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Authority Migration and Accountability in Canadian Type II Multilevel Governance

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Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 6-3-2014 12:00 AM Authority Migration and Accountability in Canadian Type II Multilevel Governance Robert W. Waterman The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Cameron D. Anderson The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Political Science A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Robert W. Waterman 2014 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Health Policy Commons, Political Science Commons, and the Public Administration Commons Recommended Citation Waterman, Robert W., "Authority Migration and Accountability in Canadian Type II Multilevel Governance" (2014). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 2253. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2253 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authority Migration and Accountability in Canadian Type II Multilevel Governance Thesis format: Monograph by Robert Waterman Graduate Program in Political Science A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Robert William Waterman 2014 ii Abstract In advanced industrial democracies, including Canada, elections act as important mechanisms of democratic accountability. However, the migration of public decision-making responsibility away from elected representatives and toward new governance models may alter accountability relationships. As authority is dispersed horizontally to new governance actors that exist beyond the reach of the ballot box, questions of public input and accountability within the democratic governance process arise. The objectives of the dissertation are: 1) to evaluate the extent to which Canadian provinces have opted to migrate decision-making authority horizontally in response to policy issues and why; and 2) to evaluate the existence and relative strength of the accountability relationships that emerge between new governance actors and both government and society once authority has migrated. It is hypothesized that period in time, political ideology, and government fiscal capacity are predictors of authority migration as a policy tool. Like wise, it is hypothesized that period in time, political ideology, and the geographic scale of the new governance jurisdictions, are predictors of the strength of both government and societal accountability relationships. To test the hypotheses, both quantitative and qualitative approaches are utilized. First, the incidence of decision-making authority migration and strength of accountability relationships are evaluated using regression analysis. This analysis considers these relationships using an original dataset of cases of horizontal authority migration in the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Nova Scotia and Ontario, between the years of 1946 and 2005. Second, case studies and qualitative interviews are leveraged to gain greater contextual understanding of the causes and implications of migration of decision-making authority to regional healthcare bodies in the provinces selected. While horizontal governance arrangements may raise questions over public input and accountability, findings support the hypothesis that their use is not new having existed for the entire post-war period. Furthermore, while the accountability relationship between government and new governance actors has remained dominant, the accountability relationship with society is strengthening as predicted. Perception of accountability ii relationships by interviewees, however, suggests that a lack of clarity in decision-making responsibility has weakened the ability for citizens to hold decision-makers accountable. Keywords Accountability, Multilevel Governance, Type II Multilevel Governance, Authority Migration, Democratic Accountability, Public Accountability, Democracy. iii iv Acknowledgments The completion of my dissertation has been a long road, however, that has only made its completion that much more satisfying. Helping me through this process have been some truly tremendous people and that gives the following words the greatest of meaning. To start, I would like to thank the Department of Political for the institutional and financial supported during my time at the University of Western Ontario as well as rallying around my family and myself when I was diagnosed with cancer. Without the ongoing support of such wonderful people the journey would have been so much more difficult. I would like to thank Robert Young who not only help to steer me down the right path early on in my thesis work and help to finance my participation at conferences. I would like to thank Laura Stephenson for the opportunity to work on the “Making Electoral Democracy Work” project. I also want to thank Teresa McLauchlan for her help steering me through the administrative world of graduate studies. Finally, I like to thank Andres Perez for being always being there to go for coffee to talk about not just politics but the last good book that either of us had recently read. While I benefited from the continued support of the department, I owe the greatest debt of gratitude to my Supervisor, Cameron Anderson. I have benefited from his experience and his willingness to suffer through draft after draft of my work. I thank him for his dedication and support, without which I would not have reached the point I am today. As a direct result of his help my dissertation is infinitely better. I have also benefited from my work being read and guidance given by Bruce Morrison. In addition I have benefited from comments provided at various earlier versions of Chapters 4, 5, and 7 that were presented at annual meetings of the Canadian Political Science Association. I have also benefited from comments from on a previous version of Chapter 5 that was submitted, and with the changes now present in the dissertation, accepted for publication in the Canadian Journal of Political Science. To end, I would like to thank the most important people in my life who without their love and support the dissertation would neither have started nor finished, my wife Celeste and my sons Devin and Liam. They are truly the three most amazing people I have ever met. iv Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. v List of Tables .................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xii List of Appendices .......................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1 .......................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction: The Migration of Authority .................................................................... 1 1.1 Authority Migration and the Changing Face of Governance .............................................. 2 1.2 Assessing the Migration of Authority and Accountability: A Chapter Outline .................... 5 1.3 Implications ..................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................ 10 2 Theoretical Background: Migration of Authority, Multilevel Governance, and Accountability ................................................................................................................. 10 2.1 Authority Migration and Multilevel Governance ............................................................ 12 2.2 State-Centric Multilevel Governance: Government Steering ........................................... 20 2.3 Society-Centric Multilevel Governance: Societal Self-Steering ........................................ 25 2.4 Multilevel Governance and Accountability Relationships ............................................... 29 2.5 Multilevel Governance and Problems of Accountability ................................................. 33 2.6 Hypotheses: Migration of Authority and Creation of Type II Bodies ................................ 40 2.7 Hypotheses: Migration of Authority and Accountability of Type II Bodies ....................... 42 2.8 Healthcare Governance and Canadian Healthcare .......................................................... 45 2.9 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 48 Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................ 49 3 Methodology and Data .............................................................................................
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