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Pecari Tajacu) in the Tortolita Mountains The seasonal movements and herd activities of the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) in the Tortolita Mountains Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Bigler, William John, 1939- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 12:21:17 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551752 THE SEASONAL MOVEMENTS AND HERD ACTIVITIES OF THE COLLARED PECCARY (PECARI TAJACU) IN THE TORTOLITA MOUNTAINS by William J. Bigler A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT In Partial Fulfillm ent of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 4 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re­ quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the m aterial is in the interests of schol­ arship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. S IG N E D : APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: \\ , — iE K. SOWLS Associate Professor of Wildlife Management This study was financed by the Arizona Cooperative W ildlife Research Unit, which is cooperatively maintained by the following organizations: The University of Arizona, the Arizona Game and Fish Department, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Wildlife Management Institute. i i i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to Dr. C. Roger Hunger ford. Assistant Unit Leader, for his guidance, encouragement and many suggestions through­ out the study. ' I am sincerely indebted to Dr. Lyle K. Sowls, Unit Leader, for his invaluable assistance in preparing and editing the thesis. I wish to thank Gerald I. Day, Biologist of the Arizona Game and Fish Department, for his collaboration on drug pen experiments, harness construction and field capture techniques. I also extend my thanks to David E. Brown, W ildlife Manager of The Arizona Game and Fish Department, for his assistance in field observations. Dr. William J. McConnell, Assistant Unit Leader, offered many tim ely suggestions concerning the marking and tagging techniques. Richard F. Dyson, Curator of Mammals at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, assisted in the prelim inary marking, tagging and imm obiliza­ tion experiments. Fellow students Richard A. Bishop, Jaime A. Estavillo, Donald S. Peterson and Arthur C. Risser are remembered for their assistance in trap site preparation, field immobilization and summer obs ervations. A ll photographs were taken by Gerald I. Day. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page L IS T O F IL L U S T R A T IO N S ................................................................................ v i L IS T O F T A B L E S .................................................................................................... v iii ABSTRACT ........................ x i IN T R O D U C T IO N .................................................................................................... 1 THE STUDY A R E A ....................................... 2 T o p o g ra p h y ...................................................... 2 C lim a te ......................................................................................................... 3 Vegetation .................................................................................................... 3 METHODS .................................. 7 S u rvey T e c h n iq u e s ..................................................................................... 7 C hecking S ta tio n .......................................................................................... 8 T ra p p in g and C a p t u r i n g . ...................................................................... 8 Tagging and M a r k in g ............................................................................... 18 R E S U L T S A N D D IS C U S S IO N ........................................................................... 24 Herd Size, Composition and Productivity .................................. 24 Movements and Home Range ............................................................ 32 Seasonal Activities .................................. 34 Relationships with Other A nim als .................................................. 46 A P P E N D IX .................................................................................................................. 49 LITERATURE CITED 51 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. The study area in the Tortolita Mountains .............................. 5 2. The vegetation and topography of the study area .... 6 3. The typical vegetation of the many small canyons above 2, 600 f e e t ......................................................................................................... 6 4. The C O 2 rifle and the projectile syringes used in the field immobilization of the peccary . 21 t 5. Tagging and harnessing a field immobilized adult peccary . .................................................. .... 21 6. A captured piglet ear tagged with "Saflag" swathes and s "Rdtotags" ............................................................. .... 22 7. Population data on the peccary in the study area in 1963 and 1 9 6 4 ........................................................................... 25 8. Birth months of young peccaries observed on the study area at various times in 1963-64 .................................................. 30 9. Minimum home ranges; with movements of peccary marked and subsequently identified . 33 10. A large cave used by peccaries during the spring and s u m m e r ............................. .... 37 11. A typical scat station and bedding site used by peccaries during the spring and s u m m e r ....................................................... 37 12. Observations on summer movements of small peccary herd unit (E) and the range overlap by two other peccary h erd s (D ) and ( F ) .......................................................................................... 38 13. Celtis pallida and other canyon bottom cover used during the la te su m m er and f a l l ...................................................................... 44 v i v ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS--Continued Figure Page 14. Mesquite cover and the benches used during the fall and w i n t e r ........................................................................................................ 44 15. M o n th ly d iu rn a l a c tiv ity p a t t e r n s .................................................. 45 LIST OF TABLES T a b le Page 1. Dosage rates and effects of Sernylan administered to captive peccaries ..................................................................................... 13 2. Field records of peccaries immobilized with Sernylan . 14 3. Data on young peccaries captured and marked during the summer of 1963 17 4. The observed sex and age composition of seven small peccary herds in the study area, September, 1963 . 27 5. Age classification by tooth-wear of hunter-killed pec­ caries in the Tortolita Mountains in 1963 and 1964 . 28 6. Age composition of 13 observed peccary herds in the T o rto lita M o u n ta in s ................................................................................ 29 7. Sex ratio of hunter-killed peccaries in the Tortolita Mountains in 1963 and 1964 30 8. Litter size of three age classes of young peccaries in the T o rto lita M o u n t a in s ...................................................................... 31 9* Summer observations of peccaries entering caves . 43 10. Maximum-minimum temperatures (°F. ) in a large cave used by p e c c a r ie s ..................................................................................... 44 v iii ABSTRACT This study of the seasonal movements and herd activities of the peccary was conducted in the Tortolita Mountains, Pima and Pinal Counties, Arizona from February 1963 to March 1964. Four trapping locations were established by June 15 and dis­ continued during the first week of August. Peccaries never visited the trapping locations during the summer dry season nor did the auxiliary water supply attract them. In an attempt to mark at least some adult animals, the dart gun was used from July 1963 to February 1964. Young peccaries were caught by hand and tagged from July 16, 1963 to August 6, 1963. Eleven adults and eight young peccaries were marked and released during the course of this study. Movements, seasonal activities and herd composition were determined by observation and repeated visits to caves and scat stations. Thirteen herds, a total of 106 peccaries, were observed during this study. The sex ratio was approximately 50:50 and the age composi­ tion was 30% juveniles and 70% adults. The minimum home ranges of four peccary herds within the study area ranged from 1.03 to 3. 12 square miles. ix
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