DOCSLIB.ORG

Fish Ecophysiology CHAPMAN & HALL FISH and FISHERIES SERIES

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fish Ecophysiology CHAPMAN & HALL FISH and FISHERIES SERIES Fish Ecophysiology CHAPMAN & HALL FISH AND FISHERIES SERIES Amongst the fishes, a remarkably wide range of fascinating biological adaptations to diverse habitats has evolved. Moreover, fisheries are of considerable importance in providing human food and economic benefits. Rational exploitation and management of our global stocks of fishes must rely upon a detailed and precise insight of the interaction of fish biology with human activities. The Chapman & Hall Fish and Fisheries Series aims to present authoritative and timely reviews which focus on important and specific aspects of the biology, ecology, taxonomy, physiology, behaviour, management and conservation offish and fisheries. Each volume will cover a wide but unified field with themes in both pure and applied fish biology. Although volumes will outline and put in perspective current research frontiers, the intention is to provide a synthesis accessible and useful to both experts and non-specialists alike. Consequently, most volumes will be of interest to a broad spectrum of research workers in biology, zoology, ecology and physiology, with an additional aim of the books encompassing themes accessible to non-specialist readers, ranging from undergraduates and postgraduates to those with an interest in industrial and commercial aspects of fish and fisheries. Applied topics will embrace synopses of fishery issues which will appeal to a wide audience of fishery scientists, aquaculturists, economists, geographers and managers in the fishing industry. The series will also contain practical guides to fishery and analysis methods and global reviews of particular types of fisheries. Books already published and forthcoming are listed below. The Publisher and Series Editor would be glad to discuss ideas for new volumes in the series ... Available titles 1. Ecology of Teleost Fishes Robert J. Wootton 2. Cichlid Fishes Behaviour, ecology and evolution Edited by Miles A. Keenleyside 3. Cyprinid Fishes Systematics, biology and exploitation Edited by Ian J. Winfield and Joseph S. Nelson 4. Early Life History of Fish An energetics approach Ewa Kamler 5. Fisheries Acoustics David N. MacLennan and E. John Simmonds 6. Fish Chemoreception Edited by Toshiaki J. Hara 7. Behaviour of Teleost Fishes Second edition Edited by Tony J. Pitcher 8. Genetics and Fish Breeding Colin R. Purdom 9. Fish Ecophysiology J. Cliff Rankin and Frank B. Jensen Forthcoming titles Fish Swimming J. Videler Sea Bass G. Pickett and M. Pawson Fisheries Ecology Second edition Edited by T.J. Pitcher and P. Hart Hake Fisheries. products and markets. J. Alheit and T.J. Pitcher Impact of Species Change in the African Lakes Edited by T.J. Pitcher On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations R. Beverton and S. Holt (Facsimile reprint) Fish Bcophysiology Edited by J. Cliff Rankin and Frank B. Jensen Institute of Biology Odense University Denmark CHAPMAN &. HALL London· Glasgow· New York· Tokyo· Melbourne' Madras Published by Chapman & Hall 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEI 8HN Chapman & Hall. 2-6 Boundary Row. London SE1 8HN. UK Blackie Academic & Professional. Wester Cleddens Road. Bishopbriggs. Glasgow G64 2NZ. UK Chapman & Hall Inc .. 29 West 35th Street. New York NY 1000 1. USA Chapman & Hall Japan. Thomson Publishing Japan. Hirakawacho Nemoto Building. 6F. 1-7-11 Hirakawa-cho. Chiyoda-ku. Tokyo 102. Japan Chapman & Hall Australia. Thomas Nelson Australia. 102 Dodds Street. South Melbourne. Victoria 3205. Australia Chapman & Hall India. R. Seshadri. 32 Second Main Road. CIT East. Madras 600035. India First edition 1993 © 1993 Chapman & Hall Typeset in 10112 pt Photina by ROM Data Corp. Ltd .. Falmouth. Cornwall ISBN 0 412 45920 5 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study. or criticism or review. as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act. 1988. this publication may not be reproduced. stored. or transmitted. in any form or by any means. without the prior permission in writing of the publishers. or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK. or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation. express or implied. with regard to the accuracy of the infdnnadon contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data available Contents Contributors xiii Series foreword T.]. Pitcher xv Preface Fish ecophysiology: the comparative physiologist's viewpoint ]. ClijJ Rankin and Frank B. Jensen xvii 1 Bioenergetics: feed intake and energy partitioning Malcolm ]obling 1.1 Introduction l.2 Basic principles 2 l.3 Factors influencing ingestion (R) ) l.4 Factors influencing faecal losses (F) 9 1.5 Products of nitrogenous excretion (U) 1 3 l.6 Factors influencing metabolism (M) 16 1.7 Factors affecting growth and production (P) 2 g l.8 Concluding remarks 3Y References 40 2 Biochemical correlates of growth rate in fish 45 D.P. Houlihan. E. Mathers and A. Foster 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2 Protein synthesis and growth 47 2.3 Perturbations in the general model 4Y 2.4 Protein synthesis and energy consumption 52 2.5 Free amino acids and protein turnover 54 2.6 Growth and its correlates in the tissues 56 2.7 Biochemical indices of growth rate 57 2.8 Linkage between aerobic enzymes and RNA 61 2.9 Body size efTects on protein growth. synthesis and RNA h2 concentrations 2.10 Temperature 64 2.11 Estimation of growth rate of fish in the North Sea 66 Acknowledgements 67 References h 7 viii Fish ecophysiology 3 Growth. reproduction and death in lampreys and eels 72 Lis Olesen Larsen and Sylvie Dufour 3.1 General introduction 72 3.2 Lampreys 73 3.3 Eels 86 3.4 General discussion 99 Acknowledgements 100 References 100 4 Salmonid smolting: a pre-adaptation to the oceanic environment 105 Gilles Boeuf 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 Changes during parr-smolt transformation 107 4.3 Role of environmental factors 122 4.4 Conclusion 124 Acknowledgements 125 References 12 5 5 Role of peptide hormones in fish osmoregulation 137 Yoshio Takei 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 Growth hormone (GH) 139 5.3 Angiotensin II (ANGII) 141 5.4 Arginine vasotocin (A VT) 143 5.5 Urotensins (UI and UII) 145 5.6 Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 147 5.7 Natriuretic peptides 149 Acknowledgements 153 References 153 6 Environmental perturbations of oxygen transport in teleost fishes: 161 causes. consequences and compensations Frank B. Jensen. Mikko Nikinmaa and Roy E. Weber 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Hypoxia 162 6.3 Combined hypoxia-hypercapnia 168 6.4 Temperature 169 6.5 Salinity change 17l 6.6 Effects of toxicants 172 6.7 Concluding remarks 174 Acknowledgements 175 References 1 75 7 Cardiovascular and ventilatory control during hypoxia 180 Regina Fritsche and Stefan Nilsson 7.1 Introduction 180 Contents ix 7.2 Chemoreceptors 181 7.3 Mechanoreceptors 187 7.4 Catecholamine release 187 7.5 Methods of studying ventilation in water-breathing animals 188 7.6 Ventilatory responses to hypoxia 189 7.7 Circulatory responses to hypoxia 194 7.8 General conclusions 199 Acknowledgements 199 References 199 8 Acid-base regulation in response to changes of the environment: 207 characteristics and capacity Norbert Heisler 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Environmentally induced changes of the acid-base status 208 8.3 Characteristics of regulatory responses 221 8.4 Capacity of acid-base relevant ion-transfer mechanisms 22 3 as a function of environmental conditions 8.5 Conclusion 22 6 References 22 6 9 Environmental effects on fish gill structure and function 231 Steve F. Perry and Pierre Laurent 9.1 Introduction 231 9.2 Environmental ions 234 9.3 Morphological component to acid-base regulation 249 9.4 Environmental pH and oxygen 255 Acknowledgements 258 References 258 10 Effects of water pH on gas and ion transfer across fish gills 265 David J. Randall and Hong Lin 10.1 Introduction 265 10.2 Proton excretion 266 10.3 Effect of water pH on proton transport 271 10.4 Interactions between proton, carbon dioxide and ammonia excretion 271 10.5 Sodium uptake 272 10.6 Chloride uptake 272 10.7 Carbon dioxide transfer 27 3 10.8 Oxygen transfer 273 10.9 Ammonia excretion 273 lO.10 Swimming performance 274 References 274 x Fish ecophysiology 11 Endocrine responses to environmental pollutants 276 J. Anne Brown 11.1 Introduction 276 11.2 Adrenocortical response 277 11.3 Adrenergic responses 284 11.4 Prolactin 286 11.5 Thyroid response 288 11.6 Future studies 291 References 291 12 Branchial mechanisms of acclimation to metals in freshwater fish 297 D.G. McDonald and e.M. Wood 12.1 Introduction 297 12.2 Effects of metals on gill morphology 300 12.3 'Shock' phase 303 12.4 Branchial defences against acute metal toxicity 304 12.5 Recovery and the origin of metal tolerance 305 12.6 Increased tolerance via decreased metal accumulation by the gills 307 12.7 Increased tolerance via increased metal storage and detoxification in gill tissue 309 12.8 Increased tolerance via increased resistance of metal-sensitive processes 311 12.9 Conclusions 312 12.10 Future research directions 314 Acknowledgements 315 References 315 13 Phenotypic plasticity of fish muscle to temperature change 322 Ian A. Johnston 13.1 Introduction 322 13.2 Muscle function and temperature 323 13.3 Temperature acclimation of swimming performance 325 13.4 Plasticity of muscle phenotypes 327 13.5 Muscle contractile properties 330 13.6 Muscle metabolism 335 13.7 Future prospects 337 Acknowledgement 337 References 3 3 8 14 Recent advances in the ecophysiology of Antarctic notothenioid fishes: metabolic capacity and sensory performance 341 J.e.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Perspectives of Forest Ecophysiological Research in the Context of Mediterranean Basin M
    Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For (2005) 14(3), 538-549 Perspectives of forest ecophysiological research in the context of Mediterranean Basin M. Fernández* and R. Tapias Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales. Escuela Politécnica Superior. Huelva University. 21819 Palos de la Frontera. Huelva. Spain Abstract The mediterranean-climate regions are linked to the presence of the unusual global conditions of cool rainy winters and warm dry summers. Thus, the common drought periods, frost nights, summer heat and fires and soil erosion disturb plants life. These regions have a global significance by their floristic richness. Nevertheless, these areas have been more heavily impacted by human activities than almost any other ecosystem. The foreseeable global change will most likely influence plant life, and the Mediterranean Basin will be specially affected (e.g. a decrease in spring and winter rainfalls, an increase in mean annual temperature), affecting the delicate equilibrium of these ecosystems. Ecophysiology is a powerful tool to examine the controlling mechanisms behind the functioning, distribution, abundance, and productivity of forest tree species and their response to a changing environment. This science discipline can help to the forest management by physiological approaches of the response of plant processes to the biotic and abiotic constraints imposed by the environment. Key words: Tree research, forest ecosystems, plant physiological ecology. Resumen Perspectivas en la investigación ecofisiológica forestal en el contexto de la cuenca mediterránea Las regiones de clima mediterráneo se caracterizan por presentar las precipitaciones concentradas en la época fría y veranos secos y calurosos. Ello conduce a la frecuente aparición de períodos de sequía, heladas, altas temperaturas estivales, fuegos forestales y fenómenos de erosión edáfica que afectan la vida de las plantas.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Ecophysiology – Biology 2210 (Or ES 2223)
    Fall, 2019 Plant Ecophysiology – Biology 2210 (or ES 2223) Young Spruces - Rockwell Kent Professor Barry Logan Laboratory Instructor: Jaret Reblin Lecture: MWF: 10:40 – 11:35AM Laboratory: Tu, W or Th: 1:15 – 4:10PM Roux 207 Druckenmiller 222 Barry Logan Jaret Reblin Druckenmiller 220A Druckenmiller 222A 725-3944 725-3166 [email protected] [email protected] Office Hours: Tu. 9:15-10:25AM & W. 4:15-5:15PM M. 11:40 – 12:40PM & Th. 11:00 – 12:00PM (or by appointment) (or by appointment) Prerequisites: Biology 1102, 1109 or recommendation of the Biology Department Fall, 2019 Plant Ecophysiology – Biology 2210 (or ES 2223) Course Description: Examines the functional attributes of plants and the manner in which they vary across the plant kingdom by the processes of evolution and acclimation. Topics of focus include photosynthesis and protection against high-light stress, the acquisition and distribution of water and mineral nutrients, and environmental and hormonal control of development. Special topics discussed may include plant parasitism, carnivory, the origins and present state of agriculture, plant responses to global climate change, plant life in extreme environments, and the impacts of local land-use history on plant communities. Contemporary research instrumentation is used in weekly laboratories, some conducted in the field, to enable first-hand exploration of phenomena discussed in lecture. Inquiry in the Natural Sciences & Mathematical, Computational and Statistical Reasoning requirements: This course can be completed to satisfy either the INS or MCSR Distribution Requirement. This course is dedicated to understanding plant function, distribution and responses to the environment. We will pursue this through lecture; guided problem solving and critical thinking; reading and discussion of journal articles describing original research, review articles & chapters; field excursions; and field/lab exercises designed to offer you opportunities to pursue authentic research using contemporary instrumentation.
    [Show full text]
  • (Vell.) Mart. (Mimosaceae) Seeds Subjected to Hypoxia and Anoxia1
    Revta brasil. Bot., São Paulo, V.23, n.1, p.51-57, mar. 2000 Ecophysiology and respiratory metabolism during the germination of Inga sessilis (Vell.) Mart. (Mimosaceae) seeds subjected to hypoxia and anoxia1 JANETE MAYUMI OKAMOTO2 and CARLOS ALFREDO JOLY2,3 (received: May 27, 1999; accepted: November 17, 1999) ABSTRACT - (Ecophysiology and respiratory metabolism during the germination of Inga sessilis (Vell.) Mart. (Mimosaceae) seeds subjected to hypoxia and anoxia). This paper presents a study on the respiratory metabolism of germinating seeds of Inga sessilis subjected to normoxia, hypoxia and anoxia. Although it is typical of environments where waterlogging seldom occurs, 40% of its seeds are able to germinate under hypoxia; yet, anoxia periods over 96 h are lethal to the seeds. Ethanol is the main product of the seeds anaerobic metabolism, but the steep increase in lactate after 24 h anoxia or 48 h hypoxia may explain the drop in seed viability. RESUMO - (Ecofisiologia da germinação e metabolismo respiratório de sementes de Inga sessilis (Vell.) Mart. (Mimosaceae) submetidas à hipoxia e anoxia). Os estudos referentes à germinação e ao metabolismo respiratório de sementes de Inga sessilis (Vell.) Mart. submetidas a normoxia, hipoxia e anoxia, mostraram que apesar de ser uma espécie típica de ambientes com solos bem drenados, 40% das sementes germinam sob hipoxia. A anoxia, por outro lado, é letal para as sementes. O etanol é o principal produto do metabolismo anaeróbico das sementes. A perda de viabilidade das sementes parece estar associada ao rápido aumento na concentração de lactato após 24 h de anoxia ou 48 h de hipoxia.
    [Show full text]
  • Hughes and Shelton: the Fathers of Fish Respiration
    © 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | The Journal of Experimental Biology (2014) 217, 3191-3192 doi:10.1242/jeb.095513 CLASSICS Hughes and Shelton: the oxygen carried in the blood is usually 1984) and studies of gas exchange in far greater than that in an equivalent elasmobranchs and birds also owe much fathers of fish respiration volume of water. Hughes and Shelton to the analysis by Hughes and Shelton. concluded, therefore, that water flow As fish gas exchange systems became over the gills must be much higher than better understood and described, blood flow through the gills to deliver mammalian terms such as V (ventilation), the required rate of oxygen transfer for Q (blood flow) and the V/Q ratio were metabolism. Hughes and Shelton adopted to facilitate comparison between introduced the term ‘capacity rate ratio’ different gas exchange systems so that (ratio of flow × oxygen content of blood the terms ‘capacity rate ratio’, and and water) and analyzed the effects of ‘effectiveness of transfer’ have largely this on oxygen transfer. They also disappeared from discussions of gas introduced the term ‘effectiveness of exchange. transfer’, defined as the actual rate of Fish Respiration oxygen transfer in relation to the At the time of the review, knowledge David Randall discusses George Hughes maximum possible rate of transfer. There of the blood circulation in fish was and Graham Shelton’s classic paper ‘Respiratory mechanisms and their were insufficient data for a detailed limited. Fish had been placed in sealed nervous control in fish’, published in analysis, but what they pointed out was chambers and the extent to which Advances in Comparative Physiology and that effectiveness depended on the oxygen could be removed from the Biochemistry in 1962.
    [Show full text]
  • Forage Plant Ecophysiology: a Discipline Come of Age
    agriculture Editorial Forage Plant Ecophysiology: A Discipline Come of Age Cory Matthew 1,* and Lilian Elgalise Techio Pereira 2 1 Institute of Agriculture and Environment PN 433, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand 2 Animal Science Department, University of São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga CEP 13635-900, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +64-6-356-9099 (ext. 84802); Fax: +64-6-350-5679 Received: 17 July 2017; Accepted: 24 July 2017; Published: 27 July 2017 1. Introduction The first use of the term “ecology” is credited to German scientist Ernst Haekel in 1866, who used the word to describe the total science of relationships between organisms and their environment [1]. Over time, the complexity of organism-environment interactions has led to the definition of specialist fields within the wider discipline of ecology, one of those being ‘ecophysiology’. The dictionary definition of ecophysiology is, “the science of the relationships between the physiology of organisms and their environment” [2]. The first use of the term ‘ecophysiology’ known to the authors was in 1956, by a French entomologist employed by L’Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Remy Chauvin [3]. Credit for forward thinking should be given to the staff of INRA, who in the mid-1980s established a centre at Lusignan initially known as the Station d’Ecophysiologie des Plantes Fourragères (SEPF), and later as the Unité d’Ecophysiologie des Plantes Fourragères (UEPF). In 2008, the UEPF was incorporated into the Unité de Recherche Pluridiciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères (URP3F) [4].
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Plant Ecophysiology
    4 Urban Plant Ecophysiology Nancy Falxa Sonti* USDA Forest Service, Baltimore, Maryland Introduction understanding and managing the fluxes of heat, water, gases and nutrients that underlie Plants have long been cultivated to improve urban ecosystem science and that help make quality of life in dense human settlements, cities both liveable and sustainable (Alberti, mitigating the environmental stresses of ur- 2005). The past few decades have seen a rise ban living. Urban landscape elements include in research on plant community ecology, but gardens, trees and lawns designed to provide ecophysiological studies have lagged behind, aesthetic and functional benefits to local resi- possibly due to methodological challenges, or dents, as well as urban natural areas that re- due to the recent popularity of other topics in flect the native biome vegetation. Different plant biology (Beyschlag and Ryel, 2007). types of informal green space are typically A systematic approach to urban plant found in interstitial urban areas wherever ecophysiology that is tied to decision making plants find space, light, water and nutrients to can support efforts to improve both liveabil- grow (Rupprecht and Byrne, 2014). A grow- ity and sustainability of cities via plant physi- ing body of literature evaluates the health and ological function. Plants are the foundation of well- being benefits of these diverse types of most nature- based solutions to environmental, intentional and unintentional urban nature, social and economic challenges, and physi- and advocates for their inclusion in sustain- ological function is the engine that drives the able urban design (Konijnendijk et al., 2013; provision of associated ecosystem services. Kowarik, 2018; Threlfall and Kendal, 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article Plant Phenotypic Plasticity in Response to Environmental Factors
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Botany Volume 2014, Article ID 208747, 17 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/208747 Review Article Plant Phenotypic Plasticity in Response to Environmental Factors Loretta Gratani Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5 00185, Rome, Italy Correspondence should be addressed to Loretta Gratani; [email protected] Received 8 December 2013; Revised 21 February 2014; Accepted 24 March 2014; Published 22 April 2014 Academic Editor: Shoji Mano Copyright © 2014 Loretta Gratani. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Plants are exposed to heterogeneity in the environment where new stress factors (i.e., climate change, land use change, and invasiveness) are introduced, and where inter- and intraspecies differences may reflect resource limitation and/or environmental stress factors. Phenotypic plasticity is considered one of the major means by which plants can cope with environmental factor variability. Nevertheless, the extent to which phenotypic plasticity may facilitate survival under environmental condition changes still remains largely unknown because results are sometimes controversial. Thus, it is important to identify plant functional traits in which plasticity may play a determinant role in plant response to global change as well as on the ecological consequences at an ecosystem level for the competition between wild and invasive species, considering that species with a greater adaptive plasticity may be more likely to survive in novel environmental conditions. In the near future, it will be important to increase long-term studies on natural populations in order to understand plant response to environmental factor fluctuations including climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • Rangeland Ecophysiology - Jenesio I
    RANGE AND ANIMAL SCIENCES AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT - Vol. I ‐ Rangeland Ecophysiology - Jenesio I. Kinyamario, Victor R. Squires RANGELAND ECOPHYSIOLOGY Jenesio I. Kinyamario University of Nairobi, School of Biological Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya Victor R. Squires University of Adelaide, Australia Keywords: C3, C4, photosynthesis, water use efficiency, nitrogen, productivity, rangeland management, crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), physiological processes, CO2 fixation, Leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) Contents 1. Implications of plant physiological processes for rangeland ecosystems 1.1. Plant Level Interactions 1.2. Management Implications: 2. Photosynthesis 2.1. C3, C4 Pathways in Photosynthesis 2.2. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) 3. Geographical and ecological distribution of different photosynthetic pathway plants 4. Comparative analysis of photosynthetic pathways 4.1. CO2 Compensation Point 4.2. Light Saturation 4.3. Light Compensation Point 4.4. Temperature Optima 4.5. Water Use Efficiency 4.6. Nitrogen Use Efficiency 4.7. Photorespiration 5. Photosynthetic capacity, quantum yield, and productivity 6. Implications for Rangeland Management 6.1. Herbivory 6.2. Carbohydrate Reserves 6.3. Drought and Overgrazing Combine to Cause Much Stress 6. 4. Climate Change 6.5. Invasive Species 6.6. Fires 7. ConclusionsUNESCO – EOLSS Glossary Bibliography SAMPLE CHAPTERS Biographical Sketches Summary Plants fix radiant energy through fixation of carbon into biomass that is consumed by animals. Therefore, the rates of carbon fixation and factors that determine these rates will determine the number of grazers a rangeland can be able to optimally carry (carrying capacity). Environmental factors that determine bioproductivity rates are ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) RANGE AND ANIMAL SCIENCES AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT - Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Leigh SC, Papastamatiou Y, and DP German. 2017. the Nutritional
    Rev Fish Biol Fisheries (2017) 27:561–585 DOI 10.1007/s11160-017-9481-2 REVIEWS The nutritional physiology of sharks Samantha C. Leigh . Yannis Papastamatiou . Donovan P. German Received: 28 December 2016 / Accepted: 9 May 2017 / Published online: 25 May 2017 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 Abstract Sharks compose one of the most diverse Keywords Digestive efficiency Á Digestive and abundant groups of consumers in the ocean. biochemistry Á Gastrointestinal tract Á Microbiome Á Consumption and digestion are essential processes for Spiral intestine Á Stable isotopes obtaining nutrients and energy necessary to meet a broad and variable range of metabolic demands. Despite years of studying prey capture behavior and Introduction feeding habits of sharks, there has been little explo- ration into the nutritional physiology of these animals. Sharks make up one of the most abundant and diverse To fully understand the physiology of the digestive groups of consumers in the ocean (Fig. 1, Compagno tract, it is critical to consider multiple facets, including 2008). They may play an important ecological role in the evolution of the system, feeding mechanisms, energy fluxes in marine environments and in impact- digestive morphology, digestive strategies, digestive ing the biodiversity of lower trophic levels that we biochemistry, and gastrointestinal microbiomes. In depend on as a food and economic resource (e.g., each of these categories, we make comparisons to Wetherbee et al. 1990; Corte´s et al. 2008). However, what is currently known about teleost nutritional beyond prey capture methods and dietary analyses, the physiology, as well as what methodology is used, and nutritional physiology of sharks is woefully under- describe how similar techniques can be used in shark studied.
    [Show full text]
  • Physiology of Elasmobranch Fishes: Structure and Interaction with Environment: Volume 34A Copyright R 2016 Elsevier Inc
    6 SWIMMING MECHANICS AND ENERGETICS OF ELASMOBRANCH FISHES GEORGE V. LAUDER VALENTINA DI SANTO 1. Introduction 2. Elasmobranch Locomotor Diversity 3. Elasmobranch Kinematics and Body Mechanics 4. Hydrodynamics of Elasmobranch Locomotion 5. The Remarkable Skin of Elasmobranchs and Its Locomotor Function 6. Energetics of Elasmobranch Locomotion 7. Climate Change: Effects on Elasmobranch Locomotor Function 8. Conclusions The remarkable locomotor capabilities of elasmobranch fishes are evident in the long migrations undertaken by many species, in their maneuverability, and in specialized structures such as the skin and shape of the pectoral and caudal fins that confer unique locomotor abilities. Elasmobranch locomotor diversity ranges from species that are primarily benthic to fast open-ocean swimmers, and kinematics and hydrodynamics are equally diverse. Many elongate-bodied shark species exhibit classical undulatory patterns of deformation, while skates and rays use their expanded wing-like locomotor structures in oscillatory and undulatory modes. Experimental hydrodynamic analysis of pectoral and caudal fin function in leopard sharks shows that pectoral fins, when held in the typical cruising position, do not generate lift forces, but are active in generating torques during unsteady swimming. The heterocercal (asymmetrical) tail shape generates torques that would rotate the body around the center of mass except for counteracting torques generated by the ventral body surface and head. The skin of sharks, with its hard surface denticles embedded in a flexible skin, alters flow dynamics over the surface and recent experimental data suggest that shark skin both reduces drag and enhances thrust on oscillating propulsive surfaces such as the tail. Analyses of elasmobranch 219 Physiology of Elasmobranch Fishes: Structure and Interaction with Environment: Volume 34A Copyright r 2016 Elsevier Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Assessment of the Visual Capabilities of Fish
    Provided for non-commercial research and educational use. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. This article was originally published in Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology: From Genome to Environment, published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author’s benefit and for the benefit of the author’s institution, for non-commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who you know, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier’s permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial Schuster S., Machnik P., and Schulze W. (2011) Behavioral Assessment of the Visual Capabilities of Fish. In: Farrell A.P., (ed.), Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology: From Genome to Environment, volume 1, pp. 143–149. San Diego: Academic Press. ª 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Author's personal copy Behavioral Assessment of the Visual Capabilities of Fish S Schuster, P Machnik, and W Schulze, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany ª 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction Detecting and Analyzing Movement Recognizing Objects Detecting Polarized Light Detecting Color Conclusion Spatial Vision Further Reading Glossary Optomotor response When an extended visual Color constancy The capability to assign a unique pattern moves, animals often reduce retinal image color to an object, regardless of the spectrum of the motion by moving themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Importance of Ecophysiology When Choosing Functional Traits for Studying Communities and Ecosystems
    Essays & Perspectives Natureza & Conservação 11(1):15-22, July 2013 Copyright© 2013 ABECO Handling Editor: José Alexandre F. Diniz Filho Brazilian Journal of Nature Conservation http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/natcon.2013.002 Going Back to Basics: Importance of Ecophysiology when Choosing Functional Traits for Studying Communities and Ecosystems Bruno H. P. Rosado1*, André T. C. Dias2 & Eduardo A. de Mattos3 1 Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil 2 Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 3 Departamento de Ecologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde – CCS, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil Abstract Striking progress has been made on conceptual and methodological aspects linking species traits to community and ecosystem responses to environmental change. However, the first step when using a trait-based approach (i.e., choosing the adequate traits reflecting species response to a given environmental driver) deserves much more attention. The first broad comparative studies, using worldwide datasets, have identified a number of traits that are, for example, good indicators of plant responses to water and nutrient availability, or good indicators of plant species defense against herbivory and plant effects on litter decomposition. Due to the successful explanation of global patterns of trait variation and the relatively easy measurements, some functional traits have become widely used. However, it is starting to be questioned whether the status of such “fashionable traits” is always justified; especially considering that particular traits might be the result of underlying traits that respond to distinct environmental factors.
    [Show full text]