T H E L I F E

OF

S C I P I O A F R I C A N U S ;

W I T H

O ES A ND I LL S R TI N T U T A ONS .

THE RE V . EDW RD E A B RWICK.

c i i o fri canus su n or ue m dn mun ortal es nasci ol n mn ut esset in S p A pe , q v e t,

us er omnes nu meros ho mimbus efficacit r os cnd re quo se virt p e t e t.

V S ALER IU MA X IMU S .

L ON D ON

I E D FO R R O E R TR I PHOOK OL D ON D - S R EE PR N T B T , B T T A N D H OD GE S A ND M‘ RTH U R D U L I N A , B !

‘ - - By B M Md l an. Bow S treet . C ovent Gat den .

1 8 1 7 .

TO

THE RIGHT HONOURABLE

E Y A H N R G R T T A N ,

A S A MA L L B UT S I N C E R E R I U E O S , T B T F

E S E E M A N D G RA I U D E T T T ,

T H I S L I FE

O F

S O R U S C I P I A F I CA N ,

I S H BL D I CAT UM Y ED ED ,

ms A A E R I B Y TT CH D F END ,

A N D D E V O E D H U M LE S E RV AN T B T,

EDW RD BERWI A CK.

J ul 1 8 1 y , 7 .

A D V E RT I S E MENT .

THE R E have been several Lives c omposed of ' c o fricanus the E d anc n w s of S ipi A l er by ie t riter ,

a u us ellius whic h no fragments now rem in . A l G m n ons t he nam s of two of h m C a us O ius e ti e t e , i pp , and u us H nus who d in t he n of A u J li ygi , live reig

us s. The oss of the L f o f S c o su os d t o g t u l i e ipi , pp e

w n P u a c h is the one r nc a to be ritte by l t r , p i ip lly be

d Of his mod n B o a h s one w o regrette . er i gr p er , r te in La n and the o h in nch. The nam of ti , t er Fre e t he s is B onoo A ccioli a o n n who fl ou fir t t , Fl re ti e, rished in the fifteenth century : his Life of S cipio

’ was ans a d n o nch ha s de l Escl use tr l te i t Fre by C rle , and f om nch n o En sh Sir homas o h r Fre i t gli by T N rt , in the n of u n b h e na reig Q ee Eliza et . Th me of the

nch B o a h is the b Se an de la ou Fre i gr p er Ab é r T r, who o a ou the m dd of the l as c n u wr te b t i le t e t ry .

His L f w as ans a d n o En sh h ev i e tr l te i t gli by t e R .

R cha d Pa in the a 1 8 . I t ma c i r rry, ye r 7 7 y ex ite som su se ha no his o cal m mo ia of such e rpri , t t t ri e r l an illustriou s man was ever u ndertaken by an Eng l sh xc a a d d one a i writer, e ept very bri ge by Mr.

S m h of P s on in the a 1 1 3. Wh h the it re t , ye r 7 et er fo o n S ch h ch is now humblv off d t o ll wi g ket , w i ere b AD V E RTI S E MENT .

the u c a a to om s do suffic n P bli , gree bly pr i e, es ie t

us c to his c ha ac mus be f to the ud j ti e r ter, t le t j g m n of the cand d a e t i re der.

r Wa u on o s d w h som us n ss o f D . rb rt b erve it e j t e

hat a in his L f of Bacon had for wit, t M llet, i e ,

so I f a obse r gotten that he was a phil o pher . like vation should be applied t o the Editor of the prese nt

L f ha he has fo o n ha Sc o was a n i e, t t rg tte t t ipi ge e ral he mus bow w h su m ss on as the a of , t it b i i , b ttle Z ama al one has obtained a pl ac e in the following com a on S c o n in his m nd much mor pil ti ; ipi bei g , i , e in s n in his c han m a ca ac hou h tere ti g ivil, t ilit ry p ity , t g i n the l atter he outstripped the greatest c aptain that d ever live .

The Ed o n nds shou d the n account it r i te , l prese t of S c o c the a o a on of the u c ipi re eive ppr b ti p bli , t o give an Histori cal Sketch of such o ther branches of ha o am as n uc d the h sto an of t t N ble F ily, i d e i ri the Roman Empire t o denominate Ital y the c ountry P d f of the S cipios. A e igree o the Family will be

n to u a the ho . give , ill str te w le MEMOIRS OF THE LIFE

S C I P I O A F R I C A N U S .

m at ue ma norum non mi nus ot u Clarmum v iroru q g , quam negotii rati o

MEMOIRS OF THE LIFE

S C I P I O A F R I CA N U S .

U L I S O RN EL I U S S C I PIO s n u s P B U C , di ti g i hed from the great men of his family by the sir nam of A r can was the son of u Cor e f i us, P blius nelius S c o and o n in Rom in a of ipi , b r e the ye r

an ‘ Of uc the city five hun dred d seventeen . s h a c a s as ma ha a n his a p rti ul r y ve tte ded e rly life, hi story is silent the name of his mother Pom on a ar n on but ha of his p i is b ely me ti ed, t t pre c eptor is n ot ; consequently it is u seless t o form any c onjec tures rel ative either t o t he kind Of d uca on or to the ca and a ns e ti he received, re p i

h ch We ma na a w i were expended on it . y tur lly suppose he had the best masters to i nstruc t him

A u spic atius c neota paren té gignunt ur : si e u t S c ipi o

Af c anus o nat ns rimus ue C ze sarum a c aaso ma s ri pri r , p q tri — u te ro d ic t ade ausa e t C aeso nes a a t . P Y us : qu c ppell i LIN ,

. 7 c . l , 9. 4 in whatever learning w as then in fashion at

Ro as as in the m n s and n a me, well ele e t ge er l

nc s of the f n I f he had pri iple military pro essio . n ot the properest masters provided for this pur

o he had at as in his own f am p se, le t ily, his fa and nc hom his s ther u le, with w he served fir t

am a n at the a e of s n n U n at c p ig g eve tee . til th

o his nam not no c in s o and peri d, e is ti ed hi t ry, at ha m n he a a s in a h w ch t t ti e i deed ppe r lig t , hi c a m o ur a c u a a n on and ma s him l i s p rti l r tte ti , ke an c o f u a n a a s in Obje t pec li r i terest . He ppe r the most arduo u s struggle which ever engaged two p owerful nations ; a struggle in which man kind wit nessed the most splendid displ ay of

Fo r heroic virtues ever exhibited to the world .

Rom at ha c s s n o n the s om of e, t t ri i , relyi g wi d

s na the co a of her o and the her e te, ur g e pe ple, ma nan m of o h fo n o c in h g i ity b t , u d res ur es erself

a to a on and o f om adequ te her situ ti , r se r every

’ f a mo o o and mo fo m a . de e t re gl ri us, re r id ble

2 A t Pa es ua m u am e xte rrc n t imma nia c oe t a tr , q q p ,

I n u e s n u e um a t ue A es e t e a sa a q i b ll ; q lp , p rvi x

D e c c ére : t ame n c rud am c o nt a as e a me n m p r p r te , E t magnos toll un t a nimos : j uvat ire periclis

A d dec us e t d e x t ra memoran d um on n m n , c dere o e ,

ua e ded t nun uam re us fo t u na nn i Q l i q b r sec d s .

S ma 1 S h u ns . 4 . ILI U , , l 5

Th o h w ounds hrou h oss s no deca c an f r ug , t g l e y eel , ’ Collec ti ng strength a nd spirit from the stee l .

At this premature ag e the young S cipio was

a h n a n o n h a plac ed by his f t er o risi g gr u d, wit few s c a n an s n a Ticinus at ele t tte d t , e r the river ,

mom n n the a h c the e t whe b ttle, w i h gives it 4 was fo on an . D n celebrity, ught its b ks uri g

n a m n his a who c o m an the the e g ge e t f ther, m ded f Roman on was o n and leg i s, severely w u ded , appeared as if in danger o f bei ng s urrou nded by

he on a a m bod of the n m . T s a large y e e y , l r ed a a he c a to his com an ons to t wh t beheld, lled p i ’ run to his father s assistanc e : for a time his

n s m to h a o n h young frie d see ed esit te, whic the youth drove his horse with great impetuosity ! the s of the a sa an s and i nto mid t s il t , with the

3 Pe r damna e r c .ed es ab so , p , ip

D uc it O s a nimum ue fe ro . pe , q r

HO C Odes . 4 o 4 . RA E, l , . — a us a mus. L 5 c . 4 . V leri M xi . ,

Hie u ut a o defixum co o tel u , p er p tri rp re m

C ons exit madue re enae su bit o ue t r m p , g , q e entem

C orri nit a o emit um ue ad s d ra u t p p ll r, g q i e r pi .

S n . 1. 4 4 , l . 55.

Fertur er t e a er ho p l , p stes

I ntre idns u et G radivu m ass us s uat. p p er, p ib q

S I S . 4 LIU , l , l . 460. 6 assistance Of those who were now ashamed not to f ow sc fa om o oll , re ued his ther fr m st immi

n ! nent da ger .

A s nt en ea s t eve e y r ,

W h n C a ha mad a head for Rom he fou h e rt ge e e, g t “ B ond t he ma o f o he s ey rk t r .

The c ons u l was the first to proclaim aloud

a he o his a on t o his son and th t wed preserv ti ,

him o of D ! g reeted with the gl ri ous title eliverer . On returning to his c amp; he ordered a c ivic

l o o n to n to him wh ch was re cr w be prese ted , i “ h ma nan mo c a a on a fused with t is g i us de l r ti , th t ” a on was one a a s the cti th t rew rded it elf.

H e reward s

w do n h His deeds ith i g t em.

7 L . 21 c . 96. ivy , l , 3 S hakespeare . 9 C a us the h s o r an asc r s the h n li i t i , ibe o or of the con ’ sul s es at o n t o a L u an b pr erv i ig ri slave ; ut t he repor t of o ne w c a nno a a a ns a hos of o h riter t prev il g i t t t ers. N ow

d o u what oes P lybi s say ? He asserts that he had t he a nec d o e f om t he mou h o f Lae u t r t li s.

C c a C o ona a e ll at ur uam c s c a u ivi r pp , q ivi ivi, q o serv atus e st i n raelio s m vitm sal tis u , p te te , u q e perceptae

- dat . A u L U s G E LL rUs. 7

‘ It is on this occasion Pliny m akes the follow in c o on in a c a on to the g judi i us reflecti , ppli ti

“ a a s of ha c own h ch ons s on o m teri l t t r , w i c i ted ly f a w a n a a fe o ken boughs . How i comp r ble the mo a of o a and r n of r lity th se d ys, j ustly dese vi g

mmo t a H ow n o of the i r lity . refi ed the wisd m men who conf n o a on no , erred higher rew rd ble

o and n h o an ono expl its disti g uis ed w rth, th h r alone ; and i nasmu ch as all o ther military c owns are n ch d an d a orn h o r e ri e d ed wit g ld, our ancesto rs wou ld n o t set the life of a c itizen at any price a plain proof of the excellency of

f n who o ha s at their eeli gs, w uld ve blu hed mix in s of n s h an a on so na a g view i tere t wit cti tur l, ” a Of one c z n a n the of ano as th t iti e s vi g life ther .

The a o am a n an of a aff on b ve i ble i st ce fili l ecti , 2 o s a a n f om the mo h of P lybiu s ys , he le r ed r ut

d L ael us who was n to all the the el er i , wit ess

o and a on of S c o om his c hoo w rds cti s ipi , fr hild d

a h B c a a of uo t o his de t . y su h displ y virt u s

a nan m S c o ac the a on m g i ity, ipi quired reput ti of a man hos co a was n a n and , w e ur ge u d u ted, whose c ond uct was g uided in all his ac tions by 3 oo n and nc . S an ac on g d se se prude e uch ti ,

P n c . 4 . li y, 2 Lib. 1 0 .

3 ' Avoir c onservi toute la prese nce c t la fermeted esprit 8

w c m an s a nd n was in it ith the ircu st ce tte i g it, s f sufii cient t o c the a on a el ex ite mbiti , which

o n Roman Of h h m h f and one y u g hig birt ig t eel, Of s uc h a nature as might enco urage him to ra his o to n ise h pes the most glorious e terprises . It proved to S cipio an ince ntive to his seizing e o o un a occ of a n very pp rt ity th t urred, displ yi g

z a a his e l nd c ourage in defence of his cou ntry . The n ext i nteresti ng situation in whic h we find ou r o n h o ac 1 5 ha h ch m y u g er pl ed, t t w i im e di ately s ucc eeded the battle of Gamma 4 a si t uation the most c ritic al in the his to ry ' of

om n t he fa of the c s o l R e, whe tes ivili ed w r d

u s nd d n two a n a were s pe e betwee riv l tions . S cipio was a legionary tribune on th at unfor t unate day ; and when he found that the battle

a o he h w the n n af i w s l st, wit dre eve i g ter t,

ne c ssa s o ur a r da ns u ne enco n si no née et e ire , p gi r tre i pi ,

i ma heu e us d a ns sa e m c am a n e t a Pa e s l r e pr iere p g e, g de ’ ’ dix s t a ns si c e n s as l a v a a e u av oue u ep , e t p r ie v l r, j q e ’ — ’ e ne m c onnois as. L A B B D E S T- R de la j y p E AIN EAL,

r Va leu .

4 S ili us I t alic ns gives S c ipi o a share i n the ba t tle

i u ns d as c on a N omad um ue v ol uc rem H s s per, i i i tr , q

i iad dat ur ire manu m uze ue a e dolis ue S c p a: , q q rt , q

nd n se t urrna raadicit s a e um. S ci e t , p p rg re bell

S n . 1. 9 . 2 5. , l 7 9

with some o n n to Cannsium‘ a o n . y u g frie ds, , t w in the c n of a men a h n to the vi i ity C r , still d eri g

e u interest of th rep blic . At this important c ri sis he shewed what the patriotic zeal of a

ou n Ro an o n nc and y g m , g ver ed by the prude e s a n of a was a to a co te di ess riper ye rs, ble e m

lish was disma and n u n o p . All v co f sio ; terr r was painted in the c ou ntenances of both Officers

and men . h a om n all n h At suc m e t, prese t wit one o c c os him h i c a a n o h v i e h e t e r pt i , t get er with

us a us u n h ho a to Appi Cl udi , til t ey s uld be ble

u o of c Wh h rej oin their s peri r fi ers . ilst t ey were

con n ha was b t o on sideri g w t est be d e, Publius

3 C anusium O d um A u a ubi susce ti Roman hos ppi p li , p i

itio frac ti s e us. p , r b The picture of the distresse d c ondition of the broken

ema ns of the R oman arm c o c ed a t C anusium is r i y lle t , w ell pourtra yed by S i li us I taliens in his t e nth book

He u us fac s inhonora sini tri reb ie s s.

N on a u ae non s na s non c onsul is nl t urn q il , ig viri ,

I m e um non subnixaz l l c tore sec u es . p ri , r

T unc a a ue ae ra me u ceu ma ma sa uins. r , tq g t , g eli r

C o o a debihbus nit unt ur siste re mem s rp r bri .

C amo saa e e ns e t sm e sile ntia fixis l r p r pe , p I n t ellurem oc ulis ; n udaa plerisq ue sinist rze D etri to c lypeo : de sa nt pugnac ibus ense s

S aucius omnis ues : a s c ar sére su um eq g lei p perb ,

C ristarum d c us e t damnfirunt a s hono s . e , M rti re 1 0

urius Philus the son Of a on a man ca F , c sul r , me ! “ a and a ha was in a n for forw rd s id , T t it v i them to cherish hopes which were now irre t rievable that the commonwealth was despaired

Of and n as o a a o n , give up l st ; th t sever l y u g men of a in Rom at the a the first f milies e, he d o f hom was L c c 7 w u ius Ce ilius Metellus , were

so to m a at the o t and re lved e b rk first p r , fly

o a to ut h m n the rot ec fr m It ly, p t e sel ves u der p tion of any king who wou ld g ive them an asy ” l um in his om n on . h s afll ictin n w d i i s T i g e s , i ndependen t of the serious evil it c arried al ong

i h s cc n so n c a a w t it, u eedi g sudde ly su h tr i n of

o n n at misf rtu es, struck the meeti g onc e with

nd ho a o affright a rror . All u n nim usly g ave it as o n on ha a c o n l o their pi i , t t u ci sh uld be sum moned to take i nto consideration the nature Of

n n . S o who was not the i tellige ce cipi , m ore

n n n n a of a e ho fa th a i etee ye rs g , w m the tes had

6 L . 22 c . 53. ivy, l , 7 D ux e a ex o c ollectis a e us r t ill M rt Metell ,

d a o nomini I m S ed sti rpe han p rvi c g s. s ala bello

P ctora de enerem ue ma num a d dc formia a ebat e , g q g

J onsulta a u a o ositas s ec t abat in o ; tq e li p p rbe, Q uis sese oc c ulerent terra s qub nomina nulla

Poenorum aut at riee e net raret fama e c ae. , p p r li t S I LI U s 1 0 , l . ,

I 2

man know that ag ai nst him this sword is drawn .

a o o us a of man a o m By s uch gl ri displ y ly p tri tis , the g od - like youth no t o nly presented an ex a of in his own on ca mple piety pers , but re lled it at the moment when forsaki ng the breas ts of ” S c m ch a on m n o thers . tru k with as u st ish e t as if they had seen the vic tori ous Carthaginian in oo all oo the oa and c om the r m , they t k th, mitted themselves and fortunes to the gu idance of S c o ipi . ' He sto the fiiers pt ,

A nd his a e am mad e t he c o w a rd by r r ex ple, t Turn terror i nto spor .

the a an o h a a n fa Thus did g ll t y ut , fter s vi g his

’ er f at the a of “ r a th s li e b ttle cir us, s ve his cou ntry after the b attle of Cannae ; and shewed

h the o h d himself wort y of ch ice they a m ade . ’ S o ma n for o m m at Canusium and cipi re i ed s e ti e ,

al a mus . 5 c . 6. V . M xi , l ,

ade C annensi nobilissimos uvenes I taliam Cl j , de se r u ientes sua a uctoritatc c om esc uit —A V e c . . r re p , p UR c

TOR .

2 A an w hou an a us on t o h s ma n ppi , it t y ll i t i g animo us conduc of the oun S c o sa s ha a o af e t y g ipi , v t t V rr , t r col lee ti ng t he remains of his broken army as well as he co uld at C anusium mar ch d for Rom a n the m , e e, le vi g co mand of h mt o S c o a m a un . t e ipi , ilit ry trib e 1 3

' the a a ac n an ma n ha ma n p rts dj e t, i ti g w tever re i s of c a a m c co c h the s ttered r y ould be lle ted , wit whom he acted u n til he was s uperseded by Mar c ll n hi s m n th mman e us o s as u i g e co d . At this time his father and u ncle were employed in

S a n and h s c c was f ha ncou a n p i , t eir u ess o t t e r gi g na u at as to n his o h t re first, i spire elder br t er Luc i us with the h opes of offering himself a can didate f r th o e ae dileship . This i nciden t afforded his yo ung er brother ano ther opportunity of presenting himself in u h an am a o n of as s t o s c i ble p i t view, serve keep

i i fa o up the i nterest already excited n h s v ur . Luc i us p ossessed all the leg al qualific ations ne essar for the Offic and an o n the a ffec c y e, w ted ly

H i mo a art c tions o f the people . s ther w s p i u l arl an ou s he ho ul s uc c and for r y xi s d eed, p o motin u ss had cou as was us a g his s cce , re rse, u l, to a and ac c . who a pr yers s rifi es Publius, w rmly

o the f n of mo h o s s esp used eeli gs his t er, p s e sed the aff c ons of the o had not the e ti pe ple, but

a ca ons h ch l a qu lifi ti w i were required by w .

W n the da of c on was at han he o he y ele ti d , t ld his m other he had twi c e dreamed the same d am h ch was as fo o s ha he hou h re , w i ll w T t t g t he was chos n [ E h his brotlier and ha e dile wit , t t

h n h n n hom f om the fo u m w e t ey were retur i g e r r ,

had at oo and had a she met them the d r, embr ced I 4

’ and h a n h a wa kissed them . T eir p re t s e rt s

r m a f c d ha she a and iv ext e ely f e te by w t he rd, g in h f h all ma na aff c on to g ersel up, wit ter l e ti ,

a n s on c ou t 0 ha the fl tteri g delu i , ried , t t I ” might live to see th at day l D o you consen t

h n m mo h a to our ma n t e , y t er, (s id Publius) , ki g ” the trial ? To this she replied in the affi rma ~

n c n o his m of f a tive, ever suspe ti g, fr m ti e li e, th t

o n to ma he w uld ve ture ke it, but merely sup

o n a he o in . o h p si g th t sp ke jest H wever, wit ou t a n ano o t o mo or s yi g ther w rd his ther, he

a h o n to ot a ch as dered w ite g w be g re dy, su is

f ffic o a w orn by c andidates or o es . It is pr b ble his m other never troubled herself more about the ma B ut n o n n was tter . ext m r i g, while she ’ a S c o u t on c an a o n and sleep , ipi p the did te s g w ,

n to the o m. The o who all we t f ru pe ple, were

in his fa ou c him prepossessed v r, re eived with shouts of applause when advanc ing to the

a h c an a s an n he pl ce w ere the did te were st di g , oo his s a on the Of his o h o t k t ti by side br t er, wh se

c on ca and own l w s 3 ele ti he rried, his ike i e The

3 H eu reu se nt men des Remains ui ne u re n x pre i t , q p t ’ t r0 t ot Ot l‘l l ‘ l entrée des c ha s a de u He o s d on p rge x r , t I “ 9 7 7 l un c on u i t A fri ue et a ut re l A sre t ui n q l q , l ; e q pre dront

’ ’ ’ ’ dans l a su e l es surnoms l un d A fric a ne au it , , l tre d A sia — l I C . C A TROU e t RO Hi st R om t U ILLE , . . 1 5 news of their success was immediately conveyed t o h mo who in a an o Of o ran t eir ther, tr sp rt j y o ut and m n h m o h at the oo , eeti g t e b t d r, em

h m om the braced and kissed t e . Fr c irc um

anc s a n n c on o a s st e tte di g this ele ti , P lybius s y , an opi nion bec ame prevalent among all who h a o of the am ha S c o n ot e rd the st ry dre , t t ipi , on n a h s a a in f os ly whe sleep, but w il t w ke ull p s ss on of n an n fami a con e i his u derst di g, held li r

h the o was om no a verse wit g ds . Yet it fr dre m he derived any assistanc e in this busines s ; but

n b na u n o ma n n and bei g y t re ge er us, g ifice t, c o o in ann had o urte us his m ers, he previ usly c onc a a o u of mu and ili ted the f v r the ltitude, w n the o a had the a he pr per t ime rrived, ddress to use it b o th with the people and his m other from this originated the idea of his acting under t he m e of n a mon on Men Ob i puls divi e d iti . ,

o who ha not nm n serves P lybius, ve the discer e t

’ o nat ure or ca on to either fr m edu ti , view dis t inc tl the m the ca and the c ou y ti es, uses, rses

Of a ons n a a c ho n s t o cti , ge er lly s ribe t se eve t the

o or to fo u n h h are o h a o g ds rt e, w ic br ug t b ut by the expert and re ady management of g ood se nse

a d a on Th a on ha now n n re s . e rel ti we ve give

’ o f S c o a o n o the ofli ce of ae ipi s pp i tment t dile,

o was of a e a n f o o bef re he g , is t ke r m P lybius ; 1 6 and the reflecti on which the historian m akes on am n a al and bvio us n the dre , is its tur fio i ter

retation h n a to a o n man Of suc h p , w e pplied y u g

oo ns and n m n g d se e sou dj udg e t . L ivy gives an ac count of the preceding trans ac on o m ms anc s h h ti , with s e circu t e w ic still

n mo n n W n S c o a re der it re i teresti g . he ipi p

eared in mo n n of his c on p the r i g ele ti , the tri bu nes of the people were determined to give him every opp osition in their p ower : a conduc t on the a of ma s a s n i e nu p rt these g i tr te , e th r

a nor n c h c a tha usu l, u expe ted . T ey de l red t it was quite u npre cedented for any one to demand the aadileship at his time of life ; that the c an didate was on in his n - first a n ly twe ty ye r, whe by l aw he shou ld be in his thirty - seven th ; to

h a a if he w as l c t whic they dded, th t e e ted, hey

Sanc on h h a o a would n ever ti it wit t eir ppr b tion . The rep ut ation of men is greatly affe cted by the

s a in f for on h m Of first step they t ke li e, t e te n

oo or fo t n depends their g d ill r u e . It was ha zardous for a you ng man to oppos e the trib u n itial p ower ; and t o pay it abject submissi on was not u nac om an h o m an e c p ied wit s e d g r . Pro

a ch a c on occ to S c o and b bly su refle ti urred ipi , w as ul h him but w as d y weig ed by , he deter

W a a mined to persevere . h t p ssed at the time 1 7

‘ of his election, is gi ven by Livy with his usual

anc and s m c The a eleg e i pli ity . plebei n tribunes i nsisted that he o ught n ot to be admitted as a

’ c andidate till he was of the ag e requ ired by law t o this Objection the youth is said t o have replied in the following en ergetic terms S i me o mn mdilem fac vol unt sa , es Quirites ere , tis annoru m habeo ‘t If al l the Romans wish to

a an ae am old no u h. h m ke me dile, I e g T is a a t o the f n s Of the Roman o ppe l eeli g pe ple, c onveys both the beauty and brevity Of the

' L a n an ua and n to u s som d a ti l g ge, prese ts e i e ’ al ha ac B ut df S cipio s m anly and origin c r ter . tho ugh thi s address to the Roman people was

of h h and ha u h hu mou and h full ig g ty r, hig ly off ns t o the u n s a d t he e ive trib e , it fl ttere pride of the c o s w ho h one o c nom n a ele t r , wit v i e i ted him and his o h mdiles wh ch w as a ma br t er , i rk of t he highes t fav ou r and disti nc tion in their

o to e o as the aadileshi w as t he p wer b st w, p first p ublic pre fermen t that was properly c alled a

a a m gistr cy . I n what manner S cipio p assed his time (ex

Of h c on f o m the c ept in the i nstanc e t is ele ti ) , r

Gamma in 53 u n the year of the battle o f 1 , til

4 L v . 25 c . Q. i y, l , 1 8

a 542 in h c wa a o on ye r , w i h he s pp inted proc sul in S a n a a of his a and p i , fter the de th f ther ’ nc not no c in an n istor . u le , is ti ed y survivi g h y I n that year the comm and in S pain became

a an and on rna on in o v c t, the c ste ti the city thr ugh all ranks o f the people was extremely great . 6 N ot one of the senators had the courage to

o a on was n acan in s licit the situ ti , which the v t that co untry ; and the sena te itself was at a l oss wh o m they sho uld appo in t to so importan t “ ” a c o man ’ W n da a s a s m d he the y rrived, y

S ir Wa Ra on a ocons for lter leigh, which pr ul

S ai n w as t o o n all the na o and p be ch se , se t rs chief men Of the city sto od looking one another in ac not one of m ha n a the f e, the vi g the he rt t o a n m f on u ch a a s c dve ture hi sel s desper te ervi e,

n on a n l o n i S o whe sudde Pub ius C r el us cipi ,

5 D urn C a ua infa ustam u hand s n san u n c u am p l it i e g i e lp , I nterea geminos terra c rudelis I bera

Fo u n a abstule ra t ermiscens s a laztis rt , p tri ti ,

i i s ma n m u dec us m S c ada u e a num ue do lore m. p , g q , g q

S e U s I TA c U s . 1 8 , l , a . 26 c . 1 8 . Livy , l ,

7 A n a u a Pa es uasso me dic amina moesti xi t rb , tr , q , ,

I m e o c irc ums ec ta nt D i vos uc rec a nt u r. p ri p , q p

ui la ri a n r d oc tor u ed Q ce s si s cc ere c ast ri s .

S a w s 1. 1 5 7 . , , l .

20

o on had s a u n s nc n u em ti sub ided , s dde ile e e s ed , and all an to f c on a had on beg re le t wh t they d e, wherein partial i nc linatio n prevailed o ver their

o ma u m n His h a m re t re j udg e t . yout g ve them

‘ m ch u n a n was not a a h n u e si ess , which b ted w e they took i nto c onsideration the misfortu nes of

o . n am a c a his h use His very e, it is s id, used

o a n on as was t o o ut f om seri us pprehe si s, he set r two am who in mou n n and w as to f ilies, were r i g

oc to a o n h he m s c a on his pr eed pr vi ce, w ere u t rry military operations betwee n the t ombs of his fa

h an d nc ’ Wh n S c o c d a t er u le . e ipi per eive th t the people were u nder serio us apprehensi ons on his a co n m on an a m in c u t, he su m ed sse bly, w c he s o on the c of a e o n hi h p ke subje t his g , the comman to h ch was a o n and d w i he pp i ted, t he war ha was t o c a on h c a t t he rry , wit su h

a nan m and a o n of n m n as re m g i ity elev ti se ti e t,

A bste rre t uv e nem a r os at rui ue a j , p t i p q pi re

O t a nt em ma ne s t i ist i c on te rr it a ne td p , l ,

F t re ut a ns a nu os c o na t o san u n u a p , g g i e t rb

S i e nt em et at infa ust am nte r ust a sno um g p , i b r

Dece rta ndum host u i fre e rit arma d uor m i, q g u ,

ui c onsu t a d uc um ac fla r m e t eliore ad o . Q l , g Gr iv

S a w s 1 . 1 5 . 1 0 , , l . 3 I n ul tione rn patri s ac pa trui mi ssus c um e xe rc it u

- F O S . S cipi o . L RU 21 kindled and renewed the ard our th at was begi n n n to s and t he m n of the i g ubside, filled i ds

o h a confidence 4 of o han pe ple wit gre ter h pe, t wh at usu ally arises from faith reposed in any

of ion m hu man or f o m ason pr ess , erely ; r re , formi ng its o pinion by t he most flattering s a of aff a To a him in counc and t te irs . ssist il , m oderate the vi vacity of his geni u s and warlike

s os on a c s J un us S an u a o ae o di p iti , M r u i il s, pr pr t r, now a anc d in a w as n am the re dv e ye rs, ed by

hi c o a S c o had not o n p ubli c for s lle g ue . ipi ly

nobl e ' carria e in him I now u se the l an a g , ( g u age of the ol d life of Afri canus by S ir Tho mas o h n n h so man n N rt ) , bei g e dued wit y si g u l ar u s but he was a o a oo n an virt e , ls g dly ge tlem , and c om Of so n and had a very ely per , besides pleasant co unte nance ; all which thing s t oge

are a m a n to win him the o and ther, gre t e s l ve

of man . o o v n in his good will every M re er, eve

u s and ha o was a nc gest re be vi ur, there pri ely

N ow the o of ma a c n be g rac e . gl ry rti l dis ipli e ing j oi ned u nto those his rare gifts of mi nd and

a w as to o h h c n ture, it be d ubted w et er ivil vir

ma him mo acc a u n o an tues de re ept ble t str g ers,

in a than wonderful for his skill w rs . Further

’ m had the common o h a s ore, he filled pe ple s e rt

4 u dem fi d uc a sa s a e r us a mus o nlo Quze q i i , y V l i M xi , p p

iae s em ded t Romano sal utis ac v ictor p i . 22

W i h a ai n o us f a ca did t cert superstiti e r, be use he ’ d aily (after he had taken the m an s gow n) use to

o u to the C a itol f and so n o c c g p p , i t the hur h

ho an co an n omuc ha al l men wit ut y mp y, i s h t t beg an t o thi nk th at he learned some sec rets ”— h n . This a c o a L c t erei l tter ust m , s ys ivy; whi h he observed through the whole course Of his life, made several people g ive c redit to a n otion

a a oa at a was Of ne spre d br d the time, th t he divi extrac tion ; w hic h g ave rise to the propag ation of many mirac ulo us stories that were never dis c o ura ed b him but a a the his g v , r ther were , s ys 6 o an a f u co n nan he m nei t ri , rt lly u te ced, hi self ther c ontradic ti ng n or absolutely affi rming any

h n of the 7 s o of ha n n t i g ki nd . The t ry his vi g bee

5 I n C api toli um intempest a nocte c unti nunquam canes all trav er unt N ec hic uid uam us c ze it uam in a . q q pri p , q ’“ Cellci J o s diutissime sedisset uasl divinam m ntem vi , q e

c i r t a c pe e . 6 L 1. 26 c 1 9 . ivy, , . 7 H a nc de se o nionem a n e n o nut rivit a t de pi t li i g i , o rigi né q uide m sua n ihil sponte loqnere t ur ; e t c um in t erro are t ur a n ra esse nt u a: ass m ferebant ur n ec g , ve q p i ,

fli rmare t ne uam exinde macu am va nita tis inc urreret a , q l , n ec n e a ret uod c e d a b omn us audeba t : haze ac g , q r i ib g t i t urnit a té us assec ut us est uam si a am o s fili um pl , q p l j vi — dic a e . pree ss t PET RA R C H .

Cella w as the in t eri or and more sacred par t of the Tem

i e w here the ma e of t he De t was d e os t ed . p , i g i y p i 23

s o n a n i beg tte by huge serpe t , is ment oned by

an Of an n and a m y the cie t writers, is p rtic ularly all tided to on 9 who in hi by Milt , s enumeration of the serpe nt kind that were fabled to have had c o c o a o n sa s mmer e with m rt l w me , y ,

He w th O m as h s w th her ha o e i ly pi , t i i t t b r

S c o t he he h h of ome ipi , ig t R .

S o a a in a h in cipi N sic , speec which he praises the o n an am a a c C r eli f ily, s ys, th t S ipio A frica nu s so far c a on Of fa h ex eeded the reput ti his t er, as to c reate a belief that he w as not born of the ” man a was Of n a on . hu r ce, but divi e extr cti

S o was not a a a ha eo cipi disple sed, s ys B yle, t t p ple should believe this story of his mother ; and he is i ncli ned to think that the i ntellige nt Ro m ans were not averse to the c irc ul ation of s u ch

n on Wh n a n o on a o an o pi i . e we t ke i t c sider ti n the sad condition to which H annibal reduc ed

o was t o sh ha o a o R me, it be wi ed t t p pul r err rs

' 8 J o is filius c red o nam ant e uam c onc i e re t ur v it r, q p , se r ns i n lec to ma s e us a aruit e t s a r o o pe tri j pp , ip i p v l — n A . TO d aco circ umfusus hi noc uit . . r , i l U R VIC R 9 o n Pa a d se Los 1. 9 . 509. Milt , r i t, , l C ur viro divinum quiddam inesse exist imabat ur ; adeo u t pu taretur eti am c um numinibus habere se rmo — nem. EU TROPI U S . 24

’ m a the o c a on and a e ight r ise pe ple s expe t ti s , m k S cipio be l ooked u p on as a man desig ned by the o for so m a is n g ds e gre t ac tio ns . It evide t f om n um s a sa s in L ha at h s r berles p s g e ivy , t t t i period the Ro mans p aid almost as mu ch atte n tion to the prodigie s w hi c h w ere ann ually c ol l ected and to the a nd m an ha , w ys a e s t t were

s to a h o n o on u nc devi ed vert t eir p rte t us c seq e es, as they did to the most important aff airs o f the

m s h s m t m h republic . At ti e t ey ee ed o i pute t eir distresses more to the n eglec t Of s uperstitious

s han to t he m sc on c of h n a s rite , t i du t t eir ge er l ,

or t o the s u i o of h n m . a u per rity t eir e e ies F bi s, who by perseverance and steadiness had the m of o n h aff a w as n o c erit rest ri g t eir irs, less ele brated for his dilig enc e in averti ng the eff ec t Of

o s an he was for the c on c these pr digie , th du t an d ability o f a c au tio us and s u cc essf ul com m ander .

om ha has n sa it ma h n Fr w t bee id, y I t i k be

a nf ha S c o w as m s h f irly i erred , t t ipi i pres ed wit

ns of o us u and a f ha a se e religi d ties, belie t t there was a s uperior p ower that s uperi ntended

‘ aff a of h o For a the irs t is w rld . it ppears fro m

N emo vir ma nus sa s C ce o s ne ali uo afflatfi g , y i r , i q

- div inOu n uam fu t . D 6 Na t a q i D eor um. 25

ev a o n an m Of him a n ery cc u t tr s itted , th t he ever e n on an m o an n ss h Of tered up y i p rt t busi e , eit er

2 a c or a a na u hou n publi pri v te t re, wit t retiri g t o om ac of wo sh and m o n the s e pl e r ip , i pl ri g as sistance Of the divi nity t o which it was c onse

a no hs an n is at the cr ted . But twit t di g this, it sam m to ac no tha he m e ti e be k wledged, t see s t o have mixed a c ertai n degree of p olicy with his u c ac s Of o o n and t o ha in imi p bli t dev ti ve, ’ t ation of L cu us uma and S o us en y rg , N , ert ri , deavo ured t o raise an o pini on that he rec eived u n usu al c o mmunic ations of divi ne fa vou r : for

h h n an O n on in the m ha by c eris i g pi i ultitude , t t he w as supported in all his u ndert akings by su

er natural aid be ns i ho ha nu p , i p red t se t t were

his co mman h a on nc and der d wit gre ter c fide e,

h m mo a n in the mos made t e re e ger, eve t pe

In a sa h ch w a rilou s attempts . the s ult w i s

a ha in S a n S c o sa d m ade o n New C rt ge p i , ipi i

n a a to him n h and that Neptu e ppe red by ig t,

2 S cipio Afric a n us non a nte a d negotia publi ca v el

' a a ha uam in Ce aJ o s C a o n mora t us ss priv t i t, q ll vi pit li i e et — e t deo J o enit us c redeba t u r . . X S . 1 i ve g VAL MA IMU , l ,

c . 2.

3 Po us is of o n on ha h r is a a esem lybi pi i , t t t e e gre t r

anc o h in c ha ac e and cond uc we n S c o bl e, b t r t r t, bet e ipi

and L cur us . 1 0 ex 2 y g , l , . . 26

o on and f a no n and a ed bid him g e r thi g ; it is dd ,

ha a soon as was a n be t t s the city t ke , publicly

his an t o o for his cc Offered up th ks the g ds su ess . All these c ircumstances conc urred in procuring S cipio a degree of admiration which surpassed

a was to an an n and a wh t due y hum bei g , l id the

o n a on of o of the c a a at s f u d ti s me uses th t, thi

n the to c omm t o him at time, i duced public it , so ma u an a e the m o an c o m an pre t re g , i p rt t m d i on 4 A s oon as a o n n questi . s his pp i tme nt had a n a a for S a n as o on t ke pl ce, he set s il p i pr c sul, and in the a of fo a c sp ce ur ye rs, redu ed the whole c o un try u nder the dominion of the Ro

5 I n a o o mans . th t sh rt peri d he overcam e fo ur c a a n o and s fo l - a pt i s, r uted di persed ur wel p

o n a and d o a a n an o ut p i ted rmies, r ve the C rth gi i s of o h S a n so a ma a b t p i s, th t it y be s id with

not a a n n in the truth , he did le ve si gle e emy

mm to c a provi nc e which was c o itted his re . As Livy and Polybiu s h ave g iven a particul ar

’ accou nt Of S c ipio s milita ry transac tions in

n it nn sa to a S pain, I thi k u eces ry repe t them

— a — an and here they were gre t they were brilli t,

c a c m an ha successful ; whi h l tter cir u st ce is w t,

4 A C . 54 2. . V . 5 u u F o us 1 2 c . 6. L ci s l r , . ,

28

s h a o a Of s cc a on uit wit ny pr b bility u ess, by re s

l aw oon a s na was o f t he existing . As s the se te

s m ss S c o ma his n anc n o the di i ed , ipi de e tr e i t s c and in n - n n a of his a ity, the twe ty i th ye r ge , w as elected c onsul with the u niversal c onsen t and a o a n of the o Roman o ppr b tio wh le pe ple . L ivy says his elec ti on was atten ded by an im m n c o nco o f on who oc f om e se urse pers s, fl ked r all a Of the c o un not on for u os p rts try, ly the p rp e of n him h o s but of O a n n a givi g t eir v te , bt i i g

n a h ran in sight of the ca did te . T ey c rowds to

ho u and n t o the a o at t he m his se, eve C pit l, ti e when he w as maki ng a sac rific e of a hecato mb t for a v o w had a in S a n af o J upiter, he m de p i ter

f a n h a o the suppress i on o muti y . He ex ibited ls

am of ch the ex ence w as f a a g es, whi p de r yed by

c o f the na o ut of on a de ree se te, the m ey th t he

the a had transmitted to tre sury . Though I have de c li ned enteri ng i nto any

’ p articu l ar detail of o ur hero s military transac

o n in S a n om n in ti s p i , fr bei g very little versed the scienc e of war ; yet I sh all have peculiar pleasure in marki ng su ch features o f his c ivil

5 I t w as u ed l aw ha cand da fo r the req ir by , t t every i te c onsu sh shou d fo - h e a s of a e c a d le i l ip l be rty t re ye r g , lle g t ima m tempus. 29

a o in tha o n as t o a beh vi ur t c u try, serve displ y the g allantry and humanity that always actuated him of c the mos ma a n anc , whi h t re rk ble i st e is

ha no n to a The s 9 w t is well k w every re der . tory is as follows D uri ng the prosec ution of the war ” in S a n are o ha af the c a u Of p i , we t ld t t, ter pt re

a ha a mu of on s Of o h New C rt ge, ltitude pris er b t

e s f n o o Of S c o amon s xe ell i t the p wer ipi , gst

ho was a am of a a who h w m d sel gre t be uty, , w ere

e n a a c the s Of all ev r she we t, ttr ted eye

’ S he we t a nd bl ush d p , ,

A nd t he mo n w as oun a nd oom n . like r , y g bl i g

S cipio was at that time of life in which the pas — sions have the greatest infl uenc e he was seven a d w n his son rac f u and no n t e ty, per g e l ble c onseq uently his soldiers su pp osed that his heart co uld not be insensible to the c harms of so

a m h lovely an Object . He ssured the t ey were no t mistake n in their Opinions ; the treas ure was o f n ma c and if his hou h not i esti ble pri e, t g ts were

n n a u c n s he m h e tirely e g ged by p bli busi e s, ig t prob ably i nd ulge in s uch pleasures as were not

9 Th s s to is o d S ir R c ha d S t e in o ne o f his i ry t l by i r e le,

Ta s w th ec u a ac a nd e anc . tler , i p li r gr e leg e

L . 26 c . 50. ivy , l , 30

n o a o h or a e i c mp tible with his y ut , with th t resp ct whic h he must ever pay to h onour and On making enq uiries c onc erning the fair S pa ’ niard s co n and a n a n a u try p re ts, he le r t th t she w as promised in marri age t o a S panish princ e of

nam of A ll ucius a the e . Immedi tely he sent for him who w as to an and c am be her husb d , he e, a n mo n n a s a tte ded by her ther a d e re t rel tions .

om n S o saw him and c in The m e t cipi , per eived his counte nanc e expressions n ot only i ndic ative of n na on o ow a ss him as i dig ti but s rr , he ddre ed “ follows I am sensible of the regard this yo u ng

a has for o u and am not no an of o c ptive y , ig r t y ur

a s on for . Kno S ir ha has n p s i her w, , t t she bee

c a w h and now o her as perfe tly s fe it me, I rest re

n of o o as she was fo deservi g y ur l ve, be re she

am n o c on . h ad can c e u der my pr te ti T is l y, I a ou a f o h of to o w and ssure y , is gi t w rt y me best ,

am a at a n in Of y ou to receive . I h ppy h vi g it

Polybi us tells us tha t S c ipi o w a s n a t urallv Of a n

’ — ‘ 3 111 0 7 0 11 3 t e m eramf m d v ( A OTTNHN r owH or p a w a o r sg, DI

7 7 u v 1 . 1 0 r o ,

TO wh c h a e us a mus adds ha he w as s des i V l ri M xi , t t be i et uvems et ce lebs et v ic tor . j ,

d s M a i s S c ipion savoit éga leme nt vai ncre l es ennemi s e

Roma ns e t ses o s ass ons . i , pr pre p i 3] my power to contribute to an union on which the happin ess of two such persons depends ;

A nd in r u n et r ,

I ask bu t h s when ou ho d h se es t i , y be l t e ey ,

Th s c ha ms w h a ns o be a f nd of R ome . e e r it tr p rt, rie

If a now do a in o m n an fa wh t I , r ises y ur i d y v ourable o n on of me o u me to pi i , if y believe be a man of o and h as h na on w rth virtue, suc t ese ti s

o n m fa and n ha ever f u d y ther u cle, believe t t Home has many c itizens who would act in the

‘ same manner under simil ar c irc um stan ces

A ll ucius o com at onc o an d mo , ver e e with j y

diflidence and a n his no f n dest , t ki g ble rie d by

h han n o all t he o to a the rig t d, i v ked g ds rew rd such exalted g oo dness ; for no return he c ould ma was a a to a f ow n ke, dequ te either g r ti y his

’ h or a n a o n o wis es, rep y his be ef ct r s ge er sity .

” I w not so d sho no u the u of S c o sa s ill i r virt e ipi , y

Lo rd L on in o ne of his D a o ue s as t o h n he yttelt i l g , t i k co u d fee a n s r u w i th h mse f on ha t accoun A l l y t ggle i l t t. woman n a d t o ano h r e n a ed a ff c t o n s w e g ge t e , g g by e i a ell as ows let her ha e n e so a u fu c ou d ha v , ve be ev r be ti l, l ve i ra ise d in h s heart no sen timents but c ompas sion a nd

f ndsh . To ha o a d her w o u d ha e ee n n rie ip ve vi l te , l v b a ac t o f uta w h ch non but ano he r Ta u n d br lity, i e t rq i c o ul ha e c omm ed . To ha d ta n d her f om her hus and v itt ve e i e r b , ” wou d ha n c u l ve bee r el . 32

Instantly an immense treasure was produced by the f n of the a c a and off as rie ds f ir ptive, ered her

an o m c S c o at s u to a r s , whi h ipi fir t ref sed t ke ;

as A ll ucius s acc anc of it he but pre sed the ept e , ,

a his a n and o all to a at g ve sse t, rdered it be l id his h n n n to the o n nc he feet ; w e tur i g y u g pri e,

a be a t o n the ho t o s id, I g le ve prese t w le her who to o f as a a of ma a is be y ur wi e, p rt her rri g e

o w Yo u now S ir all no h n in co m d ry . k , , it is t i g, ” a on h ha a a a n p ris wit w t I h ve lre dy give her .

A ll ucius a om o o on ac in , fter s e pp siti , quiesced

’ S c o o n and n hom to own na ipi s b u ty, we t e his

on accom an his o un and ti , p ied by y g bride her

a ons who sou n a of h be rel ti , re ded the pr ises t eir nefac tor and of the Roman o l o all , pe p e, thr ugh

on o n a o u c a n ha who the regi s r u d b t, de l ri g , t t he had c o m amon was a od a h an e gst them g , r t er th a man one who c on o his oo n , quers m re by g d ess 3 a d n os han the o of his a ms n g e er ity, t by p wer r

3 Th a o e s or is o d old Bu on in his A na e b v t y t l by rt , om of e ancho in t he fo ow n na u a a nd home t y M l ly , ll i g t r l ly “ n ua e : S c o a o un ma n of t w n - h e a s l a g g ipi , y g e ty t ree y r o f a e and the most a u fu of t he Romans ua in g , be ti l , eq l ’ son t o ha t ec a n C ha rinu s or Home s N r us a t per t Gr i , r e e , he s e e o f a c t of S a n w h n a s a no a nd most t i g i y p i , e ble fa ou n e nt e woman was ou h u n o him a nd he ir y g g l br g t t , had hea rd she was et o h d to 3. o d wa ded her nd b r t e l r , re r , a ! w h a t se nt her bac k to her s eet e r . 33

S oon after A ll ucius j oined his camp at the head of fo n u n men and n fo oo him urtee h dred , ever rs k

n the fu h con nuanc of the war duri g rt er ti e . Ex a mples of military prowess c an only be made the o bjects of imitation by a few ; but such ami able displ ays of tr ue ge nerosity and courtesy as the

n a on n are for the in foregoi g rel ti prese ts, fitted

l a ma s struction and imitation of al . As s ll te ti mony of the grateful se nse A llu cius e ntertained f m nan mo a m n a d he or such ag i us tre t e t, it is s i

° n fac o a s on presented his be e t r with silver hield , which he hims elf is represented as receivi ng

he an of Ro an n a the an from t h ds the m ge er l, be

o was o h 4 tiful captive to wh m he betr t ed .

S f in a n of u c men as ma a wi t, spe ki g s h de gre t fig ures in some partic ular action or c irc umstanc e

h m n on our h o h n he dis of t eir lives, e ti s er , w e missed a fair c aptive lady presented to him after

a c o n n his a a t o a gre t vi t ry, tur i g he d side, pre hi ° serve s own virtue . Among the v ariou s prisoners th at were pre

S ee A ndi N . a nd I I os. I . ppe x ,

H s o sa s D r d n is f u fu of d s ns o h for i t ry , y y e , r it l e ig , b t t he a n e a nd the a S uch is Sc o res o n p i t r tr gic poet. ipi t ri g t he S a n sh d whom he e h o d o r ma be su p i bri e, it er l ve , y p posed to love ; by which he ga ined the hea rts o f a grea t

n n hem e for om a a nst a ha e nati o to i terest t selv s R e g i C rt g .

Fo o est ui se uam ui fo ss ma nc moenia . rti r q , q q rti i , vi it, D 34

sented to S c ipio after the taki ng of New Car

a ‘ a o an far a an in a h th g e , w m dv ced ye rs, wit

o n n a in a a an the s methi g ve er ble her ppe r ce, wife of Mando nius o of I ndibilis n of , the br ther , ki g

Iler etes cam o a and at the g , e f rw rd, threw herself

f c n him h a to c his eet, besee hi g wit te rs, give su h orders conc erning the fem ales who were his cap

tives a h na to c o , th t t ey might be e bled re eive m re consideration and attention th an what they had

nc f om a ha n an oon as experie ed r the C rt gi i s . As s

S c o a h a to a u e ipi he rd t is, he begged le ve ss r her, th at no n ecessary ac commod ation sho uld be

an n to her . To h s she a c w ti g t i replied, th t su h kind of atten tio n was not that about whi ch they “ were troubled ; for what accommodation (conti n ued she) can be looked upon as not enough for

on in our a on ? o n n S ir pers s helpless situ ti C cer , ,

o f a ff n n a n a en very di ere t ture re ds my he rt, wh I reflect on the tender ages of these you ng fe

al f r as to m f am now on m es ; o ysel , I bey d the d anger of those i ns ults to which our sex is ex p osed On each side of this venerable matron

oo the au h of I ndibilis in the oom of st d d g ters , bl

o h an d a o h w h a o h y ut be uty, t get er it sever l t er

n a of a s nc o n al l of o you g l dies equ l di ti ti , by wh m

a n o she w as respec ted as a p re t . Fr m the reve

5 Po us . 1 0 . exc . Q L . 26 c . 49. lybi , l ; ivy, l ,

36

The impression which was made on the mi nds of the S pani sh people by these multiplied in

an of an n a and beneficent was st ces e l rged spirit, of s ch a co nc a n na a a n f om u ili ti g ture, th t we le r r

o was a na of n P lybius, he s luted by the me ki g . As soon as he disco vered th at it was the u niver sal of the o to a him a n ’ he wish pe ple m ke ki g ,

ou h a ma of mo o om n I n th g t it tter st seri us m e t .

on nc of wh ch he c a a n of c seque e i , lled meeti g the principal persons who wished to c onfer on

in h c h o h a he him the title, w i he t ld t em th t

ou a a not o n to to sh ld lw ys desire ly be, but be esteemed a man of a truly royal mind ; at the same time assuri ng them he would n either be a

n nor o he om an ki g , w uld receive the title fr y one and for the f u e ha ; ut r requested , t t they sh ould address him by no o ther appellation th an

a of a o or n a . a n s of th t imper t r, ge er l The gre t es

7 L 2 c . 1 9. ivy, l . 7 ,

e ns omn us una M ib ,

C onc ordes e e m a a nt re e m ue sal ut ant r g ppell , g q .

S c c hunc summum nfirun t u s hono em ili et virt ti r .

S e d ost uam m re ecit munera v ult u p q iti j ,

‘ A u sonio non d na ro at rios ue v icis m ig vi , p q si

Edoc uit us e t Romam nom na e um rit , i r g

Monstrav it nescire a t um rs s n fi m ' u i u a & c . p ti , ve ,

S S . 1 6 31 2 ILIU , l , . 37

s o a s Pol bius ch w s s ul, s y y , whi a displayed on this

oc a on ma c si , y very justly be thought to deserve a a s ppl u e . Though S cipio was at this time extremely

o n and fo un had so fa hi i i y u g , rt e voured m n h s

ca of o a a ho c reer gl ry, th t w le subje t people

a a o u n a off to him of the o a m de v l t ry er r y l title, yet he remai ned tru e and c onstan t t o his c ou n

not uff n h m f to m try, s eri g i sel be te pted by so

a in a s a o f honou and d s nc o fl tter g di pl y r i ti ti n .

To us the of n h n ou ha ref e title ki g , w e y ve it in

o o t o oss s a S n ca hat y ur p wer p es it, is, s ys e e , w

n n 9 constit utes the essenc e of reig i g . B ut in the

u n o of his an c o subseq e t pr gress brilli t vi t ries,

a he had su u ann a and o h fter bd ed H ib l, br ug t

he of the a ha n an and had down t pride C rt gi i s,

n u s a and her n s how man besides co q ered A i ki g , y

the occas on a occu of his s a were i s th t rred , e t blishing himself in royalty in almost any p art of ? t he world he might have chosen S uch g olden

o n n as m h ha i opp rtu ities were prese ted, ig t ve n

not on a hu an m n a o spired ly m i d, s ys P lybius,

n a n s f if the on but eve divi ity it el , expressi is

a o a h a o s . so ll w ble, wit mbiti u pride But ele

8 1 ex ‘ . L . 0, c 6 9 Hoc est e na no na uum ossis. r g re ; lle reg re, q p 38

va ed so o was the o of c o t t , superi r s ul S ipi o th at

of o men a ou is ther , th t, th gh supreme power reg arded as the greatest blessing which the g ods c an o and o was h o n so of n best w, th ugh it t r w te i n wa fo u n he c his y by rt e, reje ted it with dis

a n and his and the n s d i , preferred duty, i terest o f his co n t o all he azz n o and u try, t d li g splend ur

ha n ss o f a h o The a a fanc ied ppi e t r ne . b rbari ns

m sa s L ac no th the selves, y ivy, k wledg ed e great n of his nd ch c o oo o n w h c ess mi , whi uld l k d w it on

m on a as n a c om the te pt title be e th him , whi h fr

of man n a ac s a a on and on rest ki d ttr t dmir ti w der . A n i nciden t occ urred before S cipio returned to Rom h h o not be o as e, w ic sh uld mitted, it l ’ serves to give a further trait of our hero s cha racter : S a w as n of Massaas lians a yph x ki g the y ,

o who o hal of pe ple p ssessed the f Numidia,

os c o n l a o o to a a wh e u try y pp site New C rth ge,

S c o h n had his h a - a where ipi t e e d qu rters . This

nc was the a of a ha n an pri e lly the C rt gi i s, but his

a o f o a a an wa fidelity, like th t ther b rb ri s, s ge ne ra o n and lly g uided by f rtu e, the prosperity of

o ho was in a anc th se with w m he lli e . I n conse quence of the u ns uccessful state of Carthaginian ” affa n in S a n and a S c irs the p i It ly , ipio enter

Anno . . 5 V C 43. 39

tained h opes that he might be able to engage

him in is n r s n h s a b h i te e t . U der t i ide e dis patched his friend Laeliu s to so und the N umi

d an at the sam m s n in h him ch i , e ti e e d g wit su prese nts as be con c eived might be acceptable to his ma s . S a not at all a h je ty yph x, disple sed wit the a a of Lazlius nor h the f s he rriv l , wit gi t

ou a on h him and c on r n the br ght l g wit , side i g

os o s co n on of Roman ons n pr per u diti the s, c e ted to ac n h but f s to embr e their frie ds ip, re u ed ex

c an the a a on of an a a h h ge r tific ti y tre ty, s ve wit the nc a in son Wh n Lselins w pri ip l per . e as

o n a a he him to his n a g i g w y, desired tell ge er l ,

hat he c am h m f he u t if e i sel , he trusted sho ld

a no c a s to n of the ou n h ve u e repe t j r ey . The great importa nc e of an allianc e which promised to s c re the n of so ow ful a n e u i terest p er ki g , ’ overcame in S cipio s mind n o t only the impru

nc the a of an ac on so haza de e, but illeg lity ti r do us both to himself and the rep ublic ; i nasmu ch a h was a os law n for s t ere p itive existi g , which

’ bad u n na of a h a n a s n , der pe lty de t , ge er l quitti g his army by moving out of his provinc e : the

o a on of h law cam a n f o c vi l ti t is , be e ple ti ul s ur e i hi a of invec tive to Fabius and s bettors .

u S c o comm m f in an It is tr e, ipi itted hi sel

’ n o n to o of a ar a an e emy s c u try, the p wer b b ri 40

to a a h u n no n ho an o a king, f it k w , wit ut y blig

on hou hos a on n s c ti , wit t t ge, up the si gle e urity of his own ma nan m of his oo o n g i ity, g d f rtu e , and the promise o f his elevated hopes ; so j ust

o s a on of L ha the con nc is the b erv ti ivy, t t fide e

o in ano h of n o c u s t he u n we rep se t er, te pr re ret r o f c on n a a fides i sam the like fide ce . H bit , p

l erum ue fidem o a p q blig t .

‘ Yet when we c on sider th at the object of what

S o n f om the a o mo cipi did, spru g r purest p tri tic tives and a the c on of ca fo o , th t quest Afri ll wed,

a n a to sham bu t not to his g i s yers were put e,

nc . W a am o n now to a is ha sile e h t I g i g rel te, t t which tends further to illustrate the c harac ter of

he tw n a of two a S cipio . T o g e er ls the gre test n ations in the world accidentally met t ogether at the c ourt of the Numidian king : both were

S ha h a c ' received by yp x wit g re t respe t .

Of the same e as r p t,

’ e fu a oo a nd oth recl i n d Both grac lly p rt k , b On the same c o uch; for personal di state ! ed se dom u n w en the a A nd hatr l b r bet e br ve .

C el sus menté S yphax acciri in tec ta benigne

m erat e t tan o re n se t olht hono . I p , t g i re

S t u ns . 1 6 . 21 , l , l 2 . 2 — THOMSO . S ophonisba . N 4 1

The two generals sat on the same c ouch at

a a c ms anc h ch c as t ble, cir u t e w i they per eived,

L v ac ua n s u s o ul a c a a i y q i t , w d be p rti ul rly ple s

’ in to the kin . D n h n S c o s g, g uri g t is i terview ipi

add was so o s ss n the a of ress prep s e i g, vers tility

' his enius so a and his c on a on so g r pid , vers ti cha m n a he h not on S a r i g , th t delig ted ly yph x, who was a an to Roman mann s n str ger er , but eve ' A sdrubal who was n m , his e e y .

Then t he su peri or virtues of the R oman

’ in d al l he hea G a t ir rts .

I n the course of the conversation which the

tw n a had o h A sdrubal o o ge er ls t get er, is rep rted to have thu s addressed S cipio That he ap peared to him more worthy of admiration by his

a a con a on han his o i gree ble vers ti , t by expl its n

3 — ita c o d a . Lrv r . 28 c . 1 8 . Q uia r i er t regi , l ,

s I t alic us w h t he a ow a cens of a oe S ili u , it ll ble li e p t,

in says that Syphax had grea t pleasure re trac i ng in S c i

’ fa c the i n ss of his fa he whom he m m ed pio s e l ke e t r, re e ber

in Spai n.

am D arda nida u che m m n se ena Q u te, p l rri e, e té r

c i io int ueor ue libens ! uam ue ora rec ord or A c p , q q q

i i dae Revocat tua fo ma are nte m. Lae t us S c p a . r p

L. 1 6, 1. 225. 42

‘ — war th at he did not dou bt but S yphax and his kingdom would soo n be at the disposal of the

’ Roman so a a n c o ann s, c ptiv ti g were S ipi s m ers — in winning the hearts of men that the Car tha inians n not o m so m ch g eed tr uble the selves u , bv n n how S a n was o as how fr a e quiri g p i l st, A ic — ’ might be preserved that S cipio s exc ursions by sea were not those of pleasure ; that he would never h ave encountered the perils of su ch a

o a in t wo sma nor u t in v y ge ll ships, p himself the o of a n ho ono had n ot p wer ki g , w se h ur he

bu t h a os c of u u n ca tried, wit pr pe t s bd i g Afri ; - that the l atter was an objec t which S cipio had on o in m n a n of n l g rev lved his i d, h vi g te publicly expressed his regret th at he w as not c n on war in f a as ann a was arryi g the A ric , H ib l ” a in It ly .

ar S c o a a a Before his dep ture, ipi r tified le g ue w h S ha who was so n for his it yp x, i terested per

ona af a a n A sdru bal s l s ety, th t he det i ed till he h a was an at N ew a ha e rd he l ded C rt g e .

E n A sdr ubal h ms f ve i el ,

W h ad m a on s uc a nd ust d s a it ir ti tr k j e p ir, ’ Own d him as d adfu at the soc a f as re l i l e t,

in A s the ba ttle . — Sophonisba Tuou son.

44 amiable treatment shewn to his nephew Mas

a t he a c a of h ch as h a siv , p rti ul rs w i , t ey le d ’ more and m ore to the eluc idation o f o ur hero s c a ac a f om the of Ro an h r ter, I sh ll give r best m

o an hist ri s .

f the a of Boecul a n the ae o A ter b ttle , whe qu st r was selling o ff some Africa ns that had been

a n o n o a o h of a t ke pris ers, he bserved y ut extr o d na au and h a n a was of r i ry be ty, e ri g th t he

o a oo n him t o the omman - in r y l bl d, se t c der c Wh n o h a a o S ci o hief. e the y ut ppe red bef re pi ,

a him Who and of ha c o n he sked , , w t u try he

as and o wh at s uch an a a e he had n w , y e rly g bee ”— in the camp i The youth told him he was a

an and ca his o n n Mas Numidi , lled by c u tryme — siva that by the death of his father he was left an an and had n ca in fa orph , bee edu ted the mily of a na an fa h G a a n o f th his m ter l gr d t er, l , ki g e — Numidian s that he had l ately arrived in S pai n w h his nc Ma n a who had o u it u le ssi iss , br ght over a b ody of cavalry to the assistance of the C artha — ginians th at he had never before been in a

a a n n oh b ttle, h vi g bee pr ibited by M assinissa on accou nt of his youth; but th at on the day of the

n a n Ro ans he had a e g geme t with the m , priv tely

a n a o and a m and o t ke h rse r s, with ut the

no of n had one n o k wledg e his u cle, g i t the 45

fa n of o was field, where, by the lli g his h rse, he

h o n to o n and a a i on b t r w the gr u d, m de pr s er y ” the Roman s .

S c o af n o a the o n ipi , ter givi g rders th t y u g

um an ho u a n ca of n sh the N idi s ld be t ke re , fi i ed bu siness he was about at the tribunal ; then re

n n o his a on c a o h and tiri g i t p vili , lled the y ut ,

as him h h he h to u n to Mas ked , w et er wis ed ret r s inissa ? To h s the bo u n n o a s t i y , b rsti g i t te r ,

ha ha w as wha a o all n he replied , t t t t t b ve thi gs

s d . On h a n h s S c o a him a de ire e ri g t i , ipi g ve

o n a h a oa o a g ld ri g , vest wit br d purple b rder,

S an h c oa h a o n c a and a ho p is l k wit g lde l sp , rse mag nificently capariso ned after which he or dered an escort of horse to attend him as far on 8 his way home as be pleased Tho ugh the allianc e which Massinissa entered

n o S o was fo n o n on i t with cipi , u ded ste sibly gra

tit ude for his n n s o a s his n h w ki d es t w rd ep e , yet there were other m otives of a mu ch stronger na ture whi ch led to its formation moti ves arisi ng from the c onsideration that Carthage was v erg

3 E 0 8 u c o es ma mos f u c us at Roma n igit r vi t ri xi r t r i i ,

D iis te m lorum o name n a re ibus san u ne m p r t , g g i

S m restit uere uu .

V Ma xn ws c . 1 . . , 46

n and a a inissa ing towards its decli e, th t M ss b the might add c onsiderably to his po wer y W a au assistance of Ro me . h tever were the c ses

e c onn c on m an nc ac of th e ti , the Nu idi pri e ted

to the u s had v with great fidelity rep blic, a he e er

his n a o in o a he a done to be ef ct r, wh se h use p ssed

his m 9 h n he Ro m ost of ti e , w e ever visited me ;

a a a ni o m n t o which m y be dded, th t the u f r ki d

nc f o m S c o ma a n ess he experie ed r ipi , de such

n a as was n for deep impression o his he rt, ever

‘ gotten by him duri ng a long protracted life of near one hundred years . ’ On S cipio s return fro m S pain he was el ected on as has n o o one c sul, bee bserved , with ut dis

o c a s a onco of senting v i e, mid t the gre test c urse

met o h at Rom I n an people ever t g et er e . such a of men o h Ro an and an s ssembly , b t m s str ger ,

a o u of on a on and v ri us were the s bjects c vers ti , various were their opinions ; but there was one

c a o all o h a a subje t, which b ve t ers, ttr cted their

9 The a on w n the hos and u s wa s h d rel ti bet ee t g e t, el

t he a nc en s ot h R oma ns and ee s in the num by i t , b Gr k ,

r o f h n I f om t he be t e most sacred co nec tions . t arose r ge neral c ustom of receivi ng strangers w hen upon their

a s a c us om so u n ersa s a i sh d ha t h tr vel ; t iv lly e t bl e , t t ey were sc arc ely ever reduced t o t he necessity of taking up h d n inn t eir lo gi gs at a n . n on and on ch all a a in uni atte ti , whi he rts be t

— f S c o was in month son the name o ipi every , and his glorious exploits the theme of every t ongue

A han ed the ods ll t k g , That Rome had suc h a soldier and were unanimous in declari ng that he sh ould

n to f ca ha the war sho c a r be se t A ri , t t uld be r ied

’ in the m s co n and ha was on ene y u try, t t there no man so capable of terminating it with suc ’ he con u o of S a n c o sh c ess as t q er r p i . S ipi s wi es ex actly c orresponded with those of the people he boldly accepted the choic e made for him to the new provi nce ; and in the senate gave it as his c o n on ha t he c a n the war de ided pi i , t t rryi g

n o A f c a was the on wa i t ri , ly y by whic h it could h ff ” be c onducted wit e ect .

w as om m a o o and It s e ti e b ut this peri d, pre

on to n n o n f can war ha vi s his e teri g the A ri , t t

is u o to a a fEmilia the he s pp sed h ve m rried ,

a of au us iEmilius who s d ughter P l , fell o deeply

am n in t he a of an re h l e ted b ttle C u . He t ought

Les c it oyen s de Rome a t t ribuoient a l a di vi nati on

’ de C o ne us S c on c e t em ess m nt u avoit r li i pi , pr e e q il e u ’ d a e o er la u n Af u — Hi toir l a ll r p rt g erre e riq e . s e t e C

l r ou d c , . 48 it of high consequence to strengthen the interest of his own family by an alliance with th at of the ’ h f milii Of ZEmilia s ill ustrious ouse o the fE . cha a who no c in o r cter, is little ti ed hist ry, we

n o n u ha of her au the c c ca ly j dge by t t d ghter, l ebrated o n a the o of G a C r eli , m ther the r cchi, who o n to ma na n n s n u j i ed ter l te der es , the ge i s, the n m n and mn o f the a s se ti e ts, fir ess gre te t men om the a ac of a h . Fr ch r ter the d ug ter, o i a ma o m of mo who s me de y be f r ed the ther, had the care and superintendance of her educa

' tion . To return to S cipio : Of those who opposed

s on the c o f an w ar his wi hes subje t the Afric , Fabius Maximus was the man wh ose c har acter ” had the a but was a man gre test weight ; he , a S ir Wa Ra who m s ys lter leigh, see s to h ave

Val eri us M aximu s notices the character of [ Emilia in t he fo ow n an cdo in his c ha D c Fidé o ll i g e te, pter UxO r um er o Ma ritos : T t a J Emilia Afr c an ioris u o g er i , i i p x r, ma C orneliaa G rac chorum ta ntmfu c omitat is e t a ter , it p tientiee ut c um sc ire t ro suo n ill l , vi a c u am ex suis gra t am ess dissimulav erit ne domit r m A e, : o e orbi s fri ca ni foemina im udicitize um a r Tant um p re ge et . que a vi ndic ta men s e us abfuit u t ost mo m Af ca n m i n j , p rte ri i anum ssam a c il l — am in ma mon um o suo da . V . Ma x . 1. 6 tri i libert ret , c . 7 . 49

‘ n o a a c to o bee tr ubled with th t dise se, whi h o ften

a us men no n for on a o u c eth re w ed l g ppr ved virt e, to look with an envious eye upon the actions of th ose who follow them in the same career o f

o gl ry . Fabiu s alledged many reas ons ag ainst the war being c arried i nto Africa ; of which the princip al

“ “ ' ha the a was na l to were , t t tre sury u b e sus t ain the expences of it ; that it was extremely perilou s to hazard an army where they co uld not

as a for the e nc of Ro in be e ily rec lled d fe e me,

a of an m nc a c se y e erge y . He p rticularly dwelt on an in c a ho a the d ger whi h It ly s uld be pl ced, n ot on o m ann a ro a o who ly fr H ib l, but f m M g , was at that m ome nt c ruising on the c oast of Li

a h an a m a to o n a of his g uri , wit r y re dy j i th t

’ o . n c a a the consu br ther He the de l red, th t l s ch arac ter wo uld acquire mu ch greater gl ory by

n a om! the n m han o deliveri g It ly fr e e y, t it w uld fro m any i njury th at could be done them in

’ ca. S c o s c o s in S a n ou Afri ipi vi t rie p i , he c si

as of mom n c om a t o ho dered little e t, p red t se

h to a in ca I n th whic were be g ined Afri , e

’ a lu on a to S c o s su s s in S a n l si he m de ipi cces e p i , he blamed him for suffering A sdrubal to pass

2 L 28 c . 4 0. ivy, l . ,

E 50

o was a to a into Italy, fr m which it gre tly be p

prehended that like accidents might again occur .

n a o n u was a But the pri cip l p i t he rged , th t

o n of r l Africa was not yet a pr vi ce the epub ic, and therefore that the pe ople had no right to

I n c o of name a g o vernor to it . the urse his

c oo a a n to a a a n spee h, he t k gre t p i s gu rd g i st the idea of his being i nfluenced by any emulati on or ’ ’ jealo usy of another s glory in opposing S cipio s

h for can o a m wis es ; it be supp sed, (excl i s he) ,

a can a an a one who not th t I h ve y riv lship with , is

a in a e n to son ? who a o equ l g eve my I, put st p

e c o o a of ann a a th to th vi t ri us c reer H ib l, th t e

n men who a e a en y o u g c m fter me, might be ’ a to con who a ro n ol bled quer him I, h ve g w d

in a u a on of ono — the ccum l ti h urs yes, surely, I

a a o t o sa a two a o m y be ll wed y, th t dict t rships

a d c on all o n four sulships, with the gl ry I h ave

in a and war are no t acquired pe ce , e ugh o shelter me from the suspicion of such u nworthy feel ” ings . Fabius conc luded a long and able speech with

a n a in d n S o s yi g, th t his ju g me t, cipi was elected

on not for f for c sul, himsel , but the co mmon

3 nc e e o rohibui Hannibalem u t a o s uo Vi re g p , v bi , q

rum vi ent uunc s tiam nc s —L vr g vire , e vi i pos et. r .

52

n and who n had no natural stre gth , were u der the

of n n on na o necessity depe di g merce ries, wh se

as ncon anc On e t c haracter w i st y itself. the subj c of a be n a n no a n a It ly e tert i ed fe rs, trusti g th t his colleague Publius Lic inius would be as capable

a n a of as o had n in of t ki g c re it, thers bee times “ of c a an . u a a mu h gre ter d ger It is tr e, th t F bius has m agnified the dangers attending a campaign

n a as if the a a n ans o i Afric , just C rth gi i were m re

a in one a an in a formid ble pl ce th nother . But the time is now come for m aking Africa the

a of war and for c a n the tre the , usi g her to feel

a a at her own oo h a th ose c l mities d r, w ich we h ve been experiencing for the last fourteen years

’ I t is time t he thunder of the battle be re turn d ” on un c sh s Back the P i ore .

a in a on he has a e F bius, the llusi m d to his

own ad anc o of me am v ed peri d life, tells , I not so old as his son just as if the l audable ambi

on of o was to o a a ti gl ry limited this m rt l life, nd

not a r to a ‘ did c r y its views the l test posterity . Magnanim ous souls compare themsel ves not

4 - S cd famam extendere fa s cti ,

u s O u Hoc virt ti p s. V rao rL 0 8 , l . 1 , l . 46 . 53 only with the illustrious heroes of the present ” o of a . time, but with th se the p st S cipio then c oncluded a m ost el oquent ha “ an in the fo o n ann ' con r gue, ll wi g m er I fess, c on c a s o a n of s ript f thers, I h uld be pprehe sive tiring o ut your p atienc e with m atter little con nec ted h the n c if was in wit prese t subje t, I , imi tation of a who has on of F bius, c sidered such

on n ha in S a n to at little c seque ce w t I did p i ,

a s m a on o n the u n of tempt to r i e y reput ti r i s his . I shall not be g uilty of any such thi ng in mo

a on and fo a an of h if in no h n der ti rbe r ce speec , t i g

se o n as am ha u a h s old el , y u g I , I s ll s rp ss t i

a S c has n the on an no of gener l . u h bee c st t te r

and ac on o in c and a my life ti s, b th publi priv te, that I can hold my t ong ue on t he present o cca

on and a n a is h ha o n o n si , rem i s t fied wit w tever pi i ” m of you may for me .

ee h no an n ha S s Ita This sp c , twithst di g w t iliu licus sa 5 was not n to h all the ys , liste ed wit de ferenc e that was due to the shining character of

o c a a o had on a oa a S cipi , be use rep rt g e br d, th t if he did not obtain the permission of the se nate t o ar the war n o f ca he ou man c ry i t A ri , w ld de d

5 Tahbus a ccensi a s fato ue oc an p tre , q v te,

onsu lis a unueru nt di tis faust um ue rec ati C c , q p

Ut fo A usonise tramittere a dederua t . ret , bell — a 1. 6 end. S w s, 1 54

n Ful vius who had een it of the people . Qui tus , b

cons and a o n o a on fou r times ul, ls ce s r, c lled up

S cipi o to decl are in the presence of the senators, whether he would leave the distribution of the

o n to h and ac c in d c pr vi ces t em , quies e their e ree ;

in a not a o of he o r whether, c se he did ppr ve it, would appeal from the same to the people ? To

S o an a o act in a this cipi swered, th t he w uld wh t

’ ever manner he should j udge m ost advantageous

t o c . On a n h s Fulvius oh the republi he ri g t i ,

ha all a on was s and served, t t deliber ti usele s, therefore desired the tribu nes of the p eo ple to

n os . The con ha wa t i terp e sul replied, t t it s no fair in the tribunes to interrupt the senators in

n o . n n givi g their v tes The the tribu es said, that if the consul wo uld leave the di5posal of the pro

n to na o vi ces the se te, they w uld support th eir

c on and ff no a a o de isi , su er ppe l fr m it to the

o if on the o an pe ple ; but , ther h d, he would not

s u m to na h o b it the se te, t ey w uld suppor t who

o us to o ever sh uld ref e v te . The consul desired he might be permitted to have a conferenc e with

his co a n lle gue, which e ded in his acquiescence

in n of na the judg me t the se te, who immediately

oc n to on of o nc pr eedi g the distributi the pr vi es, appointed him u nanimou sly to the g overnmen t

of S c w to as n o ca i ily, ith liberty p s i t Afri , if he for the n e e of j udged it i t r st the republic . 55

When this decree of the senate was made

bl m n s of all o ela w pu ic, the i d pe ple were ted ith suc h sanguine expec tations of glorious perform ances ha h a r a an f ca a on , t t t ey l e dy r ked A ri m gst

h o ons and on e war at an t eir p ssessi , c sider d the

end . B ut a s ho was na to F biu , t ugh he u ble pre ’ n S c o a n the war n o f ca u ve t ipi s c rryi g i t A ri , sed

' all me ans in his p o wer to obstru ct his military

a a on and a on the na t o re prep r ti s, prev iled se te fuse the funds n ecessary for equipping his arma

n . n o o a me t He eve tried, thr ugh his c lle g ue

L c n us t o a s all his m as u s and to i i i , tr ver e e re , dis s uade the Roman you th from g oi ng out with

as o n . in of all ! him v lu teers Yet, spite the o pposi

’ ion ha was n S c o o a n t t t give , ipi bt i ed the senate s permissio n to rec eive whatever succours the al o to an I n c o lies were disp sed gr t . nsequenc e of ma of h a o a on o s this rk t eir ppr b ti , rder were s n to E a and to the o h s a s in a e t truri , t er t te lli ance w Rom to a a and so zea ith e, prep re fleet o s e al l in his fa o a in the ac l u w re v ur, th t sp e of

and fo a was t o sea f five rty d ys it put , ully ° e a on on he equipp d by priv te c tributi s . T whole

5 S cundo uo u Pun c o o S c i ionis c asses X L . e q q e i bell , p l die 6 secu ri navi vi T m t el n estivi ga t . antu p tas etiamin

a - ra da celerita té o ic 1 . 1 6 c . 3 pi p l k FLIN . , 9. 56

u ndertaking seemed at first so rash and pre

m u o s ha the o not l su pt u , t t republic w uld supp y him either with troo ps o r money ; added to

h ch w as a c an n o a w i , there publi st di g rder, th t n o levies were to be made in Italy whilst Han

a was i a m nib l n r s .

mom n the was a to a S c o The e t fleet re dy s il, ipi N

oc to S c and an at S a . pr eeded i ily, l ded yr cuse

’ The entire march of S cipio s military career in

h on was a n h e ua t is expediti , tte ded wit q lly bril liant s uc cess as that which di sting uished its progress in S pa i n ; but as its objec t w as m ore

mom n o u o d mo o o s . e t us, its iss e pr ve re gl ri u He

n u ann a and Ga a c o q ered H ib l, subdued the rth

! ginians ; which few words comprise the highest

o ha c an ono nc on a o eul gy t t be pr u ed s ldier . H aving declined all p artic ular acco unt of ’ S c o m a an ac on in S a n a ipi s ilit ry tr s ti s p i , I sh ll

o a s m a nc on the n o cca on bserve i il r sile e prese t si , and c on fine myself only t o such prominen t fea

s of his c a ac as to u ture h r ter, serve keep p with

n n h n a ac i u dimi is ed i terest, th t pl e n o ur hearts

h ac at the a e of n n a whic he quired g seve tee , nd which abated not when the grave cl osed o ver

a him at Liternum. As soon s he landed at S y

nc he a n a a a o r use, le r t th t p rty f Roman soldiers

had in an of a of na t e , defi ce decree the se te, 57 f used j o restore to the inh abitants some lands which had been taken from them by violenc e . The immediate restoration of this property was o d u n na of the mos m a r ered, der pe lty t exe pl ry

n sh n and w as c o m h ho pu i me t, plied wit wit ut

’ h s am of su mma a momen t s delay . T i ex ple ry j ustic e g ave him the hearts and h ands of all the

S c an and c u him h z a ou co i ili s , se red t eir e l s operation in the prosec utio n of his further de

n on as Roman n a and o sig s . As l g ge er ls g ver n ors of provi nce s adhered to this mode of con

the o n m n f o m h ch h o duct, g ver e t r w i t eir p wer e mana was wh s c ted , every ere re pe ted .

Wh S c o ma n at S a was ilst ipi re i ed yr cuse, he greatly embarrassed by the violent proc eedings of u n u Pleminius hom had a Q i t s , w he l tely made

he g overnor of Locri . T circ umstanc es atte nd in h a o n m n o a ou c of o g t is pp i t e t, pr ved s r e s me

m o a a ca o n to his n m who i te p r ry gr tifi ti e e ies, n c onseque nc e o f his gross preferred an ac c usa on a a ns S c o as ha n not on ti g i t ipi , vi g ly o oo onn at it To n verl ked, but c ived . stre g then

7 iniu i Plem s s represented in the light o f a man w ho

had no h n of a R oman c z n— r e ter li a bit um vesti t i g iti e p ,

t u m ue et sonum La tina: lin uaz. He is ca ed stis q g ll , Pe ac — bell ua imma ni3. L1 v r 29 c . 1 7 . , , , 58

a his n a ha the a their ch rge, e emies dded, t t rmy he co mmanded was in a state of great insubor dination c h h a to an n o n , whi t ey scribed u b u ded

n u n a o o of and men i d lge ce ll wed b th ficers , whilst he himself was addicted to a life of effeminac y and ple asure . This acc usation was suppo rted by a p opular

a at Rom at a of h c are p rty e, the he d w i h , we c oncerned to find the names of Fabius Maximus and a a o ho a o u was a i M rcus C t , w se je l sy e s ly awakened at the imp ort an t services S cipi o had

n his o n and c in h e s re dered c u try, whi h t eir ye had given him t oo great an as c endancy in the

a The st te . proverbial c aution of Fabius ever dreaded the impetuous ardor of yo uth ; and it is ’ not wi o a on o a S o nu th ut re s supp sed , th t cipi s i nterrupted career of good fortune g ave him some

n c on n c secret u neasi ess . He dem ed S ipio for placing such a man as Pleminius in the g overn

n of Lo c and for not mm a me t ri, i edi tely attend ing to the compl aints of the i nhabitants against him na his a a ns him e y, prejudice g i t ros to

c a h h ha he c a d him a ma o su h heig t , t t lle n b rn to be the c orrupter of military discipline in the a an u n a ai i v rmy . By such qu lified str n of n ec tive Fabius encouraged o thers to utter what their

a not on on m lice suggested, ly in oppositi to

60 and c onsequently jealous of a youth who was

a a n and c c . br ve, d ri g su essful

N o man sa a w as o o e an , ys B yle, m re pr p r th

a o to fo m the f nc on of a c n o n or C t per r u ti s e s r, did any man ever acquit himself better of the

o f ha ofii ce . all his duties t t He exerted severity, all the s n of his o n and ho tre gth el que ce, the w le

h of his a l f to s weig t regul r i e, repre s the luxury and o h c of the Roman for the t er vi es s, which reason it was s aid that he w as no less useful to the Roman c ommo nwealth by the war he w aged a a ns a a on of mann s an S c o g i t the depr v ti er , th ipi

c o the n The o by his vi tories ver e emy . eul gium pronounc ed on him by the best of the Latin h o an ! so a in the o na ha ist ri s , is be utiful rigi l, t t B ayle had not the courage to attempt a transl a

on of ha a of ti it . T t the je lousy such men as

a and a o and om o h w as o F bius C t , s e t ers, wh lly

hou fo n a on c anno a ona wit t u d ti , t be re s bly sup

m a c s c o ha p osed . The i p ort nt servi e S ipi d ren

his co n in con nc on o dered u try, ju ti with th se emi nen t virtues which he had on every occasion

a m to a n him uc a displ yed, see h ve give s h supe riorit in a as to ha a in h y the st te, ve r ised t ese distinguished patriots a strong jeal ousy of his

9 L . 39 c . 40. ivy l , 61

“ c and o . nc o na a a redit p wer He e rigi ted p rty,

ho o was to o fy his am on and w se bject m rti biti ,

a n too ns n nc and ho restr i his exte ive i flue e, w se

a c on c a h h suspic ious m li e ly e sed wit t eir lives .

To the com a n o f the Lo an h ch had pl i ts cri s, w i arisen fro m the o u trageous beh aviour of their

G o no S o a n o . f the ver r, cipi m de reply He le t vindication of his c onduct t o the Locrians them ” who all one acc o a him selves , with rd cquitted

of the c ha ef a a n him and rge pr erred g i st , de clared that the severities they suffered under

leminius in o n on u n no n to P , were, their pi i , k w

o : a n ha h c on n e S cipi ddi g , t t t ey were vi c d it

was n o nor con n a s uch either by his rder, se t, th t

eno o o on had n c omm and rm us ppressi s bee itted,

a con u n h not to c a th t, seq e tly, t ey were be h rged

t o his acco n . omm on who u t The c issi ers, were

se n the na to n a n t by se te i vestig te the busi ess,

w n on a of nno nc and of he ce ssured his i ce e, the

un o n a of n m d f u ded m lice his e e ies, were fille

h a o na m c as d wit gre t j y , i s u h it elivered them from the invidious ofli ce of c ommenci ng a pro sec ution agai nst a man so much in favour with

the Roman o . s a o ha pe ple It mu t be ll wed, t t

’ some sh are of the odium of Pleminius s bad con

L 1 2 c . 91 . ivy, . 9, 62

on the con on a o n of duct fell up sul , cc u t his ex treme lenity throug h the wh ole busi ness ; and for this his enemies in the senate n ever failed

o n a a n him n had t i veigh g i st , whe ever they the

n opport u ity .

To a n n c a a to the rem i i g h rge , rel tive the dis o and n o n of a m as con rder lice ti us ess his r y, nected own ff m na f man with his e e i te li e, his ner of a n was the a o was tre ti g it s me, th ugh it

h o o na a one of a mu c m re seri us ture . He m de n o reply to the c ommissioners when they waited

him for had a not ord up on , he prep red, w s,

ac to an a a but f ts, swer their ch rges ; but g ve orders that they should h ave free ac cess to al l

o a az n a na &c . his st res, m g i es, rse ls, with full

n t o am n a n permissio ex i e his fleet, his se me , and a and a a to o con his rmy, fter th t, rep rt the

on in c o n o h and diti whi h they f u d b t him them, to na . T he c om on who con the se te missi ers, (

of a rze tor ten na o two n sisted p , se t rs, tribu es, and one ae a a n n c dile) , fter t ki g the e essary time t o a n and o an o n on m ke their e quiry, f rm pi i , departed from S icily with the f ull assuran c e of

no o o falshood and o n n of the t ri us , g r u dless ess the acc usation and declared when they return ed t o Ro a a a was to con me, th t if C rth ge be quered,

was o nno n and o n it by him , wh se i ce ce c rrect ess 63

of a and a a life they fully ttested, by th t rmy which was represented t o have bee n in a state o f o a n o na on The en w o t t l i sub rdi ti . very m h were appoin ted by the senate to in vestig ate his c on and the s tate of a c am his duct, his rmy, be e warmest advoc ates ; and his enemies had the

a mortification t o a n ha s o gre t le r , t t uperi r lustre was cast on a c harac ter w hi ch they supposed

o ha n arn s for w uld ve bee t i hed ever .

‘ The life of effeminacy to which S cipio was

a t o a n a d was no n o s id h ve bee d icted, thi g m re than the disposition which he shewed at S yra c e to a h m f ac a n the us , m ke i sel qu i ted with

ar n n of G and to a his m le i g the reeks, p ss ti e

a a on his oo s and a in the p rtly m gst b k , p rtly

a of c on sa o n and c public pl c es ver ti exer ise . He was the first Rom an statesman and warrior who manifested any great i nc lination t o st udv

f a a f o the literature o G reece . It ppe rs r m V a

a m ha r was no n effemi lerias M xi us, t t the e thi g nate in his conduc t whilst he remai ned in S ic ily; for c s in ch n u the exer ise whi he i d lged, were

2 o of man a on and s uc h as th se ly recre ti , were

L c . 1 9. ivy ,

7' N on ha c re segniores Poenic is e xe rciu bus ma nus in

t u : sed nesc o an d o al ac riores u a e a e t s tre lit i , i e , q i v get nua n n a uo us c ssus su mun t hoe v eheme n o i ge i , q pl re e ,

io s m — 6 t re et us e dun t V . Ms xm n s . 3 c . . i p . , l , (54

f the a c he c e the fashion o pl ce, by whi h expe t d to win the favour of all his yo ung c ompanio ns i m 3 n an no c o f n o n ar s . The i st ces ti ed his lice ti us

a ou are his a n a Roman beh vi r, l yi g side the

a and a n the G c oa and em h bit, we ri g reek l k,

n a s broidered s a d l .

a h S c o a in S is The del y w ich ipi m de icily, c on S n ca “ as an ns anc of ha sidered by e e , i t e t t

s om h ch a a s u a and wi d w i lw y reg l ted his life, r aised him above the i nfluenc e of the angry pas

A n ha a ? sions . d w t was th t conduc t (cries S e n ca -D id he not a he fo a n H an e ) , , (s ys ) , rs ki g n a and a ha n an a a nd all os ib l the C rt gi i rmy, th e

h ho m he had a on to an m wit w re s be gry, re ove the war n o r a in so a o a mann ha i t Af ic dil t ry er, t t

who n u acco n an they e vied his virt e, u ted him idle ? and dissol ute man To give full assurance of

on n ac in his a m the c fide ce he pl ed r y, he said t o om f n s who an n h ‘ s e rie d were st di g with im,

Loo at o h n men and a k th se t ree hu dred , th t

a h not a man of h m t ower ne r them : t ere is t e , who o not to o of c orn w uld , were I give the w rd

3 I n h se a t c u a s e rman c us w hos r ues t e p r i l r , G i , e vi t w o uld have done honour t o t he best d ays o f R oman fr edom oo for his mod wh s in E t t he co n e , t k el , il t gyp , — d uct of S c o in S c Ta u r u s A n. 1. 52 c . 59. i pi i ily , 4 S e nec a de I r a .

5 mus Valeri us Maxi . 65

an o to th to of and o m d, g up e p it, thr w him

’ f o n a on h S c sel d w he dl g . W ilst ipio s whole

o on ca d s a th ughts were fixed Afri , eputie rrived

o S ha to ac a n him a h mas fr m yp x, qu i t th t t eir ter had e ntered i nto a new treaty with the Garth a ° inians and was a u in c os f n h g , le g ed l e rie ds ip

drubal the son of Gisco ho dau h with A s , , w se g

th c a S o honisba had ter, e elebr ted p , he just m arried ; at the same time they were desired to

’ add a was n a u , th t it besides their ki g s ple s re, that S cipio sh ould not pass i nto Africa ; for if

n the n c of o he did , he must be u der e essity p

o n not on for a of o n p si g him, ly the s ke his c u try,

’ a o a to Ro e was but his wife s s ke, wh se h tred m

n n a i exti guish ble . ’ h s chan in S hax s n n S o T i g e yp se time ts, cipi ,

h a a c on a f om his a m wit gre t ddress, ce led r r y, lest it might cast a damp on the ardo ur of his me n o n all n n on the a , wh se mi ds were i te t p

r achin war m s the a as a o p o g . He dis is ed mb s d rs before the objec t of their mission was made pub

lie w a to h ma h n be , ith letter t eir ster, w erei ex

horted im in mo n ms N ot h , the st pressi g ter , to viol ate the l aws of hospitality by whic h they were j oined ; to remember the alliance he had

5 L c . 23. ivy, l . 99, _

F 66 entered i nto with the Ro m an pe ople ; and above

h not a his fa hono nd all t ings, betr y ith , ur, a

n c n and as he a him to re co s ie ce ; l tly, djured

and a o n and spect fe r the g ds , the wit esses avengers of violated To obvi ate the danger arising from suc h in

lli e nc e an n he f am an acco n t e g tr spiri g , r ed u t di

ectl h c h he oo c a o r y the reverse , w i t k re sh uld

ma a on his oo W n his be de public m gst tr ps . he t was on S c o a o ha h n d e, ipi g ve rders t t every t i g

ho a ‘ as h was no on an s uld be prep red, t ere l ger y

t o o in on nc of S a ha n time l se, c seque e yph x vi g

a ch as n t o o ut am disp t ed, he prete ded give , bassadors for the sole purpo se of discoveri ng wh at motives could i ndu ce him t o rem ai n so l on in S c oon as the and a m g i ily . As s fleet r y

a for sea and S c o had th were re dy , ipi received e o of na for a n he c om an ed rders the se te s ili g , m d ,

n da a a an a to o c a m whe y ppe red, her ld pr l i si lenc e and after havi ng sacrificed to J upiter and

n a to a a s his a m Neptu e , he is s id h ve ddres ed r y in the fo o n a f o c o f the ll wi g pr yer, r m the de k

an Pretori ship .

o s and o who nha the Ye g d g ddesses, i bit

an and a a and ch ou to l ds the se s , I pr y besee y

7 L 1 Q9 c 4 ivy, . , . 2 .

68 soon as his fleet was drawing nigh the coast of

ca he a to o Afri , pr yed the g ds th at the first sight of l and might be propitious to him and his c ountry : and when he was i nformed that

an a a a in w a the first l d th t ppe red view, as c lled

F air P romontor a o n the y he h iled the me , and c a Let ha our a of a ex l imed, t t be pl ce l nd ” in g .

n of S a n h c o a e The co quest p i , w i h w uld h v been deemed su fli c ien t in its elf t o have immor

l zed an na e was on cons S c ta i y m , ly idered by ipio as a prelimi nary step to that by which he was t o c m to a mu c o o o n r s li b h m re gl ri us e te pri e,

f a a n the conquest o C rth ge . The ews of his

n n n n o co n ’ l a di g flew like light i g thr ugh the u try ,

c con on in a o a and c aused su h fusi the C pit l, th t

was o n and a and a the alarm s u ded , the g tes w lls

as if n was at a were m anned the e emy h nd . I n

a an n a ni sa o a short time fter his l di g, M ssi s j ined

an a a man who was u the Rom an st d rd, b rning

h t o a war a a n S a wit desire m ke g i st yph x, by whom he had been deprived of all his heredi

o on and ha a a e t ary p ssessi s, w t p rticul rly mbit

f n o o f o f t ered his eeli gs, r bbed his betr thed wi e .

nc on of a n a S c o i This ju ti M ssi iss with ipi , n

Pul chri P omon o um L . 29 c 27 . r t ri , ivy, l , .

. 29 c . 28 . Livy, l , 69

s an new on n and pired the Rom s with c fide ce, g ave them an assuranc e that their ge neral had not

e h h n he o of f n s and d ceived t em, w e sp ke the rie d

in ca I n is allies they were to meet with Afri . th

’ 2 on S o a c c a n expediti , cipi s usu l su ess tte ded him , for o a h n the ~ s ace of hist ry tells us, th t wit i p t hr a o two a oo and ee ye rs, he destr yed rmies, t k

n two am ma S a on t e bur t c ps, de yph x pris er,

a d ann a f om a om con c lle H ib l r It ly, wh he

at ama an d di c at to a a quered Z , t ed C rth g e the

f ac c onditions o pe e . But there are some i nte resting features in the melancholy detail of bat

and a t ha a cu a a tles sl ughter, t merit p rti l r tten t on of o of S o honisba a a i , which the st ry p ppe rs

the most conspicuous . This c elebrated wo man

was the a h of A sdrubal the son of Gisco d ug ter , ,

and n h o an as os is represe ted by every ist ri , p

e n ao na a a a n s c a s ssi g extr rdi ry be uty, gre t t le t , p

tivatin ann and a c o a a o he g m ers, ur g e b ve r sex .

Wh n S o honisba was o n A sdrubal e p very y u g,

o h d her t o a s n a in o ha h betr t e M s i iss , rder t t e might bind him the m ore se c urely to the i nte r est o f Carth age ; but the m omen t that that

a an nc was o of his n om g ll t pri e disp ssessed ki gd ,

her fa h o om s and a h t er br ke his pr i e, g ve er to

S ha who nm n f of all fo yp x, , u i d ul rmer engage

F o us 2 c . 6. l r , l . , 70

n S c o n d nto a newa an e lame ts with ipi , e tere i lli c 3 with the C arthag inians : of this the Roman general rec eived i ntelligence previous to his sail -s

c ing from S i ily . I n the further prosec uti o n of the w ar whi c h

Was c a on Roman in f ca a s rried by the s A ri , M s

in n s sinissa s u c c eeded va q uishing all his e nemie .

I n a as d c a o n o c am A sdrubal l t e isive cti , he ver e

' and S ha of hom the a n ma yp x, w l tter bei g de

son w as s n af wa ds in cha ns to Ro m ‘ pri er, e t ter r i e .

The o n um an a his c as y u g N idi , el ted with suc ess,

a h the a o a on of his n a for well s wit ppr b ti ge er l,

a an con uc a m on to a anc his g ll t d t, sked per issi dv e

h t he c a a and S a in c o t wit v lry, yph x ust dy, o

3 o ra e mi a s ee l e cl aro ue ar n Virg e t xi p , q p e té,

A sd ruba lis o es t halamis uam c m it u t pr l , q p

C e u tac suc c ensus ma taada ue u a é pri , q j g li

V e rtit o s en a d Poenos La t i aa ue so u o pe g er , q l t

Fmdere amicitiae d otalia t ranst uht a ma . , r

I . 1 S S 7 . 7 1 . LI U , l , l

The c a u o f S ha w hen fa en f om his ho se pt re yp x ll r r ,

s hus m n o ned S i us I a ens in his 1 7 th Boo i t e ti by li t li , k,

I nvad unt vanum u e fu ae a t u adtollere fessos , q g , q e

A dnite nte m a us e oc a o a u ne e o rt , r v t v l r tel ,

C orri iunt : t um uo a o manic ae ue ud ndum p vi l vir , q , p e !

Add a et exem lum non u n u am der e let tis it , p g fi ,

S ce t rifer r na p as arta palmas vmxé e cate . 7 1

G s ! a i a of n o On a al irth , the c p t l the ki gd m . his rriv , he ordered the principal i n habitants to be i nvited to a f n h con ere c e . As t ey were ig norant of their

’ ’ n s m sfo n n h a n a a ki g i rtu e, eit er M ssi iss s rel tion of ha had a n or his h a s n or ers ua w t p ssed, t re t p

on r od uce an ff c n h n w as si s p d y e e t, u til t eir ki g

n m i n ha n The h of S ha in shew the c i s . sig t yp x a condition of su ch fallen gran deu r exc ited a r gen eral c onsternation ; some in terro . deserted the wa o h s ran to conc a the fa o of lls, t er ili te v ur the co n o and all m nc n to quer r, see ed i li ed give

a c o him ivil re c epti n .

as n s a as oon as he had ac o M si i s , s pl ed pr per

ar a ou nd the o n and a n ca ha gu ds r t w , t ke re t t no n hou d ma h sc a a anc w e s l ke t eir e pe , dv ed ith all s d t o a oss s o n of t he a ac in the pee t ke p es i p l e, vestibu le of whic h appeared in all her be au ty

h he n a the wife of S yp ax . T i st nt the qu een “ o in the m of a o of a m men disc vered idst b dy r ed , a person disting uished by the S ple ndo ur of his a mo the hn s of his ss and a c er r ur, ric es dre ,

a n air of o n and n t i superi r dig ity, j udgi g rightly

h m a n a she m a f t is ust be M ssi iss , im edi tely ell do n at his and a him w feet, thus ddressed

o o a o and o n a The g ds, y ur v l ur, f rtu e, h ve — Cirtha c a u e ni S hacrs e at . I VY p t r g yp r L .

L 30 c . 1 2. ivy, l . , 72

a o f ou r a i m de you arbiter f te . But if a capt ve wo man may be permitted to use the language of a s u c an fo him who has d o a of ppli t , be re the isp s l her life and death; if it may be allowed her to

o uc h his n s and c o o h an I be t k ee vi t ri us rig t h d ; , s c h o u t he ma of n ee y , by jesty a ki g , with which

“ s o a n s nam of N u we were l tely i ve ted , by the e m an h c a in ommo n h S a idi , w i h we be r c wit yph x, and by the g uardian deities of this pal ac e (0 that they may receive y ou u nder h appier au

an a n S a o spices , th they h ve se t yph x fr m it by all t he afo sa s o o u to a re id tie , I impl re y gr nt me — this o ne favou r that y ou will yourself dispo se o f me acco n to o a and not ff r rdi g y ur ple sure, su e me to fall i nto the power of any proud or c ruel

o man . W the f o f S ha ad R ere I but wi e yp x, I h ra h to ono of a m di an to one t er trust the h ur Nu i ,

a m b the a s un avith m f an to w r ed y s me j ysel , th n o n in a an c o n You any alie b r str ge u try . are ig norant o f what a Carthag inian and a daughter of A sdrubal has to a om a Ro an— l , dre d fr m ,

’ Who in m e n s from A sdrubal deriv y v i d, ” o d ar ha n a n nm to m H l C t gi i e ity Ro e .

o u can bv no o an an a If y ther me s th by de th,

u me f om o of Ro a ask sec re r the p wer the m ns, I this as the last and greatest favour you can be. ” stow. 73

' W was m o n for hilst she i pl ri g mercy, her entreaties were more like the bl andishments o f

‘ o e han ca on o f and as s c h l v t the suppli ti s pity ; u , failed not to make a deep impressio n o n Mas

’ sa a oo nd o n S o ho sinis s he rt . He l ked te erly p n a and as his h a was of t he mos n isb , e rt t te der

o he h out t o her his h han as an m uld, eld rig t d , assured pledge of the performanc e o f what she a w ho u onc a n n o c o ns a on sked, it t e t ki g i t ider ti

a n n c u o n! u the difficulties tte di g its exe ti . B t when he beg an to reflec t by w hat means he was

co m h his n a m n and n in to ac plis e g ge e t, bei g a a of n an ha ac ca c p ble devisi g y t t were pr ti ble, he had re co urse to one that was both impr u den t

e a na much as was su s ed and desp r te, i s it gge t by

o n of all as o ns ha o f o the mos t vi le t p si , t t l ve .

e o on m d at ma n her su H res lved im e i ely rryi g , p posing that no Rom an c ould thi nk of treati ng

a n a as a so n of war S o the wife of M ssi iss pri er .

honisba f was of o n on a acced p hersel pi i , th t by n to the h of a s n sa she ho u i g wis es M s i is , s ld be

o f om Roman ma c na she a pr tected r li e ; y , fl ttered herself with the hopes of rai sing u p t o Ro me a

o en m out o f a fa f nd danger us e y ithful rie .

ass n ssa who was but a su a te n in t he Roman M i i , b l r a m had no h to ma such a omis . Univer sal r y , rig t ke pr e 74

oon a a a was c on de S fter the m rri ge clu d,

a and so far was he f om in L aelius rrived, r giv g

a o a on to a had a e a “ he was his ppr b ti wh t p ss d , th t alm ost resolved to drag her from the n uptial

and n S ha and t he o he bed, se d her with yp x, t r prisoners to S cipio ; but at length he suffered

m f to e su a a n a who be hi sel be p r ded by M ssi iss , sought him to refer the whole busi ness to the

f th mman - in - c f j udg ment o e c o der hie .

h L s n S ha to Ro an c am T en aeliu se t yp x the m p, and proceeded to the subjug ation of the remai n i n a of u m a h ch h the assi stca g p rt N idi , w i , wit

as n s a he oon uc to the anc e of M si i s , s red ed ’ m oo n as S hax dominion o f Ro e . As s yp s ar

nnoncced in Ro an am r ival w as a the m c p, it ministered to every one abundant matter of dis cou rse : the mighty armies he had lately bro ught n o and his n n a n n of i t the field, pri cely e tert i me t

S o an d A sdrubal n Ro m and art ha e cipi , whe e C g

o his n h a d to o h c on c urted frie ds ip, d ed t er sidera

on o f a and f o n all n t ti s p st uture f rtu e, te ded o

c a o s n a on s not o n of o but ex ite v ri u se s ti , ly j y , s o ro . E n S c o h m f w as aff ec s r w ve ipi i sel deeply ted,

3 D ucitu r a o de ec t us c u m n e n ex lt j l i e r g i ,

ui modo sub di us as e t sce e atensc xe Q pe b terr , ptr , p p

Litora ad an u idera r Oce i s b nutfi v t ae quo .

S u s . 1 43. m , l

76

‘ on of n the a r the the consol ati seei g s me fu y,

f his own n an an n o the ca use o rui , tr spl ted i t ” h mo a foe — On a n h o use of is st de dly . he ri g

S c o was a o in n this, ipi gre tly tr ubled his mi d, and perplexed at the idea of this perilous wom an

o n of a n sa as had on of r bbi g him M ssi is , she d e

S a a n a u a n a n a yph x . Fe rs were t r lly e tert i ed, th t the dominion she had g ain ed o ver the mi nd of

a n a o soon na a f o an M ssi iss , w uld e ble this rt ul w m t o draw him i nto all her views and ambi

’ t n o a of S c i ious schemes . I this d ubtful st te ip o s m n a n a and Lae a and o i d, M ssi iss lius rrived ; b th were c o urteously rec eived by their commander in - c f and o m n in c for hie , c m e ded publi their

a in a gre t services the l te expedition . After shewi ng the Nu midian this public mark of his a n on S o a him a a a i n e 9 tte ti , cipi g ve priv te ud e c , in which he m ost c andid ly remon strated with him

the c of S o honisba and on subje t p , told him that her life was now in the absolute p ower of the

Roman and a nm to o s, th t her e ity R me was not to n I n on be exti guished . c sideration of

c o to mo whi h , he impl red him derate his affec

on and not a n m o f ti , t r ish the em ry o his merito rious for c a services, ( whi h he should be mply

Li l 30 2 vy, . , c . 1 4. 77

r wa e a a too a to exte e rd d) , by f ult, gre t be ” nua a ad n to ted even by wh t h give rise it . M assi nissa blushed and wept ; and aft er a

u w n aff c on and am on severe str ggle bet ee e ti biti , was at length forc ed to sacrifice the former to

of a an m n and o the views ggr dise e t, the pr sperity

of k n o . I n c o anc o his i gd m mpli e, h wever, with a promise exacted from him by this extraordi

' na and h - n o an a to u ry igh mi ded w m , r ther s fier

to an fa n o an of R her die, th ll i t the h ds the 0 mans he in a o o and on , retired gre t s rr w c fusion

’ from S cipio s tent to his own ;

r ef nds cha ms n so i ud s Fo gri fi r i l t e it elf.

n n o in and oan After spe di g s me time sighs gr s , w ch a s n a os hi , s ys Livy, were di ti ctly he rd by th e who oo on o of n a st d the utside the te t, he c lled t him a a who had c a of o trusty sl ve, the h rge

o on h n to a in rea his p is , (whic pri ces used h ve diness for all suc h vicissitudes of fortune as ren

nc n o a and n a dered existe e i t ler ble) , temperi g

A an sa s ha Sc o at s on des ed assi ppi y , t t ipi fir t ly ir M i ni ssa t o delive r up Sypha x s wife ; tha t the pri nce refusing t o c om the enera sha fo ad him to h n of ply, g l rply rb t i k

ee n fo ce wha of h e on d t o the Roman k pi g by r , t rig t b l ge

e o a nd ha n c ommand d him to u the e p ple; vi g e give p pr y, added ha t t hen if he eased he m h e t on for it . , t , pl , ig t p ti i 78

of for S o honisba n to ith potion it p , se t it her, w the followi ng impressive adm onitio n that (since his ac tio ns were n ow no longer in his o wn

she ho as a a ha n an as ‘the po wer) s uld , C rt g i i ,

h of A sdrubal as the f of t wo n s d aug ter , wi e ki g ,

hom she had n ma c on to w bee rried , sult her own safety in the way m ost beco ming her high

ac char ter . When the m agnanimous S ophonisba heard

she a acc h a his this, s id, I ept wit gr titude t

' a n o h a a n u a n c it ple si g , th ug f t l pti l prese t , sin e

‘ a ha to ofl er hi u e is all that M assi niss s s q ee n . T ll

ha h o hono had him I sho uld ve died wit m re ur, ” n of the a I not married on the very bri k gr ve .

he o she s the When s uttered these w rds, hewed

’ Q ue l present n upti a l d un epou x a son femme ;

’ ’ Q u a u j o ur d u n hyme née il l ui marq ue de flame ;

R o t ez Mazet ulle a os us e ro ep r , , v tre ill tr y

U n se c ou s don l u —m sm a us so n e m r t y e e pl be i qu oi, ’ l l ne ma nquera pas d e n fa ire un digne u sage

’ es u au a des u a o son sc a D q il r ye x v ir e l vage .

’ a s uan a. S o honisbe il m st e m s de d M i q t p , e p r i ire

’ u e e st C ar ha no s et c e t mo t do t fli Q lle t gi i e, i su re .

l meu a mes e u ma s e m u sans rou E le rt y x , i lle e rt t ble,

’ Et soutient e n mourant l a pompe d un cou roux

ue sem mo ns mour ue om h de nou Q ble i ir, q tri p e s. C — u rt a i n s Sophonisba. 79

“ to n se and n a n not to cup her ur , e tre ti g ‘ her a n a h an off the o on l me t her de t , boldly dr k p is , witho ut c hangin g colour or expressing a single

’ Few a h ha n so complaint . de t s ve bee truly

‘ ’ o c s S onisba s hou om a n re her i a oph , wit t c pl i t,

We o s a oac o . s pr h , r regret sh uld de pi e M ssi n s a c ou su o ha a c u c a a i s , ld we pp se, t t ur le h ir,

o o a cha n of o c a of purple r be, r i g ld, were ap ble

he a n a n am giving him t le st co sol ti o . Yet the bitio ns may imagin e that he foun d some allevi a

o to his o ow in the nam of n and in ti n s rr s e ki g ,

o s o f n oon u for s c the h pe . bei g s req ited u h ser

h the s n of all u m a vices wit overeig ty N idi .

2 a ma nd te ram ue enens e t u m n Ill pa q t , l i a c oelo

A t o e ns sol a me in uit s u eri ue a et e t ll , l , q , p q v l

Massmissa a nostr memor nde ma n v le, i i lig om

C e u sitiens haurit n o n mo a f on e enen u m t r t v ,

Ta rtareas ue e t o n os s r u s r m q p it vi le t pi it e bra s .

Pz r xa a c n— A r ic f a .

These n s wh ch c os t he fe o f the ma n li e , i l e li g animous

S o ho nisba a re a e n f om the on n e c e d oem p , t k r l g egl t p , e nt t e d A r ica w t e n Pet rarc h a nd a re i l f , ri t by , pec ul i arly s i n . he e are man h tr ki g T r y ot e r passages in t he same

oe m c o nc e ed w t h re a t fo ce a nd fire and p iv i g r , expressed w t h e ua e e ance of a n uag e amon W t l] Ha e i q l l g l g ; g , yl y, in his host o ric a l no es no t c t h t , i es e li ne s w hic h de sc ribe t he a n ui sh o f he - g t young N umidi an pri nc e when he is c on st a ned t o l ea xe his r de and hose wh c h nn r i b i , t i a o unce S o ’ honisba s st a e ara nc in the e ons of p fir pp e r gi t he de ad . 80

When S cipio was m ade acquainted with the

a a a o h n for a ni a and tragic l c t str p e, he se t M ssi ss ,

i all c omfo in his ow o afforded h m the rt p er, fr m an apprehension lest his melanch oly might lead

a act in him t o some desper te . But time the

a s of S c o and the o n s c onf c re ses ipi , s lid be efit er

’ him the Roman to c fiace red upon by s, served

ll m m anc of a of A sdrubal a re e br e the d ughter ,

i a m n and of h s e arly att ch e t .

an a a a n a af o n Appi s ys, th t M ssi iss , ter exp si g ’ t the Ro an S o honisba s a o a o m s p de d b dy, g ve it a un a o h of a n . has n a e f er l w rt y quee It bee sk d, was there no other way by whic h Massinissa c ould have delivered his bride from Rom an seve

? not a a a on and a rity Might he by sep r ti ,

e n to her o a promis ever see m re, h ve secured her

and ? a s n s a o a liberty life As M s i i s , with ut mo ’ n a on f o t me t s hesit ti , pre erred the m s violent

ans o a was l a a n me , it is pr b ble he wel cqu i ted

h the na a mn ss of S c o in wit u lter ble fir e ipi , the ‘ resolution be had adopted The late defec tion

3 ass n ssa n w sa s Lo d L on in one of M i i k e , ( y r yttelt ,

' his D a o ues ha S O honisba s u n ass on was m i l g ), t t p r li g p i a bition not o He cou d not a ona es m he r , l ve . l r ti lly tee , whe n she u d S ha whom she had u n d w ho had q itte yp x , r i e ,

os his c rown a nd his i in the ca us of he r c oun r l t l berty e t y , a nd for her sa to her son t o him the c a ta ke, give per , pi l foe of ha u nfo unat hus and . He mus in s e o f t t rt e b t, pit S I .

“ ’ f ul asc end ancy of S ophohisba s charms and as S cipio was ac quai nted not only w ith this predo

a n of the n h her mi n nt i fluence quee , but wit

rna n to the Roman o c onse ete l e mity pe ple, he quently dr eaded a like effec t on the mind of

a s ni a h s c on a ons a t o a M s i ss . T e e sider ti , dded ’ Roman s l ove of his co n 4 h ch was a as u try , w i p sion too strong t o be restrained withi n the more con n m s o f c ommon mo a ha n fi ed li it r lity, rde ed his h a and n him not on u nf n e rt, re dered ly eeli g ,

' r a but inflexible on the oc c sion .

no e a in h s war is one to c A th r fe ture t i , whi h

o a c a a and as P lybius p rti ul rly lludes, it serves

’ to a S c o cha ac as a o ha ex lt ipi s r ter s ldier, I s ll

e no c . a ac n h and bri fly ti e it He tt ked by ig t,

n two a o f A sdrubal and . S a bur t the c mps yph x, and destroyed in a few hours an army c onsisting of fo an n h a o t oo inc onsi rty thous d me , wit l ss

his assi on c on c ude s his Lo dshi ha e ( ou ht her a p , ( l r p) , v b g ” erfidi ous a d et e sta woman — Hence e rha s Mas p , ble . , p p , ’ w w sinissa s eas y c ompliance ith the ishes of S c ipio.

The fa se no ons sa s e mo h wh ch the R omans l ti , y M l t , i

ad e m ac d conce n the o of he r c ount r h br e r ing gl ry t i y, c a u ht them t o su du e e aff c on of hu man t a nd J g b e v ry e ti i y, e xtinguish every dictate of j ustice whic h oppose d tha t de struct ive principle . 82

a l of derable to be noticed in history . The ass u t

Ro an was so n a S a fled the m s sudde , th t yph x na out of and a fic ked his bed, with gre t dif ulty made his escape from the flames ‘ The infor mation on which S cipio pl anned and exec uted

o was not ac oc in the this expl it, ex tly pr ured

o ono a ann for was o a n m st h ur ble m er, it bt i ed by a stratagem almost amou nting t o a breach of faith ; but whi ch was considered as allowable

a of war and of a war ca by the l ws , rried on

a o of a . a oo a ! ag inst the pe ple Afric Al s , p r Afric

a m u n the n on a e from th t ti e til prese t, thy s s h v

n o to the n o n and n and bee exp sed i s le ce, i sults, c ruel traffi c of a world always boas ti ng of its su perior c ivilization .

o S c o a o was i Th ugh ipi , s ys P lybius, d stin

5 S entit ur leris ue us uam cernit ur n s p q pri q , ig i

tis somno mul torum ue ora v ocantum E xci , q

luit u n i Auxili um inv adunt fla mma . F d que vic tor

u c e t ra idis c om lexibus a ma v iros ue M l iber, p p r q

C orri it : exundat Pest s semusta ue c as p i , q tra

A lbent i o an er nu l a summa f v lit t p bi avilla. ! I sius n n s ten or a sa u p i ge ti regi t i lt ,

Lu u incre ita ns a e circ um l g bre p , l t vo at ardor

Haussissit ue rum t re idus ui q vi , p c lade satelles

E somno ac st a s ra uisse t mu ta recantem r ti p l p .

S ha yp x .

84

been sh ocked at the sight ? Th ough the livesof hum an c reatures are a c onsideration as light as

air in a of s and n a a am i , the sc le re tless i s ti ble b

on h a on the a and ti , yet t eir preserv ti is de rest m ost sacred of all obje cts to the heart of religion;

a d a n hum nity .

S ir Wa Ra in s a n of war a lter leigh, pe ki g , s ys, that there is no profession m ore u npros perous t an a of m a men and a a a n h th t ilit ry gre t c pt i s , being no kings ; for besides the e nvy and jea~ lousies of men o a s am n and , the sp ils, r pe , f i e, “ au h of nnoc n a a on and n sl g ter the i e t , v st ti bur ing, with a world of miseries l aid o n the labour in man all so ha f u to G od as o g , te l , with go d

a on ma o the ma ha of F anc re s did ke M ulue, rs l r e, con ha not m of G od fess, T t were the ercies

n n and ou c on in ai i fi ite, with t restri ti , it were v n for those of his profession to h ope for a portion of them ; seeing the c ruelties by them permitted 9 and o m a o infinite . A nd how c m itted, were ls ,

con n the a a ( ti ues s me writer) , h ve the g reatest

8 Cicero describes some of the horrors of war : Vastan t ur a diri iunt ur v ill ze ma es—fam as vir ines ue ri gri, p , tr ili , g , p

n enu abri iun t ur militibus ue t radu i g i p , q nt ur. 9 Tou s les c s un s de ous les a e s c c de ous les vi e ré i t g , t ’ n ma ieu . e aleront a s les mau ue odu une seu l x g j i x, q pr it le c a n — r amp g e. V OLr u a . ‘ to n to A frican war of one l But retur the , which of its most important features was the revoca

on of ann a o a n Ga ha ti H ib l fr m It ly . Whe the rt gi nian heard the words of t he ambassad ors who

n to ca a na h his were se t re ll him, it is s id he g s ed

h and oan and was ca c a to teet , gr ed, s r ely ble ” ’ e a n f o a ann a a h r fr i r m te rs . H ib l s dep rture t is

a from a o som con o a on t o ye r It ly, pr ved e s l ti . Rom for c n a of a a man who e the re e t de th F bius, ,

o o a bafll ed all sch m by his vict ri us del ys, the e es

’ of the a ha n an and who the c a ac C rt gi i s, , by h r ter

s a d as a so v he di pl ye ldier, deser edly merited t he

a a n f Mawimus ppell tio o .

' A nd hou a h o a est of thy nam t , gre t er , gre t e , ’ Ordain d in war t o sa t he s n n sta te ve i ki g ,

A nd d a s t o ut a s o to fa e . by el y , p t p t

D uctor defixos I tala te llure tene bat

n u v ultus manant es ue ora ri a n I nte t s , q g ba t

Per tacitum ach ma et su S iria c re ra e chat . l ry , p b i

S S . 1 7 21 3 . ILIU , l ,

L . 30 c . 2 . ivy, l , 0

n i i m U nus homo nobis cunc ta do rest t u t re .

V ra c rL .

- ar n nium castris ue to a ue . p i ge q , g q

S rt w s. 86

After the amb assadors had delivered their

a ann a a now am ind ed mess ge, H ib l s id, It is I e

a and tha t not a o ex li-v r ec lled, mbigu usly, but p

citl . n I S a n for y My e emies, it true, h ve bee

om m a a n o h o s s e ti e p st dr ggi g me h me, by wit h ld ing the n ecessary s upplies of men and m oney .

B ut m m is not Ro man o re e ber, it the pe ple,

m ha so o n a n a ha who I ve fte be te , th t ve subdued H annibal ; it is the b as e S enate of my o wn c n o the a o of n ou try , m ved by p ltry m tives e vy

a o s S c o not man who and je l u y . ipi is the wil l h a ve so much reason t o triumph f in my recall as

anno who has at a cc in n H , l st su eeded buryi g o ur family under the ruins of Carthage ; and

ha cau had no o a of accom, t t, be se he ther w y ” lishin n p g their rui . H annibal had long foreseen wh at his u ngrate

o n now ff c an d had ful c u try e e ted , ships always

n s for his a in readi es dep rture . Never did an

z f mo in a n his na an exile eel re regret le vi g tive l d,

han in n a t he did quitti g It ly . Often did he cast his on her i n o s and o n eyes ret ri g sh re , fte , says

L a o n s on a ivy, did he c ll d w curse his he d, for not m arc hing t o Rome after his vic tory at

Hand secus ac pa triam pulsus d ulcesque penates

Lin ueret et s s exsul t raheret ur in o as. q , tri te r

S a w s 1 1 6 , . 7, 21 . 87

Ca ’ n o o a o a nnze . Mela ch ly was his v y ge fr m It ly to f a and o o f on as A ric , s rr w ul were his reflecti s, often as he thought of the last sixteen years of his life .

as am w n of an ‘ As soon he c e ithi sight l d , he a sked one of the sailors to tell him what part of the c h m n to ai o oast t ey were co i g . The s l r

a h a n to a a h be dis s id, t ey were m ki g pl ce w ere

o u n f l ann al c vered the r i s o an o d sepulchre . H ib

a e at t he o n a the o a on as st rtl d s u d , b de pil t p ss fas as c o u S oo n af ho a t he ld . ter the w le rmy

an at Le t i a l ac of on n l ded p s, p e little c seque ce,

b n S u a and A dr umetu m s itua te etwee s . After

n his oo be a anc t o refreshi g tr ps, dv ed Adrume t um and n oc t o a a a o n o f , the pr eeded Z m , t w

’ a o a h n a s o u Numidi Pr pri , wit i five d y j rn ey of ’ ar ha . om h s a c d s a d s C t ge Fr t i pl e he i p tche spie , t o a n o s a on and s n le r , if p ssible, the itu ti tre gth “ an fo s s of the Rom rce . These pie were soon

3 Quid : t une sat c ompos qui n on ard entia tela A C an nis in templa tuli Tarpeia ? J ov emque

‘ D etraxi solio ? Sparsissem i nc endia montes

Per se em hello a c uos e nti ue su er e pt v , g q p b

I acum exitium e t roavorum Para dedissem li , p .

S u m s . 1 295. , l 7 , 4 Li . 80 c . vy , l , 25.

6 a e ius Ma u 3 c . m s . 7 V l r xi , l , . 88

and o is s tomar in all apprehended , th ugh it cu y

m to n an a h S i o nations t o put the i st t de t , c pi he i ss ued orders for cond uc ti ng them thro ugh t ” c am and a m and h n m h w p r y, t e dis issed t em , ith f ull permission to report all they had seen to

h n a s ch con n of m n t eir ge er l . By u fide ce i d, he

dam t the cou a of the nem fo he p r ge e y, be re

an u sh h a s ann a was eat v q i ed t eir rm . H ib l gr ly affected by the mag nanimity which S cipio dis

a on h s o ca on s as is a pl yed t i c si ; ju t , it s id, he had n fo an an c the Ro an bee be re, by swer whi h m g eneral made to some persons who were c alli ng down veng e ance o n the heads of the C arthagi

i for the o a o n of a a he c r n ans vi l ti tre ty . T ime of h ch the a ha n an a been il i w i C rt gi i s h ve g u ty, n

n mo a and s s despisi g the st s cred, re pected right , is not eno ugh t o j ustify me in followi ng their ” am S s anc of a ex ple . uch in t es m gnanimous f n n c ann a to o ff o osa of eeli g , i du ed H ib l er pr p ls

ac to h c the Ro man n a as n pe e, ( w i h g e er l se ted) , and t o prop ose an i nterview for taki ng the same

n o c on a on m n ook i t sider ti . This eeti g t place in an o n n l a n ed pe plai , which y exte d between the t wo a m c a N ada ra. r ies, lled ga

7 Prandium d a u het e x loratoribus dimit ti ue ut ri j p , q , renunciaret anni ali ua; a ud i H b , q p Romanos vid ssent.

E ur aor m s . 89

’ - Before the ha ttle oin d j , ' The wo d s t wo c a ta ns for es des h m n one rl p i , ( b i t e , M eri ts t he name in e qua l competit ion)

Me t to ha e c o nfe e nce wher for a s ac v r , e, p e ’ ’ “ ni a a n They stood asto sh d t e ch other s prese ce .

The Roman was in m of f and the pri e li e, possessed all the advantages which ch aracterize

an b au was a and ac f u in m ly e ty . He t ll gr e l his

son of a n n c o un nan and n a n per , be ig te ce , e g gi g a c The a ha n an was a mos th spe t . C rt gi i l t e very reverse : his cou ntenanc e bore the deep impres

ons of man a a - fo : and si y h rd ught field this,

th o of an e e a a to e , a ar dded l ss l y g ve peculi

a a an sternness to his whole ppe r ce . H annibal is thus reported to have addressed the Roman! : As the fates h ave decreed that

who mad war on the Ro man o I , first e pe ple,

ho he s to su e for ac am a s uld the fir t pe e, I gl d

to ou S o am co t o o c it is y , cipi , I me s li it it . I

am a to son of ha man am c om gl d it is the t t I e,

hos a h was o o o ver w e f t er I f rmerly vict riou s . He was the first Roman general with whom I fought and it is to his son I am now co me nu

7 ' S c o a nd Hanni a an h s o ca ra ed Tho ipi b l, i t ri l t g y, by

b s 1 63 mas N ab e , 7 . 9 L ivy, 90

to ask for ac . not h n he armed, pe e It will , I t i k , considered as the least glorious event in your

u ou f a ann a to o o ill stri s li e, th t H ib l, wh m the g ds

an c o o so man Ro an a a n gr ted vi t ry ver y m c pt i s, has laid the p alm of vi cto ry at your feet ; and that y o u should be the man to put an end to a war c mo m o a o a , whi h is re em r ble by y ur defe ts,

S an nc n as h is than by o urs . uch i ide t t is well en titled to a place amongst the si ngul ar sports

0 ha the o s had n o ur an of fortune . t t g d g ive

ha o a on ch o n c estors t t m der ti , whi I h pe i spires

both da — a a an us this y th t p cific spirit I me , whi ch would have m ade y o u content with the

n of a and o a of domi ion It ly, urselves with th t

a W a an ff on of oo h not Afric . h t e usi bl d mig t

n a n a for no o s the h ve bee sp red, which tr phie of c o no a of a o can ma now vi t ry, rew rds v l ur, ke an com n a on ? Fo r m a a y pe s ti y p rt , I h ve re c eived so m c h n on om a e co m n u i structi fr g , i g

om an old man to c o n l h e my u try, which I eft when a boy ; and so mu ch also from both ad

and o a nc versity pr sperity, th t I feel well i lined t o o o a on a an o n f ll w re s , r ther th f rtu e . You are a o n man and not u o i y u g , yet t t red n the school of a and o a a a dversity, will pr b bly p y little tten

on to on na a o o ti my suggesti s y, I fe r y ur y uth, in on n of nin e c seque ce u terrupt d success, will

92

' cause they violated the l ate treaty ; but it should

c ha the o an of a es be recolle ted, t t bserv ce tre ti ,

he a on of ac a n and t preserv ti pe e, gre tly depe ds

who for a o n the h onour of him sues it . A w nt of ch aracter in our ambassad ors is said to have been a pri ncipal reason for the rejecting o ut

fa o u of ac H an l ate petition in v r pe e . But it is n al who n o w for ac and who o ib sues pe e, w uld n ot for if he not n n sue it, did thi k it expedie t, and who for ha ason n n n of all , t t re , i depe de t o h fa u ma n a n and in the t ers, will ithf lly i t i it ; c on a on of a n o n c the a war sider ti h vi g c du ted l te , t o c was so acc sa in uch a ros e whi h I es ry, s p p

o wa as to no man ea on to com r us y, g ive r s

a n o ms s a o of pl i , till the g ds the elve grew je l us

o so a now all m a my gl ry, I sh ll exert y ende v ours ha no man ma a ca to o a n , t t y h ve use c mpl i ” of the a o a n me pe ce bt i ed by . To this S cipio is said to h ave m ade the fol

l o l owing reply Notwithstanding the Gartha ginians h ave vi ol ated their solemn plighted

a and a of na on f ith, the l ws ti s, with respect t o a a a o a not a mb ss d rs, yet I sh ll tre t them in a way u nbecoming the hono ur of the Roman

eo nor the nc of mo a on h p ple, pri iples der ti w ic h

Li . 80 c . 3 1 . vy, l , 93

of own o have always been the rule my c nduct .

a of ac ann a to w c ou The tre ty pe e, H ib l, hi h y ha a d was o a o c o n n ve llude , vi l ted by y ur u tryme , in c ons equ e nc e of the hopes which were held out

E n n con of yo ur return . ve duri g the tinuance of ha at o o o a com t t tre y, s me gr ss utr ges were w e a a a o for and c itt d, th t still c ll l ud redress, whi h ,

f and a a on for h o a if ully f irly t ed , mig t pr b bly

‘ new r a o man mo lead to a t e ty . N is re sensible

of the ncons anc of o u n an am nor i t y f rt e th I , more aware of the thousand casu alties to which

ta o is a cu a a every mili ry expl it p rti l rly li ble .

I n a o u ha no c ann a the w rs y ve ti ed, H ib l ,

‘ the Carth agi nians were always the aggressors ; and of all o h o be a o pe ple, t ey sh uld the l st t

f h cons n s Ca c omplain o t eir eque ce . The rtha

inians a a a the to g , I repe t it, were lw ys first

o nc o and o n c mme e h stilities ; the g ds, by givi g

c to to o who n s l a a vi ry th se were u j u t y tt cked, shewed that they directed the is sue of them

accor n t o h and . For a di g rig t equity my p rt, I can n ever condemn my self for engagi ng in a

n war fo n on c an d n c defe sive , u ded justi e e essity,

h c a on can a war and ma w i h l e legitim te , ke it

. I n fine in a on to the virtue , if dditi terms on which peace was i ntended first to h ave been

ma and ou are a a ac ~ de, ( with them y lre dy 94

uainted a u om n a on n for t e q ) , f ll c pe s ti be give h

f o ur sh and o n seizing o ips, st res, duri g the ex istenc e o f the truc e ; an d for the i nsult offered t o o ur a a a o s a h n a ma e to mb ss d rs, I h ll t e h ve tt r la fo m ounc if all s m mo y be re y c il . But thi see

a for war nc ou o not en severe, prep re , si e y c uld ” a dure pe ce .

n n S c o in u The se time ts expressed by ipi , j sti

i n of war are c on n a h o ch ficat o , ge i l wit th se whi always actuated the E mperor Antoninu s Pi us who n ever e ngaged in any hostile contest but

a so u n c s and in ac ua s - upon b l te e es ity, t l elf de

c o man o ac and fen e This illustri us l ved pe e ,

of ma a n n was desirous int i i g it . By this hu

of o on was n ot on o manity disp siti , he ly bel ved

who c on him more in by his subjects, sidered the of a a and o c or an a light f ther pr te t , th mas

all o n nc and na on wh ter, but by f reig pri es ti s, o

his oodn and admired g ess equity . His power and virtue filled them with profound respect for

T his ex cellent emperor held t he sound o pi ni on of

C a us Po n us the n a of t he S amn s on t he u i ti , ge er l ite , s b

ec t of war : J ust um est Be um S a mn s u u j ll , ite , q ib s n e cessar iam et ia ar ma u u s nu a n i , p , q ib ll i si n armi s reli n ” - a tu s s. Lrv 9 c . 1 . q i r pe . l . , h w T s as t he o n on of the a t Mr. Fox a m i pi i l e , an of the mos n ht n d und s a nd n h t t e lig e e er t i g t a ever lived.

96

gre atest blessings k nown to mortals : peace bri ng s along w ith it more honours th an myriads of tri umphs : peac e is that which c an alone mai n

a n u c af an e ualitv a on e t i p bli s ety d q m gst m n.

om n o uc J n his H er i tr d es upiter, expressi g dis

asu a a n the od of war in ol o ple re g i st g , the f l w ing words

Of all the ods ha in O m us d w g t t ly p ell,

Thou art t o me mos ha fu for in s r fe t te l ; t i ,

I n war and a s e is th o . , b ttle , ver y j y

I n ano a a am d n a o ther p ss ge, the s e ivi e uth r

n o uc s o the s of o i tr d e Nest r, wise t his her es, ex pressi ng his displeasure against the man who takes pleasure in war

’ ‘ C urs d is the man and o d of law and i h , v i r g t,

U nwo h o u nwo th h rt y pr perty, r y lig t ;

Un for u c u or a c a fit p bli r le, priv te re,

That wre c h ha mons e who d h s in wa r t , t t t r, elig t

W hos us is mu d a nd w hos ho d o e l t r er, e rri j y,

To ea his c o un a nd his nd d s o . t r try , ki e tr y

Of the a n n E who s me se time ts is uripides , ex presses himself ia the following lines on the same subject

Pa n of w ea h c e es a P ace re t lt , l ti l e ,

Thou fa es of t he h a v n a n 0 wh ir t e e ly tr i , y , 97

Why this delay ? Wilt thou agai n

’ ' These longing eyes ne er vi sit ? How I fear

Tha a e ns ns and c o d t g , i e ible l , ’ m n m s w s ze e er I sha ha My tre bli g li b ill ei , ll il The mo ment of thy blest return ’ W h the c ro wn d an u a nd the c hora son . it b q et, l g

t o n to our conf nc f o m c But retur ere e, r whi h I fear I h ave dig ressed too mu ch it ended with o ut an a o o a on and two n a y cc mm d ti , the ge er ls

a a on now retired each to his camp . Prep r ti s were

a o for m n n con m de by b th , deter i i g the mighty

the a and o of all a a the test by l st, w rst ppe ls, sword : the Carthaginian s were to conten d not o n for own a and c for ly their s fety se urity, but th at of all Afri ca ; and the Romans for the em

o w as h pire of the whole w rld . Never t ere a 3 me n o u s c o n s h h m ore mo t te t , w et er we cousi der the c h aracters and abilities of the two ill us

a a o of t e trious gener ls, the high milit ry pr wess h

the ma n of both a or the t wo armies, g itude st tes,

on n a was to o o . S c o as he c seque ce th t f ll w ipi ,

ma c n to a o men a t was r hi g b ttle, t ld his , th t he

' N on a o raviores m o e d li g te p r vi it,

A ut o u os e us aut ui a a a ma movere nt p p l t ll , , q p tri r ,

D isc riminis a ta Maj ores ce rtare d uces . l

I n ed o m c s uid uid te it u ndi ue c oe um. m i er e , q q g q l

S u s . 1 m , l 7, l . 8 87 . 98

4 h sa ro e un g ods had shewn t em the me p digi s, der the auspic es of which their father s had fo ught

he an a end a nd c onquered at t isl ds n tes . The of war and of all o he a was the , their t ils, ( dded), now at h and ; the plunder of C arth age within

a and a n to o their gr sp, speedy retur their h mes,

o n h a n c ren their c u try, t eir p re ts, their hild , their

and o o o . o d he wives, h useh ld g ds These w r s

in an c a ‘ and a o n uttered ere t ttitude , with c u t enance so an a o a d im ted with j y, th t he seeme as if he had already obtai ned the victory Though I h ave declined enteri ng i nto a parti

’ cul at detail of any p art of S cipio s military c on

c o a on on of not n a to du t, fr m c victi bei g ble

ow an n ew on a of thr y light it, yet the b ttle Zama h olds su ch a c o nspicuo us pl ace in the his

f o as a s an a c c o u n tory o the w rld, m ke t of it ne c essar c ha a e of ra y, whi h I s ll t ke the lib rty t n scribi ng from the History of the Progress and

na on of Ro an R ic a Termi ti the m epubl , work which con stitutes a valuable addition to the lite

4 Le m u de c n s nf na sa s erveille x ette e terpri e i er le, ( y ’ o ta c s ue c ha u ch f des u s fa be nir V l ire), e t, q q e e Me rtrier it ’ ses drapeaux ; c t i nvoque D ie u solemnement avant d all er

m n on cha n e xter i er s pro i . 5 C sus hsec c o o vultfi ue ita l ec to u t vicisse am el rp re q , j c rederes dicebat - Lrv r 3 , , l . 0, c . 32.

1 00 a o n w cti n . Behi d these, he dre up the merce na oo o o of G a L u an and ry tr ps, c mp sed uls, ig ri s,

an a I n a con n a A S p i rds . se d li e he pl ced the fri c an and na of a a a on of s, tives C rth ge, with legi

a on an and in a h n a o two M ced i s ; t ird li e, b ut

n a n a e the hu dred y rds behi d the first, he pl c d

an who had a in all veter s, sh red with himself

n a an wa e the da gers and h onours of the It li r . H

a ca a in n o o to o pl ced his v lry the wi gs, pp site th se of n m the e e y .

S c o Lae u Ro an ca ipi pos ted li s , with the m

a on f and a n a h the N u v lry, the le t ; M ssi iss , wit

an o on t he h . ac the midi h rse, rig t He pl ed c om an or v on of on not as p ies di isi s the legi s, u a ua o n n a but su l, mut lly c veri g their i terv ls,

o n ac o f o f n to a His c veri g e h ther r m ro t re r . o in h os o n was to l a on n bject t is disp iti , e ve c ti ued a n or n o u h h c ve ues li es, thr g w i h the elephan ts

a o o n c o u mn s might p ss, with ut dis rderi g the l . At ‘ a of a h n a i the he d e c li e he pl ced the vel tes, or i u a n an r o to a rreg l r i f t y, with rders g ll the ele

hants and n a o to o a p , e de v ur f rce them b ck upon

o wn n or if c o not f their li es ; , this uld be ef ected, to fly before them into the i nterval s of the

a - a oo and a c he vy rmed f t, by the w ys whi h were

f o n n o a to o u le t pe betwee the c mp nies, c nd ct t them i nto he rear . 1 01

A s soon as the cavalry began to skirmish on

n ann a a na for the the w i gs, H ib l g ve the sig l ele

‘ phants to charge, but sricli a terrible sh out was Roman a h o n raised by the s, th t they were t r w

a d o . c i nto gre t is rder Besides, they were re eived by suc h a shower of missile weapons from their i n an a as s a h c a l ght i f try, th t, u u l, t ey rried their

in ff n d c n S riders di ere t ire tio s . ome broke in to their own li ne with considerable confusion others

n the a and c a fled betwee rmies, es ped by the an - an d an nc h a as S c fl ks m y, i ited wit r ge, ipio had ore n u the n ha had a f see , p rsued e emy t t g lled t e o the n a of Ro an h m, thr ugh i terv ls the m divi s on ' ou t of a on and in a i s, quite the cti ; little t ime the front of the two armies was cleared of

an a and of al l a these im ls, the irreg ul rs who had ski rmished between them in the begi nning of the a In the m an m the and con b ttle . e ti e, first se d ’ n of ann a foo had a an to o li e H ib l s t dv ced, pr fit by the impression which the eleph ants were

o to ma n supp sed likely ke . The third li e still r a ne on o n and to em i d its gr u d, seemed stan d

a oo o ac on . I n o l f fr m the ti this p sture, the first n of ar a n an a m com os li e the C th gi i r y, p ed of

aul and L r an n a G s igu i s, e g ged with the Roman l on and a a o an o egi s, fter sh rt resist ce, were f rced

a o t e on who a in o de o b ck n h sec d line, h v g r rs n t we

nor a ow em to. a s re to receive them, ll th p s , p

e a o ~ sented their arms . The fugitives wer cc rd n l a a on o and l the i g y m ss cred b th sides, fe l by

o of h own a or o e of the sw rds t eir p rty, by th s

m con n ons n of e ne y . The se d li e, c isti g the Afri

an and na oo of a a had a s i a c tive tr ps C rth ge, im l r

a s the an of oman f te they peri hed by h ds the R s,

r o of own s who ha d or ers o by th se their re erve , d

o c m on h o s and n hem t re eive the t eir sw rd , tur t

ac if o a a n the n . b k, p ssible, g i st e emy

S c o a so m h oo had een e ipi , fter uc bl d b sh d, ‘ men out of ea h and n finding his br t , spe t with

a o a asse a of h ard l b ur, emb rr d with he ps the

a n a a t o ee r oo t n o sl i , sc rcely ble k p thei f i g n

o n o mud and o e an d gr u d, bec me slippery with g r ,

c c m an e to be in these ir u st ces, lik ly ins tantl y a ac a ne who had tt ked by fresh e my, yet borne

a in the on t he en a o no p rt c est, de v ured withou t

of to i in a a n l oss time, put h mself situ tio to

n the n a n . a a re ew e g geme t His c v lry, by good

o n r c tor o on o n a f rtu e, we e vi i us b th wi gs, nd were

in of the n gone pursuit e emy . He ordered the

o n to c a and his o ns t e gr u d be le red ; c lum , in h

na o m of a on a n origi l f r the cti , h vi g be en some

a a he o o e of the st wh t displ ced, rdered th s fir l n to the n r ose of d i e to c lose ce t e, th the secon and to e and ain n the ank to third divid , g i g fl s,

1 04

n of a na e to begin i ng the b ttle, might be u bl c on n t he f for ac on and te d with third, yet resh ti ,

t was a o n e in the i n ured o victory . He dis pp i t d

ff of an ca on h h e ect his eleph ts, by the pre uti w ic

S c o had a n in O n n his n va s and in ipi t ke pe i g i ter l , formi ng continued l anes for their pas sage from

n to a and of the ff c of his b fro t re r ; e e t reserve, y

’ the return of the enemy s horse while the ac tion

c d a n a n n o m a w as yet u nde ide . H vi g t ke e sures t o c a a nor to a an a of hi se ure retre t, s ve y p rt s a m o na fou n of th r y, he bsti tely ght every mi ute e

a to a and n he o a the d y the l st, whe c uld del y vic o of the n m no o n the t ry e e y l ger, he quitted

a a a of o of o an field with sm ll p rty h rse, wh m m y, o h m n and fa i a n verw el ed with hu ger t gue, h vi g a n wa a a in f lle by the y , he rrived with few, the

of two a and two n at course d ys ights, Hadr u metum .

ann a a on was on H ib l, s ys M tesquieu, c quered in a battle in which fortu ne seemed to delight in c on o n n his a his n and f u di g bility, experie ce, g ood

n . A a o o o se se pe ce f ll wed, which cl sed the

o n of on n war in w u ds the sec d Pu ic , the seven teenth a om c o mm nc n and of ye r fr its e eme t , the

551 9 a a n an city . The C rth gi i displayed the abili

9 F n m a cce it s cundum Pa n c um um os nu~ i e p e i bell , p t num se timum decimum uam ce rat —Eur a or w s p , q pe . , ties of a consumm ate soldier ; and if he was c on a o ma ar quered, s ys P lybius, he y well be p

l o doned for fortune sometimes counterac ts the

n of a an men and o i co desig s v li t , s metimes, n n

o m to o f r ity the pr verb,

' A a man a a is su du d br ve , by br ver b e .

A nd this is all must be allowed t o have hap

n on n o a on n a pe ed the prese t cc si . The si gul r

a ann a h d in a skill th t H ib l s ewe this his l st fight,

h h comm n o and was is ig ly e ded by P lybius, ac no as L v o S o him k wledged, i y rep rts, by cipi

' Bu t n m a S ir Wa Ra self. the e e ies, dds lter leigh ,

too r on for him in o s and n en were st g h r e, bei g

o n as was a of a a t o j i ed, he by the st te C rth g e,

a a a an a u t ke b ttle with such dis dv t ge, he co ld work no marvels . ‘ ann a a as has n o t o H ib l retre ted , bee bserved,

a m m a a o nc H dru etu fter the b ttle, fr m whe e he

’ Le ou u e fut donn e A nn a se su j r q lle é , ib l rpassa l ui mem so t a end ses a an a s soil. 5 d e, i pr re v t ge , i sposer son a rm e so t a donn les o d s dans l e c om a : ma é , i er r re b t is ’ en fin le n de Rom l ern orta sur c u de C a ha ge ie e p el i rt ge, ’ et l a defaite des C arthagi noi s laissa pour j amais l empire

ns — r Ev — on n aux Remai S . m m .

' ' M EM am x et o ocvrew ev. i M ; , p rr vog x 1 06

o a to a a e had not was so n rec lled C rth ge, wh re he

r a e of and been fo the sp c six thirty years. When

a ea in S na a o he wa he pp red the e te, he ll wed s v an and a re was no o e quished, decl red the th r wa of a o n n an a n eace the y v idi g rui th by m ki g p ,

ar c on on of no c a d h d diti s which, we k w, were di t te

S c o and u t to Cartha ini by ipi , s bmit ed by the g ans c ma on sa a ; whi h de M tesquieu y, th t they

on on of a not rom an received the c diti s pe ce, f

n m om a o n . e e y, but fr s vereig The ambition of S c ipio might have disposed

im to c o to o in or r h press his vi t ry the utm st, de

a ca n a of a a the th t he might rry, i ste d tre ty, spo ils of Carthage to ado rn his triumph at

m B ut a a i nc w ic Ro e . the e g er imp t e e with h h the consuls of the present and past year endea v oured t o snatch out of his hands the glory of

na war ma o r termi ting the , y, with ther easons of con a on a n to higher sider ti , h ve i duced him rec eive the submissi on of the vanquished u pon the first terms th at appeared sufficiently ho

ourabl e and a a to o of the n , dequ te the bject

o on was n r c mmissi with which he e t usted . Whenever ah allusion was m ade to this c ircum

anc S o u to sa a a b st e, cipi sed y, th t Cl udius, y

a n to an in co an his e ger ess suppl t him the mm d, had a e t l of a it s v d he repub ic C arth ge . But

1 08

he gave Massinissa entire posession of all Na

m a in h c h an n not onl idi , w i gr t were i cluded, y

the o n on of old a S a d mi i s his riv l yph x, but those of several other petty princes ; all which acts of kind ness were confirmed and ratified by

a of Roman na decree the se te .

’ W n S c o s a a was no n in a 3 he ipi rriv l k w It ly ,

o cam n al ro to the j y be e u ivers , f m the Alps the

of a a a extremity C l bri . As he proceeded to

Ro the o o f om all a of th me, pe ple fl cked r p rts e cou ntry to enj oy the satisfac tion of seeing their d to os o a o and oo for eliverer, wh e superi r v l ur g d tu ne they thought themselves i ndebted for their

and an present repose tr quillity. The soldiers

a n him on oa o e who tte ded the r d, sh w d him to the husbandmen in their fields mothers pointed

out to on and na to o n him their s s , tives f reig ers, ’ when he en tered Ro me

’ d um me n t hron d t o see him and the nd The b g , bli To hear him speak : the very nobles bended ’ t o J o s s a u and the commons mad A s ve t t e, e ’ A show a nd hu nd w h h c a s and shou s r t er it t eir p , t 4 I never saw the like

30 c . 4 5. Livy, l . ,

A 3 ' omni tectis a ris ne eflusa u n us I ll um s g q J ve t , Turbaque mira tu r matrum et prospectat euntem;

i i in A t t on t s hians animi s.

i si o n 1 7 . V , . Shakespear. The joy of the capital was in prop ortion to t heir superior k nowledge of his merits and ser

na and o a vices . The se te pe ple were equ lly u in o n him a r c was nanimous v ti g t iumph , whi h the mdst m agnificent e ver had been exhibited in R m w as ono na of o e . He h ured by the sir me Africanus ‘ but whether that proud distinction

f the aff on of the m a proceeded rom ecti s ilit ry, or the a a n of o n tt chme t the pe ple, is left u de c L was the Roman n a ided by ivy . He first g e er l who was disti nguished by the appellation of the 6 nation which he had conquered ; a practic e which succeedi ng times rendered too common in Ro an d o n a L as me, which ly served, s ys ivy, a re nt men who o n p cede with , p ssessed either the nor co a o a to the merit, uld rr g te themselves virtue of S Cl pl O ; but it gratified their vanity to

l na of i a and t multip y the mes their m ges, o.

5 S c o R omam edu e t n n o a t rium havit ipi r t, i ge ti gl ri p , — atq ue Af r ica nus e x eo appellari c zept us est Bu r no r ru s . 3 c 23 . , l ,

D evic tze referens r mus c o nom na p i g i terrae.

S S 1 ILIU , l . 7 .

’ ’ Et de ou cc u ou m R oma n t t q il fit p r l e pire i , ’ ’ n en eu t ue la l i e le no d fri ain q g o ref t m A c .

COR N E I I L E . 1 1 0 add new splend our t o the titles of their fa milies . Whether S yphax was led in triumph throug h

is o fu : was t o be t e the city, d ubt l if he , it is g retted that the genero u s soul of S cipio did not oppose the observance of so b arb arous a c ustom 7 ; a custom which added i nsult to the

a am of n n hou had c l ities pri ces, eve t gh they conducted themselves c onform ably t o the rul es

d war C an an n be of fair an h onourable . y thi g

a in n of a o h a our s id defe ce cust m , whic tre ts f o - men on n min ei ell w with c tempt, i sults the th r

and a r a l s distress, m kes their mise y pub ic pec

a of o ? n a e to all the t cle j y But whe dd d this,

aff on was off to own hea s and like r t ered cr ed d ,

a an on of a a ain who be the g ll t c duct gre t c pt s, ,

o e the e e a an n f r battle, h ld qu l r k with their co

e rors s sa was a e of inb q u ; thi , I y , d gree u

an un o of o m n n m ity , hig hly w rthy a pe ple e i e t for a o and o an n a their v l ur wisd m, u w rrantable

o n of n a of fo n a f rgetful ess the i st bility rtu e, nd an n a ona n o nc and a o an u p rd ble i s le e rr g ce, to which no parallel c an be fou nd in the practic e of o a a o na on on the m st b rb r us ti s they c quered .

7 S ee a t of mot h on the oman let er Mel , subj ec t of R T um h ri p s.

1 12

w t - time after in prison . But it as no the perSon

of n o na S ha o n a the u f rtu te yp x, supp si g he m de

o ne in o on n or an o c u the pr cessi , y ther irc m

an of a na ch a so m c to st ce th t ture, whi dded u h

a o as a n ha its re l gl ry, did the he rtfelt feeli gs t t

o in m n of Ro an o on ar se the i ds the m pe ple, the conclusion of a war whic h liberated Italy

of a o a foe and affo d from the yoke f rmid ble , rde

o of o c a c them the pr spect d mesti pe ce, whi h

a of n in they alm ost desp ired seei g their time . This was the cheeri ng sentiment that m ade them l ook with such transport on the author of

so a a an and a o h ppy ch ge, filled them with j y

ch h a c a to o ra whi t ey were sc r ely ble m de te .

W n o of n a he the gl ries his triumph e ded, suc

c s on of am and ac s fo o a e si g es spect le ll wed, th t lasted for several d ays ; the expences attending

a S o which, were defr yed by cipi , with his accus

n o I n o tomed ge er sity . pr cess of tim e he was

a anc t o all n of dv ed the dig ities the republic,

h c c a w i h he dis h rged with the purest h onour .

n h n and fift - on a I five u dred y three, the sec d ye r

af a of Em na and o ter the b ttle ma , the se te pe ple

a o n c n o on a an pp i ted him e s r, the very first v c cy i n offi a ac wa o re the ce . This m gistr y s the m st

s ectabl e in Ro and was onf on on p me, c erred ly

s on as o e uch per s, were bec me, if the xpression 1 13

a z n in is dmissible, the first citi e s the republic, in c onsideration of their talents and meritori ous

c on o of n servi es . Besides, the h ur bei g de

c n o a n o i an a was c on s e ded fr m Ce s r f mily, re k ed the brightest g em in the sc utcheon of Rom an n he o to him obility . T pe ple were delighted see as muc h disti ng uished by the first rank in the

u as was his o . rep blic, he ever by superi r virtues The high opinion entertai ned by the nation of

m a cha ac w as a the his ilit ry r ter, surp ssed by

s n mann in ch as a z n and di i terested er whi , citi e , as a a a a all m gistr te, he disch rged such civil em

me t as com to his c a ploy n s were mitted re .

n offi was a of The ext ce he filled, th t prince of na and was a a o the se te, this lw ys best wed by

c nso o n z n the o n n f the e rs, the citi e m st emi e t or

and c a his honours servi es . This ppointment

oo a in a of c 55 and two t k pl ce the ye r the ity 7, ye ars afterwards he was elected consul a secon d

m W s in s a of c he ff ti e . hil t thi l tter fi e, e ected one a c u a fo o to i p rti l r re rm , which pr ved h m

a a o c of a n a n in co ever fter, s ur e gre t u e si ess, n sequence hf its being made the ground of a po

a n n a was n o o n or pul r rese tme t th t ever f rg tte ,

fo n . n a if n and n rgive I dividu ls, i sulted i jured,

o and o — a a o n f rget f rgive ggreg te b dies, ever . I n the celebration of the great anniversary festi

r 1 1 4 v a at Ro no o a in on ee n ls me, l c l dist cti had ever b m ade between the se nators and people ; all sat n na on i discrimi tely the sam e be nches . This

o as n on a a d oo cust m, bei g c tr ry to decorum n g d o S o a and a na o rder, cipi ltered, g ve to the se t rs ,

a a o o o h s se ts separ te fr m th se f the people . T i

fo m9 was c ons the a as a dar re r idered by l tter, ing violation of the apparent equality exis ting

n two o and w en betwee the rders, as res ted by them in the w ay m ost suitable t o their usu al

’ u n e and m a n o S o t rbule c i p tie ce . H wever, cipi s authority and character were held in su ch hig h

ma on ha t he a a on a in e esti ti , t t lter ti p ssed, spit

f all o a c a o a a a Of o the p pul r l m ur r ised g inst it .

h s m a S o a en e e o t i e sure, cipi , it is s id, rep t d b f re

a n a too ea a n anc of the he died, dre di g gr t sce d y

o a in a r n an e a arist cr cy republic, whe e i qu lity a on a o of c z n con m g the sever l rders the iti e s, stituted the fundamental principl e of the g o

vemment . had a e Besides, he fe rs lest the prid of the Patrici ans sho uld give them su ch a supe riorit o o as at a da y ver the pe ple, might future y, cause one of their body to arise with ambition

9 A fo m sa s Pol dore V ir il uod e t u re r , y y g f q v lgi animum a t t c t fav orem S c i ionis ma no ere uas ver i , p g p q savit .

1 1 6

Rom an people to c ou n tenance the cab als and

f a a and to o factions o C rth ge, supp rt them with t he authority of the republic ? Is it d ecent for Rom an ambassadors to appear in the vile cha ? racter of the ac cusers of H annibal We have c o him in our o was nquered the field, vict ry h onourable : every thi ng beyond th at is nu ” just . H annibal was soon apprised of the designs of

n o at Rom and a a and his e emies, b th e C rth ge, saw immediately th at he had no resource but in

: o o ma n an a flight theref re, with ut ki g y del y , he

a to n ochu K n of S a o rep ired A ti s i g yri , wh m he

n in ac ua a of m a a a on fo u d t l st te ilit ry prep r ti .

oon as n n ac Ro ha As s i tellige ce re hed me, t t

ann a had on to co of n oc H ib l g e the urt A ti hus, a a a o at on a o mb ss d rs were ce desp tched there, t

no nc as en and to a n de u e him their emy, w r his S yrian M ajesty against listeni ng to any in sinua

on a a c om o him to th ti s th t might h ve e fr m , e prejudice of the interest and h onour of the re public .

” o s c al umniam in eum J urarent ac nom n defe rre nt t re , e . Herei n S cipi o reprob ates the i nterference of the Roman

sta e wh ch wou d ha ou ht it n o the sithation of t , i l ve br g i t

a common prosecutor in a court of j ustice . L affi o o of one a ivy rms fr m the hist ry Cl udius,

n i i ha S c o was a n . n ossess on t t o , the his p , , ipi m g

am a a o and h n s u s r the b ss d rs, t e tell the illust i o us on a on c was o to a c vers ti , whi h supp sed h ve

ass a a n in E h “ n t n t , p ed , i erview p esus betwee him and Hann a S o a o n to ib l . cipi , cc rdi g the

o an a a om he o hist ri , sked the l tter, wh th ught the greatest general ever lived ? the Carthagi n an d an G a A nd m i replie , Alex der the re t . wh o the s c on ? s and ho con n e d Pyrrhu ; w m, ti ues the

Roman do ou con h ? m e , y sider the t ird ys lf cer tainl o n S c o and a y . Y urself, retur ed ipi , wh t

o ou a a had ou con ? w uld y h ve s id , y quered me

T n ann a o ha an he , replied H ib l , I sh uld ve r ked

f not on fo an and h mysel ly be re Alex der, Pyrr us,

all o h n a a . but t er ge er ls, th t ever existed This

7 ' Wh s Hann a w as a t E hesus w e a re o d h il t ib l p , t l t at, a t the u s o f some fr ends he a end d t he ect req e t i , tt e l ure s

f nown d h oso he of the nam of Phorm o a re e p il p r e io . The l ecturer fully apprised of the great c haracter that was

s n ha an u ed for a c ons de a m on t h pre e t, r g i r ble ti e e d uti e s of a en a a nd the who m a ar t. Whe n g er l, le ilit ry he had

n sh d his d sc ou se the c om a n se emed h h fi i e i r , p y ig ly de

h ed : on wh c h one of h m as d Hann a wha lig t i , t e ke ib l t he thought of their lecturer ? The C arthaginia n very frankly

answ r d ha he had s en man a s old f ow in hi e e , t t e y illy ell s

f but such an old oc h ad he had ne e seen b li e, bl k e , v r e — fo e C rem e D r. Oa u oa s . 2 c . 1 8 . r , l , 1 18

c on n has n a L an the sub fere ce bee m de by uci , j c et of o ne of his very entertai ni ng dial ogueS .

Th o n w as so n n o a ed is c mplime t i ge i usly ppli , that it disting uished S cipio from all o ther great

a a n not o n as n o bu c pt i s, ly bei g their superi r, t as n abo all c o m a o n h ch at the bei g ve p ris , w i ,

m ha a o Ro an same ti e t t it fl ttered the p lite m , p aid the highest complime nt to his own abili

L a m c o l en a b s ties . ivy d its the mp im t, but scri e it to P unic artifice ; a co mment so illiberal o n t he a of Ro an s o an ro how p rt the m hi t ri , p ves m o n n u n of e uch he wr te u der the i fl e ce prejudic , and partiality . I n c onsequenc e of the c ivilities th at passed between H annibal and the Roman co mmiss ion

at n w o n on ers this i tervie , the f rmer su k c sider

i ma on o f the a n ably n the esti ti gre t Ki g . A p

an i in no c n conf nc a a pi , ti i g this ere e, s ys, th t

nn a as S c o t o a ta h hi i H a ib l ked ipi , p r ke wit m n the h s of hos a S c o rig t pit lity, with which , ipi

ou os c fu a om e had w ld m t heer lly h ve c pli d, he

n a n of nc n t he d not bee pprehe sive i urri g isplea7 sure of his frie nds at Ro me : the s itu ation o f the

a a n an at s m in co of A n C rth gi i thi ti e, the urt t iochus n a a all n o on , bei g wh t m de i terc urse the

3 A an de o riaco ppi Bell Sy .

1 20

o n o of not on n is fte times pr ductive ly eglect, but n co tempt .

We n ow c o to a of c 561 me the ye r the ity ,

h n L c u o n s S c o o of w e u i s C r eliu ipi , the br ther

4 and a Lae n ma r en Publius , C ius lius, his i ti te f i d,

a o n c on s a a in c were pp i ted sul , ye r whi h the war broke ou t between the Ro m ans and A n s iochus s u nam G a . The two con ul t , r ed the re t s s

conn c te w h r an o b oo were e d it Af ic us, b th by l d and f n sh h c are the os o f rie d ip , w i h ties m t p wer ul

c ou f a h ha h in the inter rse o life . E c d is heart

on a and h c c m ance a fixed up Asi , t is ir u st g ve

a a in the na o n the di tribu rise to deb te se te, s

f the nc a h tion o Provi es . The f t ers were di vided in o n on ma o e their pi i s, but the j rity wer m ore disposed to favour the preten sio ns of La x

ho a o n was now n an lius, w se reput ti better k th

a and o a was not u his riv l , yet his c lle gue destit te of military merit : his services u nder his brother “ in S a n a on was n m e his p i , m g which u ber d ,

C reat us igitur c onsul Luci us S cipio : c ique dat ur le

a tus f a Af c anus ut intelli ere t Ant ochus non g r ter ri , g i , ,

em fiduciam se in A nn a v ic t o uam Romanos maj or ib le , q — in v ictore S c on ha . J u sr r N . . 8 1 c . 7 . ipi e bere l , 5 — C c o Ph c 1 1 th. . Ma xm u s . 5 c . 5. i er , ilippi VAL , l , 6 I n H s an a as res e it S c o c t er 58 t e i p i egregi g ipi , p , e p r i i — r w fra trem suum Lucium Sc p onem. Eu r ao s. 1 21

a n o n of Orin is a n n t ki g the t w g , h vi g give him c a ac as a o d can an c a n h r ter s l ier . Afri us, ti ip ti g

na n f the na m what the determi tio o se te ight be, and wh at wo uld be the mortification of his bro

a o n an end to the a ther, if dis pp i ted, put deb te with the followi ng few words Consc ript Fa thers ou con o nc of a on , if y will fer the pr vi e Asi

o h n him in a of my br t er, I will serve u der qu lity ” h m c a a on w as lieutenant . This u ble de l r ti

h f c a o a on a heard with suc per e t ppr b ti , th t the

ns an at an end and the a con troversy was i t tly , p

i a pointment made out agreeably to h s wish . It ly

t o Lee lius and a to his o was as sig ned , Asi m re favoured colleague . ’ The s n o u of A fricanu s s m l a a n ple d r i it ry t le ts, should not dimi nish ou r respect for his domestic

u for ho he had c omman the virt es, t ugh ded

‘ of the c n a a armies republi , duri g the gre ter p rt of his now c on c n t o ac c the life, he des e ded ept sub ordi nate rank of lieute nan t u nder his brother ; a situation in which be manifested as much sa

i faction as n comman had t s , if the e tire d been h conferred on imself.

n s ac of two a L c us S o a I the p e ye rs u i cipi , ided

o n of o o a n a com by the c u sels his br ther, bt i ed

i o o n o at a n s a c h p ete vict ry ver A ti chus M g e i , whi w as o o d a a o on on f ll we by pe ce, wh se c diti s were 1 22

The na a d dic tated by the conquerors . se te n ’ people were so well satisfied with Luc ius s c on d c a n n to Ro was u t, th t whe he retur ed me, he

a h the nam of A sia tic us7 in s luted wit sir e , the midst of the triumph which was then decreed him A f can w as a as the . ri us gre tly ple ed with hono u s ha es o on his o and r t t were b t wed br ther, n o an o o n o f as c n to him ever l st y pp rtu ity ribi g , s he n m and c c ss of a t e tire erit su e the c mpaign .

The o a n L c S o a S ir vict ry g i ed by u ius cipi , s ys

W a Ra i of A siaticus lter le gh , merited the title ; though the virtue requisite to the purch ase

h of w as in n o w a c o s on n The t ere , y rre p de t .

’ modesty and humility of A fricanu s s whole de

’ eano ur d n of his ro h m , uri g the time b t er s tri

h ain him mo n n a a a ump , g ed re ge ui e ppl use, th n what could h ave been derived fro m the m os t brilliant success ; and the senate and people

7 Luc us S c o R omam re diit n n or a a m i ipi , i ge ti gl i tri

hav it n om n e t s ad imita tionem frat ris A s a ic p , e ip e , i t i a cc e it u a A s am v icera t sic u ti f a e i sius o t p , q i i , r t r p pr p er

mitam f c anu a lla r — A i n o A s e t u . E UTROP I f ca d u s 1. 4 ri ri pp , ,

c . 4 .

3 S om w r t s su os ha S c o aff c ted indis o e i er pp e, t t ipi e p sition a nd ma n d a t a d s anc f om t he c am in , re i e i t e r p, order that his brother might have the sole merit of the

c o vi t ry .

1 24

ed the a assa o con j uries he had suffer . As mb d r

i o on n o a a e s dered these c nditi s i t ler ble, he ppli d in a to A r an to o was or priv te f ic us, ( wh m he

t o a a a a n on and off dered p y p rticul r tte ti ), ered him o a on of son who o e the rest r ti his , ( by s m accident had fallen i nto the h ands of the great

n and h a a n sh in n ki g) , wit him p rt er ip his ki g dom if o c on n o the e , he w uld be te t with ut titl

a n an of king . I n wh t man er the son of Afric us

a on of n ioc not a o bec me the pris er A t hus, is s er ” t ained a n a One m m o g the histori ns . circu stanc e is me nti oned to the c redit of the great

n a a as m c a n on ki g , which is, th t he p id u h tte ti t o c a on as had n o on his edu ti , if he bee his wn s . From such treatme n t Antiochus expected so me c on a on o a in o sider ti fr m the f ther, the pr posals

' he had ofl ered ; and from the l ove which S cipio

A ppi an says he w as tak en pri soner by A ntiochus in

eec as he assed f om C ha c s t o D m as. From Gr e, p r l i e etri

P n it w ou d a ea a s if t he ou h ha d en a n i li y, l pp r y t be t ke n th as r a a of a ne s a wh e n he mu b e l t g e t b ttle M g i , er i st e mis

His wo ds are : Ta u am c o es suaa i ti tak en. r b l vi t ri A s a cze in C apitolio posuit Luc i us S cipi o idque aegre t ulisse fra

m A fric anum tradunt ira tum ha ud immerito uon am tre , , q i ”— li in o rwlio c a us fu s . PL1 N . . 8 5 c . 4 . fi us ejus ill p pt er t l , Filium (A fric ani) quem rex (A ntiochus) parvo navigio — i i ntem c rat . L. 31 c . . US T1 N . t raj c e epe , 7 J 1 25

ha for o of not d his child , his h pes success were

m The an can a e di inished . swer which Afri us m d the a a a o was to o o n f mb ss d r, the f ll wi g ef ect I am nut so muc h surpri zed that y o u are u n ac quainted with the charac ter of the Rom ans and of me to w om ou are n as am a , h y se t, I , th t

’ y ou are totally ignorant of the fortun e and situa

i w ha n u o a tion of h m ho s se t yo . If y ur m ster had an a ha a con n a o the o a y ide , t t cer b ut pr b ble event of the war would h ave induced us to m ake

ac him o n ha pe e with , he sh uld ever ve let us set

a c n B ut a n o foot on Asi ti grou d . h vi g nce per mit ted to a the on he has h us p ss Hellesp t, by t is act e our o to he o now r ceived y ke, which sh uld

u a n and not nd to a s bmit with p tie ce, prete tre t

f a t o f on the grou nd o equ lity . As mysel perso ’ na a on n o n to lly, I sh ll c sider the ki g s rest ri g me

son as no n his n o my , the blest prese t ge er sity can m ake me any other i nstance of his libera

- lit n t a n n . y, my mi d cer i ly will ever require I

a the G o m o n n ma . n o pr y ds, y f rtu e ever y If A ti chus will be content with my personal ack now

m n for a ona fa o s a ledg e t pers l v ur, he h ll ever

a in a find me sensible and gr teful ; but, public

c an n h him an n nor c apacity, I eit er give y thi g,

G o n and a receive any thing from him . the , c rry and e he this answer to your ki ng ; t ll him, is 126

’ n in the war u d one if he perseveres , his true ia t er t n to ma ac i the Roman on es bei g ke pe e w th s,

a are a to an “ wh tever terms they ple sed gr t . A s soon as the ambas sad or fo u nd th at the

o osa of as c he pr p ls his m ter were reje ted, de p arted ; and after maki ng a report of them to his own cou is sa n ochus h s n rt, it id A ti s ewed ig s of ’ “ mo o n a c a n ha the st vi le t r ge , de l ri g , t t he was not c to uch a d a e on on yet redu ed s esper t c diti , as to suff er himself to be stripped of his king dom and ha t he o o a ma him w re , t t pr p s ls de e

a nc n t o war han n m n s to r ther i e tives , t i duce e t ” a pe ce . When Afric anus beg an to reflec t on the peri

o a on of son and ha m be the l us situ ti his , w t ight

on nc of his an t o H eraclides he was c seque e swer , so o om o nanc of his f e n s verc e by the p ig y e li g ,

a in the n h o hoo of E ma th t he fell sick eig b ur d l , i lia soon as the a n hear o f n E to . As gre t ki g d

n o on ha a u reat his i disp siti , he be ved like tr ly g

“ man and n him his son ho a an om . , se t wit ut r s

’ S c o s o was so a at n his ch a ipi j y gre t seei g ild, th t

- A fl o at 35 9mg at M o m ; m e. ; x. p x H OMER . 2 L . 3 c . 3 ivy, l 7 , 7 .

I t is a d h n t r e i s i e se t he boy g is muner ibus devia nts .

V . X MA I MU S .

1 28

8 o to a a at S a s E 183 but previ us his rriv l rdi , the

a n a was o h and won S om b attle of M g esi f ug t . e

a a to a a of r can s are writers, p rti l the ch r cter Af i u , o f o n on ha be aff c n o on from pi i t t e ted i disp siti , a desire not t o rob his brother of any sh are i n

o c a a n n n be the gl ry, whi h g i st the prese t e emy ,

h a n a s perc eived mig t be e asily g i ed . The dju t men t of the terms of the peace which followed

c o of a n a was n n s the vi t ry M g esi , e tirely e tru ted by the c onsul to the care and management of his o can who was in o n br ther Afri us, every p i t of view more qualified for the busi ness than h m i self. From the anxiety An ti ochu s had of procuri ng

a on an o a a c am pe ce y t ler ble terms, he desp t hed bassadors to Ro an c am to off his the m p , er sub

i on . On a n ma e a a m ssi rrivi g , they d their pplic

on to con o a o f ti the sul , thr ugh the medi ti n o

an s o o in c on a on of a Afric u , fr m wh m , sider ti wh t had as h on o of o a n n p t, t ey c ceived h pes bt i i g

o o nc was s um m ore favo urable conditi ns . A c u il moned to a a had to o o n , he r wh t they pr p se, whe

c of o t o efie ct Zeuxis, the hief them , sp ke this

We are not o Ro an to ma an o c me, m s, ke y pr

osals on our a but on to now o o u p p rt, ly k fr m y

a an our n ma a a by wh t me s ki g y expi te his f ult, and obtain from his conquerors forgiveness and 1 29

a e no has a a n ou ~ pe ce . W k w it lw ys bee y r prae

a becomin ma nan m of o to tice, with g g i ity s ul , p ardon the kings and nations y o u have s ubdued :

o n c o w h c h has n ou the y ur prese t vi t ry, i give y

' om ni on of the whol e world u a mo d i , req ires re . illu strio us manifest ation than ever of that mag

mit You ha n w in o nani . o o o y ve it y ur p wer, R

an af a m of the mmo a G o m s, ter the ex ple i rt l ds, l aying aside all c ontention whatever with mortal

n o c and a h man bei gs, to pr te t sp re the u The an swer returned by S cipio t o the depu

a n n o a his ties, h vi g bee previ usly prep red by c o nc was to fo o in ff c Of at u il, the ll w g e e t wh

in o of i o a o Ro is the p wer the mm rt l g ds, we mans possess just as mu c h as they are pleased

o . Our co u a ch n he t o best w r g e, whi is u der t

n of our own n a in direc tio mi d, is the s me every

e of o un : a was a vicissitud f rt e wh t it yesterd y, the sam to - da n a b e it is y ; it is either elev ted y . 6 nor d s a . Th pros perity, epres ed by dversity e

5 L c . 35. ivy, 6 S uch was the sentiment o f the heathens ; but chri s t ianit s u s e r d ffe en no ons and ach s u s t o y give v y i r t ti , te e

u i w th f f od I t u b elieve that v irt e s holly e gi t o G . is s r pri si ng how men of such e nlightened mi nds should have

e n so ross m s a en as ne to ha eflec d u on b e g ly i t k , ver ve r te p t he wea ness of huma n n at u e a nd how eas it is k r , ily K 130

kin peace will beco me disadvan tageous to the g , in the exac t proportion of his fort unes becoming every day m ore precario us by means of delay . If he m akes any hesitation in ace

s h c are now off him no ha term w i h ered , let k w, t t f it is more diffic ult to pull dow n the majesty o kings from the highest to the middle c ondition of f han f om ha n m a e s at li e, t it is, r t t i ter edi t t e, ” t h o th o url it d wn to e very lowest . One of the c ondition s of pe ac e made with

n o h was a ann a ho A ti c us , th t H ib l s uld be deli

to the Ro an n su o e a vered up m s, it bei g pp s d th t

fr m t h a t h f u He a r wha rac turned a side o e p o virt e . t Ho e sa s in o os t on t o h s ht of e a i on y , pp i i t i lig rev l t

S e d sa t s e st ora e J o m uze dona e t a u fert i r ve , q t ,

’ m m t a m d e t o es : a uu i a nima m i se ar a bo. D e vit , p g p p

A nd wha t C c o sa s in his Na t ur a D eorum: A i er y , tque hoc omn s mo a es sic habent e nas c ommodita tes e rt l , xter a diis se ha bere : virt u tem au tem nemo unquam a cc eptam

u ” deo ret u it . imirum rec t e N am u s u l N q i , q od bonus v ir sse a as d xs e it un uam? A ubd d s uod ho e t, gr ti i g q t q ive , q n o a us ubd inc ol umis o J udicium ho e omn r t , q i um mor t alium est fort unam a deo etendam a se i so sumendam , p , p e a ie ntiam sse s p . The impi ous arroganc e o f thi s Opi nion of almost al l h a h ns sa s Wa er in his c en ed on of L e t e , ( y lk , ex ell t iti ivy) , is c on fu ted n ot on u h l oso h but the c h s ian ly by tr e p i p y, by ri t ” re la on wh ch is e consonan ve ti , i ver t to true philosophy .

1 32

and o ost a f self up ; whilst there, he empl yed m o

in o m n an o a b his time f r i g subterr e us p ssages, y

an of he m ma a i n me s which ight ke his esc pe , c ase of bei ng discovered and assailed by Rom an

h n n i m alice . T e m ome t i telligence reached h m

a c a was o n o and th t the stle surr u ded by s ldiers,

a o was c o be s a th t every utlet l sely beset, he it ted not an instant in preferri ng death to slavery : he

9 h a n resolved to die . T en t ki g the poison in his

an h c had a a in a n s as h d, w i h he lw ys kept re di e s, a sure antidote against the sh arp diseases of ad

o n a n in act verse f rtu e, he is s id , whe just the

a o n to a o n in o o n of sw ll wi g it, h ve sp ke the f ll wi g te rms Let us deliver the Romans fro m the

u h has so on a n disq ietude whic , l g h u ted them, and m akes them so impatient to await the death

a oo old man . was n of p r The time , whe they were under the influence of m ore generous feel

was n e k nown ings yes, the time , whe they w re

9 nem a n imze ua: res humanas misc uit o m Fi , q li ,

N on ad - non sa a de an non a sed gl ii , x b t, tel , ille

a nnarum nd e t an san u n s u o C vi ex, t ti g i i lt r A nnul us

J UV I NA L .

L . 39 c . 51 . ivy , l ,

iberemus c urfi. o ul um Romanum c . L p p , &

Lt vr . to a n ' w r their enemy against impending danger . But at present wh at is their conduc t ? They basely send an embassy t o seek the life of an

man and to n a ona to exiled , i duce feeble m rch ” o a W n had vi l te the laws of hospitality . he he

e h o an off o on utter d t ese w rds, he dr k the p is , and as had mo n d died he lived, with the st i trepi m ag nanimity? ! His death reflected an eternal

nom n and i on Ro an o ig i y d sgrace up the m s, wh se insa a of o and had ti ble thirst p wer empire, ex tin uished all n o n n and g ge er us se time ts, every

e spark of virtue in th ir mi nds .

a man ea a i n a This gre t br thed his l st, the ye r of Ro 5 0 and n a of his a e me 7 , seve tieth ye r g ,

“ and was r a co n t o ac co n of bu ied, c rdi g the u t

ur u V c o in a on cofli n at Lib ssa o A eli s i t r, st e y , n which were only engraved the four following ” w rd A nnibal hie Sims ? es t L o s : . ivy closes

P rhus yr . 2 A c plac idis exarmat fata v enenis ’ ’ The e daun ess as he l i v d t he env enom d owl r , tl , b ,

F e d f om his bonds o f flesh his st u n sou r e r , r ggli g l,

A nd un o it ous e n in death to Rome pr p i , ev , ,

His d a h u raids r f om t he s l en om e t pb he r i t t b . ’ a n son s RO Poa r MAN nu r s .

3 S dic untur ui co nd t . iti illi, q i i Sylla was the first of the Patrician branch of the Con 134

” his eventful life in one brief senten ce : Hie

H anni balis Had a nn al vit ae exitus fuit . H ib ,

' ho a al end we a e a e “ en w se tr gic h v j ust rel t d , be

a l ove n of the a t a n ans or the l wfu s reig C r h gi i , one who cou ld have c ommanded by hi s own a ut o as war w e n he h rity, such supplies the h rei was n a u o a Wr es e g ged, req ired it is pr b ble, it

S ir Wa Ra h at wo av orn u lter leig , th he uld h e t p the e ts But he wa Rom an empir by the roo . s so strongly Oppos ed by a cowardly an d envious

ac on at hom at own’ i t ue estitut e f ti e, th his v r , d of c o c t o s anc t o n it at las dis ! publi f r e i , did t

not on in his own ru n but in th at of solve , ly i ,

n a his country and comm o we l .

fo hav o ne t s atic war o e Be re we e d wi h the A i , n c anc r art a a t ention as f ircumst e me its p icul r t , ar as it serves to evince the respect which was ever paid by S cipio t o the establish ed religion of his c oun wh n he co ul ma e it u se v e try,r e ever d k s b r i nt

4 T e t o its i nterests . h prodigies report ed of his o wn h t o he w t h the O n birt , g et r i pin io s enter

‘ a n of his a ar n co th o s t i ed f mili i ter urse wi the g d ,

fa mi w hose od was n ’ ” n li a u ot nte ned . It w as e ly, b y i r feared t hat his bones might one day be tr eated as he had t a ted hos of Ma us wh ch he had use d to re t e ri , i ca be d u u a nd h o wn n o the ri g p, t r i t ver. 4 L v . c . 33. i y, l

1 36 o f his own a a the ea time, s ys, th t gr t S cipio,

o ac c om to a and on th ug h ust ed c mps, h oured with

um o n to so d tri phs, used fte times dance to the u n

Of m c . an n was Of a man e usi His d ci g th t ly, fr e, and no in c as o an n o ble k d, su h th se cie t w rthies

on in o n or in e a on were w t, s lem , f s tive se s s, t o prac tis e and of which they had no cause to

a ham d had h n n ess be s e , t ey bee wit ed by their

i enem es . S cipio c elebrated the festival with m ore than

a n o on ac o n Of n the usu l sple d ur, c u t its bei g first time in whic h it was exhibited to a foreign

o . had a o an a at no n pe ple He ls ide , th thi g c o uld tend more to inspire the troops with ne cessar o a for a newwar an a y c ur ge , th the ssu rance th at they were to fight under the imme

' of diate protection of the god battles . After peace was concluded between the Ro man and n o and o b of ia s A ti chus, the tr u les As i n of n on h dan - e ded , the spirit disse ti , w ich the gers of a foreign war seldom su ff ered t o rear its

a o out at Ro and az h c on he d, br ke me, bl ed wit

a l c o - z a o sider b e violen e . The ver e l us republi cans Of that period took pleasure in prosecu ti ng

c f men of a on n o a the hie the st te, c ceivi g, pr b bly, that it was a degree of refined p olicy to humble

o Of a had a e th se in time pe ce, whom they r is d 1-37

‘ t i a i of war Tw o the h ghest st tions n time . o

n of o l of na of Petilii tribu es the pe p e, the me , in a of Ro 565 at n a on of the ye r me , the i stig ti

a o who to ha nh e all C t , ( seems ve i erit d the

of Fa s a a a ns cha prejudices biu M ximus, g i t the racte r of S c o in a on to his own un ipi , dditi ) , dertook to accuse S cipio and his brother Ln

of m zz n c on ha was cius, e be li g the publi m ey t t

a n in a c war and of v n t ke the Asi ti , recei i g

f o was bribes r m A ntiochus . This proceeding

’ ' ar ou on a o n to o difie v i sly c strued, cc rdi g pe ple s rent dispositions ; some blamed n ot the plebeian

bun in n a for ff tri es, but the public g e er l, su er

in a o a S was g such pr cess to be c rried on . uch the reward which the two S cipios were doo med

to a o h co n for n re p fr m t eir u try, subdui g the las t enemy who could h ave disputed with Rome the sov ereig ny of the world : for after the fall of

ea n n o a in o the gr t ki g, ki gd m fter k gd m tumbled

n o h l a i t t eir p. The j ealousy of Cato sprung originally from ’ Africanus s appointment to the c ommand of the

ar in S a n nd ce a n ha a o was my p i , a rt i ly t t je l usy not diminished by his subsequent succ esses in

a o n all in con the th t c u try, be g sidered by rigid

en o as so an a na c o c s r, m y l urels s t hed fr m his

own ow on o s S ir alter br . Ambiti , bserve W 138

was t he ce of ato w e n Raleigh , vi C , hich b i g , n ou l ed ot h m el and poisoned by e vy, tr b b h i s f

ho ci e a nd as his h t he w le ty, whilst he liv d birt

e hat ed no b l and s e! w as humbl , he the i ity , p

mation c ially suc h as were of the highest esti , ! the s on of a o two r u n At uggesti C t , the t ib es

a no c mo in na e a Af r alre dy ti ed, ved the se t , th t i c ah u s should be c ite d to give an ac co unt of all

on had o rea in the m ey he received fr m the g t k g , together with such spoil as was taken in that

r A rosecu tion of n m t a ear wa . p this ki d us pp

ran and a o na o n a e w n st ge, lm st u cc u t bl , he we f ca ll t o our rec ollec tion the sen timents of grate ful admira tio n th at were late ly ent ertained in

fa o and ch are no c V a his v ur, whi ti ed by lerius

Maximus in the following st rain of ;praise and 8 ” ane c Our an e o i s tha an p gyri c st rs, wr te t

o not e n in s n the th r, were d ficie t expres i g ir

at nor a a in o in re gr itude, b ckw rd best w g such

a s as to the ican for w rd were due elder Afr us, it was an o c of h r es a on to a orn bje t t ei high t mbiti , d

a n om n on his gre test e terprises with bec i g h ou rs . They W ished to place his statues in their court s

7 A s soon a s C ato saw the republic in a condition to do 1 w hout: Afri ca nus he e sol d f to d ro him. it , r ve est y 3 V al . a im l 4 c . . M x us, . , 7

1 40

a on man of a S ha ea one instance m g y, wh t kesp r ” ano n on anc of man calls the vill us i c st y . But who c an escape c ensure ? The whitest vir tue is often stri cken by the poisonous shafts of back

ou n n c a umn . Fox in his L to w di g l y , etter the

c o of W m n a an o a on Ele t rs est i ster, m kes bserv ti , which is not i napplicable t o the presen t subjec t To be the objec t of c alumn y and misrepresen t ation me u n a n s ru an nu! , gives e si e s, it is t e, but e asiness not wholly u nmixed with pride and satis faction sinc e the experienc e of all ages and

o n ac a c a n and misre r c u tries te hes, th t lum y p e sentation are frequen tly the m ost unequivocal .

oni of z a and o the ff c testim es the e l, p ssibly e e t,

h ch a a ns om are i e ed wit whi he g i t wh they d r ct , ” has served the public .

honou a n on of o A ll r ble disti cti s superi r merit,

no n as con an c n e S ci it is k w , were st tly de li d by

io as he in s n p , ever persevered de ervi g them ; and being content with the c ondition of a Ro man c z n he s a his o a on iti e , di pl yed by m der ti , wh at Livy c alls the ing entem magnitudinem animi the o o a n of o , pr digi us gre t ess his s ul .

oon as the two Petilii o nam s ha As s , wh se e ve only become k nown to posterity by this acc usa

on had cha in the s na “ ti , preferred their rge e te ,

7 A . C . 65 V . 5 . S o a o and a n a o of a but cipi r se, t ki g v lume p pers of his o o had n a n his b s m, which bee dr w up by

o a ’ I n h s o m is con a n an br ther, s id t i v lu e t i ed acc urate statement of all y ou wish t o kno w ; in

ou find a a c a a o n o h of it y will p rti ul r cc u t, b t the m u och oney and pl nder received from Anti us .

R a a o was of the n and e d it l ud, the cry tribu es, a wa s in the a fter rd let it be dep osited tre sury .

That I not do a S c o nor I so will , (s id ipi ); will ” n u and o a n a o mo i s lt myself 3 with ut s yi g w rd re, he tore it in pieces in the presence of them all 4

h o G ellius a the extremely urt, bserves Aulus , th t man to wh om the republic owed its glory and

a on o ca u on to i an preserv ti , sh uld be lled p g ve accou n for on and n a n in a t m ey plu der t ke w r .

I n om m af a n of the s e ti e ter this, tribu e name of Naevius o a a f om n am , wh se f me rises r his i f y, cited S cipio to answer before the people t o the

a a of Petilii to s me ch rges the , which were added

3 A lli . Ge us . 4 c 1 8 . , l , .

Tam c onsta nte mdefensionem S cipionis universus se

m o a vi — n a us c o r b t . . a i mu s . 3 c . t p VAL M x , l ,

I t is not m o a sa s Hoo but hat the e i pr b ble, y ke, t t ari ng of his acco un s fu n shed his e n m s with t h hi t , r i e ie e c ef a d

n a he had a a n i va t ge t y g i st h m.

I c anno su os sa s on a n tha the mos t pp e, y M t ig e, t t seared c onsc enc cou d ha e coun fe ed such a n assu a n i e l v ter it r ce . M2

5 “ the following : That A ntiochus had restored his son without a rans om ; th at he hims elf had

c v of mon om reat ' kin re ei ed sums ey fr the g g , who had shewn him as mu ch attention and ma

as ac and war n on his l spect, if pe e depe ded wil al one ; that he had gone into Asia for no othe r p u rp os e t han to pers uade the easte rn n atio ns (as he had before the western and southern) th at he was the head and pill ar of the Ro man

tha a m h a ch w as empire t ig ty st te, whi the m s of or l a n the a o of i tress the w ld , y u der sh d w

n and ha the c e of the nat and his wi g, t t de r es se e, ” o s of o all a his nod rder the pe ple , were reg ul ted by .

viu ha A s so on as N ae s d recited these charges,

h sa s L o n on s c on whic , y ivy, were g r u ded su pi i s, and not on oof he sat o n am dis pr s, d w idst the

a on of a mo all who h a hi approb ti l st e rd m. The

a n ho a e n w c con ple di gs, wever, l st d till ight, hi h sequ ently adj o urned the further hearing of the

n s to a Wh n a ano d . d the busi es ther y e it rrive ,

n s o o h a at a a tribu e t k t eir se ts very e rly h o ur .

The a c s oon a a d h a n c u ed s fter rrive , wit umero us

a n of f n and c n s and a n th o tr i rie ds lie t , p ssi g r ugh 6 t he of a m to os midst the sse bly the r trum ,

5 L . 38 c . 51 . ivy, l , 6 a er us a mus sa s he ut on his h ad a t rium V l i M xi y , p e

ha c own p l r .

1 44

o o e a n to to the Capit l, fr m which th y tte ded him his own house with joy and solemn accl ama

n E n N aevius s a V . a m tio s . ve him elf, s ys M xi us,

a the a of his o a on to void sh me ridicul us situ ti ,

cam o an ac a ar a of be e fr m cuser, w m dmirer

c o A on a to a n o n S ipi . n orati is s id h ve bee sp ke by S c ipio on the occasion ; but they who doub t

a n do not n a s G ellius its uthe ticity, de y, s y Aulus ,

a o n n a th at the words b ve give , were the ide tic l

S c o h w a words uttered by ipi . T is as day which aff orded S c ipio a m ore ample testim ony of the

a o of the c and a a a of f v ur publi , cle rer estim te his

a a n an a on c o tri re l g re t ess, th th t whi h he r de um hant o an S a and the p ver the v quished yph x,

a ha n an a a ! a L humbled C rt gi i s . But l s s ys ivy, it was the last day th at shone with lustre on Pub

S o who n saw a no in was lius cipi , , whe he th t th g

an n e on f to be expected, but e dless rep titi o con tin ual broils and disputes with an i nveterate fac

on to o and f Ro and ti , yielded the st rm , le t me, his n an f co n r m n h u th k ul u t y e , wit the fixed de

na on of n a n n ano h a 9 termi ti ever tte di g t er tri l .

’ I o ci io s o was so u na u a S p s ul pright, his t r l temper

9 ui o u o s r a do n do i no o ad Q p p l ervie , vi , i vi , g r ,

Mut ationem oc e t uod c a ut est n ato pr livi , q p , i gr , N um aliquando beatus esse po terit ?

8 c 59. Livy, l . 3 , . 1 45

and so of and he had n se to c h spirit l ty, bee u d su

an a c a of oo fo n ha he n w ex lted reer g d rtu e, t t k e

not how to ac t the a of an ac c man nor p rt used , st00 p to the humiliating deportment of appeari ng as a c u at the bar of ha c o n h ch he lprit t t u try, w i had a f m n s ved ro rui . The day suc ceedi ng that o n which S cipio had

u m h o o h s Naavius the Petilii tri p ed ver the w rt le s , again ca me forward with ano ther accusation a a n him to w ch he n not to ma g i st , hi deig ed ke a n W n mmon the c to y reply . he su ed by ryer ma his a a anc his o h L c us off d ke ppe r e, br t er u i ere i c ha his a nc was c a n ex use, t t bse e used by sick

h s a o o n m na m s ness . T i p l gy bei g dee ed i d is ible

his o c o h n ha his not by pr se ut rs, t ey i sisted t t

n was o n to am a o an t comi g, wi g the s e rr g t spiri

ha ac a his con c o n o m a t t tu ted du t every f r er tri l, and had been the c ause of his treating all their

mo e n on m proceedings with the st sover ig c te pt .

' as n o n to ha him con At l t , whe they were g i g ve demned a c a n of the n at by def ult, ert i tribu es, the

n on of o h acc e ar nest i tercessi his br t er, epted the

o a and o a n a for havin a apol gy m de, bt i ed le ve g

a o n for the h a n h o new d y set d w e ri g . T is rder for a n ew trial was sig ned by all the tribunes ex

L . 38 52 &c . ivy, l , , L 1 46

’ s S m on G a c u who i m cept Tiberiu e pr ius r c h s , , mindful of every differe nce subsisting between

and S o fo a nam n himself cipi , rb de his e bei g sub

' t o resol u tion o f his o a scribed the c lle g ues,

o h all c o m him as n an th ug expe ted fr , bei g a o n m to o n an fam a mo v wed e e y the C r eli ily, st

n nc rigid se te e .

W n G acc o to his o n on he r hus r se deliver pi i , he said he considered sick ness as a sufficient a o o for had can om to Ro nd p l gy, Afri us c e me, a a a to ou a o ppe led him , he w ld h ve supp rted him in refusing to abide a n ew trial ; to whi ch he; a ha u s S c o his o o dded, T t P bliu ipi , by gl ri us a h m n the hono s c ed f o m the c ieve e ts, by ur re eiv r

o an o c on co an e mon R m pe ple, by the rd t t sti y of

o and men had n to c an h ht f g ds , rise su h eig o

n ha to an as a na un dig ity, t t were he st d crimi l

t he o a and o t o en to the der r str , be bliged list

and e oa of o n me n it wou taunts r pr ches y u g , ld

- ens incl ta ma no G y , g

A n mosa o mult us ue 1 D i ma n c aris tque a i vir , q gi e l

t a us t it ulis belli ue domi ue . m ulgeba v , q , q

This is the pa negyri c of Sili us I taliens on t he family of t acch w hen S m on us ac chus was summoned he Gr i , e pr i Gr

t s s a n of his c oun a f the disas ous a e o the as i t ce try, ter tr b ttl

of the Ticinus.

1 48

sec to who a a o consi u rs, s id th t they w uld der

ha c ons n further, w t might be iste t with their

h and u oon as a m of rig ts d ties . As s the sse bly

o was i o na met and the pe ple d ss lved , the se te , ordered the warmest thanks to be returned to

s G a c s for a i n con u Tiberiu r c hu , h v g s lted the public g ood in preferenc e to private animosity ; at the same time heavy reproaches were c as t on

Petilii for a n a m to ma m the , h vi g tte pted ke the

c on c uo the a am o f ano selves spi us by c l ity ther, and to gather l aurels from a tri umph gai ned over

f c an s . S oon af s the o c u on was A ri u ter thi , pr se ti no more he ard of S ilentium deinde de Afri

c ano f u are the o of L . V am Literni it, w rds ivy it — egit si ne desideri o urbis he pas sed the rest of his days at Liternum witho ut a wish to revisit the

c 4 a ha n was n ity . It is s id t t whe he dyi g, he ordered his body to be buried at Litern um and

his mon n to c h hat n t ume t be ere ted t ere, t eve he honours of intermen t might not be performed in his ungrateful ’ cou ntry : so dissatisfied was he

imiszt r S u l — S c i ionem d e bl ca . S p p ENEC A . 5 ” un a fu sa s Ho o t o ask him wha he Very gr te l, y ke, t ” had done w h the u c mone — Ye s his c oun wa s it p bli y , try

e u n ra fu in efe n a n unfou nd d c ha e a v ry g te l , pr rri g e rg , c har e n o ed a a ns a man who had n g ever pr v , g i t bee its d eliverer. 1 49

ann in had e n a with the m er which he b e tre ted, that he desired his wife lEmilia not to carry his 6 on t Rom b es o e .

was a man a L ! of na He , s ys ivy , sig l c c shon in elebrity, but his elebrity e brighter the

m of war han in ha f a n ti e t t t o pe ce . The beg i ning of his life was more ill ustrious than the end of ca in a a he w as er etu it, be use his e rly d ys, p p a n a in war and as he w old lly e g ged ; gre , the

s of his c a ac fa in o o on as lu tre h r ter ded, pr p rti opportunities beca me less frequent for the ez er i of m a a n con c on c se his ilit ry t le ts . His se d sul h n if a d t o ono of c en s ip, eve dde the h ur the sorshi was far om n a an p, fr bei g equ lly brilli t with the The c m s on in a c an fir st . o mi si he held Asi — not be c ompared with it a c ommission rendered u not on n s o on c o seless, ly by i di p siti , but l uded

m sf n of his son and n ces s by the i ortu e , the e ity

S c o sa s S w n urne his o un a e re ipi , y i b , by v l t ry xile, p se ed his e son f om nd n w hout n ind ed rv p r r i ig ity, it bei g ebt or his sa f to a d s e nsa t on of an os hou h nu f ety i p i y p itive, t g

i n j ust l aw of h s c ou try .

6 or ns ab uxore etiit ne co u s suu m Romam r M ie p , rp e

- ferre t ur. A u a . V rcr oa .

a a suaa suos ne avit u am in C inere s ol Cine res p tri g , q c

- s non fuerat. V . X S l . 5. c . 3. labi passu MA IMU , , 7 L 1 88 c . 53. ivy, . , 150

in h h he b am n o h of u i : w i c ec e i v lved , eit er s bmt

n t o a a or a n fro hat ti g tri l, withdr wi g himself m t and c o n o . o he od his u try t gether H wever, sto a on and n o ho a co to the l e, e j yed wit ut mpeti r

! disti nguished honou r of having termi nated the

c on n c war h ch of all wa s was the se d Pu i , w i r , m ost diffi c ult and perilo us ever c arried on by the s ” an o Rom pe ple .

N o oon the f canu d o e ! s er were eyes o Afri s s d , ! than C ato turned the whole tide of his resent!

n a n o h who n a rai ned me t ag i st his br t er, bei g r g , w as fo n ae o and one of his u d g uilty, with his qu st r

nan of ha in f a the as u o f lieute ts, v g de r uded tre ry great s ums of m oney which had been received in

f the c n Asia on acco unt o publi . His quae stor a d lieutenant entered into security for the payment

t o of wh at was due by them but S cipio refused

n an c ha and os n givi g y se urity w tever, m t solem ly protested he had g ive n in a true ac cou nt of all

he had c . o hs an n h a i re eived N twit t di g t is gr ve

S C ce o in 11 1 3 o a on a a nst Cmcilius su ms u the i r , r ti g i , p — haract e o f S c o in h s fe w wo ds Homo u e c r ipi t e e r virt t ,

i i simu fu fo rt una or a e us est s amms s t . , gl i r b g i 9 L . 38 0 54 . ivy, l ,

Miriflc o livore in omnes S cipiones exardeba t C ato. ! f A end N o . I II . S ee pp ix,

c 58 . Livy, .

1 52

When the entire property of Lucius S cipio

d and a was o n na e a e was seiz e v lued , it f u d i d qu t

t the a m n of the sum an and o p y e t dem ded,

a o un to his ono was a amon s wh t red ded h ur , th t g t all his ff c s was not o n ac of e e t , there f u d the tr e the smallest arti cle which c o uld be considered

as a . H is f n and a on indi Asi tic rie ds rel ti s, g

an at the a m n he had c d c am n t tre t e t re eive , e and offered to make c ompensation for his loss but he refused to ac c ept of any thing exc ept wha Was a n f for ma n nanc t b rely eed ul his i te e.

W a was n c s a a L ’ for do h tever e e s ry, s ys ivy , mestic was u c a at a of use, p r h sed the s le his property by his n earest relations ; and the pub lic h atred which had been direc ted against the

c o co o n all who con n in S ipi s, re iled were cer ed

n the prosecutio .

n an n a a oof how an Ca y thi g be gre ter pr , tr

n the a of c a o an the a sie t is g le publi f v ur, th tre t men t shew n to Lu ci us S cipio ? a treatmen t which fully j ustifies Cicero in the followi ng excl ama tion : H ow l amentable is the situation of those c itizens who h ave done the republic the g reat

c n find o o s est servi es, whe they their gl ri us deed not on o o n o n i to ly f rg tte , but fte mputed them

3 1. 33 c . 60 Livy, , . h Ro at l as re as t e greatest crimes . But me t

c o r f o n and a s c ve ed r m her phre sy, did mple ju ti e ! to his innocenc e and merit for history informs u s she oo a in ma n am n for , t k ple sure ki g every e ds

oss s n him su h a o O o un ' his l e , by givi g c v ri us pp rt i

of n h n h ms f as na him for t en ties e ric i g i el , e bled conti nued d ays to c elebrate games in mem ory of hi c o n oc 4 s vi tor y ver A ti hus . The S cipios were so sensible of the disinte rested c onduct of S empronius G rac chus through o ut ho n and so an ous t this w le busi ess, xi o mark

h n of ha h a in a t eir se se it, t t t ey g ve him m rriage the oun a h of f an s inc y gest d ug ter A ric u , the om

a a o n l a o two on p r ble C r e i , wh se s s, Tiberius and

a ua no n for h C ius, were eq lly re w ed t eir virtues

the o o n a co n and misfortunes . But f ll wi g c u t of the manner in whic h Corn elia was betrothed to

G a h s an m L a on r cc u , is tr s itted by ivy m g the

a ona o a c n in his m tr diti ry st ries th t were urre t ti e .

a s ha the na o w ho ha n to He s y , t t se t rs ppe ed sup together in the c apitol ‘ the day on whi ch

A d N 0 I ee en . V . S pp ix , 4 Popul us R omanus S t ipem spargere c a pit Spurio

Post humio u n o a c o C onsulibus an a a un , Q i t M r i , ; t t b

dantia e c un a a u t eam c onferret Luc o S c on p i er t, i ipi i, — ex ua is udos f c t F . . 33 c . 1 0. q l e i LIN l , 5 N on conte nt us n m S c o auc tore sena tu in Ca e i ipi , pi 1 54 the lic tors a ttempted to carry Luci us S cipio to

on all os in a o and ~ pris , r e b dy , requested Afri

anus o o an o to con c , bef re the c mp y br ke up, tract his daughter Corn elia to S empronius G rac chus ; and th at a contract was executed in due form in the prese nce of the wh ole as

embl A s oo n as an n o s y . s Afric us retur ed h me,

o his f fEmilia ha he had c onc u e a he t ld wi e , t t l d d m atch for her younger daughter ; at which t he lad f n o n n nan y, eeli g her pride w u ded, i dig tly c ou t ha o not to ha s o ed ried , t t he ught ve di p s

f co on c n to S on o their mm hild, eve empr ius

G a f o on n her mo r cchus himsel , with ut c sulti g ther ; to whic h African us m ade this reply : “ Wh o an G a u i s the man to y , w m , r cch s very ” wh om I have betrothed her l

H ow on an l at Liter um o l g Afric us ived n , r ho w n his not a n he spe t time there, is ascert i ed. He had nothing for whic h he c ould reproach himself in his retreat : not so his unthankful

o n n o n a as has al a c u tryme , wh se i gr titude, re dy

n o s not fo at o u bee b erved, he did rget the h r of his a n o a o to de th , whe he rdered t mb be erected

toli o J ovis epulo c um G raccho c oncordiam communi c asse f am uo u c i C orneliam r n d s ; ili q q e p oti us ibi e pondit . — V ‘ L o M A X . 1. C o 20

o a on a of not ' r ti , tribute respect refused to the

m n a an com o est p trici . This mark of attention

‘ was not on him but acc u ati n ly refused , s o s of miscondu c t were exhibited ag ai nst him by his

n s The s n o of his o and e emie . ple d ur vict ries,

a an a s o a n fo r his c o n the dv t ge he bt i ed u try, were i nsuffi c ien t to protec t and shelter him fro m the murm urs of the envi ous and the c al umnies of s m an nc fo n hi a a d the e . He e is u ded t s gre t n

m o an h ha no s c uri a a n t i p rt t trut , t t there is e ty g i s n or oa a a in i jury repr ch , but wh t is pl ced the

and ° consciousness of integrity virtue .

Be h s th azen u wa of d fenc e t i y br b l rk e ,

S t o s r t h c onsc ous nnoc nc till pre e ve y i i e e, ’ N or e e r tu rn pale w i th grief

c o w as acc us d of e n a a s e e a nd S ipi e b i g gre t le p r,

for n o o he aso n sa s o n a ne but hat men tha t t r re , y M t ig , t w d s ased ha he w a s the on man in w hom no ere i ple , t t ly

n onta n u other faul t wa s to be fou d . M ig e q otes no a u tho rity for the a bove anecdote. 9 A ood c onsc nc is a o wh c h is a nd- o g ie e p rt, i l l cked on e s d a nd wh e no w nds c an oss n ad n very i e ; er i p ibly i v e, o

h re a man ma tempests c an ari se . T e y sta nd up on the sho e and not on see his o wn ma but ha of his r , ly i ge, t t

a c a fl cted f om the u nd s u d and s n M ker, le rly re e r i t rbe ile t — wa ters D a r nnn . - 11ic murus aheneus e sto

N il con ire s nu la all esc er c ul fi. sc ibi, l p e p

Hous es . 157

Yet notwithstanding all the displeasure that

amon c a n o at Rom the da existed g ert i pe ple e, y

’ o n h ch the n of S c o a h was no n w i ews ipi s de t k w , proved a day o f general sorrow : for the very men who refused to pay him the appropriate and u a hono u s co u not h m n l n su l r , ld elp i g i g

' h a s h ho o f the u c t eir te r wit t se p bli .

L a s saw at Liternum the mon ivy s y , he u

m n c was c to him and the s a e t whi h ere ted , t tue

h ch oo on the to of n on w i st d p it, lyi g the

o und h had n o n o n gr , w ere it bee bl w d w by a

o . n a in his m was to st rm Pli y writes, th t ti e be

z n a m of an ao na s z o see yrtle extr rdi ry i e, gr w

in at Litern um n n a h h wa a g , u der e t w ich s c ave

h n was a a a on a ch w erei , it s id, dr g w t ed the so ul

ha a man h a o of t t gre t . T ere were ls to be seen 3 om o an his o s e live trees pl ted by wn h and . All these i nconsiderable objec ts serve to shew how much the idea of greatness is attached to every c ircumstance connected in the most dis tant m anner with illustrious men ; an d the rea

son is a ach ns s n s and , th t e i pire i tere t, claims

om a on s e ttenti .

L 1. 38 c . ivy , , 56.

7' I em m us eodem oco c ons ic uze ma nitudin t yrt l p g is.

S ubest s ecus in ud man s e us cus od r d a o p , q e j t i e r c traditur.

- PL X N . . 1 6 c . 4 . l , 3 3 — a ni) satze o e P . 3 M liv u n l . 1 6 c . 4 . 1 58

There was a m onumen t of the S cipios at

Ro o u Ca e nian a on me, tside the p g te, where

c a t wo of hem were ere ted three st tues, t were

a to o e of u and L c u S c o s id be th s P blius u i s ipi , and ha of the o E nn u e the third t t p et i s . Th

c on of h s mon n in ha ere ti t i ume t ppier times,

o s ha a men ho h h f pr ve t t gre t , t ug t ey h ave s u fered more persec utions in republi cs than in o fo of o nm n oon or a ther rms g ver e t, yet s er l ter t he da of r on a h n am y ret ibuti rrives, w erei ple

ai to i mo 4 o justice is p d the r me ries . Th ugh no people were more c apable of appre c iati ng the

ar to han the Roman rew d due merit, t s, we m at a a o ha the e ust the s me time ll w, t t rem m

a of no man was mo to n br nce , re likely i spire

ch a n n han a of can su se time t t th t Afri us . That comm onwe alths have frequently treated

a e n n n a a with gre t sev rity their emi e t ge er ls, is m e e i ons ra on att r which r quires l ttle dem t ti , it a ear n f o h o tha uch ta a e pp i g r m ist ry, t s s tes h v ’ a a of as men a o g ener lly m de use them, h ve d ne

4 ’ One eminent mark of respec t w as shewn t o S c ipi o s

’ memo en in a er us a mus s me who d in ry, ev V l i M xi ti , live — “ t he re ign o f Tiberi us I magi nem in Cella J ovi s op

m ma m ositam ha uae uotiesc un ue funus ti i xi i p bet, q q q ali uod C o n a celebrandum e st nde u u n ue q r eli , i petit r, iq — mst ar a t n i c a o um est . MA X . 1. 8 . c . 1 5. illi , pit li VAL

1 60

but its name is ennobled by the residence of

S c o an who a t a ipi Afric us, p ssed here the l tter

a of a o n a in o ye rs his life, v lu t ry exile, bscurity ,

Whe a a o and o o h c a s . rur l l b ur, phil s p i l tudies

was at Litern um or not was a ther he buried , ,

’ c of ou n in Liv s m o subje t d bt eve y ti e h wever, either a to mb or c enotaph w as erec ted to him

: a on on the o P a tric is there st e, which w rd

o to a c on ain a t still legible, is supp sed h ve t ed p r of n c on in ra ta atria 8 m and e the i s ripti g p , . g iv s t o the m odern tower the appellation of Ter re di

P a tria! a a f . His vill still rem ined in the time o

S n ca and to ha n a e e , seems ve bee built with gre t so and o n a G o c ca lidity, surr u ded like thi s tle

a a and o A am a was a s n with w ll t wer . r p rt l o e cessar as oo on on n of G al y, it st d the c fi es the lenaria Pinus a o at one a o , f rest time the b de, and at all o as ona or of ban times the cc i l res t, ” ditti .

If as o a ho w S o at , s me ut rs rite, cipi died

Liternum o a ha a , it is pr b ble t t his shes were first

7 Tor r e dc P a tr ic une u au no d de C um s a P nn , lie e r e , e

o uc hu du Linterne o u Cl anio e st une anc nn o u b re , , ie e t r, ’ ai nsi appellee parce qu on y voi t en gros cara cteres le ’ ’ mot P a tria es e d un a n c enn nsc on c etoit dit , r t e i e i ripti ; , ’ — o u l e Tom eau de S c on l A fi icain. D r. L A La n na , b ipi , t . 7 . 1 61 in at a and a a con terred his vill , were fterw rds ve ed to the am c in Ro on the y f ily sepul hre me,

Via a na a a o ha us was fo n a C pe , where s rc p g u d “ few a a o n c his nam c o ye rs g , i s ribed with e . Ci er speaks with great confidenc e of the year in whic h S c ipio died ; yet Livy found so great a difference of opinion among historians on the

c ha he a s h m f na t o as subje t, t t decl re i sel u ble c a n it om a a m n i n o s ert i . Fr fr g e t P lybiu we

a n ha in his m the a ho s who had le r , t t ti e ut r

n of S c o no an of som c c writte ipi , were ig r t e ir um

an of his f and a n in o and st ces li e, mist ke thers ; f om L a a ha the accou n r ivy it ppe rs, t t ts respect in his a a n a and ch g life, tri l, de th, fu er l sepul re,

so con a c o ha was not a t o were tr di t ry, t t he ble

m n ha a on or o r n deter i e w t tr diti , wh se w iti g s he o h to c . The n a o n on ha ug t redit ge er l pi i is , t t he died in the fifty - seventh year of his age ; though a modern writer9 in his U niversal His

o o o n an a o a he t ry, with ut qu ti g y uth rity, s ys

at his o n s a at the a e of o - died c u try e t g f rty eight .

S w n ur n in his a e s h ou h I a sa s ha t no i b e, tr v l t r g t ly , y , t urn or monumenta l i nscription belongi ng t o t hi s ill ust ri ous mem e of the fam of the S c os has n found b r ily ipi , bee in he se u ch a d sco d a t Rom n a the t ir p l re l tely i vere e, e r

a of S t . Se an g te basti . 9 n u A q etil . No character has been c elebrated with more

a a an n and odern cordi l pr ise by cie t m writers,

oo an a of S c o a (H ke excepted) , th th t ipi Afric

nus na an at a of . His me st ds the he d the m ost

l o m n n a cha ac of e i e t milit ry r ters the republic, as n a man who a n as a o bei g , se t le ts s ldier were peculiarly conspic uous for at the age of seven

n a o him f at tee , his f ther wed his li e, the battle

’ One of S c o s memo a sa n s in war I sha ipi r ble yi g , ll — give t he reade r from Val eri us Ma ximus S c ipio A fri ca n us us d to sa ha t in t he u s n ss of w ar w as di e y , t b i e , it s

ac fu t o c r I ha d not thou ht non u t a r am he n gr e l y , g , p , bei g of o n on ha a ll ma t e rs t o be t a nsac ed t he sword pi i , t t t r t by , w re n ot t o be u nd a e n a f mos s e ert k , till ter t eriou s and w - w h d d i e a on and t he ust c of ell eig e el b r ti , j i e t he same fu asc a ned. For ha o r is not to be m di ed lly ert i t t err re e , w h ch is c ommit ted in t he h a a nd o ence o f w i e t vi l ar . He add d we shou d n n a w h a n n m e c t e , l ever e g ge it e e y x ep whe the nec ss was u n t a nd the o or u n fi re e ity rge , pp t ity

— For v orable most prude nt advice . to omi t an oppor t unit of h n w h n h is e os ect of succ ss y fig ti g, e t ere ev ry pr p e , is madness in the me t o wh c h ma added t ha extre i y be , t the man who is fo c d t o t he n c ss of h n and r e e e ity fig ti g,

t d c n s the c on es m nate s his own us an y e e li e t t, ter i p ill i mity by the most di sastrous i ssue. Of such as commit

hese unde s in w a r t he one a now s not how to t bl r , p rty k ma use o f the sm s of fo un nor does the o h ke ile rt e, t er — now how t o s s her f owns. . X US 1. 7 c . 2. k re i t r VAL MA I M , ,

1 64

ne was a no c a a n o of all fi , he truly ble pt i , w rthy c omm n a on and in all t es c e d ti , excelled vir u , whi h

“ so h m n a was on to did delig t his i d, th t he w t sa ac o n to the o of a o cen y, ( c rdi g rep rt C t the “ sor a was n s an h n ) , th t he ever le s idle th w e at s nor a on an h n A lei ure, less l e th w e

a n cen n nc c a ms c o and wor m g ifi t se te e, ex l i Ci er ,

rerum gest arum admiratio viri : s ubst it ue ra tque nnimo

s ec iem u o u c o o s a m lam ac ma nific am. C te p q q e rp ri p l g e rum maj or praesent is vene ra tio c epi t ; et prze terquam qubd sua te na u a mu a ma es as inc ra t ado rnaba t romissa p t r lt j t , p

C zesaries li abit us ue c o o s n on c u us munditiis se d , q rp ri lt ,

s e e ac m a s e t ae as in m d o am o o e virili v r ilit ri , t e i viri r b r , q uo d ple nius nit idiusque e x morb o v el ut renov at us flos — nt ae facieba t . L1 v r . 28 c . 35. j uve , l ,

7” ce o de Officii s . 3 c . 1 . Ci r , l ,

Am ose in the s cha of his h rd oo de S t . br , fir t pter t i b k

O c ns sh ws ha t he ma m in the is o d han fii , e t t xi text l er t

S c o and ha was fi d in a mo us ous man ipi , t t it veri e re ill tri ner in the cha rac s of os s E ah El sha and the ter M e , lij , i ,

A os s who fo m d so ma n m a c s wh n h p tle , per r e y ir le , e t ey s em d to be n a ed in no em o m n . He adds ha e e e g g pl y e t , t t

o d man is n a on caus he is ua re a g o ever l e, be e perpet lly p

w h God ha he is n u nem o d c ause he is sent it ; t t ever pl ye , be

m d ta n ha he se ms to be un now n a nd et a lways e i ti g ; t t e k , y sta nds in t he most emi ne nt poi nt of view that when death

t n u sh him he n o s a mo ha s a of seems o exti g i , e j y re ppy t te

stenc ha he is n mo o fu han when he exi e ; t t ever re j y l, t 1 65

thy of so great and wise a person ; by which it a a a in of he co ppe rs, th t the midst leisure, uld

n his ho to n and was ed tur t ughts busi ess, us ,

h n a on to c omm n w h ms so ha w e l e, u e it hi elf ; t t he was n o n or s oo in ever pr perly idle, ever t d n eed of company t o e ntertain him in his soli

he fa of his u o us a o a tude . T me ill stri cti ns w s so

a ha n all c on of gre t , t t wherever he we t, des ripti s people were anxious to visit him; and a report was c n at the m ha s a c a a n of urre t ti e, t t ever l pt i s

a s am to see him and his i c o o pir te c e , kiss v t ri us 3 h ands for virt ue has s uch power and i nfl uenc e

all an of o ha ma s no t o n with r ks pe ple, t t it ke ly

oo bu t the bad to o and c . the g d , , l ve respe t it What a p ublic di splay is here g iven of this g reat

’ an s o “ co o c and as m gl ry , which uld ext rt respe t,

a so of n a on om oo and ro it were, rt ve er ti , fr l se p

s ems to be in a filict ion n c he han wh n he e ; ever ri r, t e se ms oo caus all his ha n ss cons s s in the rec e p r, be e ppi e i t

i de of his m nd t t u i .

3 a us a mus . 2 c . 1 0 . V leri M xi , l , 4 Q uid hoc fruc t u maj esta tis excelsius ? Q uid etiam j ucundius ? Hosti s iram admira tio né su i placavit : spec tac ulo prese ntiee suaa l atronum gest ientes ocul os obst upe ‘ f D ela sa ccelo sidcr a kominibus 35 so brant vene ecit . p , qfi , i i t r ationis amplius non r ec p en . 1 66

fli ate men who in the o n and con ant g , lived pe st violati on of all justic e and humanity! The old h s o an of o f S o a s his n m i t ri the life cipi , s y , e e ies o n i o his al an n v an fte t mes pr ved v i t ess, the

ui he his c and c nc and al l o h q s d mer y leme y, t er

h n n o c an men his faithfulness . He t e ti es epi

h ha w as fo n n a C aieta o n a a of t ap t t u d e r , pl te

in a ma om c a c opper set rble t b, whi h I will t ke

of n as o n s o old the liberty g ivi g, m der i ed fr m the

on E nglish versi .

The man ha a d the Pun c o h es low t t l i i tr p i ,

’ ’ A nd foil d her c ham on Rom s mo s d ad d foe pi , e t re e ; ’ Who w t h f esh a u ea w ea hs he r m s cro wn d i r l r te r t te ple ,

’ ’ ’ A nd o e r ne w n d oms stret ch d her m r s ound ki g e pi e b ,

H s in d us — the monu m n a s ton ere lie t e t l e,

A sa d m mo a e s her or on e ri l, t ll gl y g e

W hom E u o and whom Af c sc a c of old r pe, ri r e ’ ontain d— is now a h a of mou d C little e p l .

' Wh at does Lu c retius write of our mighty hero

S c i iade s e fu me n C a rtha inis ho or p , b lli l , g rr , ’ Ossa dedi r as roinde a c fa mul infimus sset t te r , p e .

The R oman ch ef the C a ha n an d ad i , rt gi i re ,

S c o the hund bo t o f war is d ad ipi , t er l , e ,

A n d a c ommo n s a e fa in um h d like l v , by te tri p le .

B ut where are now vanished the splendid glo

1 68

a a to ample of S cipio at Liternum. Be ble to s y o y urself,

I nnoc uas amo d i c a s doc tam ue u em. el i , q q iet

Rural amusements and philosophic al medita tions will make your h ours glide smoothly on ; and if the i ndulge nce of Heaven has given yo u a f n La u s n o h n is an in to a rie d like eli , t i g w t g m ke ” y ou completely h appy .

’ I n all S c o a a n Lazlius was ipi s c mp ig s, his c a an and man in o he a hief ssist t, the wh m pl ced

n his greate st confidenc e . But the frie dship sub

n e n h m w as not mo c ons i sisti g betw e t e , re p cuons th an was th at which c onnec ted afterwards 6 the son of the one with the grandson of the o ther .

5 I t shou d be o se d h ha Lo d Bo n o l b rve ere, t t r li gbr ke often c onfo unds the younger with the elder S c ipi o ; a mis take i nto which M ontaigne has falle n ; and what is much mo aord na is t hat e e n Ho ac has sca c re extr i ry , v r e r ely avoided it . N on c e le re s fu ae g , R ej ec tze que r et rorsum A nnibalis mi nae

N on nc nd a C artha inis im ize i e i g p ,

B us ui dom ta nom n ab Afr ca j , q i e i

Luc ra t us rediit clarius nd c a n , i i t

Laud s u m a Ga a rue r des. e , q l b Pie i

Hoa ac r O. . 4 O. 8 , l , . 1 69

Whether Laelius cheered the hours of S cipi o s

m n not n a in o retire e t, is disti ctly m rked hist ry by

The o Enn s no n to a any writer . p et iu is k w h ve

in c a a m him ha been held su h p rticul r estee by , t t he ordered the body of his learn ed friend to be

7 The s he f of hav pl aced by his side . very wi h elt ing the same c ommon sepu l chre with so disti n

i ed a o is a c oof of the o g u sh p et, de ided pr l ve he had for p olite literature ;

Her S c o st s a nd Enn us s d s d e ipi re , i , i e by i e, ’ ’ s ne Rom s h h ch f and one C a a a s d O e ig ie , l bri pri e .

V a a m 9 o v s a S c lerius M xi us bser e , th t ipio paid

h a a ono to E nn f o a t is very p rticul r h ur ius, r m convi c tion that his own ac tions would derive ad

7 ’ Fu S c ipi one u no de primi e roi de lla Romana repub ’ ca chi a a o a d a m u a a ncor delle e f li , ll gl ri ell r i q ell letter e ’ licimente c o ngi unse ; ed E nni o fu uno de dotti uomi ni

’ in me zzo c u i egli a nche al rumore de ll armi godeva di

- fi n h Tr a A B o n r . avere a a c i. sc

f c a n s E nnii Pri or A ri u Q . st at uam se pulchro suo imponi

ussit c la rum ue ill ud nom n imo erb s j , q e , v poli um ex tertia

s a r e ra tum in c i ere su emo c m orbi p t p , r pr u po etaa ti tulé — PL I N . . 7 c . 30 . legi . l , 5 E nn us emeruit C al abris in montibu i , s ortos

C onti uus on S c o ma n g p i , ipi g e, tibi .

OV I D A rs A matoria 3 , , l . , l . 4 09. 9 0 Li b 8 . 1 4 . . , c 1 70

’ ditional lustre from the p oet s writings ; that the memori al o f them wo uld e ndure as long as the

Roman m ho o r h and a e pire s uld fl u is , Afric be

c to a and the a o c o man the subje t It ly, C pit l m d

o ov a h had ad an a of w rld, pr ided th t t ey the v t ge

n w i t h o s of n bei g re arded n e w rk ge ius .

’ He fo u h he c o n ue r d n o t for u a fam g t, q , v lg r e,

w t h ha t azon t o c ow n his na me B ut i t bl ry r ,

’ Whi ch Cli o s ha nd besto ws ; for this the hard ’ W a s t he prime o bjec t o f the c hief s regard ; ’ Fo r ho nou o s n a h the use s e e r l ve , be e t M y ,

Am ous of her sm the as t o l biti ile, t k p y ’ W hoe e r a s t o d ds o f hi h nown pire ee g re ,

’ ’ w h ho r v re nc wn The M use s c harms it ly e e o .

’ I f there is an exceptionable part in S cipio s

c c on c sa an an o n publi du t, ys eleg t m der writer, it is th at of not vi ndicati ng his c haracter from

a of a h n and a n the the ch rge the impe c me t, tre ti g

c u a on o s a n Wh n he ac s ti with the utm st di d i . e refused c omplying with the summons for his ap

earanc e and to his a he an p , withdrew vill , swered all the purposes whic h they who were the m ost

N on s n Pierns exerc uit artibus a ma i e r ,

S m a vat um ma ma c u a duc e per er t xi r i,

aud n m us testes s un ere musas G et e i virt ibi j g ,

C a m n am m n d n r e at quisque car i é ig a gerit.

172

It is the opi nion of the writers of the E ncy clo aedia a not a a r o n who p , th t there is perh ps pe s

o a ono to Ro an c an d es gre ter h ur the m republi , th

S c o f canu who was ac c om t o ipi A ri s, ust ed per

a his so a was and in su de ldiers, th t he directed spired by the g o ds ; yet after g i ving this as th eir o n on h ask how c am to as a pi i , t ey , it e p s, th t the g ods did n ot i nspire him to give in his ac cou nts To this may be offered the followi ng so — l ution S cipio could not dispute the constit u tional right his enemies had of bringing him to a a but the on on n tri l ; c victi he felt withi himself, of own u n o nnoc nc was t his sp tted i e e, he true

a of his n ot a n in n ca on of a c use ple di g vi di ti wh t,

ho no f nc he t ught, required de e e . His pride was

o n u n on and w u ded by j ust suspici , his wou nded

a no n spirit dict ted ught but sile ce . This silence he vai nly imag ined would h ave been as eloquent in ca on as if had s o n h his j ustifi ti , he p ke wit the

n of men and of an to gues gels . E ven Tiberius

G acc was so convmced of his nno c n r hus i e ce, that tho ugh a resolution had p assed for sending the proper o fficers t o c o mpel his appearanc e to the a n a on n o l st tribu iti l summ s, he i terp sed his n a i and a a a o o a eg t ve, decl red th t the p l gy ple ded in fa o of a h was ffi n at his v ur, ill he lt , su cie t ; the ’ a a n ha S c o o o s me time s yi g , t t ipi s h use sh uld be

e as a e o all o a on i o respect d s cr d fr m vi l ti , n c nside 173

T t ona and a ration of his pers l merit, the gre t public s ervices he had rendered to his co untry .

in h ch S c o The period o f the world w i ipi lived, was the most interesti ng of any in the histories

o m w as a a mom n and o f G reec e or R e ; it gre t e t,

e ua to . His h acc o n to S cipio was q l it birt , rdi g 3 V a s a mus w as o a n d the o leriu M xi , pre rd i e by g ds , that there might be one man in whom virtue was to a a a a in all her na f on ppe r rr yed tive per ecti . B ut c h arac ters are so metimes bes t apprec iated by considering them in a c omparative p oint of

- or u a os on o h . Let n view, j xt p iti with t ers us the compare him to the greatest and best men of an u the ae a and a o tiq ity, first C s r, the first C t ; I

a h r sa to the a d would r t e y, reputed be best n

e for am far f o m n n h m so in great st, I r thi ki g t e

’ o m a a of C reality . C p re the first tr it azsar s cha

’ racter 1 m an o n at his a n s f u , e his pr duci g u t ne ral in anc of a o S a and at , defi e the dict t r yll , the

aza of own f the ma of a 4 a h rd his li e, i ges M rius , bad c z n to the s ac t of S c o the a iti e , fir t ipi , s vi ng ’ o f his fa h f at the a o f the Ticinu t er s li e b ttle s,

3 m . a us . 6 c . 9. V M xi , l ,

‘ t ae a made a h in omm n C s r spe ec c e da t i on of his aun t

J u a t he w dow of ar us and c a use d ma li , i M i , i ges of her to

- be ca r d in the fun ral oc ss on. HO0 K r ie e pr e i E , v ol . iu . 1 74 and the preservation of the rem ains of the Ro

af the a of Cannaa om a man army ter b ttle . C p re the u nconstituti onal commissi on obtai n ed by C aesar with immense intrig ue for the co mmand

u for ten a h ch was na in G a l ye rs, by w i he e bled to rai se an army and exercise a p ower indepen dent of the constitu tion ; and did thereby raise an army whic h he afterwards marched against

om a s c an ac t hono a Rome . C p re u h with the ur ble manner in which S cipio o btained the g o v ernment of S a n n no o had t he p i , whe b dy else courage to u ndertake it ; and his rec onc iliation

c on u of ha n om to Rom o e and re q est t t ki gd e, t g ther with the formation of an army which he af ’ d c a d n o f c a o a C t erwar s rrie i t A ri . C mp re assar s

a n Ru con and n the na out p ssi g the bi , drivi g se te

’ f Rom to S c o a n n o f ca and his o e, ipi s p ssi g i t A ri ,

aw n ann a out f a m a the dr i g H ib l o It ly . Co p re

a of har a a fo a a n t a o - ti b ttle P s li , ught g i s fell w ci z en and an nf o c a a n h ha of ama , i eri r pt i , wit t t Z ,

o a a n na n m of Ro and f ught g i st the eter l e e y me, the a s n a a c him gre te t ge er l th t ever lived , ex ept who c on u him om a h u n q ered . C p re t eir s bseque t

m — ha of ae a h n triu phs t t C s r, w erei he exhibited the ma of a o 5 and a of S c o in h c i g e C t , th t ipi , w i h

5 ’ Appian n otices the c irc umstance of C aesar s i ntro

’ d ucing i nto his tri umph a representation of C ato teari ng out his own bowels .

‘ 1 76

to n o o a n n and the on er side, e j y s litude, le r i g, c v

a on of a few c o n r n o h s ti h se f ie ds, t get er with his own c onsc ious superiority over the rest of his f o w- c z n ell iti e s . — To c o nti nue our comparison c ompare Caz ’ sar s mercy with that of S c ipi o ; the mercy of

a who a to his c a n the l tter, g ve ptive every thi g he had and the merc of aesa who o be ; y C r, r b d

ow - c z n of and on his fell iti e his liberty, left him ly

’ ’ f om a C ar s a an h ato his li e . C p re aas g ll try wit C s

’ s to S c o on n nc and a a ister, ipi s c ti e e mi ble de

a s h c a o meanour tow rd the S panis ptive . Beh ld S cipi o appeali ng to the g ods fro m the acc usation

a a n him a s n o un brought g i st by di se ti us trib e , ! n sa h a n n he ofli cer h a a d Cae r t re te i g t wit de th , who Opposed him when breaking open the trea

. I n fine om a e o a n r u of sury , c p r the p litic l i t ig es

5 Metell us was t he tribune who Opposed this vi olent m asu wh ch c au s d C azsar t o a t him w th re a t e re, i e tre i g roughness ; telli ng him that it wa s in va i n t o talk of laws in the m ds o f a ms and ha he w as mas e not on i t r , t t t r ly of the mone but of the s of all he con u ed . The y, live q er

r unes not n nt m da d h s a n ua se t ib bei g i i i te by t i l g ge, per

i n h n hrea en d to vered n his oppositio . C aesar t e t t e kill him sa n A n no as a dolescens ditfieilius sse , yi g, ig r , , e ” ’ m h d c hoe uam fac ? — D on ou now oun i i i ere , q ere t y k , y g “ man hat i ha d for me to sa han to do ? , t it s r er y it t it 177

ae a w Clodius i n sh n o n C s r ith , his fr e d ip with A t y ,

c u on Of c o and his o a o n of his perse ti Ci er , t ler ti

’ a n S c o s n h h L ae us C tili e, with ipi frie ds ip wit li ,

h E nn us h S m on us G ac c hu s and all wit i , wit e pr i r , the bes t men Of the ag e in which he lived . I n considering the rel ative sit uatio ns of S c ipi o and a o the fo o n c c ms anc s are n ot C t , ll wi g ir u t e un n o f a n on a s to us deservi g tte ti , s they erve ill

a h c c ha ac a o had not tr te t eir respe tive r ters . C t the opportunities which S cipio p ossessed he

not the c om an of the S an sh w ar nor had m d p i , Of the riches of the E ast bu t as he had not the

o o u n he c o n s n had not the pp rt ities, eque tly merit

m h a o o a n the arisi ng fro t em . C t pr tested ag i st

Of E a and the nc of Car luxuries the st, existe e

a e S o and u the th g ; cipi resisted the first, subd ed

a ma c n o his invol un l tter, by which he de the e s r

S c o O o the a c of tary p anegyr ist . ipi pp sed m li e his country in the persec ution of Hannibal

a o o n ma c in her t on of C t f me ted this li e, persecu i

t he con c o f a ha and a s s in quered ity C rt ge, s i ted abetting a false charge ag ainst a ma n who had

sa his o n r in h s o n of V w be com ved c u t y, t i p i t ie i ng a seditio u s i nc endiary against i nnoce nc e and

a o i h virtue . C t persevered n keeping alive t e ’ people s ingratitude and i njustice by doi ng ’ ch S o o h a whi , cipi s br t er w s tried and fou nd g uilty ; but as the g rounds of his convicti on

N 1 78

no t ffi c n con n ma n was were su ie t, the dem ed

a and o o n e . cquitted, his persecut rs c fut d This d n n o a Of the c nso isi ge u us conduct on the p rt e r, in a on to n fo m c on of S c o dditi his u i r perse uti ipi , brings Cato down to his proper standard of esti

a on a first - a in i o a on - a e in m ti , r te r g ur, sec d r t virtue .

I n our c om a on of S c o h ae a p ris ipi wit C s r, we o to O a on o n n mitted bserve, th t the ly p i t wherei

c a a can a of a is in the their h r cters dmit equ lity, art Of war and n in c no a , eve this respe t, it is e sy m atter t o ascertain their comparative merits ; for

to O ha ho u h a a was al it is be bserved, t t t g C es r

o to o first - a a n s for w ar he l wed p ssess the r te t le t ,

had to co n n h a first- a n n ever te d wit r te ge eral .

two a a o The gre test b ttles ever f ught, were those

Of ama and a a a for ne a Z Ph rs li , the o g ve the

o to Ro and o a to a w rld me, the ther g ve it Caes r .

I n the S o c on o c onsu m first, cipi quered the m st

a n a a and in the a m te ge er l th t ever lived ; l st,

Cmsar o h a a n a con - a n a a f ug t g i st se d r te ge er l, nd

o a n a n had o a a n w uld h ve bee be te , he f ught g i st ’ a for ann a in om s a on first, H ib l, P pey situ ti ,

o a e con u and na Of the w uld h v q ered, the dy sty 7 Caesars had n ever existed The pre - eminence

7 On one occasion C e sar said to his friends Thi s

’ da the c o wou d ha n t he nem s had h y vi t ry l ve bee e y , t eir ” en Pom nown how t o c on ue g eral ( pe y) k q r.

A PPEN D I X .

N O . I .

THE S an de l a ou in his L f Abbé er T r, i e of

S c o f canus sa s I ha s n h s sh d the ipi A ri , y , ve ee t i iel ,

’ m mo al of A ll ucius s a ud in the K n of e ri gr tit e, i g ’ France s c abinet of medal s ; it c ontains forty - six ma s of u s and is n - six nc h s in dia rk p re ilver, twe ty i e m e n n f eter . Th pl ai u i orm taste which is Ob served

h o u h the who d s n in the a ud s and t r g le e ig , ttit e the con o u s sh ws t he s m c of the a s i t r , e i pli ity rt n those da s wh n h a o d d all fo n o nam n s t y , e t ey v i e reig r e t , o

the mo a n t o na u a au s be re tte tive t r l be tie .

hson in his Roman Po a s has n an e Jep , rtr it , give n

a n o f h s Cl eus Votivus a n f om Drak e gr vi g t i y p , t ke r n

’ ot ch s S us I a ens of wh ch he m n ons its di b ili t li , i e ti mensions its w h & c . Now if the u s de , eig t, , fig re scribed ou it are such as are represented in the engrav in h c an I h n he no dou of its in g, t ere , t i k , bt be g in

nd d for the s o in the x and No h h te e t ry te t ; yet rt leig , in his a s is of o n on ha the n a d Tr vel , pi i , t t e gr ve piec e of sculpture cannot be a b uckler. S ee a Dissertation

sur les Bouc s V o s cad . des I nsc ons lier tif , A ripti . Ce

Bo c Sc on m o a a c l ui en ou nan u lier, que ipi e p rt ve ret r t 9 Rom f ut n l ou ar les a assa da e, e g ti p e ux p ge

hon a c une a du a a I l etoit d meu R e ve p rtie b gg ge . e ré

’ dans cc fleuve u u en 1 665 ue u u s ch u s j sq , q q elq e pe e r

’ e t ro e n I l est au ou d u dans l e c a n u l uv re t . j r h i bi et d

Roi de F anc r e .

on faucon s a s n a on of the sh d M t give repre e t ti iel , and s ms t o n a n no d ou of its au h n c ee e tert i bt t e ti ity .

t was ub sh d S on and a n f om the I p li e by p , t ke r ca bi

Ma f L o s The am w e me net of . d a o n . n M y , y s e rit r

ons the umm of a swo d on h ch w en ti p el r , w i ere

a d the o ds Car tha e dues Hanni bale gr ve w r , g , , bacta g ladio et vir t ute S cipionis but of this he has great doubts. and u us G ellius the f m sa n ha c ane A l , o r er y i g t t little r , dit is due t o an historian who in the instance of am plific ation was most intemperate ? A nd it is well

nown ha he who w am f on one occas on k , t t ill pli y i , w d m n sh on ano h n the sam intem e ill i i i t er, it bei g e p rate passion that c arries him i ndifferently to either. Ho w light and inc onsidera ble is sometimes the mat t er whic h subjec ts t he best- e stablished c ha rac ters to t he sus c on o f os wh c h o se s B sho pi i p terity , i , b rve i p

Wa u on is as o f n ma nan to u as the rb rt , te lig t virt e, age whic h saw it in its i nsuffera ble gl o ry ; and how ' ad is t o ca ch at a l ow d s and wh ch re y it t revive l er, i the m s tha ou h fo h saw d s s d and ti e t br g t it rt , e pi e ” forgotten in its birth ! One wou ld have hoped so mean a sl ander as

ha u d a us n as m h ha s t t ttere by V leri A ti , ig t ve lept

’ fo o n in u us G ellius s common- ac oo rg tte A l pl e b k , and we see uo d as a fac b a no w yet it q te t y ble riter,

is a o n His wo ds are “ the in h P tri t Ki g . r : N ow reputation o f the first S ci pi o was not so c lear and u ncontro verted in private as i n pu blic life ; nor was he allowed by all to be a man of such severe virt ue

a s aff e c d and a s t ha a e u d . N ze vius be te , t g req ire was ho u h t o m an him in som s s G ellius t g t e , e ver e has preserved ; and Valerius Antias made no sc ruple

t o a ss ha far f om s o n the fa S an a d ert, t t r re t ri g ir p i r

t o her fam he d auch d and t her. ily , eb e kep

o w hs an n h s ha ho did he no N t it t di g t i , w t aut rity t 1 85 maintain ? - In what esteem did he not live and die ? With what panegyrics has not the whole torrent of w s o d down his u a on n to h s riter r lle rep t ti , eve t e e

' ’ da s r! h s cou d not ha ha ened if the c y T i l ve pp , vi e m u d to him had sh wn s f in an scandal ou s i p te , e it el y a a anc s to ec s the us of the n a the ppe r e , lip e l tre ge er l ,

’ ! c onsu or the c z n . l , iti e From what has bee n stated of the characters of

ch a o as Naevius and suc h an h sto an as su p et , i ri

us n as we are conc n d t o find h s an Valeri A ti , er e t eir l der advanced by one of the fi nest writers of the age in wh c h he d to such a d of c d as ma i live , egree re it, y have induced many supe rfi c ial read ers and warm

’ adm s of Lo d Bo i n o s w n s to ca irer r l gbr ke riti g , ll in q uestion the reputation of the greatest and best man o f anc n Rom . But if a man was as sn ie t e pure ow, d ot ca ca umn he woul n es pe l y . N o . HI .

THE following observa tions are taken from De ’ La Lan s a ls in I a and whic h oc cu d to‘ de Tr ve t ly , rre

him on visiting Liternum. ’ Ce and homm vain uenr d A unibal de S g r e, q , yg

haa et de Ca ha a ui le s Romains p , rt ge, q avoient

' ofiert de Ie c r consul et ct a e u er etuel etoit éer di t r p p ,

’ en bu a a on ce i i ce nsem' ui n avoit a tte C t , r g de , q j

’ mais ou ersonn et ui ne c essoit d aho er alla l é p e , q y ,

’ tr are su an l ex ression de Ti e Li e— Sc i ion fut , iv t p t v p ’ ac cusé dc pecuh t : on pretendo it qu il await vendu la

a a n oc hus mais a n l ien de se ustifier il dit p ix A ti j ,

’ ’ ou hau Roma ns c s a a e l aw e ai t t t, i e t p r i j qu j

vainc u nn bal allons en m c le s Dieux o A i , re er ier t ut

le mond le su et ses ac c usat u s int ent aband e ivit, e r on

nés . ndan S c on nd n de c t accusa on Cepe t ipi i ig é et e ti , se retira d ans sa maison de c ampagne pres de Li

n ou il mou u 1 8 ans a an sus hri s . 1 1 ter e, r t 7 v t Je C t ’ y fut enterré avec l e poete Ennius qu il avoit tou

o u s a m et ui avoit chan ses c o s. On j r i é, q té vi t ire

vo oit sur son omb au c nscr on in rata y t e ette i ipti , g ’ patr ia mo ossa mea Isa bebis ; et l on c roit que le mot

’ ' at r ia u on o sur c o le s l in p q v it ette t ur, est re te de ” o sc ripti n.

1 88

‘ f sou und the m s on of h ch he n mity o l, er i pres i w i we t an shm n for the u os of d l i nto vol untary b i e t, p rp e e i n his vering the c ity fro m all their apprehensions o ' acc o unt ! for when he found that matters were c ome t o such a ass ha h was to off vio p , t t eit er liberty er

n to Sc o or S c o to b of wh ch nei le ce ipi , ipi li erty , i

as t o d on he d d t o t he a s and t e ther w be e, y iel e l w ,

d to itemunt ma n his x a su c of as tire L , ki g e ile bje t

’ oach to Rom as was ha of Hann a s great repr e, t t ib l t o Carthage .

h s at Liternum I saw his a h ch was W il t vill , w i

u of s ua on and su ound d a a l ha b ilt q re st e, rr e by w l t t

nc os d a oo the wa l was an d w h ow e l e w d ; l fl ke it t ers,

as bu wa s on ac h s d for its d f nc that served l rk e i e e e e .

a the ho us and a d ns was a c s n suffic n Ne r e g r e i ter , ie t

wa a wh l e a t o suppl y with ter o rmy . I exami ned his

a h h ch was na ow and oom af the an b t , w i rr gl y , ter

c n fash on o ur anc s o s n o f o n on ha a ie t i , e t r bei g pi i , t t

a h cou d not warm nou h un ss was c os . b t l be e g , le it l e

H e in h s s u s d s o Sc o the o er , t i eq e tere p t, ipi , ( terr r

a ha and t he man to whom R o m was ia of C rt ge, e

d for no t n w c c a u d used to a h debte bei g t i e pt re ), b t e

his od af n fa u d w h u s c o s. I n b y , ter bei g tig e it r ti t il

h s ac he m o d h ms f da in husband r t i pl e e pl ye i el ily y ,

and d the ound h his own hands as his tille gr wit ,

f s h d f hi n orefather ad one be ore m. U der this low

and so d d oof s ood Sc o d sda n n not to d r i r t ipi , i i i g trea

a n a t h o an its pl i e rthen floor . Bu w at R m now aday s 1 89 would thus condescend to b athe ! I n this bath I obs v d som ch n s a h han n o s wh ch er e e i k , r t er t wi d w , i w c t out of the s on wal to in the h in ere u t e l , let lig t, such a way as not to inj ure the strength of the b uild in D f o n g . oubtless it was delight u l t enter i to these ba hs da as h w and as d w h com t , rk t ey ere, pl tere it mon mo a ha m h ha e n m d rt r, t t ig t ve be te pere by the hands o f C a o wh n a d or a us ax mus t e e ile, F bi M i ,

o h n an fa or some ne of t e Cor eli mily .

I t is u c a n o m h c ond mn S c tr e, ert i pe ple ig t e ipio for not admitting the sun into his b aths by l arge cas m n s or for not sca d n h ms f in o e n h e e t , l i g i el p lig t, o r for not being more anxious ab out having his m a s fu d s d in a a h. I t he oo man e l lly ige te b t pity p r ,

he n w not how t o say they ; k e live. He washed not h ms f in c a d wat but was c on n w h i el l rifie er, te t it what was mudd af a h a sho of a n Nor di y , ter e vy wer r i . d he care whether he bathed so or not ; for he came

' not to wash a a e fum s but s a the eflect of w y p r e , we t, his l ab our . ’ I don n S c o som of our fine mo n t e vy ipi , ( e der folhs m h sa he d in and had or ig t y ) live exile , little no as for a h n . B s d s he did not ba t te b t i g e i e , the every day ; for if any credit is given t o t hose who

‘ ha n on t he anc n c us oms of the c o ur ve writte ie t t ity, anc esto rs used to wash only their legs and arms

v da wh ch a ou had c on ac d d e ery y , i by l b r tr te irt, but h n r od on onc on the n n h or t eir e ti e b y ly e i t , m - da arket y . ancestors must have beeri grea t slovens ! ” ou su os h sm of l I w l ou y pp e t ey elt i l tell y . sm of mi a d utv ha d a ou r and man elt lit ry , r l b , ly

’ baths I h n men ha com mo ofiensive and , t i k ve be e re ;

' wha sa s H o a ce in s a in of such e te t y r , pe k g fiemina

Lond on ‘ : Primed By B. M Millzn,

w 3 . Book l slged RO E R mr n o o x sp y bi fiy B T.T ,

u s of c c sm w now n in h s c ou n and t o wh c h r le riti i ere k t i try , i we are delighted t o se e there is n o w s o gen eral a dispos ition Y it mo mm o ) rha t o cu . s d a o s e s a re re r et re i e i te pr t ty pe , p , t o oo d for at h in I a han in E n an d a t as if be l ke r er t ly t gl le t , c o d f om an h n E n sh i s f om som h n mu ch it be pie r y t i g gli , it r et i g older than S hakespe a re ; and it u n q u e s tion abl y bea rs a s till s tronger re s embl ance t o Cha u c er tha n t o his immedi a te fol

s i n I a . The sam fr sh an d a t s s c u s of lower t ly e e , lively r le pi t re x te rnal o c s - the s m o fu s on of o ou s bu t dun e bje t , a e pr i g rge re d an and n d ss d sc on — the sam fam a and t ee le e ripti , e ili rity n hom n ss of d c on— an d a o all the s am s m eve eli e i ti , b ve , e i pli c ity an d directness in repres entin g ac tions and pas sion s in c o ou s t u t o n a u bu t w hou an a a n a n on t o l r r e t re , it t y pp re t tte ti t h ff c or an os n a ion or n i s m s s on as eir e e t , y te t t , eve v ible i pre i l 0 e 1 atio n or n n t o their mora p te de c y . The passage in D an te on which the s tory o f R imin i l s fou n d d ma n s u n im a1 red the E n sh s on and ha s e , re i p by gli ver i ,

n c d a n ew n s f om . The o s w hos me eve re eive i tere t r it l ver , e mory the mu se o f the I talian poet had c ons ec ra ted in the o h w o d a re h s o d to a h w h the 1 aces and t er rl , ere re t re e rt , it g

the s n m n s ha c am h m 1 11 h 1 f m . u n e ti e t t t be e t e t ei li eti e Mr H t , in ac com an n th m o its fa c o as m n d p yi g e t tal l se , h i gle every — t int of man y - c ol ou red life i n t he ti ssu e o f their s tory blen d i n a s w h sm s t he d anc n o f the s s w h sad g te r it ile , i g pirit it

’ fo od n s the n o c a on o f ho e w h dis a o n reb i g , i t xi ti p it bitter pp i t

m n ou h w h a e f a nd d a h to e thei . has u n d e t , y t it g , li e e t g He ite something of the v oluptu ou s pathos of B occ ac io with Arios ’

t o s au h n ac s . H is c our d ss s an d al a oc ss ons l g i g g r e t re e , g pr e i e as o o d f au H is sun h n and his flow h h b rr w e rom W atte . s i e e rs are his own ! OO “ I - M 23 id aBond S t r et . No. , (D e

i on R s d Co c d a nd E n a d : w h a au t , evi e , rre te , l rge it be ti fnl P ortra it of More c opied fromthe rare P rin t p1 e fixe d ‘I‘

t o the s E d on n d at P a s m 1 626. fir t iti , pri te ri

' p 1 Printed o m 95 n s a Pa er r en h boards and red . ce 1 8 . in r e tt ll p , p i 5 F c l e

Co es a re r nte on a 25 d r e Pa er in ro a 8 m . ri ce t wo uineas . pi p i l g p , y l p G

ME MOIR S OF Books bl s e b a r n o o x pu i h d y Ronanr T r ,

P r ic 4 1. 4 8 . in x tr a boa rds i n ua r to e e , Q ,

RESEAR CHES I NTO THE

S OR Y OF L Y I H I T P A NG CAR D S .

Wi h Blitustrat ions of the QDri m of in in ann Qfin rannt t g p r t g , g fig

on moon.

A M EL WE BY S U LLER S I NGER.

s V o um f om the P ss of B E N S L E Y is o na n ed Thi l e , r re , r me t V’ wi h a a nu m of E n a n s on V oo a d o t gre t ber gr vi g d n C pper .

on o sted The Impressi c nsi of 250 Copies.

o Volu mes u a r to P ri ce 8 1. 8 8 . i n bo I n tw , Q , a rds ,

I llustr at ed by nu mer ou s Fae Similes of scar ce and inter esting Sprqimr‘ns

of the A rt . A N ENQUI RY I NTO THE ORI GIN AND EARLY H I STOR Y OF E N G R AV I N G ON N D D COP P ER A W OO .

th a cc ou n of the mos nc n E n a s and h Wi n A t t A ie t gr ver , t eir W o s f om the arl s od to t he mdd of the six rk , r e ie t peri i le t e enth n u c om s n O s a ons on som of the Ce t ry , pri i g b erv ti e s ook s O nam n d w h W ood u s fir t B r e te it C t . I N F B Y W LLIA M YOU G c TTLEv, . s . A .

F ft Co es w th Proof I m ress ons of the P ates, are rinted on I m er a i y pi , i p i l , p p i l ’ uarto corre s ond n with t e Lar e Pa e r of ib s Ed t on of Ames Q , p i g , h g p D dm i i l H stor of Print n i y i g . bu t am n d ous w e s on t he su c I S little ex i e by previ rit r bje t , it hoped that the V 0 u me will be fou nd not entirely unworthy the at n on of hos whos s u d s ha n u n d to the te ti t e , e t ie ve bee t r e L an u a L a of his ou n t early g g e and iter t ure t C ry . I t is o os d t o u sh one V olu m in a Oc a o pr p e p bli e l rge t v , at the c of One G u n a few o s w a n off pri e i e . A C pie ill be t ke ’ in u a o of a s z t o an w h W a on s s o of E n Q rt , i e r ge it rt Hi t ry g li sh P oetry The whole Pro fits o f the P u bli cation w ill be appropri a ted t o the E rec tion of a P a rochi al S chool - R o om in the village of B ath E aston . I t is hoped that t he V olume may be pu blished in J une

1 e mon t o a d o d . 1 8 8 . Th ey be p i n elivery

S UBS C RI PTI ONS RECEIVED

I n Lo ndon b Mr . R OB TR I P H OOK Old Bond S tree , y ERT , t,

O ford Mr . P K x , by AR ER ,

Ba h b essrs . P M and B a n n a r . t , y M U HA

S UBS CR I BER S NAMES .

OC TA V O .

v The V c hanc o O fo d . The Re . i e C ell r , x r h The D ean o f Chri st Chu rc . ’ ohn s o . The P resident of S t . J C llege The P rov os t of Oriel College . The M as ter of P embroke C ollege . The P rinci al of Magdal ene H all . ’ t o u s o l . The Library of S . b C l ege N ew C ollege .

S m h an on of h s hu ch. D r . it , C C ri t C r

a s anon of h s hu ch. D r . B rne , C C ri t C r a M d an on of h is hurch. D r . V n il ert , C C r t C

o n h s hu ch. R ev . Mr . C r e , C ri t C r

G a sfo d C h s hu ch. T . i r , ri t C r

u h s hu ch. I . B ll , C ri t C r g R ev . E . G ood nou h h s hu ch e , C ri t C r .

E . L oy d h s hu ch. l , C ri t C r

. S l r n ol Mr er e , T i ity C lege .

. I n am n ol . Mr gr , Tri ity C lege

W . K ns in ol i ey , Tr ity C lege .

. S ho n y o e . T rt , Tri it C ll ge

. D a son O o . Mr vi , riel C llege

. H a w ns O o . Mr ki , riel C llege

. B uc and or u s hr s o . Mr kl , C p C i ti C llege

. D y so n o u s C h s o . Mr , C rp ri ti C llege

. on E o Mr H y , xeter C llege .

S e n R a u d E s . E C ol . t pe ig , q xeter lege ’ R ev . I . Vl alk e r N ew o , C llege .

. an E s . ni s o . C Trevely , q U ver ity C llege ’

R ev . . S iedell . ohn s C o . T p . M A . S t . J llege

Re v . I . W . a f hr c . R . S . S uden o C M kie , A M . F . t t

hu ch O fo d . C r , x r

u ck w E s . O fo d . T ell , q x r

- I . D u n a E s . B az os C o l . b r , q r e N e l ege D r W l ms o u s h . a s o e il i , C rp C ri ti C ll ge .

R ev . . B andinell B odl an L a B , ei ibr ry .

and B osw l E s . . P . Alex er el , q M

R cha d E s . i r Heber , q

R ev G u h l m ton . . . . h s n a W o ha A T r by , Tette l , lver p

W . . l E s . H Mil er , q m a s B indl e E s . S om s ac J e y , q er et Pl e .

R ev . chd acon a s A r e N re .

F . D ou c E s . S . . e , q F . A

ss s L on man and o . o Me r . g C 6 C pies .

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am s B osw E s . J e ell , q

s and . ch. 6 o s . Mess r . J . A Ar C pie

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R ev . . c h n s 56 B oo S r . J Hit i g , , Upper r k t eet

h H on . S ir ohn icholl R ig t J N . S ir Chris topher R o binson . ’ D r. no d L nc o n s I nn ds . Ar l , i l Fiel

R ev I . D u a ow . r ry , H rr

E ns S h nha . . Bere , rive m . an Woo as on E s . C Bry l t , q

E d . F nch a on Es . i H tt , q

I . D P h s E s . . elp , q

ohn oss E s . S . . u . J Cr e , q F . A H ll W S . . S n Mr . i ger

as wood E s . J . H le , q

E V . so n E s . . Utter , q

. P a O fo d . 4 o s . Mr rker , x r C pie

G . . G r nou h E s . . P . a ament S e . B ee g , q M P rli tr et

n E i s Es . B r sh u s um. He ry ll , q iti M e

and ha m s E s . Alex er C l er , q

ohn B oa d E s . J r ley , q

homas H ill E s . I nn . T , q New

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