Published online: February 24, 2021 ISSN : 0974-9411 (Print), 2231-5209 (Online) journals.ansfoundation.org

Review Article

Host range of sensu lato in India: An overview

Anuradha Kumari* Article Info Forest Pathology Discipline, Forest Protection Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun https://doi.org/10.31018/ (Uttarakhnad), India jans.v13i1.2510 N. S. K. Harsh Received: January 8, 2021 Forest Pathology Discipline, Forest Protection Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun Revised: February 15, 2021 (Uttarakhnad), India Accepted: February 19, 2021 A. N. Singh Environment Management Division, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun (Uttarakhand), India.

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

How to Cite Kumari, A. et al. (2021). Host range of Phellinus sensu lato in India: An overview. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1): 157 - 169. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2510

Abstract Phellinus Quel. is a member of family of the order . This comprises - inhabiting, saprophytic and parasitic species. Species of Phellinus sensu lato are known to have large host range and cause white rot of various types to live standing or dead trees from all over the world. The current study is based on a thorough study of literature to document the host range of Phellinus species from India. The study indicated that one hundred and seventy four plant species from 51 families are found to be infected by Phellinus species. The families found to be the most affected are Fabaceae, Combretaceae, Meliaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Anacardiaceae, Myrtaceae, Meliaceae, Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Rosaceae. Many plant (tree) species are affected by Phellinus; this establishes it as a potential pathogen and wood decay fungi. The present study also reports Phellinus from almost all over India and every climatic zones. This indicated the high toler- ance and acclimatization of Phellinus towards diverse climatic conditions. The most affected host is Artocarpus followed by Terminalia and . Although the study reports Phellinus from diverse climatic zones of India, the most affected families and genera are from moist tropical conditions. This indicates that Phellinus has vigorous activity in warm and moist areas and af- fects diverse plant/tree species in these areas like Maharashtra and Kerala. The states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telengana, Union Territories, Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland are still left to be explored. The present study has key significance in biodiversity, medicinal as well as the pathogenic study of Phellinus. It provides an overall host range of genus Phellinus, confirming its vast host diversity. The information could further be used in disease, biodiversity and plant pathological assessments.

Keywords: Hymenochaetaceae, Host range, Indian species, Plant families, Wood inhabiting fungi

INTRODUCTION rarely annual or biennial, brown to black, resupinate, pileate, corky to woody hard, with a crustose or tomen- Phellinus s. l. is one of the largest of genera of basidio- tose pileal surface. Pores are mostly small, shining in mycetes belonging to the Hymenochaetaceae, Hy- some species. Hyphal system is dimitic, monomitic in a menochaetales. This comprises wood-inhabiting, sap- few species, and generative hyphae are hyaline to pale rophytic and parasitic species which are characterized yellowish, thin-to thick-walled, encrusted by crystals or by xanthochoric reaction, presence of parenthesome in not; skeletal hyphae are brown, thick-walled. Setae or dolipore septa, frequent occurance of setae, absence of cystidiolesare present or absent. Spores are subglo- clamps and production of white rotted wood in angio- bose, ellipsoid or cylindric, hyaline to yellowish or sperm and gymnosperm (Wanger and Fischer, 2001, brown, thin-to thick-walled, mostly IKI-negative, CB 2002; Saha et al., 2018; Bala et al., 2019). negative or positive (Larsen and Cobb-Poulle, 1990; Fruiting bodies of Phellinus s.l. are mostly perennial, Saha et al., 2018; Mohan et al., 2020).

This work is licensed under Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). © : Author (s). Publishing rights @ ANSF.

Kumari, A. et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 13(1): 157 - 169 (2021)

Ladakh, Chandigarh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Least Jharkhand, Karnataka, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Report- Odisha, Rajasthan, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, ed Dadra Nagar Haveli and Daman Diu, Delhi, Lakshad- weep, Puducherry Meghalaya, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Tamil 01-10 Nadu, Assam, Sikkim, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Jammu and Kashmir, Haryana, Punjab Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, West 11-20 Bengal 21-30 Kerala 30 + Maharashtra, Uttarakhand

Fig. 1. Map of India showing state-wise abundance on the basis of the number of Phellinus species in India (Source: Based on present study).

Species of Phellinus s. l. are lignicolous, causing white Host range of Phellinus sensu lato rot by degrading mainly the lignin and cellulose living of A thorough study of Indian literature from the year 1955 trees and dead wood, fallen trunks, stumps, and rotten (Bakshi, 1955) to year 2020 (Mohan et al..., 2020) was wood. Species of Phellinus decay heartwood and cause made. Taxonomic studies and reports of different work- root rot and cankers of live standing trees, destroy ers on Indian Phellinus species for past 75 years were slash and other woody residues. No other class of for- thoroughly studied to generate detailed and pertinent est diseases cause more timber damage than root rot list of host range of Phellinus sensu lato in India. and heart rot. Genus Phellinus is probably responsible Table 1 shows that Phellinus sensu lato has a broad for more timber loss than any other genus of wood- host range having 174 host species (Angiosperm and decaying fungi (Larsen and Cobb-Poulle,1990; Saha et Gymnosperm). The Data establishes Phellinus species al...,2018; Chander and Pathania, 2019; Mohan et al..., as vigorous and potential pathogens. This also shows 2020). Although species of Phellinus are notorious for the adaptation strategies of Phellinus, as this genus is causing white rot of wood and destroying timber but in found in every climatic zone of India and to survive and natural forest ecosystem, they play important role as thrive in these climatic conditions. The Phellinus spe- primary decomposers and help to mobilize lignin as well cies are reported from all over India. as the complex polysaccharides of wood and prove Most affected genera amongst host range are Artocar- useful in terms of forest productivity and stabilization pus, Terminalia, Acacia, shorea, Dalbergia, Albizzia, particularly in those forests where organic matter is pro- Quercus, Gliricidia, Anogiessus, Betula and Mangifer- duced at higher rate that can be recycled by natural aare given in Table 2. From the data , it is clear that process of decomposition (Adaskaveg and Ogawa, most affected genera are from moist and warm tropical 1990). These species of Phellinus s. l. are reported and climatic conditions. This finding supports the fact that studied for their medicinal properties (Dai, 2010; Yan et Phellinus species are growing vigorously in moist and al., 2017; Azeem et. al, 2020; He et al., 2021). warm climates and affect tropical plant species. In tropi- The species are present from temperate to tropical cal conditions, Phellinus species grow vigorously on zones. This is a large cosmopolitan group among pol- different hosts and show less host specificity than tem- ypores with 479 records of known species including perate climatic conditions where Phellinus species forms and varieties (Anonymous, 2020) with host spe- show more host specificity and grow vigorously on spe- cific species and non specific saprotrophs (Larsen and cific hosts. cobb-Poulle, 1990). 101 species of Phellinus s. l. are Fabaceae has the maximum numbers of genera infect- reported from India by various workers ed by Phellius sensu lato, followed by Meliaceae, Myr- (Bagchee,1953,1961; Bakshi,1955, 1971; Ganesh and taceae, Pinaceae, sapindaceae, moraceae, dipterocar- Leelavathy,1986, 2000; Vaidya, 1987; Hakimi, 2008; paceae, Lauraceae, Euphorbiaceae and Malvaceae Mohanan, 2011; Sharma, 2012; Azeem and Dhingra, (Table 3). Fabaceae family got severely affected by 2017; Saha et al... 2018; Mohan et al..., 2020). Indian Phellinus attack. Twenty two species of family got in- Phellinus s. l. species are reported to be found on dif- fections from different species of Phellinus. As genus ferent host species. In this study thorough study of Indi- Phellinus is wood decaying , it completely de- an literature was done to assess wide range of host stroys the tree's mechanical strength and makes it hol- species of Phellinus s. l. low from inside. The species of family Fabaceae might

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Table 1: Showing host range of Phellinus sensu lato. Sr. Species Name Host Range Locality Reported by no. 1. Phellinus acontextus Rhododendron sp. Tehri, Chakrata; Sharma(1991, 1992); Ryvarden Gliricidia sepium Uttarakhand Foroutan and Vaidya(2007); Pune;Maharashtra Bapat(2009). 2. Phellinus adamantinus Casuarinas spp., Acacia Meghalaya, As- Bakshi, (1971); (Berk.) Ryvarden sp. , Plam tree, Dalbergia sam, Kolkata, Sharma and Ghosh (1989); melanoxylon, Casuarina Darjeeling, Leelavathy and Ganesh equisetifolia, Delonix Pune;Maharashtra (2000); regia Malappu- Lamrood(2000,2001); ram,Wayanad; Nagadeshi and Arya (2003); Kerela Foroutan and Vaidya(2007); Gujarat Mohanan(2011); Saha et al. (2018);Mohan and Kattany, Adarsh (2020) 3. Phellinus albomarginatus Shorea robusta, Diptero- Assam, Bakshi(1971); (Zipp. ex Lév.) G. Cunn. carpus turbinatus, West Bengal Saha et al. (2018) Current Name: Dipterocarpus macrocar- Andamans Skeletocutis albomarginata pus, Elaeocarpus sp. (Zipp. ex Lév.) Rui Du & Y.C. Dai 4. Phellinus allardii (Bres.) Eugenia indica, Swetenia Mussoorie, Deh- Bakshi(1971); S. Ahmad mahogany, Quercus sp. , radun, Chakrata, Harsh(1982); Acacia catechu, Chamoli; Sharma(1993); deodara, Dalbergia sis- Uttarakhand; Leelavathy and Ganesh soo, Rhododendron arbo- Kullu (2000); retum, Syzygium cumini, Himachal Pradesh Foroutan and Vaidya (2007); Shorea robusta, Pyrus Pune;Mharashtra Parihar (2009); puddum, Pyrus pashia, Palghat; Kerela Azeem(2012); Aesculus indi- Achankmar; Kumar(2014); ca,Terminalia alata, Madhya Pradesh Erythrina variegate, Eu- ginea jambolana Phellinus aureobrunneus Albizzia lebbeck, Ptero- Pune, Maharash- Rabba(1994); 5. J.E. Wright andBlumenf carpus spp., Pterosper- tra Lamrood(2000,2001); mum sp. Foroutan and Vaidya(2007) 6. Phellinus badius Acacia cate- Pune, Bakshi(1971); Rabba(1994); (Berk. : Cke.) Cunn. chu,Albizziaamara, Maharashtra Harsh (2002); Vachellia nilotica, Sene- Dehradun, Sharma (2002); Nagadeshi galia chundra, Acacia Pithoragarh, and Arya(2003); Ranadive nilotica, Dalbergia mel- Uttarakhand (2007,2008); Bapat (2009); anoxylon, Delonix regia Haryana Parihar (2011) Durg; Madhya Pradesh 7. Phellinus bakeri (Murrill) Dalbergia melanoxylon, Pune, Bapat (2009) A.Ames Tectona grandis, Artocar- Maharashtra Current Name: pus heterophyllus Fomitiporia bakeri (Murrill) VlasákandKout 8. Phellinus baumii Pilát Cassia sp. Pune, Maharash- Foroutan and Vaidya (2007) Current Name: tra Sanghuangporus baumii (Pilát) L.W. Zhou and Y.C. Dai 9. Phellinus calcitratus Anthocephalus sp., Areca Pune, Vaidya and Arvind (1993); (Berkeley,M.A.Curtis) Ryv catechu, Artocarpus sp., Maharashtra Foroutan and Vaidya(2007) Current Name: Butea sp., Derris sp., Inonotus calcitratus (Berk. Desmodium sp., Diospy- and M.A. Curtis) Gomes- ros sp., sp., Silva andGibertoni Garuga sp., Grewia sp., Heterophragma sp., Man- gifera indica, Saraca sp., Tamarindus sp., Tectona sp. Contd………

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Table 1. Contd……… 10. Phellinus callimorphus Dimorphocalyxlawianus Pune,Maharashtra Vaidya and Arvind (1993) (Leveille) Ryvarden Current Name: Callimorpha (Lév.) Groposo, Log.- LeiteandGóes-Neto 11. Phellinus carteri (Berk. ex Artocarpus heterophyllus, Pune,Maharashtra Vaidya and Arvind (1993); Cooke) Ryvarden Cassine glauca, Euphor- Meghalaya Sharma (1984); bia antiquorum, Man- West Bengal Kumar (2015) gifera indica, Petropho- rum ferrugineum, Syzygi- um cumini, Thespesia populneoides 12. Phellinus caryophylli (Racib.) Shorea robusta, Anogeis- Meghalaya Thind (1970); G. Cunn. sus latifolia, Desmodi- Uttarakhand Bakshi(1971); umoogeinese, Drynoglos- Piprodh;Madhya Rabba(1994); sum piloselloides, Pradesh Sharma(2002); Cleistanthus collinus, Nagadeshi and Arya(2003); Syzygium cumini, Termi- Parihar (2011); nalia bellarica, Terminalia Kumar (2015); chebula, Mallotus phil- Bala, Singh, Dhingra lipensis, Cordia dichoto- (2019); ma, Quercus incana Mohan et al., (2020) 13. Phellinus cereus (Berk.) Ryv. Polyalthia longifolia Assam Sharma (1989) Current Name: Ramnagar; Utta- Hymenochaetex erantica rakhand (Berk.) S.H. He and Y.C. Dai 14. Phellinus cesatii (Bres.) Artocarpus integrifolia, Pune, Maharash- Vaidya and Hakimi Ryvarden Cassia spp. tra (2008) Current Name:Fulvifomescesatii (Bres.) Y.C. Dai 15. Phellinus chequensis Pongamia pinnata Pune;Maharashtra Foroutan, Vaidya(2007) (Iaconisand J.E. Wright) J.E. Wright andBlumenf. Current Name: Fomes chaquensis Iaconisand J.E. Wright 16. Phellinus chryseus (Lév.) Garuga pinnata, Man- Pune, Maharash- Rabba(1994); Ryvarden gifera indica, Memecylon tra Vaidya and Hakimi Current Name: umbellatum, Swietenia (2008) Fuscoporia chrysea (Lév.) mahogany Baltazar andGibertoni 17. Phellinus cinchonensis Quercus leucotrichopho- West Bengal Bakshi(1971); (Murrill) Ryvarden ra, Quercus floribunda, Meghalaya Sharma (1986); Quercus semecarpifolia, Uttarakhand Kumar (2015) Cinchona sp. 18. Phellinus caffeatoporia Dalbergia melanoxylon, Pune, Maharash- Foroutan,Vaidya(2007) Kotl. and Pouzar Acacia nilotica tra 19. Phellinus conchatus(Pers.) Actinidaphne spp., Arto- Tehri, Ru- Bagchee(1954); Quél carpus spp., Cassia spp., draprayag Bakshi(1971); Current Name: Casuarina spp., Cin- ;Uttarakhnad Sharma (1993); Phellinopsis conchata (Pers.) namomum spp., Delonix Pune, Maharash- Rabba(1994); Y.C. Dai spp., Mangifera indica, tra Leelavathy and Ganesh Mammea spp., Memecy- Kerela (2000); lon spp., Prosopis spp., Gujarat Nagadeshi,Arya(2003); Syzygium spp., Thespe- Ranadive (2010); sia spp., Salix spp., Pyrus Kumar (2015). pashia, Cotoneaster spp., Mallotus philipensis, Querscus leucotrichopho- ra, Quercus semecarpifo- lia, Rhus parviflora, Rhus punjabensis, Lyonia ovali- folia, Toona ciliata, Vi- burunumspp,. spp., Betula spp. Contd………

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Table 1. Contd………

20. Phellinus contiguous (Pers.) Quercus semecarpifolia Kullu; Himachal Bakshi(1971); Pat. Pinus roxburghii Pradesh Sharma(1996); Current Name: Terminalia arjuna Badarwah; Jam- Leelavathy and Ganesh Fuscoporia contigua (Pers.) G. mu and Kashmir (2000); Kumar(2015); Bala Cunn. Uttarakhand et al.(2019) Wayanad;Kerela 21. Phellinus crocatus (Fr.) Ryvar- Albizzia lebbeck Maharashtra Rabba(1994); Vaidya an- den Artocarpus heterophyllus dArvind(1993); Bapat (2009) 22. Phellinus dependens (Murrill) Mallotus phillipensis, Arunachal Pra- Bakshi(1971); Ryvarden Schleiraoleosa, desh Sharma (1986); Current Name: Terminalia paniculata West Bengal Leelavathy and Ganesh Tropicoporus dependens Malakkapara, (2000); (Murrill) L.W. Zhou, Y.C. Dai Wayanad ;Kerela Mohan et al. (2020) and Vlasák 23. Phellinus discipes(Berk.)Ryv. Artocarpus heterophyllus Tamil Nadu Bakshi(1971); Arunachal Pra- Sharma (2002); Current Name: desh, Pithoragarh; Bapat (2009) Fuscoporia discipes (Berk.) Uttarakhand Y.C. Dai andGhob.-Nejh. Maharshtra 24. Phellinus durissimus(Lloyd) A. nobilis, Manilkara West Bengal Bakshi(1971); Roy bidenatata, Ougeiniadel- Arunachal Pra- Sharma (1986); Current Name: bergoides, Swietenia ma- desh Bapat (2009); Fulvifomes durissimus (Lloyd) hogany, Casuarina equi- Maharshtra Mohanan (2011). Bondartsevaand S. Herrera setifolia, shorea robusta, Thiruvananthapu- Polyalthia longifolia ram; Kerela 25. Phellinus extensus(Lév.) Pat. spp. Uttarakhnad Sharma (1986); Current Name: Meghalaya Nagadeshi and Arya (2003) Fomes extensus (Lév.) Cooke Gujarat 26. Phellinus fastuosus Acacia leucophloea, Aca- Deh- Bakshi (1971); Rabba (Lév.) S. Ahmad cia nilotica, Albizzia radun;Uttarakhan (1994); Vaidya andArvind lebbeck, Artocarpus het- d (1993); Leelavathy and erophyllus, Azadirachta Kangra; Himachal Ganesh (2000); Nagadeshi indica, Gliricidia sepium, Pradesh and Arya (2003); Sharma Mangifera indica, Pune;Maharashtra (2004); Foroutan and Tamirindus indica, Nilambur, Palghat; Vaidya (2007); Bapat Shorea robusta, Kerela (2009); Mohanan (2011); Swietenia mahogany, Gujarat Kumar (2015); Mohan et al. Swietenia macrophylla, (2020) Ficus sp., Schleichera oleosa, Xylia xylocarpa, Grewia tiliifolia 27. Phellinus ferreus (Pers.) Bour- Quercus sp. Chopta, Chamoli, Sharma (1990); dotand Galzin Vateria indica Uttarkashi; Utta- Leelavathyand Ganesh Current Name: rakhand (2000); Fuscoporia ferrea (Pers.) G. Pa- Mohan et al... (2011); Cunn. lakkad,Kottayam; Chander and Pathania Kerela (2019) 28. Phellinus ferrugineo-velutinus Anacardium occidentale Meghalaya Leelavathyand Ganesh (Henn.) Ryvarden Uttarakhand (2000); Wayanad;Kerela Sharma(2002); Mohan, Kattany, Adarsh (2020)

29. Alnus spp., Shorea spp., Meghalaya Sharma (2002) (Schrad.) Pat. Prunus spp., Bamboo Uttarakhand spp., Cedrus deodara, Current Name: Pinus spp., Fuscoporia ferruginosa Quercus sp. (Schrad.) Murrill 30. Phellinus gilvoides (Petch) Unidentified host Wayanad;Kerela Bakshi (1971) Ryvarden Current Name: Fulvifomescesatii (Bres.) Y.C. Dai Contd………

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Table 1. Contd……… 31. (Schwein.) Dalbergia sissoo, Shore- Uttarakhand Bose (1937); Thind and Pat. arobusta, Dalbergia nigra, Jammu and Kash- Chatrath(1957); Bakshi Acacia nilotica, Acacia cate- mir (1971); Sharma (1996); chu, Petrocarpus marsupium, Kerela Leelavathy and Ganesh Albizzia lebbeck, Cassia ja- Gujarat (2000); Nagadeshi and Arya vanica, Quercus spp., Euca- West Bengal (2003); Mohanan(2011); luptus spp., spp., Co- Kumar (2015); Chander and riarianepalensis, Pyrus Pathania (2019); Panda and pashia, Myrica nagi, Rhodo- Satapathy(2020); Mohan, dendron arboretum Termi- Kattany, Adarsh (2020) nalia bellerica, Dendrocal- amusstrictus, Vateria indica, Toona ciliata, Tectona gran- dis, 32. Phellinus glaucescens (Petch) Terminalia spp., Memecylon West Bengal Sharma and Ghosh (1989); Ryvarden spp. Uttarakhand Vaidya and Arvind (1993); Current Name: Maharashtra Sharma (1986,2002). Fulvifomes glaucescens (Petch) Y.C. Dai 33. Phellinus grenadensis Terminalia spp., Memecylon Uttarakhand Natarajan and Raman (Murrill) Ryvarden spp. Maharashtra (1980); Thind and Dhanda Kerela (1980); Vaidya and Arvind (1993); Sharma (2002, 2003); Foroutan and Vaidya (2007); Bapat (2009); Mohanan(2011); Kumar (2015) 34. Phellinus griseoporus D.A. Albizia lebbeck, Dalbergia Maharashtra Lamrood(2000) Reid melanoxylon 35. Phellinus hippophaeicola Artocarpus heterophyllus Pune;Maharashtra Foroutan and Vaidya(2007); Current Name: Bapat (2009) Fomitiporia hippophaeicola (H. Jahn) FiassonandNiemelä 36. Phellinus hoehnelii (Bres.) Terminalia spp. Arunachal Pradesh Sharma(1991,1992,1993); Ryvarden Palakkad;Kerela Leelavathy and Ganesh Gujarat (2000); Nagadeshi and Arya (2003) 37. (L.) Quél. sp., Salix sp., Alnus Uttarakhand Sharma (1992,1993); sp., Popular sp., Acer sp., Panda and Satapathy(2020) Quercus spp., Abies spp., Ulmus spp., Betula spp. 38. Phellinus inermis (Ellis Peltophorumpterocarpus Uttarakhand Thind andDhanda(1980); andEverh.) G. Cunn. Tectona grandis Himachal Pradesh Vaidya and Hakimi (2008); Current Name: Maharashtra Rabba(1994); Sharma Fulvifomesinermis (Ellis (2005) andEverh.) Y.C. Dai 39. Phellinus incrusticeps Corner Artocarpus heterophyllus Maharashtra Bapat (2009) 40. Phellinus inamaenus (Mont.) Unidentified Host Uttarakhand Sharma (1986,2002) Ryvarden Arunachal Pradesh Current Name: Phellinus gilvus (Schwein.) Pat 41. Phellinus johnsonianus Prosopis cineraria Maharashtra Thindet al...,(1970); (Murrill) J. Lowe Himachal Pradesh Rabba(1994); Current Name: Sharma (2005) Fulvifomes johnsonianus (Murrill) Y.C. Dai 42. Phellinus laevigatus Bourdo- Betula utilis Uttarakhand Vaidya andArvind(1993); tandGalzin Sikkim Sharma (1986,2008) Maharashtra 43. Phellinus lamaoensis (Murrill) Acacia sp., dioica Meghalaya Bakshi (1971); Pat. Artocarpus heterophyllus, Himachal Pradesh Vaidya and Hakimi (2008); Current Name: Artocarpus altilis, Eriodendron Uttarakhand Sharma (2004,2005); Pyrrhoderma lamaoense anfructuosum, Madhya Pradesh Verma (2008); (Murrill) L.W. Zhou and Y.C. Garcinia mangastana, Kumar (2015) Dai Mesua ferrea, Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Shorea robusta, Pterocarpus marsupium Contd……… 162

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Table 1. Contd………

44. Phellinus linteus (Berk. and Mangifera indica, Acacia Himachal Pradesh Bagchee(1959); Bakshi M.A. Curtis) Teng catechu, calophyllum Arunachal Pra- (1971); Rabba(1994); Current Name: spp., Caryotaurens, Cas- desh Sharma (1986,2004); Tropicoporus linteus (Berk. and sia spp., Eugenia jambo- Maharashtra Nagadeshi and Arya(2003); M.A. Curtis) L.W. Zhou and lana, Ficus benjamina, Gujarat Foroutan and Vaidya(2007); Y.C. Dai Gracinia indica, Lager- Chhatisgarh Tiwari et al.(2008); stromia spp., Olea dioica, Kumar (2015);Bala, Singh, Pongamia glabra, Quer- Dhingra (2019) cus spp., Tamarindus indica, Lonicera sp., Rhus punjabensis, Corylus co- lurna, Terminalia tomen- tosa 45. Phellinus lloydii (Cleland) G. Artocarpus integrifolia Maharashtra Bapat (2009) Cunn. Caesalpinia spp. Current Name: Inonotus lloydii (Cleland) P.K. Buchanan andRyvarden 46. Phellinus luctuosus (Ces.) Caesalpinia sp Maharashtra Vaidya and Hakimi (2008); Ryvarden indica Jabalpur;Madhya Verma (2005) Pradesh 47. Phellinus mcgregorii (Bres.) Acacia sp. Maharashtra Rabba(1994); Ryvarden Artocarpus heterophyllus Vaidya and Arvind (1993); Current Name: Bapat (2009). Fulvifomes mcgregorii (Bres.) Y.C. Dai 48. Phellinus mangrovicus Peltoforum ferruginosum Pune,Maharashtra Bapat (2009) (Imazeki) Imazeki Glyricidia sepium Current Name: Fulvifomes mangrovicus (Imazeki) T. Hatt. 49. Phellinus melanodermus Schleichera oleosa Uttarakhand Vaidya andArvind(1993); (Pat.) M. Fidalgo Casuarina equisetifolia West Bengal Sharma and Ghosh (1989); Anogeissus latifolia Maharshtra Sharma (1984,2007);

50. Phellinus melleoporus (Murrill) Acer sp. Uttarakhand Sharma (1992,1994) Ryvarden Quercus sp. Himachal Pradesh Current Name: Fulvifomes melleoporus (Murrill) Baltazar andGibertoni 51. Phellinus membranaceus J.E. Memecylon umbellatum Maharashtra Vaidya and Arvind(1993) Wright andBlumenf. Current Name: Fulvifomes membranaceus (J.E. Wright andBlumenf.) Baltazar andGibertoni 52. Phellinus merrillii (Murrill) Acacia nilotica, Artocar- Uttarakhnad Bakshi(1971) Ryvarden pus integrifolia Arunachal Pra- Rabba(1994); Current Name: Azadirachata indica desh Sharma (1986,2002); Fulvifomes merrillii (Murrill) Caesalpinia spp. Maharashtra Foroutan and Vaidya(2007); Baltazar andGibertoni Gliricidia spp. Chhatisgarh Bapat (2009); Lagerstromia spp. Parihar (2010); Peltophorum spp. Kumar (2015); Azeem (2017) 53. Phellinus minimus N. Walters Artocarpus heterophyllus Maharashtra Bapat (2009)

54. Phellinus minutiporus Albizia lebbeck Maharashtra Bapat (2009) Bondartseva and S. Herrera 55. Phellinus nigricans (Fr.) P. Betula utilis Arunachal Pra- Sharma (1987); Karst. desh Azeem (2017) Sikkim Uttarakhand Contd………

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Table 1. Contd……… 56. Phellinus nilgheriensis (Mont.) Bauhinia purpurea Arunachal Pra- Sharma (1986,2002); G. Cunn. Artocarpus heterophyllus desh Leelavathy and Ganesh Uttarakhand (2000); West Bengal Nagadeshi and Arya(2003); Tamil Nadu Foroutan and Vaidya(2007); Maharashtra Bapat (2009); Kerela Kumar (2015); Gujarat Mohan et al..., (2020) 57. Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. Poinciana spp. Arunachal Pra- Sharma (1987); Cunn Cinchona spp. desh Nagadeshi,Arya(2003) Current Name: Acacia spp. Gujarat Pyrrhoderma noxium (Corner) Coffea spp. L.W. Zhou and Y.C. Dai Thea spp. 58. Phellinus orientalis Thespesia populnea Maharashtra Lamrood (2000) Bondartsevaand S. Herrera Current Name: Phellinidium orientale (Bondartsevaand S. Herrera) Bondartsevaand S. Herrera 59. Phellinus ostricolor Parmasto Rhus wallichii Kardagaon; Chha- Bakshi(1971); Current Name: Shorea robusta tisgarh Tiwari et al..., (2008) Fomes ostricolor Lloyd Kullu,Himachal Pradesh 60. Phellinus pachyphloeus (Pat.) Mangifera indica Uttarakhand Sharma (1986); Pat. Ficus carica Kerela Nagadeshi and Arya(2003); Current Name: Ficus benjamina Gujarat Parihar(2010); Inonotus pachyphloeus (Pat.) Anogeissus latifolia Chhatisgarh. Mohanan(2011); T. Wagner and M. Fisch. Kumar (2015) 61. Phellinus pappianus (Bres.) Caesalpinia coriuria Maharashtra Forutan and Vaidya (2007) Ryvarden Current Name: Phellinus rimosus (Berk.) Pilát 62. Phellinus pectinatus (Klotzsch) Tamarindus indica Arunachal Pra- Thind andChatrath(1957); Quél Dalbergia melanoxylon desh Bakshi (1971); Current Name: Dalbergia sp. Uttarakhand Vaidya and Arvind (1993) Phylloporia pectinata Eugenia sp. Sharma (1987,1992); (Klotzsch) Ryvarden Prunus sp. Foroutan and Vaidya(2007); Pyrus sp. Kuamr(2015) 63. (Brot.) Pilát Pinus wallichiana Himachal Pradesh Bakshi(1971); Cedrus deodara Uttarakhnad Sharma(1994, 2002) Larix spp. Kumar (2015); Bala et al., (2019) 64. Phellinus portoricensis (Overh.) Schima wallichi, Shorea Meghalaya Sharma (1984); M. Fidalgo robusta, Lagerstromia Arunachal Pra- Tiwari et al..., (2008) Current Name: parviflora desh Inonotus portoricensis (Overh.) Gariyaband; Baltazar andGibertoni Chhatisgarh 65. Phellinus pseudosenex (Murrill) Elaeocarpus serratus, Thris- Bagchee(1947); Bondartsevaand S. Herrera Aglaia elaeagnoidea sur,Palghat;Kerela Leelavathy and Ganesh Current Name: Dillenia pentagyna (1986) Fomes pseudosenex (Murrill) Sacc. andTrotter 66. Phellinus pullus (Mont. and Shorea robusta, Quercus Uttarakhand Azeem (2017); Berk.) Ryvarden leucotrichophora, Acacia Kumar (2018) Current Name: catechu, Betula sp., Aza- Phylloporia pulla (Mont. and dirachata indica, Dalber- Berk.) DecockandYombiy. gia sissoo, Rhododen- dron arborium, Syzygium- cumini 67. Phellinus punctatus (P. Karst.) Unidentified host Uttarakhnad Vaidya andHakmi(2008); Pilát Santalum album Himachal Pradesh Leelavathyand Ganesh Current Name: Kozhikode;Kerela (1984); Fomitiporia punctata (P. Karst.) Sharma(2002, 2004) Murrill 68. Phellinus punctatiformis Azadirachta indica Idukki; Kerela Mohanan(2011) (Murrill) Ryvarden

Contd………

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Kumari, A. et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 13(1): 157 - 169 (2021) Table 1. Contd……… 69. Phellinus purpureogilvus Pithocellabium saman Uttarakhand Vaidya and Hakimi (2008); (Petch) Ryvarden West Bengal Sharma (1990); Maharashtra Singh,Dhingra (2003) Punjab 70. Phellinus ranulensis Adask., Artocarpus heterophyllus, Maharashtra Bapat (2009) Gilb. and Blanchette 71. Phellinus reichingiri (Bres.) Gliricidia sepium Maharashtra Foroutan, Vaidya (2007) Ryvarden 72. Phellinus resinaceus Kotl. Mangifera indica Maharashtra Foroutan, Vaidya(2007); andPouzar Artocarpus heterophyllus Bapat (2009)

73. Phellinus rhabarbarinus (Berk.) Rhus wallichii Uttarakhand Sharma (2002) G. Cunn Arunachal Pra- Current Name: desh Fuscoporia rhabarbarina (Berk.) Groposo, Log.- LeiteandGóes-Neto 74. Phellinus rhytiphloeus (Mont.) Artocarpus heterophyllus Maharashtra Foroutan, Vaidya (2007) Ryvarden Azadirachta indica Current Name: Fulvifomes rhytiphloeus (Mont.) Camp.-Sant. and Robledo 75. Phellinus ribis (Schumach.) Murraya exotica, Mur- Maharashtra Bakshi(1971); Quél. rayakoenigii, Desmodi- Thindand Rattan (1971); Current Name: umoojeinensis, Mallo- Vaidya and Arvind (1993) Phylloporia ribis (Schumach.) tusphilippinensis, Bhau- Ryvarden hinia spp., Syzygium- cumini

76. Phellinus rickii Teixeira Swietenia mahogany Maharashtra Ranadive (2007)

77. Phellinus rimosus (Berk.) Pilát Dalbergia sisso, Anogeis- Uttarakhnad Bagchee(1946); sus latifolia, Eugenia Arunachal Pra- LeelavathyandGanesh spp., Terminalia spp., desh (1985,1986); Quercus spp.,Mallotus Pune; Maharash- Sharma (1992); philippensis, Elaeoden- tra Vaidya andArvind(1993); dron spp., Shorea ro- Nilambur;Kerela Tiwari,Parhar,Verma busta, Laurus nobilis, Ambika- (2008); Terminalia bellirica, Sen- pur,Chhatisgarh Bapat (2009); egalia modesta, Acacia Mohanan(2011); nolotica, Caesalpinia Kumar (2015); cariaria, Gliricidia sepium, Mohan et al..Kattany, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Adarsh (2020) Ficus bengha- lensis,Terminalia cremu- lata, Acacia catechu 78. Phellinus robiniae (Murrill) A. Anogeissus latifolia, Ter- Uttarakhand Sharma (2002); Ames minalia spp., Terminalia Kerela Mohanan(2011) bellirica, Acacia modesta, Anogeissus pendula, Laurus nobilis, Piper longum 79. Phellinus robustus (P. Karst.) Abies pindrow, Picea sp. Uttarakhand Sharma (2002) BourdotandGalzin Sikkim Bala, Singh, Dhingra (2019) Current Name: Himachal Pradesh Fomitiporia robusta (P. Karst.) FiassonandNiemelä

80. Phellinus rufitinctus (Berk. and Unidentified host Maharashtra Vaidya andArvind(1993) M.A. Curtis ex Cooke) Pat. Current Name: Phellinidium rufitinctum (Berk. and M.A. Curtis ex Cooke) Bondartsevaand S. Herrera Contd………

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Table 1. Contd……… 81. Phellinus sancti-georgii (Pat.) Acacia tomentosa Maharashtra Rabba(1994); Ryvarden Vaidya andArvind(1993); Bapat (2009) 82. Phellinus sanfordii (Lloyd) Rhus punjabensis, Quer- Uttarakhand Sharma(2003); Ryvarden cus spp., Betula utilis Bala and Dhingra (2019)

83. Phellinus sanjanii (Lloyd) Artocarous heterophyllus, Uttarakhand Rabba(1994); Ryvarden Gliricidia sp. Maharashtra Sharma (2002); Current Name: Tamarindus sp. Bapat(2009) Phellinus rimosus (Berk.) Pilát 84. Phellinus scruposus (Fr.) Pat. Prunus padus Uttarakhand Bakshi(1971); Current Name: Cedrus deodara Jammu and Kash- Bala et al. (2019) Phellinus gilvus (Schwein.) Pat. mir

85. Phellinus senex (Neesand Melia azadirach, Morus Thrissur;Kerela Leelavathyand Ganesh Mont.) Imazeki alba, Chukrasia tabularis, Pune;Maharashtra (1984); Current Name: Aesculus hippocastanum, Chakra- Verma (2004); Fuscoporia senex (Neesand Mimusops elengi, Prunus ta;Uttarakhand Bapat (2009); Mont.) Ghob.-Nejh. persia, Pyrus domestica, Bori, Madhya Pra- Kumar (2015) Artocarpus heterophyllus, desh Dendrocalamus strictus 86. Phellinus setulosus (Lloyd) Peltophorum spp., Petro- Arunachal Pra- Sharma(1986); Imazeki carpus spp. desh Harsh and Tiwari(1990); Grevillea pteridifolia Maharashtra Leelavathy and Ganesh Thrissur;Kerela (2000); Gujarat Nagadeshi and Arya(2003); Chandan Foroutan and Vaidya (2007) Bagh;Madhya Pradesh 87. Phellinus shaferi (Murrill) Mangifera indica Maharashtra Vaidya and Arvind(1993); Ryvarden Syzygium cumini Gujarat Nagadeshi and Arya (2003)

88. Phellinus sonorae Gilb. Azadirachta indica Maharashtra Vaidya and Hakimi (2008) 89. Phellinus stratosus Pat. Gliricidia sepium Maharashtra Rabba(1994); Tamarindus indica Bapat (2009) 90. Phellinus sublinteus (Murrill) Agalaia spp., Gliricidiase- Meghalaya Bakshi(1971); Ryvarden pium, Azadirachata indi- andaman Sharma and Ghosh (1989) Current Name: ca, Peltophorum ferrugi- South Coimbatore Rabba(1994); Inonotus luteoumbrinus neum, Mangifera indica, Maharashtra Leelavathy and Ganesh (Romell) Ryvarden Anogeissus latifolia Kerela (2000); Bapat (2009); Kumar (2015) 91. Phellinus swieteniae (Murrill) S. Avicennia officinalis Maharashtra Rabba(1994); Herrera andBondartseva Vaidya and Arvind (1993); Bapat (2009) 92. Phellinus syringeus X.L. Zeng Artocarpus heterophyllus Maharashtra Bapat(2009) 93. Phellinus torulosus Albezzia lebbeck, Cassia Uttarakhand Thind et al. (1970); Current Name: fistula, Memecylon um- Arunachal Pra- Rabba(1994); Fuscoporia torulosa (Pers.) T. bellatum desh Sharma (1986,2002); Wagner and M. Fisch. Maharashtra Kumar(2015); Bala, Singh, Dhingra (2019)

94. Phellinus tricolor (Bres.) Kotl Shorearobusta Uttarakhand Bakshi(1971); Current Name: Kumar (2015) Inonotus tricolor (Bres.) Y.C. Dai 95. Phellinus tropicalis M.J. Larsen Derris indica, Mangifera Maharashtra Rabba(1994) and Lombard indica, Dimocarpus lon- Current Name: gan Tropicoporus tropicalis (M.J. Larsen and Lombard) L.W. Zhou and Y.C. Dai 96. Phellinus troyanus Derris sp., Palghat, Thrissur; Leelavathy and Ganesh Current Name Dimocarpus logan Kerela (1985) Fomes extensus (Lév.) Cooke

Contd………

166

Kumari, A. et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 13(1): 157 - 169 (2021) Table 1. Contd………

97. Phellinus umbrinellus (Bres.) S. Mangifera indica, Psidium Maharashtra Natarajan and Kolandavelu Herrera and Bondartseva guajava Tamil Nadu (1985); Current Name: Rabba (1994); Fulvifomes Vaidya and Arvind (1993) umbrinellus (Bres.) Y.C. Dai 98. Phellinus viticola (Schwein.) Quercus semecarpifolia Uttarakhand Kumar (2014) Donk 99. Phellinus wahlbergii (Fr.) D.A. Quercus sp., Uttarakhand Sharma(1995); Reid Syzygium sp., Kerela Leelavathy and Ganesh Current Name: (1984); Fuscoporia wahlbergii (Fr.) T. Mohanan (2011) Wagner and M. Fisch. 100. Phellinus xeranticus (Berk.) Quercus sp. West Bengal Bakshi(1971); Pegler Tectona grandis Arunachal Pra- Harsh (1982); Current Name: desh Sharma (1994); Hymenochaete xerantica Uttarakhnad Tiwari et al. (2009); (Berk.) S.H. He and Y.C. Dai Himachal Pradesh Kumar (2015) 101. Phellinus zealandicus (Cooke) Grevillea spp. Arunachal Pra- Bakshi (1971) Teng desh

Table 2. Showing dominantly infected genera amongst the host range of Phellinus (Source: Analysis based on Table-1.) Sr. No. Genus Family No. of Phellinus species inducing infection 1. Artocarpus Moraceae 21 2. Acacia Combretaceae 18 3. Terminalia Fabaceae 18 4. Shorea Dipterocarpaceae 14 5. Dalbergia Fabaceae 10 6. Albizzia Fabaceae 9 7. Quercus Fagaceae 9 8. Gliricidia Fabaceae 8 9. Anogiessus Combretaceae 8 10. Betula Betulaceae 7 have very poor resistance towards Phellinus attack and Conclusion contain some nutrients that attract this fungus towards the species of this family. Wood decaying fungi affects The present study concluded that Phellinus as a poten- plant species when they get external injuries and tial pathogen affects many species of plants belonging spores of these pathogenic fungi enter the tree system to different families. The Most affected genus is through injured sites. Most plants from Fabaceae are Artocarpus followed by Acacia, Terminalia, Shorea, urban avenue trees that are often subjected to stress Dalbergia, Albizzia, Quercus, Gliricidia, Anogiessus and external injuries, making them vulnerable for fungal and Betula. The most affected families are Fabaceae attacks. with twenty-two genera followed by Meliaceae, Myr- Species wise abundance in states like Uttarakhand, taceae, Pinaceae, Sapindaceae, Moraceae, Dipterocar- Maharashtra and Kerala (Fig. 1) indicated that various pacae, Lauraceae, Euphobiaceae and Malvaceae. It workers had done the taxonomic work in these areas. Table 3. Showing family wise susceptibility assessment of The areas like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Od- infection (Source: Analysis based onTable-1). isha, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telenga- na, Union Territories and North Eastern states like Ma- Sr. No. Family No. of infected genera nipur, Mizoram and Nagaland are the areas where 1. Fabaceae 22 least number of species are reported and are least ex- 2. Meliaceae 5 plored. Extensive work of and species report- 3. Myrtaceae 4 ing requires to be done in these areas. Areas like Ma- 4. Pinaceae 4 harashtra, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, 5. Sapindaceae 4 6. Moraceae 3 Arunachal Pradesh, Gujarat and West Bengal with the 7. Dipterocarpaceae 3 highest availability of Phellinus species are properly 8. Lauraceae 3 explored and show perfect environment conditioned to 9. Euphorbiaceae 3 have maximum diversity of Phellinus species. 10. Malvaceae 3

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