VOL. XIX PROC. NOVA SCOTIAN INSTITUTE SCIENCE PT. 1

THE MARINE FISHES OF NOVA SCOTIA

v. D. VLADYKOV and R. A. McKENZIE. Atlantic Biological Station, St. Andrews, N. B.

(Received June 8, 1935).

ABSTRACT. The present paper describes 151 species, belonging to 134 genera and 82 families, which occur in the Nova Scotian region. Among them, 17 may be found in both fresh and salt water, while the remainder are truly marine fishes. The latter group may be divided into three categories,-permanent residents (76), southern species (46) and northern fishes (12). The expla­ nation of such a mixture of faunisticelements lies in the fact that, during the late summer months (August to October), the temperature of the upper layers of water alo� our shores increases greatly (up to about 68°F.), while during the early spnng (January to April) the temperature drops to almost 30°F. Hence, southern fishes can easily stray to our coast during the wann !leason and the northern forms do the same during the late winter and early spring. On the whole the Nova Scotian fishes are rather typical speciesof mid-Atlantic latitudes. INTRODUCTION. The authors, under the Biological Board of Canada, have been engaged in research on certain commercial fishes of the Canadian Atlantic coast during the period 1931-35. Nu­ merous requests to name fishes from various localities, to give suggestions concerning their means of identification, and to estimate the number of species found in Nova Scotian waters have influenced them to prepare this paper on all the marine fishes of this region. The main object of this work is to give a comprehensive key by means of which anyone may identify the fishes, com­ mercial and non-commercial, of Nova Scotian waters, since no such key exists. It is necessary to treat all species alike since the non-commercial fishes of to-day may be the im­ portant ones of to-morrow. A complete review is given of all the marine and anadro­ mous fishes (151 species) found around the Nova Scotian coast, with the exception of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The area under consideration is bounded on the northeast by Cabot Strait and the Laurentian Channel, and on the south by the Atlantic Slope and the Fundian Channel. The coastal waters, QŌ̾ m| <| mT2

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ÄB p«É "R€‰$RqM‰ '4[D ‰ !4WRF ‰ %RqO‰ bŨ.Sƌ ač•ƌ 46$ƌ ––÷̾ &¥ THE MARINE FISHES OF NOVA SCOTIA 21

that such a specimen (with information on date and place of capture) be sent to the authors at the Fisheries Experi­ mental Station, Halifax, N. S. In this Key the most important characters are mentioned first in every Section. The numbering of the Sections in each part of the Key is done independently. The Key for Families has been divided, primarily, into a General Part and a Specific Part. The former is the guide to the three large Divisions treated in the Specific Part. Division I and Division II are not subdivided, but Division III has three smaller Subdivisions. A brief statement of the main characters in each of these three Divisions is set forth here. The Lamprey and Hag, belonging to the first Division, are easily recognized by the absence of paired fins and by the presence of naked snake-like bodies. The Sharks, Skates and Chimaera are considered in the second Division. The first two groups have at least 5 pairs of gill slits without coverin:;, while the Chimaera have only 1 gill openin5 on each side of the head, and each opening is enclosed by a flap of skin. All the fishes of this second Division have, in common, a thick leathery skin on body and head which covers the fins also, and the males have the inner part of the ventral fins modified into claspers. The third Division is the most complicated, embracing Bony Fishes. The Sturgeon with 5 rows of large, bony shields running lengthwise of the body and an elongated, flattened, shovel-like snout cannot be confused with any other fish. The remaining great majority of fishes are listed in three subsequent Subdivisions. Each Subdivision is characterized by the difference in development, structure and position of the ventral fins. The first Subdivision includes the fishes without ventral fins, such as the Eel group, Catfish, Swordfish, Pipefish, etc., and fishes with ventral fins modified into a sucking disc as Lumpfish and Sea Snail. The second Sub­ division embraces fishes with ventral fins in a thoracic and jugular position, Mackerel and Codfish types, respectively. The remaining fishes, which are considered in the third Sub- 22 V. D. VLADYKOV AND R. A. MCKENZIE division, have the ventral fins in an abdominal position, as in the case of Herring and Salmon. To facilitate the use of the Key, 129 drawings of various fishes have been included. At least one representative of each of the 82 families mentioned in this paper has been de­ picted, and in the case of economically important families or curious species, additional drawings have been prepared. These drawings are semi-schematic, and the more im­ portant systematic characters, as, for example, adipcse fins, maxillaries, etc., have been shown in solid black to make them more conspicuous. As a rule, the exact number of spines in the first dorsal and anal fins are indicated in the drawings when such characters are of importance in identification. For the same reason, on some occasions, scales and colour patterns are also shown. The great majority of the drawings are taken from the fourth volume of the celebrated treatise of Jordan and Ever­ mann2, while the remaining drawings are taken from other authors as follows: Figs. VI, VII, XXXIX, XLV, LXIII, CXII and CXXIX from Bigelow and Welsh3; Figs. XIII, XIV and XVIII from Bigelow and Schroeder•; Figs. XLill, XLIV and LXXXVII from Goode and Bean5; Figs. IV, XVI, XVII and XIX-XXIII from Garman6; Figs. LXIV and LXVI-LXXI from Huntsman7; Figs. CXX-CXXII from Jensen8; Figs. XII, LXI and LXXXV from La Goree' and Fig. CXIV from Beebem; Figs. LII and CVII from Knipo­ vich11; Figs. XV, XXXIV, XLVI, CXVIII and CXXX from

'Jordan and Evennann. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mu s. No. 47, 3313 pp. (1896- 1900). 3Bigelow and Welsh. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 40, Pt. I, 567 pp. (1925). 'Bigelow and Schroeder. Can. Atlant. Fauna, 12, 38 pp. (1934). 6Goode and Bean. "Oceanic Ichthyology." Spec. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1895, 553 pp. 6Gannan. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, 36, 515 pp. (1913). 7Huntsman. Can. Fisherman, 5, 788-790 (1918). 8Jensen. "The Danish lngolj-Expedition," 2, Pt. 4 (1904). 9LaGorce. Nat. Geog. Mag., 44, 567-634 (1923), tOBeebe. Nat. Geog. Mag., 61, 87 (1932). 11Knipovich. Trans. Inst. Scient.Explo r. North, No. 27, Moscow (1926). THE MARINE FISHES OF NOVA SCOTIA 23

Gowanloch, Koelz, Parr, Gill and Gregory12 respectively. Figs. V, XXXI-XXXIII and XXXVIII are ori5inal. A short glossary, which follows, explains the meaning of the technical terms unavoidably used throughout the paper.

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS.

ABDOMINAL POSITION OF VENTRAL FINS.-Far behind the pectoral fins. ADIPOSE FIN.-A small, soft, fleshy dorsal fin that has no supporting rays, located behind the first dorsal fin and close to the caudal fin. AIR BLADDER.-Comrnonly known as the "sound." The sack within the body cavity just below the backbone and containing gases. ANADROMOUS.-Fishes which live in salt water but go into fresh water to spawn, e.g. Salmon, Shad, etc. ANAL FIN.-The unpaired fin or fins (two) on the lower surface of the body just behind the vent. ANUS.-The external opening of the intestine located in front of the anal fin. ANTERIOR.-Referring to the front part. BASE OF FIN.-Extent of the fin from the base of the first ray to the base ot the last ray. This term applies only to the vertical fins. BARBEL.-A slim, fleshy appendage located on the front of the head around the mouth or nostrils. BODY DEPTH.-The greatest vertical diameter of the fish. BODY LENGTH.-The length of the fish from the foremost part of the head to the end of the backbone. (Caudal fin not included). BRANCHIOSTEGAL RAYS.-The rays supporting the Gill Membrane, the latter being a fleshy extension of the lower part ot the gill covers. CAUDAL FIN.-The fin on the rear end ot the body, commonly called the "tail fin." CLASPERS.-Semi-tubular, rod-like modifications of the ventral fins in the males of sharks, skates and chimaera, serving for mating purposes. DIAMETER OF EYE.-Only the horizontal diameter is understood. DORSAL-Referring to the back or upper surface. DORSAL FIN .-The unpaired fin or fins (two or three) on the back of the fish. FINLET.-One or several very small fins possessing rays, located behind the normal dorsal and anal fins, found, for example, in Mackerel.

1tGowanloch. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, Bull. 23, p. 219 (1933); Koelz, Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., 43, 516-517 (1929); Parr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 76, Art. 10, p. 43 (1929); Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 39, 157-188 (1911); Gregory, Nat. History, 28, p. 9, (1928). ĝı̾ .
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• • • • t ta I

' ' Gm�nino

Fig. II-Lamprey (Petromy>.on marinus). Typeof fish without paired fins.

Fig. III-Man-eater Shark (Carcharodon carcharias). Shark type. 40 V. D. VLADYKOV AND R. A. MCKENZIE

. -·· • • 0 ,o ,',': "' . ·� ·· . ,.�.'' .. ., . : .. . ':; ., ......

Fig. IV-Smooth Skate (Raja senta) Tvpe of Skate; dorsal view.

Fig. V-Smooth Skate (Raja senta); ventral view. THE MARINE FISHES OF NOVA SCOTIA 41

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Fig. VI-Striped Sea Snail (Liparis liparis) . Type of fish with ventral fins modified into a sucking disc; lateral view.

Fig. VII-Striped Sea Snail (Liparis liparis). ventral view.

Fig. VIII-Tuna (Thunnus thynnus). Type of fish with ventral fins in thoracic position and with finlets. k 06 6 2 3'16  6 AT T 69S)T

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Mackerel Shark, lsurus nasus (Bonnaterre) 1788. Not an uncommon summer visitor in the bays of the Atlantic coast. Occasionally caught in Mackerel traps and nets. Up to 12 feet in length. Name derived from its habit of feeding on Mackerel. Without economic importance.

Man-eater Shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaei:s) 1758 (Fig. III). Not uncommon along the Atlantic coast and in the Bay of Fundy (Piers1eb, pp. 196-198). Without economic im­ portance. Maximum length about 40 feet17• Dangerous to man, occasionally attacking fishermen in their boats.

VII. BASKING SHARK FAMILY, CETORHINIDAE.

Baskin� Shark, Cetorhinus maximus (Gunner) 1765 (Fig. XVIm.

Although there are no positive records of the capture of this Arctic species in the Nova Scotian area, no doubt it occurs here. Without economic importance. The largest of our fishes, maximum size at least 40 feet18• Sluggish in its movements, not dangerous to man. Feeds mainly on same food as Herring, such as smaller crustaceans.

11Piers. Numerous notes published in the Annual Reports of the Pro­ vincial Museum (Halifax) and several articles in Proc. Trans. N. S. Inst. Sci., those of particular interest: (a) Vol. 10, Pt. I., 110-111 (1903); (b) ibid. 18, Pt. 3, 192-203 (1934). 17According tothe information of V. D. Vladykov, a 37 foot Man-eater Shark was found dead in a Herring weir on White Head Island (near Grand Manan) in the middle of June, 1930. From the liver 210 gallons of oil were obtained. Another idea of the huge size of this species may be obtained from the observation that a 30 foot Man­ eater Shark had a young Sea Lion, weighing about 100 pounds, in its stomach (Jordan and Evermann) loc. cit. 11Perley, ("Descriptive Catalogue (in part) of the Fishes of New Brunswick and NotJa Scoli'a," 2nd Ed. 1852, 50 pp.), gave an interesting ac­ count of a large Basking Shark caught in August, 1851 off Mus­ quash Harbour in the Bay of Fundy. It was 40 feet in length, head 5 feet across, mouth 3 feet wide and the liver yielded 320 gallons of oil. m| >| mV2>oPan| 2\>|b| 2| Z6PB\rJB|

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XXV. CONGER EEL FAMILY, CONGRIDAE.

Conger Eel, Conger conger (Linnaeus) 1758 (Fig. XLII).

Although no positive record of a capture of this species is known within our region, no doubt the larval stages, at least, will be discovered in our waters, since they are known from closeJy adjacent waters. This more southern species ts much larger than the Common Eel, reaching 8 feet in length.

XXVI. SNUB-NOSED EEL FAMILY, SIMENCHELYIDAE.

Snub-nosed Eel, c -····-·--:··-······--···-·······----� Simenchelys parasiticus . . . -�· Gill 1879 �. , ; .. (Fig. XLIII). .·· ';------

This deep water species rather rare, being reported by Goode and Bean' (p. 140) only from Quereau Bank and off Sable Island Bank in 200 to 375 fathoms. Up to about 2 feet in length. It burrows into the muscle of living Halibut and other large fish, after the manner of the Hagfish, and excavates large cavities in the thicker parts of their bodies.

XXVII. LONG-NOSED EEL FAMILY, SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE.

Long-nosed Eel, Synaplwbranchus pinnatus (Gronow) 1854 (Fig. XLIV).

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XXXI. MUMMICHOG FAMILY, CYPRINODONTIDAE.

*Mummichog, Fundulus heterocli tus (Linnaeus) 1766 (Fig. XLIX).

Very oommon throughout the coastal waters (never deep­ er than 2 fathoms) of the whole region. They are an im­ portant article of food for several economic species,-Sea Trout, Eels, etc. This species, as well as another fresh water species (F. diaphanus), is commonly known as "Minnows" and both are extensively used as bait for Trout by anglers. Hardly ever reaches 6 inches in length.

XX.XII. BILLFISH FAMILY, SCOMBERESOCIDAE.

Billfi.sh, ScomfJeresox saurus (Walbaum) 1792 (Fig. L).

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*Nine-spined Stickleback, Pungitius pungitt'us (Linnaeus) 1758 (Fig. LXXIII).

This fish is similar to the Three-spined species in abun­ dance, distribution and habits. However, it occurs more often in fresh water than the above species, and does not grow quite as large.

*Four-spined Stickleback, Apelles quadracus (Mitchill) 1815 (Fig. LXXIVJ.

Rather common along the coast of the whole region, being. however, almost exclusively a salt and brackish water species. Without economic importance and less than 3 inches in length.

XLIII. SEA HORSE FAMILY, SYNGNATHIDAE. Key for genera. IF: Body elongated, needle-like; head long with tube-like snout; caudal fin pre.sent:-a Pipefish (Syngnathus), Fig. LXXV. BUT IF: Body rather short, divided into stout front part and long tail curled inwards; head horse-like; caudal fin absent:-a Sea Horse (Hippo­ campus), Fig. LXXVI.

Pipefish , Syngnathus juscus (Storer) 1839 (Fig. LXXV).

Rather common in the coastal waters of the whole region in warm water amongst Eel grass and other aquatic vegetation. Without economic importance. Up to 12 inches in length. THE MARINE FISHES OF NOVA SCOTIA 81

Since the days of Aristotle it has been known that the Pipefish incubates its eggs in a brood pouch. This pouch is found on the ventral surface of the male only, who takes care of the eggs until they hatch.

Sea Horse, Hippocampus hudsonius DeKay 1842 {Fig. LXXVI).

There are only odd records of the occurrence of this southern fish in our region. These are from the shore waters of the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. Less than 8 inches in length. The male protects the eggs in the same manner as described for the Pipefish. No doubt other species of Sea Horse may stray into our region from the south (Vladykov16).

XLIV. TRUMPETFISH FAMILY, FISTULARllDAE.

Trumpetftsh, Fistularia serrala Cuvier 1817'7 (Fig. LXXVII).

This southern form very rare. Odd captures from time to time have been reported from the Atlantic coast of Nova

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Liil. BARRELFISH FAMILY, CENTROLQPHIDAE..

Barrel fish, Palinurichthys perciformis (Mitchill) 1818 (Fig. LXXXIX).

Rather rare, being known only from the outer coast of Nova Scotia, where the capture of the odd specimen probably takes place every year during the summer months. Reaches a length of 1 foot. They owe their common name to the habit of congregating around wreckage or inside of floating boxes and barrels, which serve as shelter. There they may be easily caught with dipnets.

LIV. HARDTAIL FAMILY, CARANGIDAE. Key for genera.

Section I. IF: 1 finlet behind each dorsal and anal fin:-a Mackerel Scad(Decapte rus), Fig. XC. BUT IF: No finlet behind either dorsal or anal fin :-see Section 2. Section 2. IF: Body very thin, depth not less than one-half body length; first dorsal reduced to merely a few spines, the anterior of which may be connected by a membrane, the fin, as a whole, much lower than second dorsal ; ven­ tral fin very short, smaller than diameter of eye:-see Section 3. BUTIF: Body not very thin ; depth notmore than one-third of bodylength ; first dorsal fin well developed, about equal in height to second dorsal fin ; ventral fin longer than diameter of eye:-see Section 4. Section 3. IF: Anterior rays of both second dorsal fin and anal fin not pronouncedly elongated, only about equal to posterior rays of respective fins ; a row of keeled shields along posterior part of lateral line:-a Common Moonfish (Vomer), Fig. XCII. BUT IF: Anterior rays of both second dorsal fin and anal fin pronouncedly elongated, at least eight times as long as posterior rays of respective fins; no keeled shields along posterior part of lateral line:-a Horsehead Moon­ fish (Argyreiosus). 88 V. D. VLADYKOV AND R. A. McKENZIE

Section 4. IF: Shoulder girdle having a deep cross furrow near its juncture with isthmus and a fleshy knob above it; eye large, diameter not less than one-third of head length :-a Big-eyed Scad (Trachurops). BUT IF: Shoulder girdle having no furrow, fleshy knob absent; eye small, diameter not more than one-fourth of head length:-a Hardtail (Caranx), Fig. XCI.

Mackerel Scad, Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier and Valenci­ ennes) 1833 (Fig. XC).

So far as is known, the only two specimens captured in our region were ta.ken in the Chedabucto Bay trap-nets near Canso, N. S. (Comish46, p. 85). It reaches about 1 foot in length. The Mackerel Scad, as the other members of this family, is pelagic in habit, being common in more southern waters.

Big-eyed Scad, Trachurops crumlrwPhthalma (Bloch) 1793. This form is equally as rare as the Mackerel Scad. Only the capture of two specimens has been reported from our region, and these were taken in the Canso vicinity (Comish48, p. 85). Maximum length 15 inches.

Key for species of genus Caranx. IF: Breast naked except for a small triangular patch of scales immediately in front of ventral fins; number of keeled shields along lateral line 26 to 30:-a Jack (C. hippos) . BUT IF: Breast fully scaled, number of keeled shields along lateral line 38 to 45:-a Hardtail (C. crysos), Fig. XCL

Jack, C. hippos (Linnaeus) 1766. This rare species had not been reported from our region until recently, when three small specimens (about 1Y2 inches in length) were caught in Musquodoboit Harbour in the summer of 1933 (Vladykov1�) . In southern waters it attains a maximum size of about 20 pounds. >G '3G "4G 0G +0CG 8 0?# G a'ñ

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BUT IF: First dorsal fin well developed, consisting of 6 to 7 spines con­ nected by a membrane ; second dorsal with 36 to 40 soft rays; mouth somewhat larger, maxillary practically reaching middle of eye; body depth abo'..lt one-third of body length:-a Rudderfish (Seriola), Fig. XCIII. Pilotfish, Na ucrates ductor (Linnaeus) 1758. Many years ago, HoneymanliO (p. 330) presumably ob­ served this rare species in our region. During recent years (1932-34) three specimens, caught on Nova Scotian banks, have been at our disposal (Vladykov16). These specimens are all around 16 inches in length. In southern waters, this species reaches about 2 feet in length. The name Pilotfish is derived from its habit of following ships and larger sharks. The general belief that it leads sharks to food is probably erroneous.

Rudderlisb, Serio/a dumerilf (Risso) 1810 (Fig. XCIII).

Young specimens (about 7 inches in length) of this fish are more commonly found than the Pilotfish during summer months along the shores of the outer coast of Nova Scotia. In southern waters this pelagic fish reaches a maximum weight of 100 pounds (Hildebrand and Schroedern, p. 218). This species is quite well known to our fishermen, as it is often seen around buoys, floating wreckage, etc.

LVI. BLUEFISH FAMILY, POMATOMIDAE.

Bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus) 1758 (Fig. XCIV).

This pelagic southern form rare, only odd specimens being reported from our waters, and these mainly off Yarmouth

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-€› THE MARINE FISHES OF NOVA SCOTIA 97 and weight 5 pounds. When taken from the water it usually exerts its power of inflating the belly like a balloon. Because of this, it is frequently called "Puff Belly."

LXV. ALLIGATORFISH FAMILY, ASPIDOPHOROIDIDAE.

Common Alligator­ fish, Aspi"dophoroides monopterygius (Bloch) 1786 (Fig. CVI). Very common throughout our whole region. Sometimes found as deep as 100 fathoms. Without economic impor­ tance. Length up to about 7 inches. The name Alligatorfish is derived from the fact that it is covered with regular bony plates, reminding one of the bony shields of an Alligator.

LXVI. SEA POACHER FAMILY, AGONIDAE.

Northern Alliaatorfish, Leptagontts decagonus (Black and Schneider) 1801 (Fig. CVII}. This northern form very rare. Only recently Thompson" (p. 127) reported the capture of a young specimen near the surface on Quereau Bank in 1932. This is the first record of this species in our waters. Reaches a maximum of about 8 inches.

LXVII. LUMPFISH FAMILY, CYCLOPTERIDAE. Key for genera. IF: 2 dorsal fins, first persisting throughout life; head and body rounded and covered with large, sharply pointed bony tubercles ; fish less than 5· inches in length :-a Spiny Lumpfish (Eumicropterus). BUT IF: Only 1 dorsal fin, (in adult first dorsal fin covered with flesh and not noticeable while in the very young both fins may be seen); head and bodytriangular in shape, covered with smaller, blunt tubercles ; fish usually over 6 inches in length:-a Common Lumpfish (Cyclopterus), Fig. CVIIL NThompson. Rept. Nfld. Fish. Res. Comm., 2, No. I, 125-127 (1933). 98 V. D. VLADYK OV AND R. A. MCKENZIE

Common Lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus Linnaeus 1758 (Fig. CVIII).

Common over the whole region, usually found in shallow waters under floating sea weeds or under wharves. Without economic importance, although it is a good edible fish. Length up to 20 inches and weight about 50 pounds.

Spiny Lumpftsh,Eumicropterus spinosus (Muller) 1777.

This northern form very rare, being only occasionally reported from our waters (Jones19). About 5 inches in length.

LXVIII. SEA SNAIL FAMILY, LIPARIDAE.

Key for generas4.

Section 1. IF: Anterior 6 rays of dorsal fin separated from posterior part of fin by a deep notch ; sucking disc large, diameter about five times that of eye; skin of the head and body rather firm not very easily torn:-a Common Sea Snail ( Neoliparis), Fig. CIX. RUT IF: No notch in dorsal fin; sucking disc of variable size; skin of head and body rather soft and very easily tom:-see Section 2.

Section 2. IF: Sucking disc large and flat, diameter about three times that of eye ; longitudinal dark stripes on head and body:-a Striped Sea Snail (Liparis), Figs. VI and VII. BUT IF: Sucking disc small and cup-like, diameter about equal to that of eye ; colour of head and body uniformly whitish without stripes:­ a Sea Tadpole Careproctus).

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Key for genera.

Section 1. IF: Ventral fin very small, less than one-fifth of length of pectoral fin; lateral line absent; at least IO small, round, black spots along dorsal fin:­ a Rock Eel (Plrolis), Fig. CXV. BUT IF: Ventral fin well developed, at least equal to one-third of length of pectoral fin; lateral line present or absent; dark spots on dorsal fin present or absent:-see Section 2. Section 2. IF: Body stout, depth not less than one-seventh of total length; caudal fin rounded:-see Section 3. BUT IF: Body elongated, depth not more than one-tenth of total length; caudal fin slightly forked or pointed, not rounded:-see Section 4.

Section 3. IF: Lateral line branched immediately behind head, lower branch running along middle of side for whole length of body, upper branch reaching only as farback as tip of pectoral fin; dorsal fin with less than 50 spines; a large, oval dusky blotch on anterior part of dorsal fin:-a Radiated Shanny ( Ulvaria), Fig. CXVI. BUT IF: Lateral line single, running full length of body along side of back; dorsal fin with about 75 spines; usually 5 large, round, dark spots along dorsal fin:-an Arctic Blenny (Stichaeus).

Section 4. IF: Pectoral fin notched, due tc lower rays of fin being much longer than upper ones ; margin of caudal fin straight or slightly forked; body depth not less than one-eleventh of total length :-a Common Shanny (Lepto­ clinus). BUT IF: Pectoral fin not notched. lower rays of pectoral fin much shorter than upper rays; caudal fin pointed; body depth not greater than one­ thirteenth of total length:-a Snake Blenny (Lumpenus).

Rock Eel, Pho/is gunnelis lLinnaeus) 1758 (Fig. CXV).

Common in inshore waters throughout the whole region. As its name indicates, it prefers to dwell among the rocks. Without economic importance. Often found in Cod stomachs. Up to 12 inches in length. In spite of its name "Eel", this fish has nothing in common with the true Eel except its shape. 104 V. D. VLADYKOV AND R. A. MCKENZIE

Arctic Blenny, Stichaeus PUPJClatus (Fabricius) l 78J. There have been only two specimens of this rare Arctic fish reported from our waters, and these were taken in Cheda­ bucto Bay, near Canso, N. S. (Comish46, p. 87). Length up to about 7 inches.

Radiated Shanny, Ulvaria subbifurea ta (Storer) 1839 (Fig. CXVI).

Rather uncommon, being reported from St. Mary Bay (Huntsman26, p. 66) and around Canso (Cornish46, p. 87) in water from 6 to 30 fathoms in depth. Length up to about 6 inches. Common Shanny, Leptoclinus maculatus (Fries) 1837. Only Jones1' has listed this rare Arctic species among our fishes. However, no exact locality was given. Up to 7 inches in length.

Snake Blenny, Lumpenus lampetraeformis (Walbaum) 1792. Huntsman26 (p. 66) has reported the only capture of speci­ mens of this northern species in our region, and these were taken in St. Mary Bay. Probably it may be found on Nova Scotian banks also, but no doubt this species is rather rare in our waters. Up to about 16 inches in length.

LXXIV. WRYMOUTH FAMILY, CRYPTACANTHODIDAE.

Ghostfish, Cryptacanthodes maculatus Storer 1839 (Fig. CXVII).

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Key for genera. IF: Ventral fins absent:-a Green Eelpout (Gymnelis), Fig. CXXIV. BUT IF: Ventral fins present:-see Section 2. Section 2. IF: Dorsal fin in its posterior part consisting of very short spines, giving impression of a gap between long dorsal rays and caudal fin:-a Common Eelpout (Zoarces), Fig. CXX. BUT IF: No short spines, consequently no appearance of a gap between dorsal fin and caudal fin:-see Section 3. Section 3. IF: Body stout, depth not less than one-thirteenth of total length, dorsal fin beginning close to head above middle of pectoral fin:-an Arctic Eel­ pout (Lycodes), Fig. CXXI. BUTIF: Body snake-like, depth not more than one-sixteenth of total length; dorsal fin beginning farther from head, over tip of pectoral fin or slightly in front, not over middle of this fin :-a Wolf Eel -:Lycenchelys), Fig. CXXI II.

Common Eelp:>Ut, Zoarces anguillaris (Peck) 1804 (Fig. CXX).

Very common throughout the whole region, both in coastal and "bank" waters. Although its flesh is of a very good quality, it is, as yet, without economic importance in this country. The European species is a well known commercial fish. Maxi­ mum length about 4 feet and weight about 12 pounds. This fish is well known to our fishermen, but un:ler the n3.me "Conger Eel", for it is foun:l often in lobster traps or caught on b3.ite:l hooks. 108 V. D. VLADYKOV AND R. A. �'.cKENZIE

Key for species of genus Lycodes. The exact number of Lycodes species found in North American waters is, as yet, unknown. In our list we follow, in part, the data given by Bean14, and Goode and Bean5, in the light of the critical remarks made by A. S. Jensen8• The distinction between the species of the Arctic Eelpout is very difficult and consists in different development of the lateral line which may be single or double, and situated in various positions along the side ; the number of rays in the dor­ sal and anal fins ; the length of the tail (the distance from the anus to the posterior tip of the fish) ; and the degree to which the belly and anterior part of the trunk are covered with scales. All these characters require particular attention for correct identification, and are applicable for specimens not smaller than 5 inches in length, while correct identification of small specimens by the non-specialist is almost impossible. The following key is principally based on the excellent mono­ graph on "The North-European and Greenland Lycodinae" by A. S. Jensens.

Section 1. IF: Lateral line single, running along middle of side; tail short , ust·a!ly slightly less than one-half of total length; belly and anterior part of back naked (in front of dorsal); number of rays in dorsal and anal fins less than 95 and 80 respectively; 7 to 9 dark cross bands on trunk and tail, which may form a network pattern in older sIJ{.cimens:-an Arctic Eel­ pout (L. reticulatus), Fig. CXXI. BUT IF: Lateral line single or double and at least one of them runr.ing along lower part of side; tail longer, more than one-half total length ; entire body covered with scales; number of rays in dorsal and anal fins more than 95 and 80 respectively; colouration variahle:-see Section 2.

Section 2. IF: Lateral line single, running along lower edge of side; body in larger specimens with or without dark cross bands; dark patches {I to 3) on anterior part of dorsal fin:-a Vahl's Eelpout (L. vahlii), Fig. CXXII. BUT IF: Lateral line double, more distinct one running along lower edge of side, the other, along middle of side; body dark with 5 to 9 whitish yellow cross bands; no black patches on anterior part of dorsal fin:-an Esmark's Eelpout (L. esmarkii}. iA:} ZF[8} =FfA9g} ^C| \_n#} f,_iE$} Đď̾

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Verrill'& Wolf Eel, L. aerrillii (Goode and Bean) 1877 (Fig. CXXIII).

This is possibly a rarer species than the Common Wolf Eel. According to Bigelow and Welsha (p. 382) "it is known from the fishing banks off the outer coast of Nova Scotia, off Cape Negro and off Halifax (90 to 101 fathoms)." Grows to about 10 inches in length.

Green Eelpout, Gymnelis viridis (Fabricius) 1780 (Fig. CXXIV).

This Arctic species is no doubt very rare, although several authors have listed it among Nova Scotian fishes. However, none of them has given any definite records of its capture in our region. They usually just repeat the statement of Goode and Bean5 (p. 313) that "this species has been found in abundance in the Arctic Seas from Alaska to Nova Scotia." In northern waters it reaches about 10 inches in length.

LXXVII. TRIGGERFISH FAMILY, BALISTIDAE.

Triggerfish, Balis/e s capriscus Gmelin 1788 (Fig. CXXV).

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