Presidential July deceased. ing Green, Mo., in_place of Carroll Wisdom, 1, 1941. Mary E. Feeley to be postmaster at Oakland resigned. Mae S. Ray to be postmaster at Whitakers, Beach, R.I., in place of M. E. Feeley. Incum Loiel Earl Barnett to be postmaster at N. C., in place of M. S. Ray. Incumbent's bent's commission expired March 16, 1941. Lancaster, Mo., in place of L. E. Barnett. commission expired July 28, 1941. Incumbent's commission ex_pired July 30. Mary P. Williams to be postmaster at SOUTH CAROLINA 1941. Whittier, N. C., in place of .M. P. Williams. Kittle A. Dunn to be postmaster at East• Thomas G. Douglass to be postmaster at · Incumbent's commission expired August 23, over, 8. C., in. place of K. A. Dunn. Incum• Senath, Mo., in place of H. S. Jones. In· 1941. . . . . bent's commission expired June ·2,· 1941. 8328 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN.t\.TE OCTOBER 30 Thomas B. Horton to be postmaster at APPOINTMENTS, BY TRANSFER, IN THE REGULAR 8.1718. An act to amend Public Law No. Heath Springs, S.C., in place ofT. B. Horton. ARMY 7l8, Seventy-fifth Congress, approved June I~cumbent's commission expired June 2, 1941. Second Lt. Earl Vincent Brown, to Quarter 25, 1938. Lucile P. Ginn to be postmaster at Varn master Corps. CALL OF THE ROLL vme, s. C., in place _of H. J. Peeples, retired. Second Lt. Edwin Porrest Harding, Jr., to Mr. AUSTIN. I suggest the absence TENNESSEE Infantry. of a quorum. William V. Cole to be postmaster at Baxter, First Lt. James Robert Wergin, to Air Corps. The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk Tenn., in place of P. T. Young, transferred. Inez Smith to be postmaster at Bluff City, PROMOTIONS IN THE REGULAR ARMY OF THE will call the roll. Tenn., in place of Inez Smith. Incumbent's .UNITED STATES The Chief Clerk called the roll, and commission expired April 20, 1941. The nominations of Frank Martyn Paul the following Senators answered to their Frances P. Hudson to be postmaster at et al., Which appear in the CoNGRESSIONAL names: Germantown, Tenn., in place of F. P. Hudson. RECORD for October 27, 1941, under the cap Adams Ellender Nye Incumbf'nt's commission expired August 21, tion "Nominations," beginning on page 8262. Aiken George O'Daniel 1941. Andrews Gerry O'Mahoney PROMOTIONS IN THE NAVY Austin Gillette Overton - Fred G. Ezell to be postmaster at Town Bailey Glass Peace send, Tenn., in place of F. G. Ezell. Incum The nominations of Walter H. Albach et al., Ball Green Pepper bent's commission expired July 27, 1941. Which appear in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Bankhead Guffey Radcliffe for October 23, 1941, under the caption TEXAS Barbour Gurney Rosier "Nominations," beginning on page 8208. Barkley Hatch Russell Alvis L. Gilliam to be postmaster at Bell Bilbo Hill Schwartz mead, Tex. omce became Presidential ·July' POSTMASTER Bridges Holman Shipstead 1, 1941. Samuel John Hughes, Cashmere, Wash. .Brooks Johnson, Calif. Smathers Arnold S. Clewis to be postmaster at Grape Brown Johnson, Colo. Stewart Bunker Kilgore Taft land, Tex., in place ofT. S. Kent, Jr., removed. Burton La Follette Thomas, Idaho Robert B. Jackson to be postmaster at Hico, Butler Langer Thomas, Okla. Tex., in place of J. L. Holford. Incumbent's Byrd Lee Thomas, Utah commission expired June 17, 1940. SENATE Capper Lucas Tobey Leo C. Neutzler to be postmaster at Nord Caraway McCarran Truman heim, Tex., in place of L. C. Neutzler. Incum THURSDAY, OCTOBER 30, 1941 Chandler McFarland Tunnell bent's commission expired March 13, 1941. Chavez McKellar Vandenberg Hamburg, Wis., in place ofT. J. Helmke. In Give to them the highest gift of STER], the Senator from Massachusetts cumbent's commission expired July 28, 1941. prophecy, that, as ambassadors of Thine, [Mr. LoDGE], the Senator from Kansas Grace R. Miller to be postmaster at Shioc [Mr. REED], and the Senator from Indi ton, Wis., in place of G. R. Miller. Incum they may speak Thy thoughts, to the bent's commission expired July 29, 1941. unifying of our people that we may serve ana [Mr. WILLIS]. Grover T. Pace to be postmaster at Stanley, Thee, the only God, through Jesus Christ The VICE PRESIDENT. Eighty-one Wis:, in place of G. T. Pace. Incumbent's whom Thou hast sent. Amen. Senators having answered to their commission expired February 9, 1941. names, a quorum is present. William R. Collins to be postmaster at THE JOURNAL EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. White Lake, Wis., in place of K. E. Moscrip, On request of Mr. THoMAS of Utah, and removed. by unanimous consent, the reading of the The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Journal of the proceedings of the calen Senate the following letters, which were CONFffiMATIONS dar day of Wednesday, October 29, 1941, referred as indicated: Executive nominations confirmed by was dispensed with, and the Journal was REPORTS OF NEGOTIATED CONTRACTS, NAVY the Senate October· 29 (legislative day of approved. DEPARTMENT October 27), 1941: A letter from the Acting Secretary of the MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS CoMMISSION. Navy, transmitting, pursuant to law, reports APPROVAL OF BILLS of negotiated contracts entered into by the Clifford J. Durr, to be a member of the Navy Department during the quarter ended Federal Communications Commission for a Messages in writing from the President September 30, 1941, under the authority of term of 7 years from July 1, 1941. of the United States were communicated section 2 (a) of Public Act No. 671, Seventy A.'?POINTMENTS TO TEMPORARY RANK IN THE to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his sixth Congress (with accompanying reports); AIR CoRPS, IN THE REGULAR ARMY secretaries, who also announced that· on to the Committee on Naval Affairs. TO BE LIEUTENANT COLONELS, AIR CORPS October 29, 1941, the President had ap REPORT OF CONTRACTS FOR BUILDINGS, FACILI James Wrathall Spry proved and signed the following acts: TIES, ETC., NAVY DEPARTMENT Robert Wilkins Douglass, Jr. S. 1708. An act for the relief ot Susannah A letter fro:r::1 the Acting Secretary of the Oscar Louis Beal Sanchez; and Navy, transmitting, pursuant to law, a re-