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Alignment Analyses in the Varus Osteo Arthritic Knee Using An Original Study Alignment Analyses in the Varus Osteo­ arthritic Knee Using Computer Navigation Kelvin G. Tan, MBBS, MRCS (Edin), MMed (Orth), Sathappan S. Sathappan, MBChB, MMed (Orth), FRCSEd (Orth), Yee Hong Teo, MB BCh BAO (Ire), MMed (Orth), FRCSEd (Orth), and Wilson C. J. Low, BSc, MSc Surgeons often refer to varus as a description of coronal Abstract mal alignment, mainly with the knee in extension. In the sur- Osteoarthritic (OA) knees with severe extension varus gical setting, however, descriptions are given regarding dif- deformity seem to have correspondingly more severe ferential medial soft-tissue tightness in extension and flexion. flexion varus, especially beyond a certain tibiofemo­ Balancing the knee in extension may not necessarily balance ral angle. Clinical measurement of flexion varus and the knee in flexion. Thus, there is the concept of extension fixed flexion deformity (FFD), which had been difficult and flexion varus, which has not been well described in the to perform because of the spatial alignment of the knee literature. Releases on the anterior medial and posterior medial in flexion, was recently made possible with computer aspects of the proximal tibia have differential effects on flexion navigation. and extension gaps, respectively.2 We conducted a study to evaluate the relation­ Intraoperative alignment certainly has a pivotal role in ship of extension and flexion varus in OA knees and component longevity.8 Since its advent in the 1990s, use of to determine whether severity of FFD in the sagittal computer navigation in TKA has offered new hope for im- plane correlates with severity of coronal plane varus proving component alignment. Some authors routinely use deformity. The study included 317 consecutive cases of computer navigation for intraoperative soft-tissue releases.9 A computer­navigated total knee arthroplasty performed recent meta-analysis found that computer-navigated surgery is on OA knees with varus deformities. ThreeAJO sets of val­ associated with fewer outliers in final component alignment 10 ues were extracted from the navigation data: varus compared with conventional TKA. angle at maximal knee extension, 90° knee flexion, and Increased use of computer navigation in TKA at our in- maximal knee extension. Correlation analyses were stitution in recent years has come with the observation that performed for extension and flexion varus, FFD, and knees with severe extension varus seem to have correspond- coronal plane deformity. ingly more severe flexion varus. Before computer navigation, OA knees with extension varus of more than 10° had coronal alignment of knees in flexion was almost impossible an incremental likelihood of more severe flexion varus. to measure because of the spatial alignment of the knees in DOWhen the extension varus angleNOT exceeded 20°, prob­ that position. COPY ability became almost certainty. There was no correla­ We conducted a study to evaluate the relationship of exten- tion between FFD and coronal plane varus deformity. sion and flexion varus in OA knees and to determine whether severity of fixed flexion deformity (FFD) in the sagittal plane correlates with severity of coronal plane varus deformity. We hypothesized that there would be differential varus in flexion steoarthritic (OA) knees with varus deformities com- and extension and that increasing knee extension varus would monly present with tight, contracted medial collateral correlate closely with knee flexion varus beyond a certain tib- Oligaments and soft-tissue sleeves.1 More severe varus iofemoral angle. We also hypothesized that severity of sagittal deformities require more extensive medial releases on the con- plane deformity will correlate with the severity of coronal cave side to optimize flexion-extension gaps. Excessive soft- plane deformity. tissue releases in milder varus deformities can result in medial instability in flexion and extension.2-4 Misjudgments in soft- Patients and Methods tissue release can therefore lead to knee instability, an important Data Collection cause of early total knee arthroplasty (TKA) failures.2,5,6 Some After this study was approved by our institution’s ethics review authors have reported difficulty in coronal plane balancing in committee, we prospectively collected data from 403 consecu- knees with preoperative varus deformity of more than 20°.4,7 tive computer-navigated TKAs performed at our institution Authors’ Disclosure Statement: The authors report no actual or potential conflict of interest in relation to this article. www.amjorthopedics.com June 2015 The American Journal of Orthopedics® 277 Alignment Analyses in the Varus Osteoarthritic Knee Using Computer Navigation K. G. Tan et al between November 2008 and August 2011. Dr. Tan, who was Power Calculation not the primary physician, retrospectively analyzed the radio- Our analysis used a correlation coefficient (r) of at least 0.5 at graphic and navigation data. a 5% level of significance and power of 80%. With 317 knees, Each patient’s knee varus-valgus angles were captured by the study was more than adequately powered for significance. Dr. Teo, an adult reconstruction surgeon, in standard fashion from maximal extension to 0º, 30º, 45º, 60º, 90º, and maximal Surgical and Navigation Technique flexion. An example of standard data capture appears inTable 1. All patients underwent either general or regional anesthesia for With varus-hyperextension defined as –0.5° or less (more nega- their surgeries, which were performed by Dr. Teo. Standard tive), neutral as 0°, and valgus-flexion as 0.5° or more, there medial parapatellar arthrotomy was performed. Navigation were 362 varus knees, 41 valgus knees, and no neutral knees. pins were then inserted into the femur and tibia outside the Study inclusion criteria were OA and varus deformity. knee wound. Anatomical reference points were digitized per Exclusion criteria were rheumatoid arthritis, other types of routine navigation requirements. (The reference for varus- inflammatory arthritis, neuromuscular disorders, knees with valgus alignment of the femur is the mechanical femur axis valgus angulation, and incomplete data (Table 2). Figure 1 defined by the digitized hip center and knee center, and the ref- summarizes the inclusion/exclusion process, which left 317 erence for varus-valgus alignment of the tibia is the mechanical knees available for study. Cases of incomplete data were likely tibia axis defined by the digitized tibia center and calculated due to computer errors or to inadvertent movement when ankle center. The ankle center is calculated by dividing the navigation data were being acquired during surgery. digitized transmalleolar axis according to a ratio of 56% lateral In conventional TKA, the main objective is to equalize to 44% medial with the inherent navigation software.) Our flexion-extension gaps with knee at 90° flexion and 0° exten- institution uses an imageless navigation system (Navigation sion. The ability to achieve this often implies the knee will be System II; Stryker Orthopedics, Mahwah, New Jersey). balanced throughout its range of motion (ROM). From the data The leg was then brought from maximal knee extension for the 317 study knees, 3 sets of values were extracted: varus to maximal knee flexion to assess preoperative ROM, which angles from maximal knee extension (extension varus), varus indicates inherent flexion contracture or hyperextension. Varus- angles from 90° knee flexion (flexion varus), and maximal valgus measurements of the knee were then generated as part knee extension. All knees were able to achieve 90° flexion. of the navigation software protocol. These measurements were obtained without additional varus or valgus stress applied to the knee and before any bony resection. The rest of the opera- AJOtion was completed using navigation to guide bony resection 403 knees and soft-tissue balancing. The final components used were all – 41 valgus and neutral knees cemented cruciate-substituting TKA implants. After component insertion, the knee was again brought through ROM from maxi- 362 knees mal knee extension to maximal knee flexion to assess postopera- – 4 rheumatoid arthritis knees with varus deformity tive ROM before wound closure. 358 knees Extension and Flexion Varus – 41 knees with incomplete data DO NOTAs none ofCOPY the patients in the flexion varus dataset (range, 317 knees –0.5° to –19°) had a varus deformity of more than 20° at 90° flexion, we used a cutoff of 10° to divide these patients into 2 subgroups: less than 10° (237 knees) and 10° or more (80 Figure 1. Flowchart of inclusion and exclusion process. knees). The extension varus dataset ranged from –0.5° to –24°. Incremental values of –0.5° to –24° in this dataset were then analyzed against the 90° flexion varus sub- groups using logistic regression. A scatter- Table 1. Example of Standard Data Capture plot of the relationship between extension + – Min Max and flexion varus is shown inFigure 2. The Flexion Hyperextension –1.0º +0.0º +30.0º +45.0º +60.0º +90.0º +130.5º probability function was then derived and a probability graph plotted. Valgus Varus –6.5º –6.5º –7.0º –6.5º –6.0º –3.5º –0.5º FFD and Extension and Flexion Varus Maximal knee extension, obtained from Table 2. Example of Data Capture With Blanks in Patient’s Table intraoperative navigation measurements, + – Min Max ranged from –9° (hyperextension) to 33° Flexion Hyperextension +15.5º +0.0º +30.0º +45.0 º +60.0º +90.0º +128.0º (FFD) and maximal knee flexion ranged from 90° to 146°. Ninety-two knees had Valgus Varus –17.5º –19.5º –11.0º slight hyperextension, and 6 were neutral. 278 The American Journal of Orthopedics® June 2015 www.amjorthopedics.com Alignment Analyses in the Varus Osteoarthritic Knee Using Computer Navigation K. G. Tan et al Of the 317 OA knees with varus deformity, 219 (69%) had rection. Preoperative and postoperative knee alignment data FFD. This sagittal plane alignment parameter was analyzed for these 15 knees appear in Table 4 and Figure 6, respectively. against coronal plane alignment in maximal knee extension and 90° knee flexion to determine if increasing severity of Discussion FFD corresponds with increasing extension or flexion varus.
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