INDEX

Ablation of autonomic structures, 219-224, 242 inhibition of background information, 218-219 and hemodynamic responses, 225-226 and changes in pressure and flow, 221-223 and myocardial responses, 225-226 chemical. and Vo2max, 221-223 training and, 226-227 , work performance, and, 219-220 /3-Adrenoceptors, 224-225 myocardial responses, exercise performance characterization and,220-221 myocardial, in animals, training, Ablation studies, chemical and surgical 234-235 with trained animals, 223-224 and skeletal muscles, training, 235-236 Acclimation. See Cold; Heat acclimatization inhibition Accommodation, 60 cardiorespiratory responses and Acetyl CoA carboxylase isoform (ACC/3), exercise performance with, 378 239-241 , 237 and changes in Vo2 and exercise Acetylene rebreathing method, 106-107 performance, 231-232 Acid-base regulation, 170-171. See also endurance training and, 232-234 Metabolic acidosis; pH and hemodynamic responses, 227-228 Activation of , 197 with inhibition of muscarinic receptors, Activity level, and endurance, 279-280 239-241 Acyl-CoA, 306 and myocardial function, 228-229 diphosphate (ADP), 298, 299 and peripheral blood flow, 229-230 kinase (AMPK), 308, and respiratory responses, 230-231 310,374-376 inhibition of, 232-234 (ATP), 70, 298-299, Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 337-339 389-392 Adipose tissue, 313 Adrian, Edgar, 56-58 Adolph, Edward F., 435 Aerobic metabolism Adrenal gland, 387, 388 early era, 292-300 and autonomic nervous system, 190-192 effects of training on, 310 emergency function, 192 animal studies, 310-312 epinephrine, 192 human studies, 312-313 Adrenal hormones, 382-393. See also specific mechanisms of adaptation, 314-315 hormones modern era, 300-310 Adrenergic blocking agents, 225, 227-231 substrate utilization, 293-297, 299-310 Adrenoceptor inhibition exercise intensity and duration and, and myocardial responses, 225-226 308,309 a-Adrenoceptors, 224 Aerobic power, 273, 276. See also Oxygen (02) characterization, 226 uptake 497 498 INDEX

Ahlquist, Raymond, 224--225 Autonomic receptors, that alter cardio• Airway caliber, control of, 143-144 respiratory responses and performance Airway limitation to expiratory flow, 173-174. capacity, 224--236 See also Expiratory flow limitation sympathetic inhibition, 224--225 Alam, M., 204 Autonomic structures. See Ablation Albuminuria, 463-464 Avicenna, 9-11, 454 Allen, David, 69-70 Alpert, Norman R., 331-332 Alveolar-to-arterial gas exchange, 173 Bacq, Zenon, 194 Alveolar-to-arterial 0 2 exchange, 149-150, Baldwin, Kenneth, 301-303, 311, 313 152-153 Bang, Ole, 331 American Physiological Society (APS), vii, viii, Bangsbo, Jens, 336 28 Banting, Frederick, 362-363 Anaerobic metabolism, 350-352. See also Barach, J. H., 464 Glycogen; Oxygen (02) debt Barclay, J., 122-123,455 current knowledge, 326 Barcroft, Joseph, 98, 122 lactate shuttle and transport, 345-346 Barnard, H. L., 115 phosphagen buffer system, 337-340 Barnard, R. James, 302,305, 310,335 prelactic acid era, 322-326, 350 Baroflex, 105 tracers and lactate flux, 341-345 cardiopulmonary, 216-217 Anaerobic threshold, 329, 346-350 exercise training and the, 216 defined,348 Baroreceptor resetting, stimulus response curves Anaesthesia, 205-206 and,214--216 Ancient period of physiology, 2-8 Baroreceptors, 104, 105 Anrep, G. V., 117 importance during exercise and its onset, Aorta, 104, 217 211-213 Aortic pressure, 115 role during exercise, 214 Aortic sinuses, 212 Baroreflexes, 104--105, 214--216. See also Aristotle, 40 Reflexes, from baroreceptors Arterial baroreflex, 104--105, 214. See also Bartlett, Donald, 176 Baroreflexes Bayliss, William Maddock, 103 Arterial C02-H+, oscillations of, 156-157 Bazett, H. C., 426 Arterial hypoxemia, exercise-induced, 171-173, Beaumont, William, 476-477 178, 180 Beetham, William, 194 Arterial pressure, 215-216. See also Benedict, Francis G., 259-262, 340 Baroreceptors Bentham, Jeremy, 30 measurement of, 114 and treadmills, 30 Ashkar, Edmundo, 127, 221-222 Benzinger, Theodore H., 426, 428-430 Askew, Eldon, 307 Bergstrom, Jonas, 55, 70, 303, 304, 341 Asmussen, Erling A., 112, 141, 160-161, Bernard, Claude, 46, 103, 189, 218, 293, 323 165-166,271,425-427 Bernoulli, Daniel, 23-24, 100 Asthmatic patients, 167 Bernoulli, Johann, 15 Astrand, Irma, 275 Berthelot, Marcellin, 323 Astrand, Per-01£, 176, 275, 277, 300 Berzelius, Jons Jacob, 71-72, 293, 323 "Athletic pseudonephritis" concept, rise of, Best, Charles, 362, 363 464-465 Bevegard, Sture, 211, 436 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 459 Biceps, 79-80 Atwater, Wilbur 0., 259, 261 Bichat, Marie Francois Xavier, 189 Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 188-190 Bicycle, 264 activation, 198-203 Bigland-Ritchie, Brenda, 58, 60-61, 64 central command and, 198 Biopsy needle, 55 early studies, 197 Bishop, John M., 125, 216-218 vagal withdrawal with onset of exercise, Bjorntorp, Per, 381 198-199 Black, A. M. 5., 156 historical overview, 188-190 Black, James, 227 after Cannon, 192-197 Blackmon, John, 126 Cannon influence, 190-192 Blagden, Charles, 423-424 Index 499

Blood flow. See also Regional blood flow; and sympathetic nervous system activation, Renal plasma/blood flow; Splanchnic 203 blood flow Canon Medicinae (Avicenna), 9-11 J3-adrenoceptor inhibition and peripheral, Carbohydrate loading, 304 229-230 Carbohydrate metabolism, 295-297, 303-306, competition for available, 174 340--341,404 early observations for and against Carbohydrates (CHOs), consumed during redistribution of, 122-123 exercise, 478-479, 483-485 renal, 123-124 Carbon dioxide (C02), 149. See also under Blood pressure, 104, 114-115, 204, 211-212, Hyperpnea 281-282 pulmonary, 149, 152-157 heart rate and, 101 Carbon dioxide (C02) differences across the Blood vessels lung, 152-153 local control of, 103 Cardiac afferents, 216 neural control of, 102-103 and exercise, 217 Blood volume. See also under Cardiac output and training, 218 hemoglobin and, 273 Cardiac dimensions and function, 272 Body core and shell, 445 Cardiac output Bohr, Christian, 262, 263 ability to raise resting, 110-111 Bonen, Arend, 346 and blood volume, distribution of, 120, Booth, Frank, 314 126-127 Borelli, Giovanni, 15, 43 early ideas and models, 121-122 Bouchard, Claude, 278 importance of regional vasoconstriction, Boulant, Jack, A., 434 127 Boyle, Robert, 17 problem of cutaneous vasodilation, Bradley, Stanley, 125 128-130 Bradycardia, 104 regional blood flow, 122-124 Breathing splanchnic blood flow, 124-126 voluntary control over, 141 circulatory impairment and redistribution of, work and the oxygen and circulatory cost of, 126-127 139-141 development of methods to measure, 100, Breathing mechanics, 138-147 105-108 measurement, 139 inhibition of J3-adrenoceptors and, 232-234 Bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation, and systemic a-vo2 difference, 271-272 144 Cardiac performance, control of, 105-108, Bronk, D. W., 105 110-111 Brooks, George A., 74, 335, 336, 343, 345 afterload, 114-115 Brouha, Lucien, 219-220 conflicting and competing ideas, 109-110 Brown, Michael S., 345 contractility vs. length-tension, 109 Brown-Sequard, Charles E., 103, 218 data of humans vs. quadrupeds, 111-116 Buller, Arthur, 74-76 end-diastolic volume, 113-114 Burke, Robert, 48, 49, 51 filling pressure, 112-113 Byford, William H., 32-33 increased venous return, 109-110 intrinsic, 108-109 pericardia! constraints, 115-116, 120 Cade, Robert, 481-482 stroke volume and posture, 111-112, 276- Cafarelli, Enzo, 79 277 Caffeine, 69 Cardiac responses, inhibition of, 237-238 Cain, Dennis Francis, 338 Cardiodynamic hyperpnea, 158-159 Calorimeter, frog muscle, 325 Cardiopulmonary reflexes, 216-217 Calorimetry, animal, 25-26 Cardiorespiratory responses Campbell, E. J. Moran, 146-147 autonomic receptors that alter, 224-236 Campos, F. A. de M., 219 muscarinic receptor inhibition and, 237-241 Cannon, Walter Bradford. See also under Cardiovascular system, 17-18, 98-99 Autonomic nervous system (ANS), background, 99 historical overview concept of control, 101-105 influence, 190-191 early highlights, 99-101 500 INDEX

Carlson, Anton J., 476 Crandall, E. D., 157 Carlson, Lars, 307-308 Crane, Robert K., 481, 482 Carlsten, A., 303 Crawford, Adair, 25-26 Carotid chemoreceptor stimulation, 167-168 Creatine kinase (CK), 338-339 Carotid sinus reflex, 104. See also Baroreflexes Croone, William, 16 Carotid sinuses, 212, 214, 215 Crureus (CR) muscle, 75 Carson, Johannas, 139 Cunningham, Dan, 157 Castenfors, Jan, 124, 460--462 Cycling/ cyclical exercise, 56 Catecholamine changes with acute exercise, Cyon, Elie de, 189 training and, 196-197 Cyon, M. de, 189 Catecholamines Cytochromes, 314 and acute exercise, 382-383 and physical training, 385-386 roles in exercise metabolism, 383-385 Dale, Henry, 224, 237 Cathcart, Edward Provan, 340 Dastre, A. F., 121 Catheterization, central venous, 123 Davies, Robert E., 338 Central command, 198 Da Vinci, Leonardo, 138 Central drive for sweating, 430 Davy, John, 424 Central (thoracic) blood volume (CBV), 128-129 Deahna, A., 103 Chance, Britton, 299, 333 Dehydration Chapman, Carlton B., 271-272, 456 prolonged exercise, heat, and, 489 Chauveau, Jean B. Auguste, 100, 295, 297, 340, DeJager, S., 121 370-371 Dejours, Pierre, 153, 156, 162, 166 Chemoreflexes, 174, 204 Dej ours test, 166 nature of stimulus for, 207-208 DeLorme, Thomas, 77-78 peridural blocking and, 205-207 Dempsey, Jerome, 144, 145 Chest wall. See Lung and chest wall Denervation, 76, 169-170, 212, 215. See also Cholinergic concept, 237 Sympathectomy Christensen, Erik Hohwu, 270, 300, 305-306, extrinsic cardiac, 221 331,340,341,464 sino-aortic, 217 Christensen, Niels L 193 Denny-Brown, Derek, 46, 47, 52-53 Circulation, 13-14, 21-22. See also Depocas, Florent, 342 Cardiovascular system Depressor , 104 mechanical coupling between heart and Desaguliers, John, 67 peripheral, 110 Desaguliers, John Theophilus, 24-25 Circulatory cost of breathing, 139-141 Descartes, Rene, 15 Circulatory impairment, and redistribution of Dexter, Louis, 112 cardiac output, 126-127 Diabetes, exercise and Clausen, Jan Pretorius, 281, 282 metabolic lessons learned from studies on, C02-H+, arterial 378-382 oscillations of, 156-157 1978 conference, 379-381 Cohnheim, Julius Friedrich, 103 Diaphragm, 144, 177 Cold, 444--446 Diaphragmatic fatigue, 174, 176 Combustion coefficient, 326, 328-329 DiCarlo, Stephen E., 215-218, 229 Comroe, Julius H., 348 Diets, 304. See also Carbohydrates; Electrolyte Conductance, 118, 119 intake "virtual," 118-119 Diffusion, 263 Conlee, Robert, 302, 304 Dill, D. Bruce, 73, 276, 300, 305, 329, 330, 336, Connett, Richard, 334 348,443 Cooper, Ashley, 104 Disequilibrium theory, 157 Coote, J. H., 207-208 Donald, David E., 115-116, 213-215, 217, Cori, Carl Ferdinand, 340 221-222 Cori, Gerty Theresa, 340 Donaldson, Frank, 101, 102 Cortisol, 387-390 Donovan, Casey, 343 Costill, David C., 279, 478 Douglas, C. G., 154-155, 164 Cotugno, Domenico, 455 Duchenne, Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand, 55 C-peptide, 366 Dunglison, Robley, 28-29 Index 501

Dye dilution technique, 107 medieval period, 8-11 Dynamic steady states, 341-342 16th century/early Renaissance, 11-13 Dynamometer, 67 17th century, 13-19 Dyspnea, exertional, 145-147 18th century/Enlightenment, 19-27 early 19th century, 27-34 Exercise response, characterization of an, Early nineteenth century period of physiology, 192-197 27-34 Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH), Early Renaissance period of physiology, 11-13 171-173, 178, 180 Eberstein, Arthur, 69 Exercitatio Anatomica De Motu Cordis et Eccles, John (Jack), 44, 45, 74-76 Sanguinis in Animalibus (Harvey), Eccles, Rosamond (Rose), 74-76 13-14 Edgerton, V. Reggie, 81, 302, 312 Exertional dyspnea, 145-147 Edwards, R. Harold T., 300, 329 Expiratory flow limitation, 141-143, 173-174 Edwards, Richard, 72, 156 Eichna, L. W., 435 Eighteenth century period of physiology, 19-27 Farhi, Leon, 151-153 Eldridge, Frederick, 147, 162-164 Fast twitch, oxidative glycolytic (FOG), 302, Electrolyte excretion with exercise, 459-462, 482 303 Electrolyte intake and absorption, 482-485 Fat, abdominal, 381 Embden, Gustav Georg, 324, 337 Fatigue, 304-305 Endocrine system, 362-363, 409. See also central, 62-65 specific hormones diaphragmatic, 174, 176 Endurance, activity level and, 279-280 peripheral, 65, 67-72 Endurance athletes, 277 Fatigue pains, 4 Endurance performance Fatty acids, 82, 313, 376, 380. See also Free fatty glucocorticoids and, 388 acids; Lipolysis Vo2max and, 278-280 oxidation and metabolism of, 295-297, 308, Endurance training, 80-83, 176 311, 377-378 {3-adrenoceptor characterization and skeletal pathways for mobilization and, 306-307 muscles, 235-236 Fenn, Wallace, 84, 85, 87 and inhibition of {3-adrenoceptors, 232-234 Fermentation, 322-323, 325, 326 myocardial {3-adrenoceptor characterization Fernandes, A., 206 in animals, 234-235 Ferne!, Jean, 1, 12 Energy depletion, 70. See also Fatigue Fick, Adolph, 106, 293 Epidural anaesthesia, 205-206 Fick method, 106, 107, 111 Epinephrine, 191, 192, 196, 224-225, 342, 383, Fick principle, 106 384 Filling pressure, 112-113 Epstein, S. E., 227, 228, 231 effective, 112 Erasistratus of Alexandria, 40, 147 Fiske, Cyrus H., 298 Ergograph, 62-63 Flamm, S. D., 118 Ergostat, 264 Fletcher, Walter, 72, 164, 323-324 Ernst, S. B., 223 Flexor withdrawal reflex, 52 Esler, Murray, 194-195 Flint, Austin, 33-34, 459-460 Essex, Hiram, 220 Florey, H., 122 Estienne, Charles, 189 Flow limitation, expiratory, 141-143, 173- Excitation-contraction coupling process, 67-69, 174 72 Flow meters, 108, 117 Exercise. See also specific topics Floyer, John, 20-21 methods of producing, 264-265. See also Fluid intake and absorption, 480-485 Treadmill Folkow, Bjorn, 118 physiological value, 22, 26 Fordtran, John S., 483 viewed as harmful stress, 300 Fordyce, William, 424 Exercise capacity, determinants of, 270 Forster, Hubert, 169 Exercise physiology. See also specific topics Forster, Robert E., 157 history, 1-2 Foster, Michael, 61, 62 ancient period, 2-8 Foucault, Michel, 31 502 INDEX

Frank, Otto, 101-102, 114, 115 Glycogenolysis, 294 Franklin, Dean L., 120, 124-125 Glycolysis, 82, 336 Frank-Starling mechanism, 108, 130. See also Goldspink, Geoffrey, 77, 83 Starling mechanism Goldstein, Joseph L., 345 Frank-Starling relationship, 102, 109 Goldstein, Maurice, 371-372 importance, 119-120 Gollnick, Philip D., 56, 82, 300, 310, 312-313 Free fatty acids (FFA), 306, 308, 368, 376-377, Goltz, Frederick, 102 385,395-397,408 Gomez, Domingo, 175 Freyschuss, U., 198 Gonyea, William, 79 Fry, Donald, 141 Gracilis (GR) muscle, 75 Graham, George, 67 Granit, Ragnar, 60 Gaesser, Glenn A., 336 Gray, Irving, 194 Galbo, Heinrich, 193, 206, 366-368 Greeks, ancient, 2-8 Galen,4-7, 11-14,40-42,138,188-189,424,454 Greenleaf, John, 441 Gandevia, Simon, 60-61, 64 Gregg, Donald E., 221 Garcia, Christine Kim, 345-346 Grimby, Gunnar, 124, 141, 143,438, 456,459 Gaskell, Walter Holbrook, 103, 189-190 Grimditch, Glen, 305 Gastric emptying, 476-480, 488 Grodins, Frederick, 153, 154 Gastric volume, 479 Growth hormone (GH), 408 Gastrocnemius, canine (GP), 332-333 and acute exercise, 393-394 Gastrointestinal (GI) system, 475-476, 489-490 and physical training, 396-397 Gatorade, 481 roles in exercise metabolism, 395-396 Gelfand, Robert, 154 stimulus for secretion of, 394-395 Genetics, 278 "Gut-barrier" function, 488-489 Geppert, J., 148, 153, 164, 204 Guyton, Arthur C., 108-111, 129 Gisolfi, Carl V., 432, 433, 437 Guz, Abraham, 120 Gladden, L. Bruce, 342 Gwinup, Grant, 363-364 Glisson, Francis, 15-16, 43 Gwirtz, Patrica A., 221 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with exercise, "Gymnastics," 26 458-462,466 Glucagon,404-405 and acute exercise, 367-368 Hagemann, 0., 106 discovery and characterization of, 362-363 Haggendahl, J., 194 secretion, 367-368 Haldane, John Scott, 149, 154 Glucocorticoids, 386-388 Hales, J. R. S., 439 and acute exercise, 388-391 Hales, Stephen, 22-23, 100-102, 114, 116 and endurance performance, 388 Halestrad, Andrew P., 345 roles in exercise metabolism, 392-393 Hamilton, William F., 98, 107, 108, 111 and training, 391-392 Hammel, Harold T., 433-434 Gluconeogenesis, 463 Hammill, Robert W., 179 Glucose fatty acid cycle, 376-377 Hansen, J., 205, 209 Glucose production, 404-407 Hansen,Ove,300,305,306,331,340-341 Glucose transport, 305, 375-376 Hanson, Jean, 88 Glucose transport theory, 371 Hardy, James D., 427, 428, 432 Glucose transporter (GLUT-4), 375, 376 Hartman, Frank A., 192, 382 Glucose uptake. See also Insulin Hartwell, Edward M., 34 discovery of insulin-independent, 372-374 Harvey, William, 11-13, 99-100, 105-106, 117 muscle, 296, 305 Havel, Richard, 306 and requirement of insulin, 371-372 Hearn, George R., 310 regulation of, 370-371 Heart, 17-18 Glucose-fatty acid cycle, 380 extrinsic, neural control of, 101 Glycogen, 72-74,336,340-341 intrinsic control of, 101-102 muscle, 303-306, 336 "law of the heart," 102 and fatigue, 304-305 Heart rate, 20-21 Glycogen supercompensation, 304 and ablation of autonomic structures, Glycogen utilization, muscle, 296, 407 219-220 Index 503

blood pressure and, 101 Hyperemia, 102 inhibition of ,8-adrenoceptors and, 232-234 "Hyperglycemic glycogenolytic factor," 363. See intrinsic, 239-241 also Glucagon Heart volume, 272 Hyperpnea, exercise. See also Hyperventilation Heat, 10, 19, 21, 25-26. See also Temperature alternative extra chemoreceptor mechanisms, regulation 167-168 and dehydration, 489 central command contributions to, 162-164 dry and moist, 424 feedback/feed-forward mechanism, Heat acclimatization, 434-436, 442 163-164 Heat exchange caveats, 442-443 "C02" and Heat exchange formula, 445 cardiodynamic control, 158-160 Heat injury, 443-444 C02- linked control, 154-155 Heat transfer, 438 disequilibrium theory, 157 Heat-stress indices, 443 mixed venous chemoreceptors, 155-156 Hellebrandt, Frances A., 464 oscillations of arterial C02-H+, 156-157 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 65, 66 control of, 153-154 Hemodynamic responses, 225, 227-228 dilemma of, and the future, 168-170 Hemoglobin, 273 peripheral work factor contribution to, Hemoglobin concentration, 273 160--162 Henneman, Elwood, 48-49, 52, 53, 55 Hypertension, 104 Hepatic A-V oxygen (02) difference, 125 Hypertrophy, muscle fiber, 79-80 Hepatic glucose production, 405-406 Hyperventilation of heavy exercise, 158, 159, Hepatic-splanchnic blood flow. See Splanchnic 164-167, 178. See also Hyperpnea blood flow isocapnic buffering, 165-167 Herbst, Robert, 266-267, 270, 279 Hypoglycemic effects of exercise, 379, 380 Hering, Heinrich Ewald, 104 Hypohydration, 441-442 Hermansen, Lars, 74, 313 Hyponatremia, 461-462 Herophilus, 40 Hypoxemia Herring, Henrich Ewald, 104, 198, 210 exercise-induced arterial, 171-173, 178, 180 Hetenyi, G., Jr., 341 Hypoxia, 179, 314-315, 325 Heymans, Cornelius, 104, 220 Hill, Archibald Vivian, 73, 74, 83-87, 171, 255, 257,265-267,269,270,295-299, Iatromathematics, 15 326-328,330,338,350,462 Iatrophysics, 14-15 Hill, Leonard E., 114 Inactivity, 276-277 Hippocrates, 1-5,454 Indicator dilution technique, 107 Hoffmann, Friedrich, 20 Indocyanine green clearance (ICG), 487 Hohimer, Roger, 223 Ingjer, Frank, 81 Holloszy, John 0., 81, 82, 300, 301, 305-307, Ingle, Dwight J., 386-388 310,311,314,373,375 Inhibitory reflex, 61 Holmgren, A., 114 Insulin, 404. See also Diabetes; Glucose Homeostasis, 382 transport; Glucose uptake Hood, David, 315 and acute exercise, 363-367 Hooke, Robert, 17 discovery and characterization of, 362-363 Hopkins, Frederick Gowland, 72, 164, 324 Insulin sensitivity, exercise and, 381-382 Hormones, 362-363, 409. See also specific Intestinal absorption, 480-485 hormones Intestinal! colonic motility, 480 Hoskins, Roy G., 398 Iodoacetate (IAA), 298 Howell, William Henry, 101, 102 Ionic control (temperature regulation), 433 Hultman, Eric, 70, 303, 304, 339, 341 Irvine, Cliff H. G., 401-402 Hunt, John N., 477, 485 Ischemia, 489 Hunter, W. M., 393 Isometric exercise, 205 Huxley, Andrew, 86-87, 90 Huxley, Hugh, 86-87 Hyatt, Robert, 141-143 Janicki, J., 115 Hydration, 4 Jansson, Eva, 80 Hydrodynamica (Bernoulli), 23-24 Jennings, Gary, 197 504 INDEX

)ervell, Otto, 336 Laughlin, Harold, 118-119, 222-223 jobsis, Frans, 333 Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 26-27, 148, johnson, john, 436-437 255-256,292-293,424 johnson, Robert E., 459-462 Lavoisier, Marie-Anne, 256 johnson, Robert L., 172 Leg muscles, 78-81 jones, David, 79 Leonardo da Vinci, 138 jones, Norman, 306 Leuenberger, U., 196 jose, Anthony, 240 Lewis, Steven F., 240, 241 Liebig, justus von, 256, 293, 323 Liljestrand, Goran, 261-262, 264-265 Kachadorian, William, 459 Lindhard, johannes, 106, 197-198, 202, 263, 270, Kaciuba-Uscilko, H., 400-401 296-297,300,331,340,371 Kahler, Richard L., 237-239 Lindhard, joseph, 149, 150, 153 Kaijer, Lennart, 80 metabolism, 407-408 Kao, Frederick F., 161-164 Liprnann, Fritz Albert, 338 Karlsson, jan, 82, 303 Lipolysis, 396, 407-408 Kaufman, Marc P., 161, 208 Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), 307 Kayne, Herbert L., 332 Locomotion, 162-163 Keill, james, 21 Loeb, jacques, 295 Kernell, Daniel, 54 Loewi, Otto, 224, 237 Keul, joseph, 303 Lohmann, Karl, 298-299, 337 Kidneys. See Renal physiology Lorna, Terje, 76 Kiens, Bente, 313 Lower, Richard, 17-18, 102, 189 Kinderrnann, Wilfried, 346 Ludbrook,john,212,215 Kjellrner, I., 209 Ludwig, Carl F. W., 454 Knonecker, Hugo, 65 Lundsgaard, Einar, 329, 337 Koffman, M. M., 114 Lung and chest wall, as built for exercise, 171 Krogh, Schack August Steenberg, 55-56, 106, demand vs. capacity, and adaptability, 174-175 114, 121, 127-129, 149-150, 163, adaptation within a species, 175-176 197-198,262-264,270,296-290300, interspecies adaptation, 177-179 327,330,331,340 muscles' adaptability to training stimulus, Kuno, Yas, 115, 439 176-177 Kushrnerick, Martin, 339 overbuilt, 171-172 oxygen transport, exercise limitation, and, 179-180 "Lactaid" and "alactaid," 329 traditional ideas regarding 0 2 transport Lactate, 294, 325, 326 limitation challenged, 179-180 blood, 73, 279-280 underbuilt, 172-174 Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 303, 346 Lupton, H., 255, 267 Lactate flux, tracers and during rest and exercise, 341-342 training and, 343-345 MacDougall, Duncan, 79-80 Lactate shuttle and transport, 345-346 Macefield, Vaughan, 60--61 Lactate shuttle hypothesis, 345 Macklem, Peter, 144, 145 Lactic acid, 72, 208, 295-296, 323-324 Malonyl CoA fuel-sensing and -signaling and the oxygen debt, 72-74 mechanisms, 377-378 renal metabolism of, 462 Malpighi, Marcello, 438 Lactic acid and prelactic acid eras, 297-298, Manohar, Murli, 141 322-325,350 Marey, Etienne-jules, 65, 100, 101 Lactic acidosis/acidemia, 165-168 Margaria, Rodolfo, 300, 329, 330, 339 Lactidogenen, 324 Mark, Allyn L., 199, 201, 202, 205 Ladon, A., 104 Martin, Herny Newell, 101 Lambert, G. Patrick, 479, 484 Martin, W. H., III, 236 Langley, john Newport, 189-190 Maughan, Ronald)., 479,484 LaPlace, Pierre, 100 Mayow,john, 17-19,139 Laplance, Pierre S., 292 Mazzeo, R. S., 196 Latschenberger, )., 103 McArdle's disease, 208 Index 505

McCloskey, Ian, 161 Muscle soreness, 16-17 McDowell, R. T. S., 90 Muscle spindle support, 61 Mcilroy, Malcolm B., 348 Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), MCT,346 199,202,203,205,208,209 Mead, Jere, 139, 145 Muscle wisdom, 59-61 Medieval period of physiology, 8-11 Muscles, 39-40, 83. See also specific topics Melcher, Anders, 213, 214 fast and slow, 45-51 Merton, Patrick, 59-60, 64, 65, 67-69, 82 as generators of forces and movements, 40-43 Metabolic acidosis/ acidemia, 165-168 and long-term effects of exercise, 74-77 Metabolic clearance rate (MCR), 402 size principle, 51-55 Metabolic rate, 148-149, 175-176, 347 Muscular contraction, 16, 18, 41-43, 54-59, Meyerhof, Otto Fritz, 72-74, 84, 297-298, 62-63. See also Aerobic metabolism 324-327,332,340 carbohydrate as only energy source fm; Milic-Emili, Joseph, 139, 140, 143, 147 295-297 Milo of Croton, 202 measuring, 65-69 Mitchell, Jere H., 161, 164, 206, 207, 209, metabolic products of, 208 271-272,443 metabolism and, 295-296 Mitochondria, 82, 280-281, 306, 310-311, theories of, 83-90 314-315,334,347-348 voluntary, 59 Mittleman, Karen D., 446 Myocardial /3-adrenoceptor characterization in Mole, Paul, 308 animals, 234-235 Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), 345-346 Myocardial function, and /3-adrenoceptors, Morat, J. T., 121 228-229 Mosso, Angelo, 62-64, 72 Myocardial responses Motoneurons, 52-54. See also Fatigue ablation of autonomic structures and, 220-221 firing rate, vs. recruitment of motor units, adrenoceptor inhibition and, 225-226 56-61 Myofibrils, 83 Motor cortex, 64 Myogenic vasomotion, 103 Motor (nerve) fibers, 43-45 Myophosphorylase deficiency, 72 Motor units, 43-45, 52-53 Myosin heavy chains (MHCs), 302 fast and slow, 45-51 firing rate vs. recruitment of, 56-61 recruitment of different types of, 55-56 "Naturals," "nonnaturals," and "contra• Multiple inert gas elimination technique naturals," 5, 12, 21 (MIGET), 150-151 Neilsen, Marius, 141, 160, 165-166, 271, Muralt, von A, 322 425-427,431 Muscarinic receptors, 237 . See also Autonomic nervous system; inhibition, 0 2 consumption, and VEr 238 Parasympathetic nervous system; inhibition and cardiac responses, 237-238 Sympathetic nervous system inhibition with blocking of /3-adrenoceptors, muscles and, 40-42. See also Muscles 239-241 Neurovasodilation, 102 and training, 239-240 Newsholme, Eric, 64-65 Muscle activity factor theory, 371-372 Nice, Leonard, 191 Muscle biopsy, needle, 55 Nikkila, Esko, 313 Muscle cross innervation, 75 Nitro-aerial particles, 18-19 Muscle energetics, urine metabolites as evidence "Nitrogen equilibrium," steady-state, 148 of, 462-463 (NE), 194, 203, 224-226, Muscle fatigue. See Fatigue 241-242,383 Muscle fibers, 43-45 and Ulf S. von Euler, 194 types I and II, 55, 56, 81, 280, 312, 313 Norepinephrine (NE) spillover, 194-197,457, Muscle glycogen. See Glycogen, muscle 467 Muscle length-tension relationship, 129-130 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 70-71 Muscle mass and sympathetic activity, 203 Muscle physiology, revolution in, 337, 350-351 Muscle power, 21, 24-25, 87 Occlusion, 169, 205, 208 Muscle pump(ing), 117-119 Occlusion hypothesis, 169 Muscle reflexes and their opposition, 209 O'Leary, Donal, 205 506 INDEX

Oral rehydration solutions (ORSs), 482 roles in exercise metabolism in vivo, 369-370 Orocecal transit time (OCTT), 488 and training, 368-369 Oscai, Lawrence, 307 Para-amino hippurate (PAH), 123, 124 Osmolality, 484-485 Paracelsus, 12 Otis, Arthur, 139, 141 Parasympathetic nervous system, 190, 198-199, Owens, Malcolm, 479 236-237 Owles, W. Harding, 347 cardiorespiratory effects from inhibition of, Oxygen (02) 237-239 and circulatory cost of breathing, 139-141 Pasteur, Louis, 323 "intramolecular," 324 Pasteur effect, 323, 325 Oxygen (02) consumption, 26-27 PC02 (pulmonary C02), 149, 152-157 by animals, discovery of, 292-293 Peptides, 366 inhibition of ,8-adrenoceptors and, 233-234 atrial natriuretic, 459 maximal. See also Oxygen (02) uptake Pericardia! constraints on ventricular function, determination of, 264-269 115-116, 120 muscarinic receptor inhibition and changes in, Pericardium, 221 238 Peripheral blood flow; 229-230. See also Blood Oxygen (02) debt flow defined, 327 Peripheral circulation, heart and, 110 lactic acid and, 72-74 Peripheral fatigue, 65, 67-72 0 2 availability, lactate production, and, Peripheral work factor, 160-162 332-337 Peronnet, Francois, 196 partitioning the, 329-331 Perspiration, 23, 424 Oxygen (02) debt hypothesis, 326-329 Petit, Francois Pourfois du, 102, 218 challengesto,331-332 Pette, Dirk, 76 Oxygen (02) demands, "mismatch" between Pettenkofer, Max-Josef, 264, 294 blood flow and, 207 Pfluger, Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm, 148, 256, Oxygen (02) difference, A-V, 125, 126, 277 293,323,324 Oxygen (02) saturation and desaturation, 172, pH oscillation in arterial blood, 156, 157. See 173,269,270 also Acid-base regulation; Metabolic Oxygen (02) tension, critical, 332-334 acidosis/ acidemia Oxygen (02) uptake, maximal (Vo2max), 125, Phasic reflex system, 54 126, 148, 255, 262. See also Oxygen (02) Philostratos, Flavios, 7-8 consumption Phosphagen, 73, 329. See also Phosphocreatine and chemical ablation of autonomic Phosphagen buffer system, 337-340 structures, 221-223 Phosphate compounds, high-energy, 297-299, determinants of, 269-270 338 and endurance performance, 278-280 Phosphocreatine (PC/PCr), 73, 298, 337, evaluation criteria for, 265-267 338-339. See also Phosphagen factors influencing, 273-274 "Physical education," 28, 34 age and gender, 274-276 "Physiology," 12, 20 level of habitual activity, 276-278 Plasma. See Renal plasma/blood flow limitations to, 280-283 Pneuma, 147 oxygen transport and, 174-175, 179-180, Poiseuille, Jean Leonard Marie, 100 255-257,269,283-284 Poortmans, Jacques R., 465-466 early contributions, 257-264 Posture, stroke volume and, 111-112 physiological meaning of, 271-273 Pressure-volume-flow relationship, 130 publications on, 257 Priestly, Joseph, 255 Principal members, 9 Prolonged exercise, heat, and dehydration, 489 Propranolol, 385. See also ,8-Adrenoceptors, Pain,4 inhibition Palladin, Alexander V., 310 Prostaglandin (PG), 466 Pancreatic hormones. See also Insulin; specific Proteinuria, 464-466 hormones Pruett, Esther D. R., 364 discovery and characterization of, Pulmonary gas exchange, 147-153 362-370 measurement, 256-257 Index 507

Pulmonary ventilation Respiration, 17, 26-27 inhibition of {3-adrenoceptors and, 232-234 defined, 256 muscarinic receptor inhibition and changes in, Respiration quotient (RQ), 294 238 Respiratory compensation point, 165 Pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP), 112, 113 Respiratory exchange ratio (RER), 293-295, 297,340,349 Respiratory muscle pumps, ventricular filling Quadriceps, 78-81 by, 116-119 Respiratory muscles, 144-145 adaptability to training stimulus, 176-177 Raab, Wilhelm, 192 Respiratory pump, 116-117 Radigan, L., 456 Respiratory responses. See also Rahn, Herman, 139, 141 Cardiorespiratory responses Randle, Philip, 376, 377 {3-adrenoceptor inhibition and, 230-231, Ranvier, Louis-Antoine, 46 239-241 Rate-of-living theory, 299-300 Rhyming-Astrand, Irma, 275 Rebreathing techniques, 106-107, 153 Richards, D. W., 98, 108 Recovery heat, 73 Richardson, Russell, 334, 335 Reflex system, phasic, 54 Richter, Curt P., 398 Reflexes. See also Chemoreflexes Richter, Erik A., 367 (active) muscle, 204, 209 Riley, Richard L., 172, 173 opposition by chemical-metabolic Robinson, Brian, 198, 239-241 influences, 209-210 Robinson, Bryan, 22-23 from baroreceptors, 210-211. See also Robinson, Sid, 274, 277, 279, 435, 436, 439, Baroreflexes 441,456 from cardiopulmonary and cardiac receptors, Rome, Lawrence, 87 216,217 Romijn, Johannes, 308 importance in animals, 217 Root, WalterS., 331-332 carotid sinus, 104 Rotto, D. M., 208 control of cardiovascular system by, Rowell, Loring B., 115, 125, 128, 173, 198, 201, 104-105 205-207,436-438,486,487 flexor withdrawal, 52 Ruble, S. B., 210 inhibitory, 61 Rubner, Max, 299-300 stretch, 52 Ruderman, Neil B., 378, 380 Regimen in Health (Hippocrates), 3 Runners, long-distance, 80 Regional blood flow, 122, 436-438 Rushmer, Robert F., 108-113, 115 measurement, 122-123 1950 on, 123-124 newer methods, 123 Sagawa, Kiichi, 105 Remensnyder, John P., 209, 282 Saito, M., 202 Remmers, John, 175 Salkowski, Ernest, 297 Renal physiology, 452-454, 468 Saltin, Bengt, 56, 82, 277, 281, 483 acute renal failure (ARF), 466-467 Samaan, Adi, 219-220 adaptations to chronic exercise training, 467 Sandow, Alexander, 69 early days of, 454-455 Santorio, Santorio, 15, 147, 424 exercise physiology textbooks and, 452-454 Sarnoff, Stanley J., 109, 209 handling of macromolecules Savard, Gabrielle, 195-196, 209 identification of macromolecules, 465-466 Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 255 19th-20th century transition, 463-464 Schoenheimer, R., 341 Renal plasma/blood flow (RPF/RBF), 455 Seals, Douglas R., 199, 200, 203, 205 animal models for human responses, 457 Secher, Niels H., 281, 282 in exercising dogs, 123-124 Seguin, Armand, 26-27, 256 in humans and primates, 124 Selye, Hans, 387 observations in humans, 455-457 Senac, Jean-Baptiste de, 102 Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), 202, Set point (temperature regulation), 428-433 458,467 Seventeenth century period of physiology, Renbourn, E. T., 424 13-19 508 INDEX

Sewall, Henry, 104 Stella, D., 105 Shepherd, John T., 115-116, 210, 211, 217 Stenson, Dane Nicholas (Niels), 16,42-43, Sheriff, Don D., 111, 119, 129, 208 46 Sherrington, Charles Scott, 43-46, 52, 56, Stenstrom, N., 262 169 Stephenson, R. B., 214 Signaling, 377-378, 380 Sternlicht, Eric, 305 Simon, Johann Franz, 455 Stewart, Peter, 170-171 Sinclair, John, 28-29 Stewart approach, 170-171 Single-breath analysis, 152 Stitt, John, 431 Sino-aortic denervation, 217 Strength training, 77-80 Sinow!ly, Lawrence I., 208 Stretch reflex, 52 Size principle, 52-54 Stroke volume, 276-277 capacity, and Vo2max, aortic pressure, afterload, and, 115 280-282 and posture, 111-112 Skeletal muscle mass, 267-269 Subbarow; Laragada, 298 Skeletal muscle pump, 117-119 Substrate metabolism, 293 Skeletal muscles Sutton, John, 179, 392-395 /3-adrenoceptor characterization and, 235- "Sweat gland fatigue," 439 236 Sweating, 438-441 Skin sympathetic nerve traffic, 202 Symmorphosis, 175, 177 Sliding filament hypothesis, 90 Sympathectomy, 218-220, 222-224, 232 Slow twitch, oxidative glycolytic (SO), 302 Sympathetic inhibition, 224--225 Smirk, F. H., 204 Sympathetic nerve activity, 189, 190, 215 Smith, Edward, 31, 33, 257-258 and dynamic exercise, 199, 201 Smith, Orville, 223 and isometric muscle contractions, Sodium excretion, 460-462. See also Electrolyte 202-203 excretion muscle, 199, 202, 203, 205, 208, 209 Sodium-glucose cotransport, 481 and muscle mass, 203 Sola, Olav, 79, 80 renal, 458, 467 Soleus (SOL) muscle, 75, 76 Sympathetic nervous system, 241-242,367 Soreness, muscle, 16-17 as efferent arm of reflexes modulating Spallanzani, Lazaro, 148 physiological responses, 204--210 Sphygmomanometer, 67 Sympathetic nervous system activation Splanchnic blood flow Cannon idea for, 203 in humans, 125-126, 437-438, 486, 488 and exercise threshold, 205 in primates, 126 and nerve recordings, 199 studies on dogs, 124--125 "Sympathin," 194 Splanchnic circulation, 485-488 Sympatholysis, 209, 210, 282 Splanchnic glucose production, 365 "exercise," 210 Sport drinks, 481-482 "functional," 209-210 Sproule, B. J., 271-272 St. Martin, Alexis, 476 Stahl, George, 20 Taylor, C. Richard, 177, 178, 280 Stainsby, Wendell N., 332-333 Taylor, Henry Longstreet, 268-269, 273, 276, "Stainsby effect," 342 435 Starling, Ernest H., 100, 102. See also Frank• Taylor, R. E., 90 Starling mechanism Temperature. See also Heat Starling effects, 109 core temperature (T,), 426,427,430-433 Starling mechanism, 113, 119, 120. See also rectal temperature (T re), 426 Frank-Starling mechanism Temperature regulation, 25-26, 423-428, 446. "Starling resistor," 102 See also specific topics Starling's law; 108, 111-113, 127, 221 current concepts, 433-434 Staron, Robert, 80 early investigations regarding, 426-427 Static exercise, 202-203 investigators who have contributed to, Steady-state of exercise, 148, 278 425-426 Steiner, D. W., 104 proportional control of, 428-430, 433 Index 509

set point, 428-433 Veins, superficial, 437 zones of control, 432-433 Vendsalu, Aado, 192, 194 Temperature regulation models, prototype, Venous catheterization, central, 123 429 Venous chemoreceptors, mixed, 155-156 Tendons, 40 Venous pressure, central Tenney, Marsh, 176 and cardiac output, 110-111 Terjung, Ronald, 214,302 Venous return-cardiac output curves, 109-110 Thermal exchange, countercurrent, 438 "Venous tone," 102 Thermometry, 423-425 Ventilation -to-perfusion distribution and Thyroid hormones, 397-398 diffusion limitation, 150-152 and acute exercise, 398-400 Ventricles, 99-101 and exercise capacity, 401 Ventricular filling by respiratory and skeletal and physical training, 401-403 muscle pumps, 116-119 roles in exercise metabolism, 400-401 Ventricular function, pericardia! constraints on, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 399- 115-116, 120 400 Ventricular interdependence, 119 Thyroxine (T4), 397-403 Ventricular output, matching left and right, Tipton, Charles M., 300-302 119-120 laboratory, 335 Vesalius, Andreas, 11-12, 41-42, 138 Tissot, Joseph-Clement, 26 Victor, Ronald G., 198-200, 205, 208 Tonic system, 54 Virtues, 9 Torrance, R. W., 156 Vital virtues, 9 Tracer techniques, 369 Voit, Carl von, 31-32, 148, 294 Tractatus Duo and Tractatus Quinque (Mayow), Volkmann, Alfred Wihelm, 208, 209 18 Vo2max. See Oxygen (02) uptake Training, 277. See also Endurance training von Muralt, A., 322 Treadmill, 30, 212, 259, 260, 264. See also Vrbova, Gerta, 75-76 Endurance training Triglycerides, 306-308,313 Triiodothyronine (T3), 397-402 Wada,Masao, 192 Twin studies and Vo2, 278 Wagner, Peter, 150-151, 283,334 Waldrop, Tony, 163-164, 169 Walgenbach, Susan C., 217 Urine, 23, 455 Waller, Augustus V., 62, 103 "pathological," 464-465 Warburg, Otto Heinrich, 325, 340 proteins in, 463 Wasserman, Karlman, 148-149, 158, 159, Urine metabolites, and muscle energetics, 346-350,404-405 462-463 Water excretion, 459-462 "Water intoxication," 461-462 Weber, Eduard Frederick, 101, 189 Vagal withdrawal with onset of exercise, Weber, Ernst Heinrich, 101, 189, 209 198-199 Weibel, Ewald R., 139, 175-178 Vagotomy, 217, 219, 220, 222 Weight lifting. See Strength training Vagusstoff, 237 Welch, Hugh G., 179, 269, 333, 342 Valsalva, Antonio, 116 Wenger, C. B., 432, 433, 437 Van Hall, G., 303 West, John, 150 Vanhoutte, P., 212 Weston, Edward, 459-460 Vasoconstriction, 209, 210, 212, 213 Wet-bulb globe temperature index (WBGT), importance of regional, 127 443 renal, 456-457 Whipp, Brian J., 148, 158, 273-274, 349 Vasodilation, 102, 209, 210, 212, 281 Wilkie, Douglas, 70, 71 and central temperature, 431 Williams, R. Saunders, 314 problem of cutaneous, 128-130 Willis, Thomas, 16, 189 Vasomotion, myogenic, 103 Winder, William W., 196-197,306,308,318, Vasomotor nerves, 102 375-376,378,384-386,393,402, Vatner, Stephen F., 212 403 510 INDEX

Winslow, Jacque Benigne, 189 Zambraski, Edward J., 466-467 Work factor, peripheral, 160-162 Zones of control (temperature regulation), Wunderlich, Karl A., 424 432-433 Zuntz, Nathan, 106, 114, 148, 153, 155, 197, 204,219,258-259,293-295,297,323, 330-331 Yamamoto, William, 154, 156, 169 Zwaagstra, Bert, 54