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Population Kinetics and Mechanistic Aspects of Saccharomyces fmicb-11-01019 May 19, 2020 Time: 19:6 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 21 May 2020 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01019 Population Kinetics and Mechanistic Aspects of Saccharomyces Edited by: cerevisiae Growth in Relation to Fausto Almeida, University of São Paulo, Brazil Selenium Sulfide Nanoparticle Reviewed by: Zhi-Qing Lin, Synthesis Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, United States Farnoush Asghari-Paskiabi1,2, Mohammad Imani3*, Sana Eybpoosh4, Estéfani García Ríos, Hashem Rafii-Tabar1 and Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh2*† Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain 1 Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical 2 3 *Correspondence: Science, Tehran, Iran, Department of Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran, Novel Drug Delivery Systems 4 Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, [email protected]; Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran [email protected] Mohammad Imani Biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) by microorganisms is a cost- and energy-effective [email protected] approach. However, how the production of NPs affects the population of producing †ORCID: Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh organism remains as an unresolved question. The present study aimed to evaluate the orcid.org/0000-0001-8217-399X kinetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth in relation to synthesis of selenium sulfide Specialty section: nanoparticles by using a population model. To this end, the population of S. cerevisiae This article was submitted to cells was investigated in terms of colony forming units (CFU) in the presence of the Fungi and Their Interactions, substrate in different time points. Fluctuation of sulfite reductase (SiR) activity, expression a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology of MET5 and MET10 genes, and concentrations of sulfite and selenium were evaluated Received: 23 February 2020 to support the population findings. CFU values in the test groups were lower than those Accepted: 24 April 2020 in the control counterparts. The rise and fall of the SiR activity and MET5 and MET10 Published: 21 May 2020 gene expression conformed to the variations of CFU values. The rate of reduction in the Citation: Asghari-Paskiabi F, Imani M, selenium and sulfite concentrations tended to decrease over the time. In conclusion, Eybpoosh S, Rafii-Tabar H and the cells population was negatively and positively affected by selenium and sulfite Razzaghi-Abyaneh M (2020) concentrations, respectively. The indirect relationship of the selenium ions concentration Population Kinetics and Mechanistic Aspects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the path analysis revealed that the product, selenium sulfide nanoparticles, caused Growth in Relation to Selenium this drop in S. cerevisiae cells population. Sulfide Nanoparticle Synthesis. Front. Microbiol. 11:1019. Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, selenium sulfide nanoparticles, sulfite reductase, modeling, Growth doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01019 Kinetics Frontiers in Microbiology| www.frontiersin.org 1 May 2020| Volume 11| Article 1019 fmicb-11-01019 May 19, 2020 Time: 19:6 # 2 Asghari-Paskiabi et al. Population Kinetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT | Purposed modeling scheme of the relationship between abiotic-gene expression variables and the population growth of S. cerevisiae. Solid arrows show the direct effects of independent variables on the dependent variables (S. cerevisiae population growth, gene expression, and sulfite reductase activity). Dashed arrows show the correlation coefficients among variables. INTRODUCTION in order to prevent the ions toxicity. It is supposed that in the defense against selenium ions toxicity, sulfite reductase (SiR) Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs), in comparison with reduced soluble selenium ions of selenous acid to insoluble conventional physicochemical approaches, is more simple elemental selenium. After supersaturation of the atoms under and provides NPs with controlled size and morphology. ambient conditions, the nucleus would emerge. The nucleus Nowadays, great attention has been paid to develop NPs released maximum amount of energy to become stable and through biosynthesis approach by microorganisms, such as fungi, crystallized (Thanh et al., 2014). bacteria, plants, and plants extracts (Asghari et al., 2016). In sulfur cycle, the microorganism produces antioxidants, Many studies have been carried out on bioconversion which are needed to tolerate toxic ions and NPs (Grant and of selenium ions to NPs using selenium-based materials Dawes, 1996). SiR is the main enzyme in sulfur cycle for the (Rajeshkumar et al., 2019). Forootanfar et al.(2014), assessed production of sulfide from sulfite (Elskens et al., 1991; Thomas cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of selenium NPs, which were and Surdin-Kerjan, 1997). On the one hand, this enzyme is biosynthesized by Bacillus sp. Msh-1, a bacterial strain isolated responsible for the reduction of ions and NPs synthesis, and from sea. They found that selenium NPs had higher scavenging on the other hand, it is responsible for the production of activity in comparison with selenium ions, while cytotoxic effect antioxidants against toxic materials, such as the NPs. Thus, it of biogenic selenium NPs on MCF-7 cell line was reduced was motivating to know the enzyme activity and expression considerably. Ahmad et al.(2015) biosynthesized stable selenium of its genes as well as the rate of population growth before, nanorods (Se Nrs) using Streptomyces bikiensis. The nanorods during, and after the production of NPs. In all organisms, sulfur of selenium were able to induce death in Hep-G2 and MCF-7 exists in amino acids cysteine and methionine as well as in cell lines. coenzymes, metabolites, and chemical structure; however, fungi In a study by Vogel et al.(2017), elemental selenium particles obtain sulfur from inorganic sulfate species present in nature. In were produced by Azospirillum brasilense. They performed the sulfate assimilation process, sulfate is incorporated into cysteine experiment by two different substances. Interestingly, they found (Leustek et al., 2000; Kopriva, 2006). In this process, sulfate is that selenate was non-toxic for A. brasilense and the bacterium activated in two steps into adenosine 5’phosphosulfate (APS) or did not reduce this oxyanion, while selenite, the other substrate, 3’phosphoadenosine 5’phosphosulfate (PAPS), each of which is was toxic for A. brasilense. It was observed that the presence of reduced to sulfite by APS or PAPS reductase (PAPR). Sulfite is selenite caused a long lag phase and just after initiation of cell reduced to sulfide by SiR, which is composed of a (116 kDa) and growth, the bacterium converted selenite to NPs. A. brasilense was b (167 kDa) subunits (Figure 1; Patron et al., 2008). Moreover, recognized to be highly sensitive to selenite, which was a burden in S. cerevisiae, the 6-electron-sulfite is reduced to sulfide ion by on the selenium ion reduction path. sulfite reductase (EC 1.8.1.2) catalysis (Jiranek et al., 1996). Sulfite Earlier, we successfully biosynthesized selenium sulfide NPs reductase is known to have the main role in the biosynthesis of using Fusarium oxysporum (Asghari-Paskiabi et al., 2018), and sulfide-metal NPs (Senapati et al., 2014). Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Asghari-Paskiabi et al., 2019). The In this research, sodium sulfite/selenous acid as precursors, microorganisms converted selenium ions to elemental selenium were added to S. cerevisiae culture medium in order to obtain Frontiers in Microbiology| www.frontiersin.org 2 May 2020| Volume 11| Article 1019 fmicb-11-01019 May 19, 2020 Time: 19:6 # 3 Asghari-Paskiabi et al. Population Kinetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae FIGURE 1 | Sulfur pathway in S. cerevisiae. The inset shows the correlation between NPs synthesis, sulfite reductase activity and the expression of sulfite reductase main genes, and MET5 and MET10. selenium sulfide NPs. Thus, there was a shortcut in the cells’ glucose, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and di-potassium sulfur cycle, where the sulfate was omitted, and the cycle started hydrogen phosphate and anhydrous Iron (III) chloride were from sulfite. In this study, we aimed to satisfy a curiosity on purchased from Merck Chemicals Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). how the interaction of a microorganism with selenium ions and Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), peptone and yeast extract were their conversion to NPs affect the generating fungus itself, e.g., obtained from MicroMedia, Hungary. Hydrogen sulfide, sodium the changes in gene expression, enzymatic system, and finally sulfite, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride, its population as a sign of toxicity. To this end, we quantified glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-P-DH), Ethylene the population profile of the S. cerevisiae cells in terms of glycol-bis(b-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid colony forming units (CFU) in the presence and absence of (EGTA) tetrasodium salt, glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P), the selenium substrate. Then, the variation of sulfite reductase Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250, bovine serum albumin (BSA), activity, the expression of two main genes of sulfite reductase Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640, selenous acid, (MET5 and MET10; dependent variables), and concentration and sodium sulfite were all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich of sulfite and selenium (independent variables)
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