2015 Academic Super Bowl Social Studies

1  Tributary empire dominated by Imperial autocratic monarchy & urban aristocratic landowners

 Iron Age technology powered by humans, animals, & water

 Agricultural economy dependent upon slavery & patronage

 Manufacturing limited to weapons, pottery, wine, & cloth

 Network of sea routes & imperial roads linked numerous large cities; luxury goods imported via Silk Route & Indian Ocean

 Barbarian tribes threatened Central Not Analogous European frontier; Persian Empire to Modern States threatened eastern frontier 2 Roman View of

From the very earliest records, Romans Cicero identified moral deficiencies as the cause of proclaimed that Rome the collapse of the Roman had grown great through Republic. the righteousness of her men and the favor of her gods. For almost 1000 years, they attributed Roman successes to the virtues of their leaders and Roman failures to leaders’ vices or occasionally to errors they made in religious rituals.

3 Cicero perfectly expressed the ideological stance of the Roman elite, one that was determined not to see a clash between their own desires and the interests of the state. He and others had very little concept of empire in a modern sense. They could not recognize fundamental conflicts between the interests of the Roman people and those of their subjects. Romans ruled well because they owed it to their nature to do so, not in respect to the rights of others. Greg Woolf, Rome: An Empire’s Story

4 Early American View of Roman Empire

To live without having a Cicero and a Tacitus at hand, seems to me as if it was a privation of one of my limbs.

John Quincy Adams

5  What were the characteristics of Roman imperialism and how did the Roman Empire grow?

 What enabled the Romans to resist defeats and capitalize on victories?

 Why did Rome succeed when its rivals failed?

 How did the Roma Empire survive crises, dig itself in, and replace chaotic campaigns of conquest with stability?

 What institutions, habits, and beliefs suited Rome for an imperialistic role?

 What did the fact of empire do to all the beliefs, habits, and institutions with which the Romans had conquered the Mediterranean world?

6 It is persistence and survival that needs to be explained, not decline and fall. Rome’s genius – or good fortune – lay in the ability to recover from crisis to crisis.

Dr. Greg Woolf Rome: An Empire’s Story

7  Easy-to-read introduction to Roman history  Chronological order  Numerous pictures  Detailed easy-to-read maps  Selected list of Roman kings, statesmen, & emperors

Students should read this book first!

8 An Imperial Story

This is a hugely ambitious book. It marches through ancient Rome’s entire history.

Woolf emphasizes a desire to know how this empire could have lasted as long as it did. Ultimately, the book is meant to be not so much a survey history, but rather, an exploration of the theme of empire. If one keeps that precise goal strictly in mind, then, An Empire’s Story succeeds rather well.

Bryn Mawr Classical Review

9  Graduated from Oxford and Cambridge universities  Elected in 1998 to a chair at Scotland’s University of St. Andrews  Taught ancient history, classical studies and archaeology modules including the , Roman Leisure, Greece under Roman Rule, Roman Religion, Ancient Slavery and Archaic Greece.  Served on councils of , the Classical Association and the Classical Association of Scotland and various national and international committees; has held visitng appointments in Rome, Paris, Erfurt, and Campians and has lectured around the world.  Has written numerous books and has been a member of the several editorial boards .

10 2015 Senior Academic Super Bowl Social Studies Genius of the Roman Empire The Outline It is persistence and survival that needs to be explained, not decline and fall. Rome’s genius – or good fortune – lay in the ability to recover from crisis to crisis.

The official ASB Greg Woolf, author of Rome: An Empire’s Story outline reviews the I. The Roman Empire: Chronological History (60%) chronological A. Settlement of Rome from 9th thru 6th Centuries BCE history of ancient 1. Physical & Cultural Setting Rome and identifies 2. Roman Tradition B. The Republic from 6th thru 2nd Centuries BCE the major themes 1. Republican Government 2. Unification of Italy and issues presented 3. Mediterranean Hegemony in the Woolf text. C. Crises of the Late Republic during 1st & 2nd Centuries BCE 1. Mediterranean Hegemony Threatened 2. Italian Unity Threatened 3. Collapse of Republican Government a. Rise of the Generals All questions relate b. Civil War to the outline and D. Monarchy and the Pax Romana from 1st Century CE thru 3rd Century CE 1. Augustus & the Origins of the Principate come from only The 2. The Julio-Claudian Emperors (27 BCE thru 68 CE) 3. Crisis in the Year of the Four Emperors (69 CE) Penguin Historical 4. The Flavian Emperors & Five Good Emperors (69 thru 192 CE) Atlas of Ancient 5. Crisis in the Year of the Six Emperors (193 CE) 6. The Severan Emperors (193 thru 235 CE) Rome or Rome: An E. The Crises of the Empire during 3rd Century CE 1. Pressure on the Northern & Eastern Frontiers Empire’s Story. 2. “The Anarchy” (235 thru 284 CE) Only answers from 3. Restoration of Central Authority (268 thru 284 CE) 4. Revived Empire of Diocletian & Constantine (284 thru 395 CE) these two sources F. The Final Crises of the Empire from the 4th thru 8th centuries 1. Invasion will be accepted. 2. Fragmentation 3. Collapse & Retrenchment

11 2015 Social Studies Guide

A CAVEAT! The Theme of Rome: An Empire’s Story

It is persistence and survival that needs to be explained, not decline and fall. Rome’s genius – or good fortune – lay Woolf has written a dense in the ability to recover from crisis to crisis. 300-page book that Greg Woolf The Social Studies content of the 2015 Academic Super Bowl will focus on the creation moves slowly, with no and the persistent survival of the Roman Empire during two distinct historical periods between 753 BCE and 378 CE. The successful navigation of multiple crises during those discernible narrative time periods will be contrasted with the collapse of the Empire after 378 CE.  Rome creates a “conquest empire” and responds effectively to several imperial thread. crises between 753 BCE (the traditional founding of Rome) and 9 CE (the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest).

 Rome changes from a “conquest empire” to a more stable “tributary empire” and Students will have a responds effectively to several imperial crises between 31 BCE (Battle of Actium) and 378 CE (Battle of Adrianople). study guide that identifies  After 1143 years of success, the Empire fails to survive multiple “barbarian” invasions between 378 CE (Battle of Adrianople) and 642 CE (the fall of the major issues of Alexandria to the Arabs.) Roman history as well as the most significant Major Time  The Roman Republic (510 to 27 BCE) Periods  The Pax Romana (27 BCE to 180 CE  The Roman Empire (27 BCE to 476 CE) locations, individuals, Also See Sequence  The Five Good Emperors (96 to 180 CE) of Major Events  The Anarchy (235 to 284 CE) from Woolf Text &  The Byzantine Empire ( c. 527 to 1453 CE) and key vocabulary Historical Atlas

 Before the Common Era (BCE) = Before Christ (BC) words.  The Common Era (CE) = Anno Domini (AD)

Imperial  Identify and contrast specific crises that threatened the unity and The content of the study Crises survival of the Empire  Identify and evaluate Roman actions and polices that enable the Empire guide relates directly to to survive multiple crises before the 5th Century CE  Identify factors that caused the collapse of the Empire in the 5th and 6th the contest questions! centuries CE 12 Dates will be designated Before The Common Era (BCE) or The Common Era (CE). Modern academic and scientific publications usually use these terms.

BCE and CE are numerically equivalent to Before Christ (BC) and Anno Domini (AD).

13 Concepts, names, events, and terms in practice and invitational questions, answers, and distractors frequently relate to area and state contest questions. 14 Multiple Clues 1. The ignominious death of which of 2. the following Julio-Claudian emperors Many contest created questions will have 3. Rome’s first serious succession crisis more than one clue similar to this 4. (Year of Four Emperors) practice question 5. that ended when Vespasian ascended with five separate to the imperial throne? clues.

Alphabetic Order A. Caligula B. Cladius Answers are usually given in alphabetic C. Nero order similar to the D. Titus answers in this practice question.

15 Which of the following events of early Chronology Roman history happened after Alexander the Great conquered Greece and the Each contest will have Persian Empire? one chronology question similar to this practice question. A. First secession of the plebs, the beginning of the Conflict of the Orders Students must develop B. Pyrrhus of Epirus campaigns in Italy a mental chronology against Rome and in Sicily against that identifies major Carthage before returning home events, dynasties, and across the Adriatic Sea periods of Roman C. Romans battle Etruscans, Gauls, history. Creating Latins, and Samnites for control of their own timelines central Italy would be helpful. D. Rome’s first treaty with Carthage

16 By 44 BCE, the Roman Empire included the red areas on this map. Which of the lettered Maps areas had been controlled by the most significant nest of Mediterranean Sea pirates Each contest will until Pompey, having received a grant of have map questions imperium mais, destroyed them in just three similar to this months in 67 BCE? practice question.

Students must develop mental maps of the Roman Empire that identify natural geographic features, significant cities and provinces, and the changing imperial boundaries and frontiers listed in the study guide.

A. Area A B. Area B C. Area C D. Area D 17 Vocabulary The English word “empire” comes from the Each contest will Latin imperium. What did imperium include questions mean during the Late Roman Republic? related to vocabulary in ways similar to this practice questions. A. Hereditary monarch or king B. Honorific title with religious The study guide lists connotations several English words C. Temporary power granted to an and phrases individual general associated with social D. Total territory controlled by Rome studies as well as Latin phrases from the assigned texts. All the words on that list are related to contest questions.

18 Imperial According to Woolf, whereas Romans had Crises survived and recovered from other crises, Given the theme of it was the collapse of which of the the Woolf text, each following institutions that doomed the th contest will have Empire in the 5 Century CE? questions related to the many crises that A. Roman farms the Roman Empire B. Roman armies survived as well as C. Roman cities the final crises that caused the Empire to D. Roman families collapse. Questions may refer to either causes or results of the crises.

19 Art and This famous marble sculpture, dating from the reign of Diocletian and now part Architecture of the outer wall of St. Mark’s basilica in Venice, shows four nearly identical armed Each contest will have tetrarchs embracing. These men questions related to represent which of the following? artwork and pictures in ways similar to this practice question.

All of the pictures will be of artwork and pictures from the assigned texts and will be related to both the outline and the study guide. The questions A. Barbarian invaders will not be about B. Gladiators artistic style or artists. C. Praetorian guards D. Regional emperors 20 Three of the following military factors began Defense of to change the balance of power along the Rhine and Danube frontiers in the late 2nd the Empire Century CE. Which one problem had vexed Roman forces ever since the very beginning of the Common Era? Many contest questions will relate A. Barbarian tribes with well-organized to the Roman army and well-equipped armies and /or the military history of the Empire B. Cross-border raids led by barbarian in ways similar to commanders who had been recruited this practice and trained by the Roman army question. C. Nomadic peoples in the Eurasian steppes pushing settled barbarians south and west onto the Roman frontiers

D. Reassignment of Roman troops to fight first against Persian and then in various civil wars, leaving frontier provinces weakly defended 21 Administration By 100 BCE, it was clear that the Roman Republic was unable to deal with the of the Empire structural problems of the city of Rome, the Italian alliance, and the Many contest Mediterranean empire. Woolf, agreeing questions will relate with the Roman historian Sallust, blames this failure of nerve and imagination on to the imperial which of the following? administration leadership in ways A. The aristocratic populares who similar to this presented themselves as champions practice question. of the people B. The assemblies and tribunes who represented the common people C. The inner circle of nobles who dominated the Senate D. Marius, the ambitious general who had no senatorial ancestors

22 Roman Imperialism Which of the following phrases would Many contest reflect the general view that Romans had questions will relate of their own Empire? to the Roman concept of empire in ways similar to this A. Defender of racial purity and the true practice question. faith Students should B. Heir to the empires and kingdoms of understand the traits ancient heroes of Roman C. One of a limited number of elite imperialism, the qualities that superpowers enabled Romans to D. A state without equal or predecessor resist defeats and capitalize on victories, and the impact of imperialism on the Romans themselves.

23 Roman Which of the following statements Society accurately describes the elite upper-class Many contest regardless of where they lived within the questions will relate Empire after The Anarchy (235 to 284)? to Roman society in ways similar to this A. They controlled an even larger share practice question. of the Empire’s wealth than previously These questions may B. They dominated the new imperial refer to family bureaucracy structure and social C. They had lost both their social classes as well as eminence and their political influence Roman material culture. D. They shared a basic common lifestyle

24 Roman Woolf writes that it really does seem that Romans of the 2rd Century BCE were Religion aiming to muster the most powerful cults and deities in the Mediterranean world Many contest behind their empire. How did these questions will relate protective deities of Rome’s enemies to Roman religious become members of the Roman beliefs and practices pantheon? in ways similar to this practice A. Army veterans returned to Rome as question. These devotees of foreign gods questions may refer B. Foreign residents of Rome introduced to traditional Roman beliefs and practices and built their religions, Eastern own temples mystery religions, or C. Roman senators negotiated terms of Christianity. accommodation with foreign cults D. Victorious generals installed looted statues of foreign gods in older Roman temples

25 Roman Roman intellectuals of the Late Republic and Early Empire seemed to see Culture themselves as counterparts of the great figures of classical Greek literature. Many contest According to Woolf, a carefully reading of questions will relate their works reveals that they were to the and advocating which of the following literature in ways viewpoints? similar to this practice question and A. The cultural superiority of Greek in ways related to the values and thought outline and study B. The moral and cultural superiority of guide. the Roman state and people C. The common values of Greco-Roman civilization as well as their common humanity D. An alternative and self-sufficient Latin culture that would parallel Greek culture

26 The Imperial According to Woolf, early empires such as Economy the Roman Empire were vast Many contest redistribution systems that relied on all of questions will relate the following resources. Which of the to the political following resources, however, was the economy of the basis of the Roman economy as well as all Roman Empire in other ancient economies in both conquest ways similar to this and tributary empires? practice question. A. Agricultural production B. Land C. Manpower D. Metal, timber, and hard stone

27 Significant Which of the following areas was the Locations “breadbasket” of the Roman Empire and Many contest produced huge quantities of grain to be questions will relate shipped first to Rome and then also to to the important Constantinople to feed urban residents? cities, provinces, frontiers, or A. Egypt geographic regions in B. France ways similar to this C. Spain practice question. The questions may D. Syria include maps and may require students to match a specific location to a point on a map.

28 Just as Caesar thought he had conquered all of Gaul, which of the following enemies of Significant Rome led a huge Gallic revolt but was finally defeated in the siege of Alesia in central Individuals France in 52 BCE? Many contest A. Boudicca C. Spartacus questions will relate B. Mithridates D. Vercingetorix to the impact or actions of famous individuals in Roman How did Constantine gain the imperial history in ways throne in the 4th Century CE? similar to theses practice questions. A. After a brief civil war, Christian bishops The questions may proclaimed Constantine God’s chosen emperor refer to specific B. Constantine and his army defeated his individuals or a rivals for the throne and he executed group of individuals. them C. Diocletian adopted Constantine as his heir before he abdicated D. The Senate of Constantinople elected Constantine emperor to avoid civil war

29 Geography Which of the following forms of of the Roman Mediterranean agriculture, successfully transplanted north of the Empire Alps by Roman entrepreneurs, involved a range of new specialized Some contest skills, required greater inputs of questions will relate energy and time, and offered vital to the impact of dietary supplements for the region’s geography on Roman growing urban population? history or the impact of the Romans on their environment in A. Fruit trees and vegetables ways similar to this B. Grains including wheat and barley practice question. C. Olive trees and grape vines D. Potatoes

30  Always note references to women associated with Roman history. Every contest will include questions about women and their place in Roman history.  Always note historical events that reflect major changes, are the first of a trend, or are exceptions to the rule. Such events are obvious choices for questions.  Use the assigned texts, the official outline, and the study guide. All questions relate to them and they are the final sources for all answers.

31 I have erected a monument more lasting than bronze! -- Horace

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