Appendix a Definitions Appendix A
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TREE PROTECTION in Highly Urbanized Areas with Existing Green and Gray Infrastructure Conflicts (Each.) CODE 990B
ILLINOIS URBAN MANUAL PRACTICE STANDARD TREE PROTECTION In Highly Urbanized Areas with Existing Green and Gray Infrastructure Conflicts (each.) CODE 990B (Source: IN Drainage Handbook) NOTE: Only use Practice Standard Code the health and integrity of the tree 990B when there are green and gray resources on site. infrastructure conflicts and when adequate long-term monitoring of the trees exists. This standard MUST BE USED ONLY IN CONDITIONS WHERE PRACTICE CONSULTATION with a PROFESSIONAL APPLIES FORESTER or CERTIFIED ARBORIST. This standard shall be used in lieu of no DEFINITION local ordinance or in tandem with local tree protection ordinances. When The protection of individual trees from possible, IUM Practice Standard Code damage during construction operations 990A -TREE PROTECTION shall be in highly urbanized areas where there used instead of IUM Practice Standard are individual trees growing close to Code 990B. IUM Practice Standard gray urban infrastructure. Code 991- TREE PROTECTION- AUGERING Standard should be used in PURPOSE conjunction with this standard, as needed. The purpose of this practice is to reduce damage to and loss of individual trees This standard takes into consideration during construction by implementing trees next to roads and sidewalks where these pre- to post-construction tree there already exists an infrastructure protection procedures. Tree protection conflict that can be resolved without fencing around the Tree Protection compromise to either the green or gray Critical Root Zone (TPCRZ) as defined infrastructure. below along with other soil, root and tree protection measures shall be installed This practice applies on development with this standard in order to maintain sites that are highly urbanized, where 990B - 1 the green and gray infrastructure has be protected using the length of the been developed or has grown in close longest branch as the radius of the proximity and where there are individual circle. -
"Let's Talk About the Reasons We Offer FREE TRENCHER DEMONSTRATIONS
STRAIGHT TALK FROM YOUR DITCH WITCH MAN "Let's talk about the reasons we offer FREE TRENCHER DEMONSTRATIONS. "We talk a lot about the many different jobs Ditch Witch can do. But we haven't forgotten many people need to dig trench and that's all. We know if trenching is all you need to do, you don't want to pay for features you won't be using. If trenching is your business, Ditch Witch is for you! We built the world's first service line trencher and have been building the finest quality trenchers ever since. We have compact handlebar models, larger four-wheel drive trenchers and machines that can handle cross-country pipelines. And wherever your work takes you, you'll find a Ditch Witch dealer nearby with a full inventory of parts, and the professionals to keep your Ditch Witch on the job. 30-HP Model V30 — Trenching capabilities to 18" width, to 6' depth We'd like to tell you more about our trenchers. Better yet, we'd like to show you what Ditch Witch can do. We'll bring one straight to your job for a free demonstration — no obligation. "At Ditch Witch, we tell it to you straight!" Call (800) 654-6481 Toll Free for the name of the dealer nearest you. 18-HP Model J20 — 4 wheel drive, with three speed forward plus reverse transmission | 30-HP Model R30 — Trenching depths to 6' plus Modularmatic versatility Handlebar Series — Two different models available from 7-HP to 12.5-HP Ditch Witch . equipment from 7 - to 195-HP. -
Urban Tree Risk Management: a Community Guide to Program Design and Implementation
Urban Tree Risk Management: A Community Guide to Program Design and Implementation USDA Forest Service Northeastern Area 1992 Folwell Ave. State and Private Forestry St. Paul, MN 55108 NA-TP-03-03 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). Urban Tree Risk Management: A Community Guide to Program Design and Implementation Coordinating Author Jill D. Pokorny Plant Pathologist USDA Forest Service Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry 1992 Folwell Ave. St. Paul, MN 55108 NA-TP-03-03 i Acknowledgments Illustrator Kathy Widin Tom T. Dunlap Beth Petroske Julie Martinez President President Graphic Designer (former) Minneapolis, MN Plant Health Associates Canopy Tree Care Minnesota Department of Stillwater, MN Minneapolis, MN Natural Resources Production Editor Barbara McGuinness John Schwandt Tom Eiber Olin Phillips USDA Forest Service, USDA Forest Service Information Specialist Fire Section Manager Northeastern Research Coer d’Alene, ID Minnesota Department of Minnesota Department of Station Natural Resources Natural Resources Drew Todd State Urban Forestry Ed Hayes Mark Platta Reviewers: Coordinator Plant Health Specialist Plant Health Specialist The following people Ohio Department of Minnesota Department of Minnesota Department of generously provided Natural Resources Natural Resources Natural Resources suggestions and reviewed drafts of the manuscript. -
Developing a PREVENTIVE PRUNING PROGRAM in Your Community: Mature TREES
CHAPTER DEvElopinG A pREvEnTIVE pRUNING pRoGRAM in yoUR coMMUniTy: mature TREES PUBLICATION Nº ENH 1063 e d w a r d f. g i l m a n a m a n d a b i s s o n Introduction A preventive pruning program should be designed to create structurally sound trunk and branch architecture that will W\QZcRSRPO`Y sustain a tree for a long time. The goal Q]R][W\O\babS[a with mature trees is to develop and maintain a sound structure to minimize RSORP`O\QV hazards such as branch failure. This task is easier provided a good structure was eObS`a^`]cba established earlier in the tree’s life. When properly executed, a variety of benefits are derived from pruning. Benefits include reduced risk of branch P`]YS\P`O\QV and stem breakage, better clearance for vehicles and pedestrians, improved health and appearance, and enhanced view. When improperly performed, pruning can harm a tree’s health, stability, acQYS` and appearance. Several consequences occur when pruning is not performed q at all (Figure 1). These consequences include development of low limbs; weak, codominant stems; defects such Figure q as included bark; and accumulation of Problems that can develop on trees include codominant dead branches. Formation of codominant stems, included bark, broken and dead branches and large stems and defects such as included bark removed limbs that result in trunk decay. can lead to increased risk of breakage. The Urban Forest Hurricane Recovery Program http://treesandhurricanes.ifas.ufl.edu One of the most common defects in Figure planted trees is formation of large, w low limbs. -
Agroforestry and Multiple Products Value Chain 493 4Th European
Agroforestry and multiple products value chain Dufour L1*, Gosme M1, Le Bec J1, Dupraz C1 (1) INRA, UMR system, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract In temperate alley cropping agroforestry systems, light competition often limits the crop yield. The trees pruning and particularly pollarding reduces this competition. This practice results in three productions on the same field: crop, fuel or others purposes wood and timber wood. To be profitable, pollarding must not affect too much the trunks growth in diameter and the trees provide enough branches biomass when they are cut. In our experiment on adult walnut trees, during the 4 years after pollarding, the diameter growth of the pollards was 2.8 ± 0.9 cm for the pollards vs 3.2 ± 0.9 cm for the control and they produced, in average, 81 kg of branches biomass per tree. The question is now to know how if repeated cuttings will not be affected trees growth and survival. Keywords: alley cropping; light competition; pollards; trees growth; wood production Introduction Pollarding is a traditional practice consisting in topping the trunk of a tree and pruning steadily all branches (Chesney 2012). It results in a distinctive thick bushy appearance of the tree. The tree size and leaf area are dramatically reduced during the first years after pollarding. This management was frequently practiced for fodder or firewood collection (Sjolund and Jump 2013). In an alley cropping system, pollarding the trees may reduce the light and water competition of the trees, and consequently may enhance crop yield (Dufour et al. -
Pruning Young Trees Proper Pruning Is Essential in Developing a Tree with a Strong Structure and Desirable Form
Pruning Young Trees Proper pruning is essential in developing a tree with a strong structure and desirable form. Trees that receive the appropriate pruning measures while they are young will require less corrective pruning as they mature. Keep these few simple principles in mind before pruning a tree: • Always have a purpose in mind before making a cut. Each cut has the potential to change the growth of the tree. • Poor pruning can cause damage that lasts for the life of the tree. Learn where and how to make the cuts before picking up the pruning tools. • Trees do not heal the way people do. When a tree is wounded, it must grow over the damage. As a result, the wound is contained within the tree forever. • Small cuts do less damage to the tree than large cuts. Correcting issues when a tree is young will reduce the need for more drastic pruning later. 2 Making the Cut Pruning cut location is critical to a tree’s growth and wound closure response. Make pruning cuts just outside the branch collar to avoid damaging the trunk and compromising wound responses. Improper pruning cuts may lead to permanent internal decay. 1 If a large branch must be shortened, prune it back to a secondary branch or a bud. Cuts made between buds or branches may lead to stem decay, sprout production, and misdirected growth. 3 Pruning Tools Small branches can be cut easily with hand pruners. Scissor-type or bypass-blade hand pruners are preferred over the anvil type as they make cleaner, more accurate cuts. -
Ledbury Salerooms
LEDBURY SALEROOMS Annual collective sale of VINTAGE & CLASSIC ENGINES,TRACTORS, TRACTOR SPARES,TOOLS, SEATS, MODELS, LITERATURE, ENAMEL & TIN SIGNS, AGRICULTURAL BYGONES RD SATURDAY 3 DECEMBER 10AM PROMPT 10% + VAT buyers premium. RESULTS Newmarket House, Market Street, Ledbury. Herefordshire. HR8 2AQ. Tel: 01531 631122. Fax: 01531 631818 Email: [email protected] Lot Tot No. Price Description 1 20 Box of various models, tractors, trailers, baler etc 3 30 6 Model vans & boxes, and AA car badge 4 35 7 Model lorries & boxes 5 30 6 Model cars & boxes 6 30 Model CAT 587T pipe layer boxed 7 15 Letter scales, Libra Scale Co scales & weights 8 35 JCB Brittians & Ertl models 5 9 25 Ertl 1,16 JD model A tractor 10 35 Ertl 1.16 JD Waterloo boy 2hp engine 11 65 Quantity of Dinky & other toys 12 30 Ertl JD Model R waterloo boy 13 10 Ertl Antique pump jack 14 25 Box of models including Corgi 15 30 5 Boxed Britians implements 16 15 Rare early tin plate horse drill 18 20 Charbevi tractor & driver 20 10 2 Britains horse carts 21 15 2 Corgi tractors, Ford & Massey & Britains dics, hayrack, trailer 22 25 Triang crawler 23 25 F.G. Taylor & Sons boxed windmill (farm series) 1945-52 No 531 24 55 Mamod engine & pulley 25 50 Mamod engine & pulley 26 60 Mamod steam engine SP2 27 480 Wyvern single cyclinder engine 28 60 Wilesco D455 steam engine 29 100 Wilesco D24 steam engine 30 90 Wilesco D24 steam engine 31 140 4 Engines 32 65 Mamod engine 33 50 Engine 34 50 Mamod steam engine 35 10 Japenese toys 37 520 French portable Michilin Man compressor No 7017 R. -
A Guide for Tree, Palm Maintenance for Urban Roadsides and Landscape Areas
A GUIDE FOR TREE, PALM MAINTENANCE FOR URBAN ROADSIDES AND LANDSCAPE AREAS Prepared by FDOT Office of Maintenance 2015 Edition ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Office of Maintenance, Florida Department of Transportation, with the assistance and cooperation of representatives from Central Office, District Offices, Consultant Representatives, Landscape Architects, Ground Crews, Maintenance Offices and information documents from the following: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Northeastern Area State “How to Prune Trees”. The University of Florida / IFAS Extension Dr. Gary W. Knox and Dr. Edward F. Gilman. The University of Florida / IFAS Extension Dr. Timothy K. Broschat and Dr. Monica L. Elliott were instrumental in the development of this handbook. The standard criteria provided within this handbook is for guidance in the uniform and routine maintenance of trees and landscape areas. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................... 21 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………….. 3 SECTION 1: TRADITIONAL ROADSIDE LANDSCAPE AREAS ................... 4 SECTION 2: BOLD LANDSCAPE AREAS……………………………………………... 6 SECTION 3: URBAN TREE PRUNING ………………………………………………. 10 SECTION 4: SPECIALIZED TREE PRUNING REQUIRMENTS…...............20 A. Palm Tree………………………………………………………………… 20 B. Crape Myrtles………………………………………………………….. 34 2 INTRODUCTION This guide should be used as minimum requirements to assist in the development and improvement of District Vegetation Management Plans as required by the Roadway and Roadside Procedure #850‐000‐015. Implementing a comprehensive tree, palm, and landscape management program can significantly improve the health and aesthetic value of vegetation along state roadways, and reduce the overall cost for replacement or removal of trees and plants. This guide provides methods for efficiently and effectively managing the activities that will achieve and maintain a high level of health for tree, palm and landscape areas. -
Crape Myrtle Pruning
ENH1138 Crapemyrtle Pruning1 Gary W. Knox and Edward F. Gilman2 “Crape Murder?” Pruning is one of the most controversial aspects of maintaining crapemyrtle. Traditionally, many crapemyrtles were routinely topped, leaving large branch and stem stubs. This practice has been called “crape murder” because most people dislike the winter appearance, and many profes- sionals believe the practice impacts crapemyrtle health and structural integrity. University of Florida research has clarified the effects of various crapemyrtle pruning practices that resulted in the recommendations in this publication. Properly placed, crapemyrtle is a low-maintenance plant needing little or no pruning. Problems with overgrown, misshapen, or misplaced crapemyrtle can be greatly reduced with proper selection of crapemyrtle cultivars, Figure 1. Crapemyrtles form a round canopy when planted in full sun proper plant selection at the nursery, and proper placement with room for plant growth. in the landscape. Unfortunately, landscape professionals appearance according to human perceptions and landscape and homeowners often must maintain crapemyrtles that function. (For more information on pruning trees and others planted and so must deal with the consequences of shrubs, see Circular 853, “Pruning Landscape Trees and poor cultivar selection and/or placement. Shrubs,” by Edward F. Gilman and Robert J. Black; http:// edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg087.) Lower limbs of crapemyrtle are Why Prune? removed to increase clearance for pedestrians or vehicles. Crapemyrtle may need little or no pruning if planted in full Stems are cut to increase branching. Other pruning may be sun away from walkways and roads and in areas with room conducted to direct growth away from structures, stimulate for plant growth. -
Trees and Roads a Compendium of Resources to Help You Strike the Balance Between Safe Roads and Roadside Trees
V ERMONT URBAN AND COMMUNITY FORESTRY PROGRAM TREES AND ROADS A COMPENDIUM OF RESOURCES TO HELP YOU STRIKE THE BALANCE BETWEEN SAFE ROADS AND ROADSIDE TREES Prepared by the VT Urban and Community Forestry Program for the Vermont Local Road Program VTCOMMUNITYFORESTRY.COM TABLE OF CONTENTS LAWS Roles and Responsibilities of Local Government Officials- VT Highway Vegetation Management Manual, VWA Vermont Tree Warden Statues and Other Statues Related to Trees- VT UCF Program The Law of Trees- Vermont Institute for Government Trees in Highway Right-of-Way- VT Local Roads Program Holland Tree Removal Case Summary- Vermont League of Cities and Towns Ask the League- Shade Tree Removal- Vermont League of Cities and Towns Guidelines for Public Hearing for Tree Removal- VT UCF Program Sample Landowner Tree Removal Request Letter- VT UCF Program Public Tree Removal Permit- VT UCF Program Tree Ordinances- VT UCF Program • Grand Isle Tree Policy (Sample) • Brattleboro Ordinance (Sample) HAZARD TREES Hazard Trees- VT Highway Vegetation Management Manual, VWA Roadside Tree Assessment Tools - VT UCF Program • Roadside Assessment Protocol • Rapid Roadside Tree Assessment Data Sheet • Individual Tree Roadside Tree Assessment Data Sheet How to Recognize Hazardous Defects in Trees- USDA Forest Service A First Look at Tree Decay- USDA Forest Service MANAGEMENT Growing Vibrant Communities- Why Trees-VT UCF Program Planning to Purchase a Tree- VT UCF Program Right Tree Right Place- VT UCF Program Protecting the Investment- VT UCF Program Pruning Young Trees- -
Veteran Trees: a Guide to Good Management Foreword
Acknowledgements This book is the result of a great deal of work by very many people. At several stages a draft was sent out to many different people, from a range of disciplines, who took the time to make copious comments. The various comments and suggestions improved the final version substantially and contributed greatly to the contents. I would also like to thank all the members of the Ancient Tree Forum who have attended the field meetings and helped to improve our knowledge of veteran trees. I am especially grateful to David Lonsdale for contributing greatly to the physiological aspects of tree growth and decay, Neil Sanderson for helping with the section on lichens and mosses, Sheila Wright for help with bats, Maurice Waterhouse and the RSPB for the log-pile design and Neville Fay and Mark Frater for all-round support and encouragement. Of the many that read through the script at different stages special thanks are due to Rob Green for such comprehensive comments also Tony Robinson, Rachel Thomas, Keith Kirby, Alan Richardson and Roger Key for spending so much time reading through the various drafts. (Thank you Roger for those comments that brought some light relief!) I am grateful to all those who made comments on the various drafts of the book, helped with specific sections and those who helped produce the glossary; my apologies to anyone I may have inadvertently omitted: Martyn Ainsworth Jeanette Hall Francis Rose Keith Alexander Paul Harding Neil Sanderson Jill Butler Peter Holmes Pete Shepherd Alan Cathersides Harriet Jordan Paul Sinaduri Fred Currie Richard Jefferson John Smith Jeremy Dagley Roger Key Helen Stace Caroline Davis Keith Kirby Rachel Thomas Lesley Davies Norman Lewis Tom Wall Neville Fay David Lonsdale Bob Warnock Roy Finch Mike Martin Ashley Wheal Vikki Forbes David Maylam John White Adrian Fowles Peter Quelch The Whiting family Mark Frater Oliver Rackham Ray Woods Rob Green Paul Read Sheila Wright Ted Green Alan Richardson Jackie Haines Tony Robinson The illustrations were drawn by Sarah Wroot. -
Dr. Duncan Slater
Assessing & Managing Branch Junctions in Trees Hong Kong 2020 International Urban Forestry Conference Duncan Slater BSc BA Med MSc PhD MArborA MICFor Talk Summary • Modelling branch junctions • Axillary wood – a new reaction wood • The effects of natural bracing • Is a big bulge better? • Is a fork in a tree a defect? • Conclusions Modeling Branch Attachment Branch attachment model AW = Axillary wood C = Branch collar P = Pith G = Grain capture zone B = Bifurcation of the pith Axillary Wood A New Reaction Wood Currently recognised reaction woods: • Compression wood • Tension wood • Flexure wood • Axillary wood develops in the axil of branch junctions and also has a unique anatomy and purpose Characteristics of reaction woods: Axillary Wood • Formed due to specific strain scenarios acting on the tree • Specialised anatomical changes • Unstable when dried out quickly • Part of the “posture-control system” of trees Responding to Strain Specialised Anatomy Image courtesy of the Manchester X-Ray Imaging Facility Specialised Anatomy To branch A From stem side b From stem side A To branch B Specialised Anatomy Unstable when dried out quickly Part of the tree’s posture control The Effects of Natural Bracing Natural bracing: A very common phenomenon Stages of natural bracing… Natural bracing can explain a lot of tree morphology and failures Meadows & Slater 2020 Meadows & Slater 2020 A need for education… Is a big bulge better? Big Ears? The Myth of “Big Ears” Frequency of BI failures against different extents of bulging Modelling in hazel junctions