WILEY ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

VOLUME 1 WILEY ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Editor Editorial Staff Benjamin W. Wah Vice President, STMS Books: Janet Bailey Sponsoring Editor: George J. Telecki Area Editors Farokh B. Bastani Associate Editor: Cassie Craig University of Texas at Dallas Michael W. Berry University of Tennessee Production Staff Joseph R. Cavallaro Director, Book Production and Manufacturing: Rice University Camille P. Carter John Franco Managing Editor: Shirley Thomas University of Cincinnati John Impagliazzo Production Editor: Kris Parrish Qatar University (Emeritus, Hofstra University) Illustration Manager: Dean Gonzalez Ten H. Lai Ohio State University Rynson W. H. Lau City University of Hong Kong Mubarek Shah University of Central Florida Jeffrey J. P. Tsai University of Illinois at Chicago Ning Zhong Maebashi Institute of Technology WILEY ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

VOLUME 1

Benjamin W. Wah Editor

The Wiley Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering is available online at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/reference/ecse Copyright # 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic format. For information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Wiley encyclopedia of computer science and engineering / Benjamin Wah, editor. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-471-38393-2 (set) – ISBN 978-0-470-05012-5 (v. 1) – ISBN 978-0-470-05013-2 (v. 2) – ISBN 978-0-470-05014-9 (v. 3) – ISBN 978-0-470-05015-6 (v. 4) – ISBN 978-0-470-05016-3 (v. 5) 1. Computer science–Encyclopedias. 2. Computer engineering–Encyclopedias. I. Wah, Benjamin W. QA76.15.W545 2009 004.03–dc22 2008036267

Printed in the United States of America

10987654321 PREFACE

This encyclopedia was developed with two goals in mind: locate pertinent articles sorted by relevance. Because first, to provide a thorough treatment of the core know- computing is a rapidly evolving area, the online version ledge in this important discipline and, second, to offer a will be a growing project with new articles to be added and broad coverage on the latest advances in the area. A decade existing articles to be revised on a frequent basis. in the making, this comprehensive reference of 333 articles The topics in computer science and engineering are encompasses essentially every aspect of the fast-growing grouped into the following ten areas: field of computer science and engineering. As a reference and an educational tool, it is meant to reinforce current Subject Area Area Editor knowledge and to provide a foundation for further under- standing. It is our hope that it will serve as a useful source Hardware and Architecture Joseph R. Cavallaro on the current state-of-the-art and guide readers in under- Parallel and Distributed Ten-Hwang (Steve) Lai standing classic concepts. Systems This compendium of information will serve readers Intelligent Systems Ning Zhong from diverse backgrounds and training—from practi- Software Farokh B. Bastani cing engineers to researchers, from designers to Data Jeffrey J. P. Tsai managers, and from government officials to university Foundations and Theory John Franco students—all who wish to keep abreast of knowledge Image Processing Mubarak Shah and techniques in this broad field. Each article was and Computer Vision written without assuming an advanced background on Visualization Rynson W. H. Lau computing, although a certain degree of sophistication Applications Michael Berry and experience may be necessary when reading the Computing Milieux John Impagliazzo articles. Casual readers will also be able to browse the high-level descriptions and illustrations to gain a more Drawing from various sources, including Webster’s Wiley general understanding of subjects covered. In addition, Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,an each article not only highlights the most salient and initial list of topics was identified. The list was then important aspects of a topic, but also it provides a enhanced by the area editors, who suggested authors and starting point for additional study through a compre- reviewers for the articles. We also solicited potential invitees hensive bibliography. from authors and reviewers themselves. Cassie Craig, The articles were authored by experts in their respective Associate Editor at John Wiley & Sons, coordinated the areas, who provide both historical perspectives as well as a actual invitations and reviews of the articles. Each article comprehensive treatment of up-to-date knowledge and was read by two to three reviewers, and authors were evolving ideas. Each is intended to provide an overview of generally asked to revise their articles to address the individual topic, from conceptual as well as practical reviewers’ comments. In many cases, the articles were re- points of view, summarizing the crucial developments and reviewed and revised a second time before they were standard practices of the past, along with new techniques formally accepted. and evolving ideas. The articles collectively cover broad I am deeply indebted to the many people who have concepts as well as fundamental theory, both generously contributed to bringing this encyclopedia to fruition. The illustrated with examples and diagrams. Although the project was started almost ten years ago with the articles eschew extensive development of theory and encouragement of Prof. C. V. Ramamoorthy, Professor proofs, they provide pointers and references to specialized Emeritus of the University of California, Berkeley, and concepts and models. George Telecki, Editor at John Wiley & Sons. I owe the An online version, complete with hyperlinks and color encyclopedia’s outstanding content to the hundreds of illustrations, complements the print edition, and with the authors who contributed their works and to the nume- inclusion of a powerful search engine, users can readily rous reviewers who helped refine the articles. I am grateful

v vi PREFACE to the ten area editors, who were instrumental in focusing daughters, Catherine and Elaine, for their never-ending the coverage of the encyclopedia and in identifying experts support and encouragement. I am very fortunate to have to invite. Cassie Craig and all the support staff at Wiley had the support of my friends and family in realizing my helped me tremendously in managing the logistics and the goal of a comprehensive and authoritative resource on details of running the project. Cassie, in particular, computer science and engineering. communicated with the authors and reviewers to ensure a smooth submission process for their articles and reviews. BENJAMIN W. WAH My assistant, Meng-Fei Cheng, coordinated with students at my university to identify potential invitees. Lastly, I University of Illinois, would like to thank Christine, my wife, and our twin Urbana-Champaign CONTENTS

Contributors ix Capability Maturity Models (CMM) 347 Carry Logic 356 Abstract Data Types 1 CD-ROMs and Computer Systems 362 Active Contours: Snakes 11 Cerebellar Model Arithmetic Computer 381 Active Database Systems 13 Choice Uncertainty Principle 393 Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 24 Chomsky Hierarchy 396 Addressing: Direct and Indirect 32 Class and Object 403 Agent Technology 42 Clusters and Grids 409 Agent-Oriented Software Engineering 49 Cognitive Systems and Cognitive Architectures 420 Agile Software Development 60 Collaborative Virtual Environment: Applications 429 Aircraft Computers 69 Collaborative Virtual Environment: System Algebraic Coding Theory 80 Architectures 436 Algebraic Geometry 95 Collaborative Virtual Environment: Algorithm-Based Fault-Tolerant Web-based Issues 444 Cryptography 106 Color: Color Models 453 Algorithmic Music 118 Color Perception 463 Analog-to-Digital Conversion in the Early Communication Processors for Wireless Systems 471 Twenty-first Century 126 Communication-Induced Checkpointing Protocols Analytical Customer Relationship and Rollback-Dependency Trackability: Management 139 A Survey 482 Answer Set Programming 149 Component-Based Software Engineering 485 Approximation Theory 163 Computability 490 Artificial Intelligence Languages 171 Computational Complexity Theory 500 Artificial Neural Networks 181 Computational Intelligence 507 Aspect-Oriented Software Development: Computational Materials Physics 511 An Introduction 188 Computational Number Theory 520 Assembly Language 199 Computer Animation 531 Asynchronous Transfer Mode Networks 203 Computer Architecture 542 Authentication, Access Control, Computer Engineering Education 559 and Information Flow 213 Computer Games 567 Automated Theorem Proving 223 Computer Music Composition/Analysis 575 Automatic Test Generation 244 Computer-Aided Instruction 583 Autonomous Decentralized Systems 262 Computer-Supported Asynchronous Learning: Autonomous Surveillance Systems 267 The Relevance of Communication Autonomy-Oriented Computing (AOC) 276 and Facilitation 592 Computerized Dictionaries: Integrating Backtracking 283 Portable Devices, Translation Software, Bayesian Belief Networks 289 and Web Dictionaries to Maximize Learning 599 Behavioral Sciences and Computing 298 Computing Accreditation: Evolution and Trends Bioinformatic Databases 307 Associated with U. S. Accrediting Agencies 610 Bioinformatics 317 The Computing Field: Structure 615 Biologically Inspired Neural Computation 325 Computing Pre-University: Challenges Biology Computing 336 in K-12 Computing Education 624

vii viii CONTENTS

Computing Pre-University: Primary Computing Cooperative Database Systems 683 Education 625 CoXML: Cooperative XML Query Answering 697 Computing Pre-University: Secondary Level Coordination and Synchronization: Designing Computing Curricula 632 Practical Detectors for Large-Scale Concurrent Programming 648 Distributed Systems 714 Content-Based Multimedia Retrieval 655 Crowd Simulation 723 Contour Tracking 668 Cryptography 731 Convex Optimization 672 Cybernetics 740 CONTRIBUTORS

Robin Abraham, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, Hujun Bao, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, Mesh Deformation Spreadsheet Programming Henk Barendregt, Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Rajesh Aggarwal, Department of Computer Information Systems, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Proofs Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, of Correctness in Mathematics and Industry Electronic Data Interchange Winona C. Barker, Protein Information Resource and Georgetown Robert Akl, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, Real-Time University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Bioinformatic Systems: An Introduction and the State-of-the-Art Databases Tatsuya Akutsu, Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Steven M. Barnhart, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Bioinformatics Brunswick, New Jersey, Behavioral Sciences and Computing Ahmet Og˘uz Akyu¨z, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, Angel Barriga, University of Seville-Institute of Microelectronics, Rendering Seville, Spain, Logic Synthesis Gita Alaghband, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Klaus Ju¨rgen Bathe, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado, Parallel Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Architectures Finite Element Model P. S. C. Alencar, Department of Computer Science, University of Michal Batko, Department of Computer Systems and Communications, Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Abstract Data Types Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, File Organizations Sergey Aleynikov, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers Lee Belfore, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University, Piscataway, New Jersey, Biologically Inspired Neural Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, Autonomous Test Computation Generation Manual Alfonseca, Departamento de Ingenierı´a Informa´tica, Tim Bell, Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Universidad Auto´noma de Madrid, Program Interpreters University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, Computing Eric Allender, Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Pre-University: Primary Computing Education Piscataway, New Jersey, Computational Complexity Theory Calin Belta, Boston University, Brookline, Massachusetts, Robot Khalid S. Al-Olimat, Electrical and Computer Engineering and Motion Planning Computer Science Department, Ohio Northern University, Ada, Alastair Beresford, Laboratory for Communication Engineering, Ohio, Fuzzy Logic Control Systems University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Data Vishal Anand, The College at Brockport—State University of New York, Privacy Brockport, New York, Fiber-Optic Communication Networks Bernd A. Berg, Department of Physics, Florida State University, Alex M. Andrew, University of Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom, Tallahassee, Florida, Markov Chain and Monte Carlo Simulations Cybernetics Elisa Bertino, Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, Lachlan L. H. Andrew, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, West Lafayette, Indiana, Object-Oriented Databases California, Transport Layer Bir Bhanu, College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Rashid Ansari, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Data California, Fingerprint Identification Compression Zhuming Bi, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Stephen Arndt, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC, Ontario, Canada, Robot Kinematics Nuclear Reactor Instrumentation and Control Systems Giovanna M. Bianco, Faculty of Educational Science, University of Hossein Arsham, Department of Information Systems, University of Verona, Verona, Italy, Computing Pre-University: Primary Computing Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, Gradient-Based Optimization Education Techniques for Discrete Event Systems Simulation Alain Billoire, Service de Physique The´orique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, Jorge Luis Audy, Pontifı´cia Universidade Cato´lica do Rio Grande do Markov Chain and Monte Carlo Simulations Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Distributed Project Management Christina Bjo¨rkman,Ma¨lardalen University, Va¨stera˚s, Sweden, Women David August, Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, in Computing Princeton, New Jersey, Speculation Bruce W. Bomar, The University of Tennessee Space Institute, Donald J. Bagert, Department of Computer Science, Southeast Missouri Tullahoma, Tennessee, Microprogramming State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, Education and Training Sami Brandt, Department of Electrical and Information Engine- in Software Engineering ering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Geometric Camera Nijaz Bajgoric, University of Sarajevo, School of Economics and Calibration Business, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Operating Systems: Johan Brichau, Universite´ catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, A Business Perspective Belgium, Aspect-Oriented Software Development: An Introduction ix x CONTRIBUTORS

Selmer Bringsjord, Cognitive Science Department, Rensselaer J. McGrath Cohoon, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, Cognitive Systems and Charlottesville, Virginia, Women in Computing Cognitive Architectures Luciano Colombo, Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Barrett R. Bryant, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Cagliari, Italy, Computational Materials Physics University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, Annie Combelles, DNV, Arcueil, France, Capability Maturity Models Component-Based Software Engineering (CMM) Bernd Burgstaller, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, Program Anne Condon, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Assemblers Columbia, Canada, Women in Computing Margaret Burnett, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, Kendra Cooper, Department of Computer Science, University of Texas Spreadsheet Programming at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Diana K. Byrne, Corvallis, Oregon, Electronic Calculators S. Barry Cooper, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, Kai-Yuan Cai, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, United Kingdom, Computability Beijing, China, Software Cybernetics Jeremy R. Cooperstock, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Xia Cai, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Canada, Human–Computer Interaction Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Fault- David Cope, Department of Music, University of California, Santa Cruz, Tolerant Software Santa Cruz, California, Algorithmic Music; Computer Music Joa˜o Cangussu, Department of Computer Science, University of Texas Composition/Analysis at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, Software Cybernetics Donald Cowan, Department of Computer Science, University of Fei Cao, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, Component- Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Abstract Data Types Based Software Engineering David A. Cox, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Jiannong Cao, Software Management and Development Lab, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, Algebraic Geometry Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Philip T. Cox, Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Visual Software Engineering Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, Visual Programming Languages Xiaojun Cao, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, Fiber-Optic Annemieke Craig, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Women in Communication Networks Computing Oscar Castillo, Graduate Division, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Annie Cuyt, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Chula Vista, California, Fuzzy Modeling Fundamentals University of Antwerp (CMI), Antwerp, Belgium, Approximation M. Felipe Ca´tedra, Computer Sciences Department, Universidad de Theory Alcala´, Alcala´ de Henares, Spain, Ray Tracing Acceleration Issam W. Damaj, School of Engineering, Dhofar University, Sultanate Techniques of Oman, High-Level Synthesis; Programmable Logic Arrays Gianpiero Cattaneo, Universita` di Milano—Bicocca, Milano, Italy, Bhaskar DasGupta, Department of Computer Science, University of Posets and Lattices Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, Biology Computing Joseph R. Cavallaro, Rice University, Houston, Texas, Communication Manoranjan Dash, Nanyan Technological University, Singapore, Processors for Wireless Systems Dimensionality Reduction Chang Chang, Microsoft Digital Media Group, Redmond, Washington, Rhian Davies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Data Compression Columbia, Canada, Women in Computing Barbara M. Chapman, Department of Computer Science, University of Sabrina De Capitani di Vimercati, Universita` degli Studi di Milano, Houston, Houston, Texas, Optimizing Compilers Crema, Italy, Data Security Arbee L. P. Chen, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan, Data Casimer DeCusatis, IBM Corporation, Poughkeepsie, New York, Analysis Storage Area Networks Baoquan Chen, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Florent de Dinechin,E´cole Normale Supe´rieuse de Lyon, Universite´ de Minnesota, High-Quality Texture Mapping and Rendering of Point Lyon, LIP (UMR 5688 CNRS-ENS Lyon-INRIA-UCBL), France, Digital Models Arithmetic Chi Hau Chen, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Richard De Lisi, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New University of Massachusetts—Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Brunswick, New Jersey, Behavioral Sciences and Computing Massachusetts, Remote Sensing Information Processing Sˇandor Dembitz, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Min Chen, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia, Spell Checker Volume Graphics and Volume Visualization Derek Deng, Cambridge–Cranfield High Performance Computing Shu-Heng Chen, Department of Economics, National Chengchi Facility, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom, Disk Storage University, Taipei, Taiwan, Financial Application: Stock Markets Peter Denning, Computer Science Department, Naval Postgraduate Albert Mo Kim Cheng, Department of Computer Science, University of School, Monterey, California, Choice Uncertainty Principle; Houston, Houston, Texas, Embedded Operating Systems Computing Field: Structure: Great Principles in Computing; Kwang-Ting (Tim) Cheng, University of California, Santa Barbara, Kernel; Locality Principle; Monitor; Overhead; Queueing California, Logic Testing Networks; Swapping; Thrashing; Throughput; Virtual Memory; Mung Chiang, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, Transport Working Set Layer Mariangiola Dezani-Ciancaglini, Department of Computer Science, Ruzanna Chitchyan, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom, University of Turin, Turin, Italy, Lambda-Calculus Aspect-Oriented Software Development: An Introduction Theo D’Hondt, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, Aspect- Olaf Chitil, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom, Oriented Software Development: An Introduction Functional Programming John F. Dillenberg, Department of Computer Science, University of Alok Choudhary, Northwestern University, Technological Institute, Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Data Handling in Intelligent Evanston, Illinois, Distributed Files Systems Transportation Systems Wesley W. Chu, Computer Science Department, University of California, Vlastislav Dohnal, Department of Computer Systems and Commu- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, Cooperative Database Systems, nications, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, File COXML: Cooperative XML Query Answering Organizations Davide Ciucci, Universita` di Milano—Bicocca, Milano, Italy, Posets Josep Domingo-Ferrer, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, and Lattices Catalonia, Spain, Statistical Databases CONTRIBUTORS xi

Jing Dong, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, Class and Minos Garofalakis, Intel Research Berkeley, Berkeley, California, Very Object Large Databases Shing-Hwang Doong, Shu-Te University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Machine Mitsuo Gen, Waseda University, Kitakyushu, Japan, Genetic Algorithms Learning Gordan Gledec, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Christos Douligeris, University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece, Home University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia, Spell Checker Automation Manfred Glesner, Darmstadt University of Technology, Institute of Dimitris C. Dracopoulos, University of Westminster, London, United Microelectronic Systems, Darmstadt, Germany, Hardware Based Kingdom, Evolutionary Learning Rapid Prototyping Mark S. Drew, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Amrit Goel, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, Software Effort Canada, Color Models; Color Perception Prediction; Software Quality Classification Models Adam Dunkels, Swedish Institute of Computer Science, Kista, Sweden, Maya B. Gokhale, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Operating Systems for Wireless Embedded Devices Livermore, California, Instruction Sets Howard Eisner, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, Swapna S. Gokhale, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Information Age University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, Software Reliability Rimon Elias, Computer Science and Engineering Department, The Hassan Gomaa, Department of Information and Software Engi- German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Egypt, Geometric neering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, Concurrent Modeling in Computer Vision: An Introduction to Projective Programming Geometry Iva´n Gonza´lez, Computer Sciences Department, Universidad de Milosˇ D. Ercegovac, Computer Science Department, University of Alcala´, Alcala´ de Henares, Spain, Ray Tracing Acceleration California at Los Angeles, Digital Arithmetic Techniques Martin Erwig, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, Spreadsheet Steven Graham, Dakota State University, College of Business and Programming Information Systems, Madison, South Dakota, Network Security Atilla Eryilmaz, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Fundamentals The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Network Flow and John Grant, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, Deductive Congestion Control Databases Jeffrey J. Evans, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Jeff Gray, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, Parallel University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, Programming Tools Component-Based Software Engineering Bart Everett, SPAWAR Systems Center San Diego, San Diego, Jozef Gruska, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech California, Autonomous Surveillance Systems Republic, Quantum Computing Wolfgang Faber, Department of Mathematics, University of Calabria, Yunghong Gu, National Center for Data Mining, University of Illinois at Rende, Italy, Answer Set Programming Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Wide Area Networks Xiaocong Fan, School of Engineering, The Pennsylvania State Giovanna Guerrini, Universita` degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy, University, Erie, Pennsylvania, Multi-Agent Systems Object-Oriented Databases Laurene V. Fausett, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Georgia Lei Guo, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Statesboro, Georgia, Hopfield Neural Networks State University, Peer-to-Peer Communication Wu-chi Feng, Department of Computer Science, Portland State Indranil Gupta, Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois University, Portland, Oregon, Video Conferencing and IP Telephony at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, Coordination and John S. Fitzgerald, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Synchronization: Designing Practical Detectors for Distributed United Kingdom, Vienna Development Method Systems Michael Flynn, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford Denise Gurer, TerraVert, Scotts Valley, California, Women in University, Stanford, California, Computer Architecture Computing Xinwen Fu, Dakota State University, College of Business and Oscar Gutie´rrez, Computer Sciences Department, Universidad de Information Systems, Madison, South Dakota, Network Security Alcala´, Alcala´ de Henares, Spain, Ray Tracing Acceleration Fundamentals Techniques Xiuju Fu, Division of Information Engineering, Nanyang Technological Bruria Haberman, Holon Institute of Technology and Davidson University, Singapore, Artificial Neural Networks Institute of Science Education, Weizmann Institute of Science, Paula Gabbert, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina, Women Rehovot, Israel, Computing Pre-University: Challenges in K-12 in Computing Computing Education Vashti Galpin, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Mohamed Hamada, The University of Aizu, Language Processing Lab, Africa, Women and Computing Aizu-Wakamatsu, Japan, Computer Engineering Education Vijay Gandhi, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Leonard G. C. Hamey, Department of Computing, Macquarie University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Spatial Databases University, Sydney, Australia, Radiometric Camera Calibration Lei Gao, Institute for Integrated Signal Processing Systems, RWTH Jianchao Han, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, Software Instrumentation California, Class and Object Wei Gao, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Allan Hanbury, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Mobile and Ubiquitous Image Segmentation by Region-Based and Watershed Algorithms Computing Mark Hancock, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Zhen Gao, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Columbia, Canada, Women in Computing China, Robot Kinematics Heather K. Harton, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, Devendra P. Garg, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, Neural Formal Program Verification Controllers Hai He, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York, Data Vijay Garg, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Search Engine University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, Time and State in Janne Heikkila¨, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Asynchronous Distributed Systems University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Geometric Camera Calibration David Garlan, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon Na Helian, Department of Computer Science, University of University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Software Architecture Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom, Disk Storage xii CONTRIBUTORS

Tor Helleseth, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Martti Juholoa, Department of Computer Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway, Algebraic Coding Theory Tampere, Tampere, Finland, Data Classification Katherine G. Herbert, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Michael Jurczyk, University of Missouri—Columbia, Columbia, Jersey, Bioinformatic Databases Missouri, Interconnection Networks for Parallel Computers Dominikus Herzberg, Department of Software Engineering, Heilbronn Dimitri Kagaris, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University, Heilbronn, Germany, Software Engineering for Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, Graph Theory and Telecommunications Systems Algorithms J. Roger Hindley, Department of Mathematics, Swansea University, Sukumar Kamalasadan, Department of Engineering and Computer Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom, Lambda-Calculus Technology, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida, Fuzzy Thomas Hollstein, Darmstadt University of Technology, Institute of Logic Control Systems Microelectronic Systems, Darmstadt, Germany, Hardware Based Magdi N. Kamel, Department of Information Science, Naval Rapid Prototyping Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, Knowledge Acquisition Clyde W. Holsapple, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, James Kang, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Decision Support Systems: Foundations and Variations University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Spatial Michael Horsch, Department of Computer Science, University of Databases Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, Bayesian Belief Juho Kannala, Department of Electrical and Information Engi- Networks neering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Geometric Camera Ga´bor Horvath, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Calibration Budapest, Hungary, Cerebellar Model Arithmetic Computer Jarkko Kari, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Data Compression Harry Hsu, Compal Communications, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan, Robot Path Codes, Lossy Planning E. Ertugrul Karsak, Galatasaray University, Ortakoy, Istanbul, Turkey, Zhang-Zhi Hu, Protein Information Resource and Georgetown Expert Decision System for Robot Selection University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Bioinformatic Databases Kingshuk Karuri, Institute for Integrated Signal Processing Systems, Kien A. Hua, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, Software University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, Parallel Database Instrumentation Management Systems Ashraf Kassim, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Medical Xian-Sheng Hua, Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China, Content- Image Processing Based Multimedia Retrieval Johnathan Katz, Department of Computer Science, University of Dazhi Huang, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, Cryptography Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Mobile and Ubiquitous Krishna M. Kavi, The University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, Computing Dataflow Computers: Their History and Future; Real-Time K. C. Hui, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Systems: An Introduction and the State-of-the-Art Surface Modeling; Surface Deformation; Solid Modeling Torsten Kempf, Institute for Integrated Signal Processing Systems, Patrick Hung, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, Software University, Stanford, California, Computer Architecture Instrumentation A. R. Hurson, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri, Dataflow Erum Khan, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, Rendering Computers: Their History and Future; Real-Time Systems: An Latifur Khan, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, Managing Introduction and the State-of-the-Art, Transaction Processing in and Mining Multimedia Data, Animations and Annotations Mobile, Heterogeneous Database Systems Taghi M. Khoshgoftaar, Department of Computer Science and San-Yih Hwang, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, Analytical Customer Relationship Management Software Module Risk Analysis; Software Quality Modeling as a Seokjoong Hwang, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Reliability Tool Seoul, Korea, Virtual Memory and Buffer Storage Andrea Kienle, Fraunhofer IPSI, Darmstadt, Germany, Computer- Robert Inkol, Defence R & D Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Supported Asynchronous Learning: The Relevance of Electronic Warfare Communication and Facilitation Sushil Jajodia, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, Data Security Jong-Kook Kim, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Sandip Jassar, Electronic Engineer, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Pen- Seoul, Korea, Virtual Memory and Buffer Storage Based Computing Seon Kim, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, T. R. Jefferson, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, Korea, Virtual Memory and Buffer Storage Geometric Programming Soo Dong Kim, Department of Computer Science, Soongsil University, X. Jia, School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Victoria Seoul, Korea, Software Reusability University, Melbourne, Australia, Transaction Processing Willis King, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, Assembly Y. Jiao, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, Language Transaction Processing in Mobile, Heterogeneous Database Systems Atshushi Kitazawa, NEC Soft, Ltd., Japan, Database Languages Carlos J. Jimenez, University of Seville-Institute of Microelectronics, Torleiv Kløve, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Seville, Spain, Logic Synthesis Norway, Algebraic Coding Theory Xiaolong Jin, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Autonomy- Ju¨rg Kohlas, Univeristy of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland, Information Oriented Computing (AOC) Algebra Adam M. Johansen, Department of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Lutz Kolbe, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland, Home Bristol, United Kingdom, Markov Chains Computing Services James Johnson, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Taku Komura, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, Computer Washington, Probability and Statistics Animation Bharat Joshi, University of North Carolina—Charlotte, Charlotte, North Jun Kong, Department of Computer Science, The North Dakota State Carolina, Fault-Tolerant Computing University, Fargo, North Dakota, Visual Software Engineering Eric Juan, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Know- Andrew J. Kornecki, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona ledge Verification Beach, Florida, Software Safety CONTRIBUTORS xiii

Appa Rao Korukonda, Department of Management Information University, Singapore, Collaborative Virtual Environment: Appli- Systems and Computer Information Systems, College of Business, cations; Collaborative Virtual Environment: System Architectures; Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, Collaborative Virtual Environment: Web-Based Issues Information Systems and Computer Science and Engineering Yi-Bing Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C., Samuel Kounev, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United WiMAX Networks Kingdom, Software Performance Evaluation Tony Lindeberg, KTH (Royal Institute of Technology), Stockholm, Joan Krone, Denison University, Granville, Ohio, Formal Program Sweden, Scale-Space Verification Jan Lindstro¨m, IBM Corporation, Helsinki, Finland, Real Time Database Cyril S. Ku, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, Design System Patterns Tok Wang Ling, National University of Singapore, School of Gregory Kulczycki, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, Computing, Singapore, Entity Relationship Model Formal Specification John Linn, Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas, Texas, Embedded Software Manish Kumar, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, Neural Chengfei Liu, Faculty of Information and Computer Technology, Controllers Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia, Distri- Santosh Kumar, Department of Computer Science, University of buted Databases Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks; Huan Liu, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Dimensionality Queueing Theory Reduction David Kung, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, Jiming Liu, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Autonomy- Software Verification and Validation Oriented Computing (AOC); Web Intelligence (WI) Tosiyasu L. Kunii, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan, Shaorong Liu, Computer Science Department, University of California, Visual Database Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, COXML: Cooperative XML Jaroslav Krˇiva´nek, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Query Answering Czech Republic, Lighting Xiao Wei Liu, Department of Computer Science, University of Regina, Stephane Lafortune, Department of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications Research Laboratories (TRLabs-Regina), Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, Algorithm Based Fault Tolerant Michigan, Discrete Event Systems: Untimed Models and Their Analysis Cryptography Chih-Chin Lai, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan, Machine Xinguo Liu, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, Mesh Deformation Learning Yanhong A. Liu, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, System Peter Gorm Larsen, Engineering College of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, Monitoring Vienna Development Method Yonghuai Liu, Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth Dominique Laurent,De´partement d’informatique, Universite´ de University, Cerdigion, Wales, United Kingdom, 3-D Point Cergy-Pontoise, Cergy-Pontoise, France, Relational Databases Correspondence and Registration Joseph J. LaViola Jr., University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, Haik Lorenz, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany, Graphical Input Devices User Interfaces David Leake, Department of Computer Science, Indiana University, John Paul Loucky, Seinan JoGakun University, Fukuokaken, Japan, Bloomington, Indiana, Knowledge-Based Computation Computerized Dictionaries Ho Woo Lee, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon,Korea, QueueingTheory Michael C. Loui, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Jang Ho Lee, Hogik University, Seoul, Korea, Distributed and Illinois, Ethics and Professional Responsibility in Computing Collaborative Development Steven H. Low, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Mong Li Lee, National University of Singapore, School of Computing, California, Transport Layer Singapore, Entity Relationship Model Lorena Lozano, Computer Sciences Department, Universidad de V. C. S. Lee, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Alcala´, Alcala´ de Henares, Spain, Ray Tracing Acceleration Transaction Processing Techniques Ernst L. Leiss, Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Bin Lu, Department of Computer Science, West Chester University of Houston, Texas, Optimizing Compilers Pennsylvania, West Chester, Pennsylvania, Network Security Stathis Leondopulos, Department of Electrical and Computer Fundamentals Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, Shih-Lien Lu, Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California, Carry Logic Biologically Inspired Neural Computation Christiane Luible, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Virtual Nicola Leone, Department of Mathematics, University of Calabria, Clothing Rende, Italy, Answer Set Programming Luqi, Department of Computer Science, Naval Postgraduate School, Frederick W. B. Li, Department of Computer Science, University of Monterey, California, Rapid Prototyping; Software Component Durham, Durham, United Kingdom, Parametric Surface Rendering; Repositories Computer Games Ines Lynce, INESC-ID/IST, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Qing Li, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, Portugal, Backtracking Video Databases Michael R. Lyu, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Jennifer Light, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, Women in Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Fault-Tolerant Computing Software Ee-Peng Lim, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Analytical Anthony Maciejewski, Electrical and Computer Engineering Customer Relationship Management Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Hojung Lim, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), Sungnam, Robust Resource Allocation in Heterogeneous Parallel and Korea, Software Effort Prediction Distributed Computing Systems J. B. Lim, MJL Technology, Seoul, South Korea, Transaction Processing Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann, University of Geneva, Geneva, in Mobile, Heterogeneous Database Systems Switzerland, Virtual Clothing Lin Lin, Waseda University, Kitakyushu, Japan, Genetic Algorithms Ronal K. Maier, School of Management Information Systems, Uni- Qingping Lin, Information Communication Institute of Singapore, School versity of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, Knowledge Management of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological Application xiv CONTRIBUTORS

Benedita Malheiro, Departamento de Engenharia Electrote´cnica, Henry Mucini, Department of Computer Science, University of Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Porto, Portugal, Reason L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy, Software Testing: Testing New Software Maintenance Systems: Tools for Foundations-Based Belief Revision Paradigms and New Artifacts Roberto Mancuso, Philips Semiconductors, Zurich, Switzerland, LCD Jean-Michel Muller, CNRS, Universite´ de Lyon, LIP (UMR 5688 CNRS- Design Techniques ENS Lyon-INRIA-UCBL), France, Digital Arithmetic R. Manmatha, Department of Computer Science, University of Norbert Mundorf, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, Document Image Home Computing Services Analysis and Recognition Tudor Murgan, Darmstadt University of Technology, Institute of Bruce Mann, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada, Microelectronic Systems, Darmstadt, Germany, Hardware Based Computer Aided Instruction Rapid Prototyping Vasco Manquinho, INESC-ID/IST, Technical University of Lisbon, Yi Lu Murphey, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Lisbon, Portugal, Backtracking Michigan, Edge Detection in Grayscale, Color, and Range Issues Joao Marques-Silva, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Peter C. Nelson, Department of Computer Science, University of Kingdom, Backtracking Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Data Handling in Intelligent Ursula Martin, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Transportation Systems Kingdom, Women in Computing Eric Neufeld, Department of Computer Science, University of Saskat- Simon Maskell, QinetiQ, Worcester, United Kingdom, Statistical chewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, Bayesian Belief Networks Methods for Target Tracking Chong-Wah Ngo, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Aditya P. Mathur, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, Software China, Video Databases Cybernetics Minh X. Nguyen, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, N. F. Maxemchuk, Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia Minnesota, High-Quality Texture Mapping and Rendering of Point University, New York, New York, Metropolitan Area Networks Models Andrew McGettrick, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Tien N. Nguyen, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, Quality Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, Software Configuration in Computer Science and Computer Engineering Education Management Robert R. McLeod, Department of Electrical and Computer Ann Nowe, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, Introduction Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, Optical to Game Theory Disk Data Storage, Distribution, and Retrieval Masahiro Ohka, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, Robotic Tactile Deepankar Medhi, University of Missouri—Kansas City, Kansas City, Sensors Missouri, Network Reliability and Fault-Tolerance Ryuichi Oka, Graduate School of Computer Science and Engineering, Patricia Melin, Graduate Division, Tijuana Institute of Technology, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Japan, Dynamic Programming Chula Vista, California, Fuzzy Modeling Fundamentals Vojin G. Oklobdzija, Integration Corporation, Berkeley, California, P. M.Melliar-Smith, Departmentof Electrical and Computer Engineering, Reduced Instruction Set Computing University of California—Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, Daniel E. O’Leary, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services California, Expert Systems Franklin Mendivil, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Acadia Carlos A. S. Oliveira, School of Industrial Engineering and Mana- University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada, Fractals gement, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, Data Weiyi Meng, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York, Structures and Algorithms Data Search Engine Mauro Olivieri, ‘‘La Sapienza,’’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy, LCD John-Jules Ch. Meyer, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Design Techniques Agent Technology Lukasz Opyrchal, Department of Computer Science and Systems Evangelia Micheli-Tzanakou, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Analysis, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, Large Scale Group Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, Biologically Inspired Collaboration Systems Neural Computation Miguel Palomino, Departamento de Sistemas Informa´ticos y Milan D. Mihajlovic´, School of Computer Science, University of Computacio´n, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain, Formal Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, Multigrid Methods Logic Slobodan Zˇ . Mijalkovic´, Silvaco Technology Centre, Cambridge, Manish Parashar, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, United Kingdom, Multigrid Methods Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, Alexander Milenkovic, University of Alabama, Huntsville, Huntsville, Shared Memory Multiprocessors Alabama, Addressing: Direct and Indirect Panos M. Pardalos, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Keith W. Miller, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Data Structures and Illinois, Ethics and Professional Responsibility in Computing Algorithms Scott D. Miller, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, Software Jung Me Park, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, Cybernetics Edge Detection in Grayscale, Color, and Range Issues Jack Minker, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Sumanta Pattanaik, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, Maryland, Deductive Databases Lighting; Radiosity Eduardo R. Miranda, University of Plymouth, Interdisciplinary Centre Wayne Patterson, Department of Systems and Computer Sciences, for Computer Music Research, Plymouth, United Kingdom, Digital Howard University, Washington, DC, Computational Number Sound Synthesis for Multimedia Audio Theory Neeraj Mittal, Department of Computer Science, The University of Gheorge Paˇun, Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy, Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, Time and State in Asynchronous Bucharest, Romania, Chomsky Hierarchy Distributed Systems Zdzisław Pawlak, Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Kinji Mori, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan, Autonomous Polish Academy of Sciences, and University of Information Decentralized Systems Technology and Management, Warsaw, Poland, Rough Set Theory Louise E. Moser, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Witold Pedrycz, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California—Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Computational Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services Intelligence; Neural Net Architectures CONTRIBUTORS xv

Doron Peled, Department of Computer Science, The University Mick F. Ranky, Ridgewood, New Jersey, CD-ROMs and Computer of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Computer Systems Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel, Model Checking Paul G. Ranky, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Patrizio Pelliccione, Dipartimento di Informatica, Universita´ Jersey, CD-ROMs and Computer Systems dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy, Model Checking Awais Rashid, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom, Anna Perini, Fondazione Bruno, Kessler—IRST, Trento, Italy, Agent- Aspect-Oriented Software Development: An Introduction Oriented Software Engineering Arnab Ray, Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Engineering, James Peters, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College Park, Maryland, Authorization, Access Control, Information University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Compu- Flow tational Intelligence Michel Raynal,IRISA,Universite´ de Rennes, Rennes Cedex, France, Failure William H. Piel, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, Detectors for Asynchronous Distributed Systems: An Introduction New Haven, Connecticut, Bioinformatic Databases Tim Reichert, Department of Software Engineering, Heilbronn Keshav Pingali, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, Parallel and University, Heilbronn, Germany, Software Engineering for Tele- Vector Programming Languages communications Systems S. N. Piramanayagam, Data Storage Institute, Singapore, Data Storage Han Reichgelt, Southern Polytechnic State University, Marietta, on Magnetic Disks Georgia, Computing Accreditation: Evolution and Trends Associated David A. Plaisted, Department of Computer Science, University of with U.S. Accrediting Agencies North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Automated Thomas Reichherzer, Department of Computer Science, Indiana Theorem Proving University, Bloomington, Indiana, Knowledge-Based Computation Margi Pohl, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, Women Erik Reinhard, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Rendering in Computing Nathalie Revol, INRIA, Universite´ de Lyon, LIP (UMR 5688 CNRS-ENS Lech Polkowski, Polish–Japanese Institute of Information Technology, Lyon-INRIA-UCBL), France, Digital Arithmetic Warsaw, Poland; University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, William Reynolds Jr., ITT Space Systems Division, Vienna, Virginia, Poland, Rough Set Theory Data Compression George C. Polyzos, Athens University of Economics and Business, Francesco Ricca, Department of Mathematics, University of Calabria, Athens, Greece, Multicast Protocols and Algorithms Rende, Italy, Answer Set Programming Neoklis Polyzotis, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Stefano Rizzi, DEIS, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, Data California, Very Large Databases Warehouse Marc Pouly, Univeristy of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland, Information Kimberly Roche, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, Formal Algebra Specification B. Prabhakaran, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, Managing Roshanak Roshandel, Department of Computer Science and Software and Mining Multimedia Data, Animations and Annotations Engineering, Seattle University, Seattle, Washington, Software Dhiraj Pradhan, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Fault- Dependability Tolerant Computing William B. Rouse, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, Atul Prakash, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Information Technology Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Distributed Yong Rui, Microsoft Advance Technology Center, Beijing, China, and Collaborative Development; Large Scale Group Collaboration Content-Based Multimedia Retrieval Systems Amr Sabry, Department of Computer Science, Indiana University, Rafael Prikladnicki, Pontifı´cia Universidade Cato´lica do Rio Grande do Bloomington, Indiana, Side Effects Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Distributed Project Management Andrew P. Sage, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, Rodu Prodan, Institute of Computer Science, University of Innsbruck, Information Technology Innsbruck, Austria, Clusters and Grids Avinash Sahay, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Oleg A. Prokopyev, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Knowledge Verification University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Data Structures and Andrea Salgian, Department of Computer Science, The College of New Algorithms Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, Theory and Algorithms of Perceptual J. Mark Pullen, Department of Computer Science, George Mason Grouping University, Fairfax, Virginia, Distance Education in Computer Pierangela Samarati, Universita` degli Studi di Milano, Crema, Italy, Science Data Security Chunming Qiao, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, Fiber-Optic Sachin Sapatnekar, Department of Electrical and Computer Communication Networks Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Eric Quinnell, Advanced Micro Devices, Austin, Texas, Floating-Point Convex Optimization Computer Arithmetic Charles P. Satterthwaite, AFRL/IFTA Embedded Information System Noa Ragonis, Beit Berl College, Kfar Saba, Israel; Technion—Israel Engineering Branch, United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, Computing Pre-University: Ohio, Aircraft Computers Secondary Level Computing Criteria Robert J. Schalkoff, Department of Electrical and Computer Sridhar Rajagopal, WiQuest Communications, Inc. Allen, Texas, Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, Communication Processors for Wireless Systems Pattern Recognition Ravichandran Ramachandran, National Semiconductor Corporation, Richard E. Schantz, BBN Technologies, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Santa Clara, California, Carry Logic Middleware for Distributed Systems Rajeev Ramanath, Texas Instruments Incorporated, Plano, Texas, Color Peter Scheuermann, Department of Electrical Engineering and Models; Color Perception Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, J. Raul Ramirez, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Active Database Systems Geographic Information Systems Judith D. Schlesinger, IDA Center for Computing Science, Bowie, Mirko Randic´, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Maryland, Instruction Sets University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia, Spell Checker Douglas C. Schmidt, Department of Electrical Engineering and Gregory N. Ranky, Ridgewood, New Jersey, CD-ROMs and Computer Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, Systems Middleware for Distributed Systems xvi CONTRIBUTORS

Cesar Schneuwly, Univeristy of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland, Luca Sterpone, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy, FPGA PAL Design Information Algebra Tools Bernhard Scholz, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, Program Jack Stiffler, Reliable Technologies, Inc., Weston, Massachusetts, Fault- Assemblers Tolerant Computing C. H. Scott, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, Charles E. Stroud, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, Logic Testing Geometric Programming Craig Stunkel, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, David Scott, Laboratory for Communication Engineering, University of New York, Interconnection Networks for Parallel Computers Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Data Privacy Narayanan Subramanian, Department of Computer Science, University Bran Selic, Malina Software Corporation, Nepean, Ontario, Canada, of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, Requirements Specification and Unified Modeling Language (UML) Analysis Naeem Seliya, University of Michigan—Dearborn, Dearborn, Tatsuya Suda, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, Michigan, Software Module Risk Analysis, Software Quality Asynchronous Transfer Mode Networks Modeling as a Reliability Tool Ron Sun, Cognitive Science Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Sami Sheeshia, American University of Science and Technology, Institute, Troy, New York, Cognitive Systems and Cognitive Beirut, Lebanon, Fiber-Optic Communication Networks Architectures Shashi Shekhar, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, M. Suriya, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, India, Women in University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Spatial Databases Computing Phillip C.-Y. Sheu, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, Earl E. Swartzlander Jr., Department of Electrical and Computer Database Languages Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, Fixed- Hyong-Sop Shim, Applied Research, Telcordia Technologies, Point Computer Arithmetic; Floating-Point Computer Arithmetic Piscataway, New Jersey, Distributed and Collaborative Development Ao Tang, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, Transport Layer Miyoung Shin, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea, Ariel Tankus, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Software Quality Classification Models Angeles, Los Angeles, California, Shape from Shading Howard Siegel, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Abdullah Uz Tansel, Baruch College and the Graduate Center, City Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Robust University of New York, New York, New York, Temporal Databases Resource Allocation in Heterogeneous Parallel and Distributed Wallapak Tavanpong, Department of Computer Science, Iowa State Computing Systems University, Ames, Iowa, Parallel Database Management Systems Howard Jay Siegel, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, Daniel Thalmann, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Interconnection Networks for Parallel Computers Switzerland, Crowd Simulation Avik Sinha, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, New York, J. Barrie Thomspson, School of Computing and Technology, University Software Metrics of Sunderland, Sunderland, United Kingdom, Perspectives on Murali Sitaraman, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, Software Engineering Professionalism Formal Program Verification; Formal Specification Bhavani Thuraisingham, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, Andrzej Skowron, Institute of Mathematics, Warsaw University, Managing and Mining Multimedia Data, Animations and Warsaw, Poland, Rough Set Theory Annotations Anthony M. Sloane, Department of Computing, Macquarie University, Walter F. Tichy, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, Monitor Sydney, Australia, Program Compilers Gloria Childress Townsend, DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana, Carol Smidts, Center for Reliability Engineering, University of Women in Computing Maryland, College Park, Maryland, Nuclear Reactor Instrumen- Spyros Tragoudas, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, tation and Control Systems Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, Graph Theory and Jay Smith, Digital Globe, Longmont, Colorado, Robust Resource Algorithms Allocation in Heterogeneous Parallel and Distributed Computing Goce Trajcevski, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Systems Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, Active Simone Smorfa, ‘‘La Sapienza,’’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy, LCD Database Systems Design Techniques Kishor S. Trivedi, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Lawrence Snyder, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, Software Aging and Rejuvenation University of Washington-Seattle, Seattle, Washington, Fluency with Jeffrey J. P. Tsai, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Information Technology Knowledge Verification; System Monitoring Nir Sochen, School of Mathematics, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Jichiang Tsai, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Israel, Shape from Shading Communication-Induced Checkpointing Protocols and Rollback- Angela Sodan, School of Computer Science, University of Windsor, Dependency Trackability Windsor, Ontario, Canada, Time-Sharing Systems Shiao-Li Tsao, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Daniel Solow, Department of Operations, Weatherhead School of R.O.C., WiMAX Networks Management, Case Western University, Cleveland, Ohio, Linear Kwok Ching Tsui, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, and Nonlinear Programming Autonomy-Oriented Computing (AOC) Ellen Spertus, Mills College, San Francisco, California, Women in Karl Tuyls, Department of Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Computing Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Introduction to Game Junilda Spiorollari, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Theory Jersey, Bioinformatic Databases Neil Vachharajani, Department of Computer Science, Princeton Paola Spoletini, Dipartimento della Cultura, Politiche e dell’Informazione, University, Princeton, New Jersey, Speculation Universita´ dell’Insurbia, Como, Italy, Model Checking Kalyanaraman Vaidyanathan, Scalable Systems Group, Sun Jaideep Srivastava, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Microsystems, Inc., San Diego, California, Software Aging and Analytical Customer Relationship Management Rejuvenation Zbigniew Stachniak, Department of Computer Science and Zita Vale, Polytechnic of Porto, Institute of Engineering, Porto, Portugal, Engineering, York University, Toronto, Canada, Microcomputers Intelligent Power System Alexandra Stadler, Technische Universita¨t Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Manuel Valencia, University of Seville-Institute of Microelectronics, Graphical User Interfaces Seville, Spain, Logic Synthesis CONTRIBUTORS xvii

Wil M. P. van der Aalst, Department of Mathematics and Computer Laurence A. Wolsey,De´partement d’Inge´nierie Mathe´matique, Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Universite´ Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, Netherlands, Process-Aware Information Systems: Design, Enact- Mixed Integer Programming ment, and Analysis Cathy H. Wu, Protein Information Resource and Georgetown Marc Van Hulle, Laboratorium voor Neuro- & Psychopysiologie, K.U. University Medical Center, Washington, DC, Bioinformatic Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium, Kernel-Based Databases Topographic Maps: Theory and Applications Chih-Hung Wu, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Robbert van Renesse, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, Machine Learning Programming Models: Client-Server, Process Groups, and Peer-to- Sining Wu, Cambridge–Cranfield High Performance Computing Peer Facility, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom, Disk Storage Jashmid A. Vayghan, IBM Corporation, Rochester, Minnesota, Xiao Wu, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, Analytical Customer Relationship Management Video Databases Marcel Verhoef, CHESS, Haarlem, The Netherlands, Vienna Xindong Wu, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, Data Development Method Mining Jeffrey Voas, SAIC, Arlington, Virginia, Software Product Certification Yi-Hung Wu, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taiwan, Data Pascal Volino, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Virtual Analysis Clothing Chunsheng Xin, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, North Carolina, Mladen Vouk, Department of Computer Science, North Carolina, State Fiber-Optic Communication Networks University, Raleigh, North Carolina, Agile Software Development Dianxiang Xu, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, Sanja Vranes, The Mihalio Pupin Institute, Belgrade, Serbia and Software Security Montenegro, Artificial Intelligence Languages Ruifeng Xu, Department of Computer Science, University of Central R. H. Walden, The Aerospace Corporation Electronics and Photonics Florida, Orlando, Florida, Radiosity Laboratory, Los Angeles, California, Analog-to-Digital Conversion in George Xylomenos, Athens University of Economics and Business, the Early Twenty-First Century Athens, Greece, Multicast Protocols and Algorithms Bin Wang, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, Optical Hiroshi Yamaguchi, NEC Soft, Ltd., Japan, Database Languages Communication Shuntaro Yamazaki, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science Farn Wang, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan and Technology, Tokyo, Japan, Warping and Morphing University, Taipei, Taiwan, Specification Formalisms and Models Pingkun Yan, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Medical Frank Zhigang Wang, Cambridge–Cranfield High Performance Image Processing Computing Facility, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom, Li Yang, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, Visual Disk Storage Database George (Taehyung) Wang, California State University, Northridge, Yiyu Yao, Department of Computer Science, University of Regina, Northridge, California, Database Languages Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, Granular Computing; Web Jason T. L. Wang, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Intelligence (WI) Jersey, Bioinformatic Databases Nighat Yasmin, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, Jau-Hwang Wang, Central Police University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Formal Specification Analytical Customer Relationship Management David Yau, Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lan Wang, Department of Computer Science, University of Memphis, Lafayette, Indiana, OS for Graphics and Multimedia Memphis, Tennessee, Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks Stephen S. Yau, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Laung-Terng (L.-T.) Wang, SynTest Technologies, Inc., Sunnyvale, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Mobile and Ubiquitous California, Logic Testing Computing Lei Wang, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, Managing and Gayle J. Yaverbaum, Penn State Harrisburg, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Mining Multimedia Data, Animations and Annotations Computing Accreditation: Evolution and Trends Associated with U.S. Lipo Wang, Division of Information Engineering, Nanyang Accrediting Agencies Technological University, Singapore, Artificial Neural Networks Yehezkel Yeshurun, School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Lusheng Wang, Department of Computer Science, City University of Tel-Aviv, Israel, Shape from Shading Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, Biology Computing Alper Yilmaz, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Active Rong Wang, College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Contours: Snakes; Level Set Methods; Contour Tracking California, Fingerprint Identification Cemal Yilmaz, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, New Yi-Min Wang, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, York, Software Metrics Communication-Induced Checkpointing Protocols and Rollback- Yin Yin, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Arizona Dependency Trackability State University, Tempe, Arizona, Mobile and Ubiquitous Sanford Weisberg, University of Minnesota, School of Statistics, Computing Minneapolis, Minnesota, Regression Analysis Oliver Yu, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mark Allen Weiss, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Data Parameter Passing Communication John Westbrook, Protein Data Bank and Rutgers, The State Uni- Xiaoru Yuan, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, versity of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, Bioinformatic Minnesota, High-Quality Texture Mapping and Rendering of Point Databases Models Laurie Williams, Department of Computer Science, North Carolina, Pavel Zezula, Department of Computer Systems and Communications, State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, Agile Software Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, File Organizations Development Chenqi Zhang, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia, Intelligent Sylvia Wiltner, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, Agent Women in Computing C. N. Zhang, Department of Computer Science, University of Regina, Victor L. Winter, Department of Computer Science, University of Telecommunications Research Laboratories (TRLabs-Regina), Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, Program Transformation: Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, Algorithm Based Fault Tolerant What, How, and Why Cryptography xviii CONTRIBUTORS

Dan Zhang, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Lin Zhang, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, Ontario, Canada, Robot Kinematics China, Software Component Repositories Du Zhang, California State University, Sacramento, California, Xiaodong Zhang, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Knowledge Verification The Ohio State University, Peer-to-Peer Communication Hongxin Zhang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, Mesh Yan Zhang, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, Data Mining Deformation Yanchun Zhang, School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Kang Zhang, Visual Computing Lab, Department of Computer Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia, Distributed Databases; The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, Visual Software Transaction Processing Engineering Zili Zhang, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Intelligent Agent Li Zhang, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers, Wenyi Zhao, Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Mountain View, California, Face The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, Shared Recognition Techniques Memory Multiprocessors Ning Zhong, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi-City, Japan, Liang Zhang, Information Communication Institute of Singapore, School Granular Computing; Web Intelligence (WI) of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological Hong Zhu, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom, University, Singapore, Collaborative Virtual Environment: Web- Software Verification and Validation Based Issues; Collaborative Virtual Environment: Applications; Xingquan Zhu, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, Data Collaborative Virtual Environment: System Architectures Mining Lihong Zhang, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Zahari Zlatev, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus Newfoundland, Canada, VLSI Circuit Layout University, Roskilde, Denmark, Environmental Science Computing