Molluscan Forum 2012

Flett Theatre Natural History Museum, London 28th November 2012

OrgaNised by: THe MaLacOLOgicaL sOcieTy OF LONdON NaTuraL HisTOry MuseuM, LONdON 2 Molluscan Forum 2012 Welcome!

As representatives of THe MaLacOLOgicaL sOcieTy OF LONdON and the NaTuraL HisTOry MuseuM, we welcome you to the annual Molluscan Forum. This informal meeting is designed to showcase the work of those who are just starting their research on molluscs.

During this meeting, we hope that presenters will not only be able to discuss their research with each other, but that the more established researchers in attendance will be generous with their comments and advice. This meeting should be a casual, enjoyable experience for all.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who has helped us to make this meeting a reality.

We hope you enjoy the meeting.

JONaTHaN abLeTT, Organiser Curator of non-marine & Cephalopoda, Natural History Museum (email: [email protected])

Tony walker, Organiser Professor of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University (email: [email protected])

cover photo of Opisthostoma mirabile Smith, 1893 by Harry Taylor, Natural History Museum Molluscan Forum 2012 3 Arrival

Getting to the Natural History Museum The Natural History Museum is located in South Kensington, London. It is easily accessible by bus, underground or taxi. For detailed instructions, please see the museum website at www.nhm.ac.uk.

Finding the Forum and meeting procedures galleries building. Non-NHM attendees should enter the museum through the staff entranceThe Molluscan on exhibition Forum will road take just place before in the publicFlett Theatre, entrance on to the the first earth floor galleries of the earth(see map below). All attendees must sign in at the staff entrance reception desk. Registration begins at 9.15 but all speakers and those presenting posters should arrive at 9.00 to allow time to prepare.

Once through the staff entrance, follow signs for the Molluscan Forum and the Flett Theatre. The door to the Flett Theatre reception room is not locked and so late comers will be able to enter the talks at any time. Out of consideration for the speakers, we kindly ask that late-arriving attendees only enter the Flett Theatre between talks. 4 Molluscan Forum 2012 Eating and drinking

Conference lunch and refreshments Lunch will be provided for all attendees who have registered. Lunch will be served

providedin the Flett on Theatre arrival andreception for the area duration and will of theconsist conference. of sandwiches (meat, fish and vegetarian fillings), crisps, fruit and cakes. Tea, coffee and mineral water will be Wine reception

socialise over a glass of wine. Afterwards, the attendees may wish to gather in the pub toAt further 17.35 when discuss the the conference day’s events. ends The there Hoop will & be Toy a final (A on poster the map session below) and is a located chance to near South Kensington underground station at 34 Thurloe Place and is popular with NHM staff. Molluscan Forum 2012 5

Parasitic influences on the host genome using the Abstracts molluscan model organism Biomphalaria Glabrata Halime D. Arican1, Matty Knight2, Joanna M. Bridger1 1Centre for Cell and Chromosome Biology, Alphabetical by presenter Brunel University, London, UK. 2Biomedical Research Institute, 12111 Parklawn Drive, Maryland, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

Bivalves in the mud: a comparative approach to Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) is the intermediate temporal variation in shallow subtidal bottoms snail host for schistosoma parasites, causing Fernando Aneiros1, Juan Moreira2 & Jesús S. Troncoso1 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) in humans. Due to its 1Department of Ecology and Biology, Universidade de Vigo, importance in the spread of this disease B. glabrata Vigo, Spain has been selected for whole genome sequencing 2 Department of Biology (Zoology), Universidad Autónoma de and thus becomes a molluscan model organism. In Madrid, Madrid, Spain this study we are investigating the response of B. Email: [email protected] glabrata genes after a parasitic infection or stress caused by heat shock. A proportion of genes that Thanks to their wide variety of adaptations, life are up-regulated soon after an exposure to parasite habits and feeding strategies, bivalves are usually or heat shock non-randomly alter their nuclear one of the most important faunal groups in subtidal location. We are investigating how these genes get to muddy bottoms. The diversity of the group in this their new locations and what nuclear architecture kind of habitats is commonly high, and they are interacting with in their new positions. like Thyasira flexuosa (Montagu, 1803) or Kurtiella bidentata (Montagu, 1803) are frequently among the most abundant ones in these communities. Because Predative pressure of Drilus (Coleoptera: of this, the study of the temporal variation of the Elateridae: Drilini) beetles against land snails in bivalve assemblages in muddy bottoms is essential to Greece and the Netherlands understand the functioning of these ecosystems, what Els Baalbergen1,2 , Renate A. Helwerda1,2, Rense remains intriguing due to their peculiar environmental 1,2 and Menno Schilthuizen1,2 conditions. With this aim, two muddy bottoms located 1Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, in two different embayments in the NW of the Iberian SchelfhorstLeiden, The Netherlands Peninsula (Ensenada de Baiona and Ría de Aldán) were 2Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The sampled monthly from May 1996 to May 1997 and Netherlands from May 1998 to May 1999, respectively. Five replicate Email: [email protected] samples for the study of the bivalve assemblage and an additional one for the characterization of the sediment Drilus beetles occur in various habitats together with were taken by means of a Van-Veen grab, the former populations of terrestrial molluscs, upon which their being then sieved through a 0.5mm mesh. In the case larvae feed. Drilus larvae are specialised predators of of the Ría de Aldán, physicochemical features of the land snails; they bite and paralyse a snail, after which water column and the sediment were also measured they eat the snail from inside out. The larvae shed their using a portable microprocessor. A total of 38 bivalve skin inside the shell of their prey and use the shell for species were found, being 13 of them shared by both sites. In general terms, the site located in the Ría Netherlands (2012), a number of larvae have been protection. During fieldwork in Greece (2011) and the de Aldán, which is deeper and muddier, showed a collected and observed while attacking various species higher diversity; whereas the one in the Ensenada of land snails. In addition to living larvae, a large de Baiona, less exposed but more affected by human number of empty shells have been collected. Because impact, presented higher values of total density. In Drilus larvae leave their skin inside their host, species both sites, the features of the bivalve assemblage correlate mainly with the grain size of the sediment, and DNA analysis of the excuviae. A number of different specificity could be measured by using morphological especially with gravel and mud contents. In neither patterns have been observed. In Greece, the main host of the studied bottoms the assemblages show a clear of some small Greek Drilus species are aestivating seasonal structure, except for marked shifts happening snails (Clausilidae). These snails have a by the beginning of the summer and characterized , a door-like-structure in the , which might hinder a Drilus larva to enter the shell. In by lower densities of the most abundant species. to predate Albinaria snails, a hole is made in some 6 Molluscan Forum 2012 occasions, but Drilus larvae are also able to open the Calliostomatinae, a total of 55 species were clausilium without damaging the shell or clausilium. In addition to these small Drilus species, which might sequences. Analyses also showed that both Antarctica be specialized in predating clausilids, there are larger andidentified tropical using deep statisticalwater are origins methods of species to analyse diversity DNA Drilus species which might be adapted to larger snails in . The Antarctic species Calliostoma such as helicids. The larvae of these Drilus species nudum clustered within the Calliostoma clade, but better into helicid snails. These, and other patterns, with a divergence about 23 Ma. This coincides with showhave a a body possible widened arms-race towards between the end Drilus which larvae fits thewas establishmentsister to a clade of from the the northward East and movement West Pacific, of and their hosts. During this presentation a number Antarctica bottom water that is thought to have of video´s and photo´s will be shown to illustrate the aided dispersal in many marine taxa (20 – 5 Ma). interaction between Drilus beetles and their prey.

Displacement patterns of intertidal consumers of Determining the origin of Antarctic calliostomatids: a subtropical rocky shore. a molecular phylogeny of carnivorous deep-sea Isabel Casillas Barragán1,2, Maria Soledad López1 gastropods & Ronaldo Adriano Christofoletti1 Lisa-Marie Braun1, 2, Pat Dyal1, Katrin Linse3, Suzanne T. Williams1 1 Centro de Biologia Marinha da Universidade de São Paulo 1Deptartment of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London, UK (CEBIMar/USP), Rodovia Manoel Hipólito do Rego, Km 131,5, CEP 2Department of Biology, Imperial College London, Berkshire, UK 11600-000, São Sebastião (SP), Brazil 3British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK 2 Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Email:[email protected] Cádiz, Avda. República Saharaui, Puerto Real 11510, Cádiz, Spain E-mail: [email protected] The trochoid family Calliostomatidae was traditionally comprised of two subfamilies: Calliostomatinae and Thysanodontinae. A third subfamily, Margarellinae, was photoperiod and extreme subtropical temperatures on recently described based on molecular studies that show theThe linear present displacement study assesses of two the intertidal influence gastropods of tide, Margarella spp. from Antarctica, traditionally assigned and it characterizes the maximal activity period to the trochid subfamily Cantharidinae, also form a regarding to the tides and photoperiod and the spatial clade within the Calliostomatidae. The understanding scale of locomotion of three intertidal consumers of systematic relationships among these subfamilies from different trophic level. Displacements of the predator dogwhelks drop according with variances of based on sequence data from four genes to 1) examine air temperature while orientation of displacements theis still systematic in flux. In relationships this study we of usesubfamilies Bayesian within inference the of limpets was associated to the tidal cycle, which Calliostomatidae, 2) use DNA sequence data to delimit has shown diurnal activity in contrast with previous species within the most speciose , Calliostoma, and literature. A logarithmic scale of displacement and the 3) investigate the historical biogeography of Antarctic relative locomotion rate of the three consumers are species from Margarella, Calliostoma and Falsimargarita here described, which are a key quantitative data to and assess the role of Antarctica as a source of diversity. This study represents the most comprehensive and the ecosystem functioning. This study contributes molecular phylogeny of the gastropod family tointerpret the better the causality understanding of the interspecific of the relevance relationships of the Calliostomatidae to date, in terms of numbers environmental factors on the locomotive performance of of taxa and of gene sequences. A total of 470 the subtropical intertidal consumers, less known when sequences were obtained from representatives of compared with organisms from temperate rocky shore. the subfamilies Calliostomatinae, Margarellinae, and Thysanodontinae, together with nine species belonging to the as outgroup taxa. One fossil record of An association of mitochondrial haplotype with Calliostoma was used to calibrate a molecular clock shell shape in an intertidal gastropod to examine patterns of divergence in calliostomatids. Nathan A. M. Chrismas1, Bruno Torres2, The phylogeny demonstrates that all three recognised Craig S. Wilding3, John W. Grahame2 subfamilies are highly supported. Furthermore it was 1Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, found that within the family Calliostomatidae there is Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK 2School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK strong support for three new subfamilies, including 3Vector Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine species of the genera Venustatrochus, Falsimargarita Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK and an unnamed calliostomatid genus. Within the Email: [email protected] Molluscan Forum 2012 7

The high rates of substitution and assumed neutrality Previous studies have shown that on intertidal mussel of mitochondrial polymorphisms encourage the use (Mytilus edulis of mtDNA in phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. reservoir for bacteria with up to 1.5 billion Escherichia However the true nature of the mitochondrial genome coli per kilogram) beds of sediment. sediments Anthropogenic can act as a significant activities as well as natural events such as storms, re-suspend speciation are not fully understood, particularly the bacteria allowing the subsequent uptake by bivalve whereand its associations influence upon appear processes to exist of between adaptation ‘neutral’ and mitochondrial haplotypes and characteristics under encrusting barnacle species on three intertidal M. direct selection. In snails, one such characteristic is shell edulisshellfish. beds in This North study Wales, examined UK. Results the importancedemonstrated of shape and in this study we investigate the relationship that across all sites, encrusting barnacles had between mitochondrial haplotypes and shell shape in the rough periwinkle Littorina saxatilis (Olivi). L. associated symbionts. Coliform levels ranged from saxatilis forms two distinct ecotypes, a high shore (H) 2significantly to 5 times higher higher coliform in the barnacles levels respective suggesting to their that morph which has a thin shell and wide aperture allowing for a larger foot and greater adhesion to the substrate on commercial mussel beds. This has important in the face of increased wave action, and a mid-shore barnacles represent a significant bacterial reservoir (M) morph with a larger, more robust shell and smaller aperture offering increased protection against crab andimplications sold complete for the with shellfish their associated industry, particularly organisms. predation. On a UK shore, these ecotypes are found Thiswhere study commercial illustrates shellfish the needare marketed for an extensiveas “natural” in to associate with mitochondrial lineages forming a

situ analysis of global shellfish beds to identify and appearsdistinct not cline to be in universal mtDNA, and suggesting is not observed a significant on any quantify bacterial fluxes on a localized scale to improve otherintraspecific shores reproductive studied. Possible barrier. processes This relationship involved in commercial shellfish quality and preserve public health. the formation of the cline are discussed. Additionally, Are there any similar patterns in species composition and richness between grassland snail at one end of the spectrum of shell variation in the and plant assemblages? Ha mitochondrial ecotype. We haplogroup put this forward is found as to evidence be confined for 1, Kristina Merunková1, Michal Horsák1, hitherto unexpected selection and perhaps even some Milan Chytrý1 & Zdenka Preislerová1 reproductive isolation between this group and the rest Jana1I nstituteDvořáková of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, of the population, proposing intergenomic coadaptation Czech Republic as a possible mechanism through which this occurs. Email: [email protected] We studied plant and snail assemblages at 62 plots in dry Do barnacles act as a potential reservoir for grasslands and mesic meadows of three nearby regions: pathogenic bacteria on commercial shellfish beds? Southern Moravia (SM), southern (SWC) and northern Katie Clements1,2,3, Shelagh K. Malham2,3, (NWC) part of the White Carpathians (Czech Republic). Luis Giminez1, Davey L . Jones3. As generally known, the SWC region supports grasslands 1School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, of the highest plant alpha-diversity in Europe, contrary Anglesey LL59 5AB. to the grasslands in SM and NWC regions being of lower 2School of Ocean Sciences, Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, species richness. In this study we explore whether Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB. 3 Environment Centre Wales, , Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW. of species richness and composition as vegetation. Email: [email protected] Dalsoetrended snail assemblages correspondence reflect analysis the same detected patterns one strong gradient of snail species composition changes; The monitoring of bacterial levels in commercial mainly associated with altitude, temperature, annual precipitation and longitude. This main gradient a common global practice designed to preserve both in snail species composition was also strongly bivalve shellfish destined for human consumption is public health and the future economic prosperity of associated with that of vegetation. Canonical primarily on identifying the sources of bacterial differences both in plant and snail species composition the shellfish industry. Recent research has focused betweencorrespondence SM and analysis the White revealed Carpathians significant (SWC by the development of new molecular tools. This study contamination affecting shellfish beds globally, aided adopts a different perspective, by attempting to identify and NWC regions was found only for vegetation. Weand documented NWC); a significant also several difference differences between in species SWC potential bacterial reservoirs among shellfish symbionts. 8 Molluscan Forum 2012 richness of plant and snail assemblages among the monomorphic for the same homozygous MLG of one of regions. While the highest gamma diversity of plants was A. buttoni is able to self- recorded in SWC region, the highest gamma diversity fertilize. Yet, to what extent self-fertilization is common of snails was found in SM region. Alpha diversity of inthe naturalparents. This conditions confirms remains that to be investigated. plants was also the highest in SWC region, but there was a contradiction in snail alpha diversity, related on considering of live snail species only or all snail species Contemporary population genetic differentiation (both live individuals and empty shells together). Based in Melarhaphe neritoides (: on live snail species only, SWC region harbored the Littorinidae), a long-lived planktonic-dispersing highest number of species, contrary to SM region that mollusc hold a higher number if also empty shells were counted. Séverine Fourdrilis1, Thierry Backeljau1 1Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium Email: [email protected] Microsatellite markers for analysis of parentage and sexual behavior of banana slugs (: Marine invertebrates with planktonic-dispersing larvae Arionidae: Ariolimax) are assumed to be good dispersers over long distances. M. Arantzazu Elejalde1, Karin Breugelmans1, Hilde Vrijders1, Kurt Jordaens2,4, John S. Pearse3, between populations and a homogeneous population Janet L. Leonard3, and Thierry Backeljau1,4 geneticThis high structuring dispersal capacity over wide implies geographic a high scales.Thegene flow 1 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (JEMU), Brussels, marine gastropod Melarhaphe neritoides has a long- Belgium. lived planktonic larval dispersal stage and allozyme data 2 Royal Museum for Central Africa (JEMU), Tervuren, Belgium. suggest that it is genetically homogeneous over its whole 3 Joseph M. Long Marine Laboratory, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA. European distribution area. In contrast, preliminary 4 Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. mtDNA sequence data uncovered a remarkable degree Email: [email protected] of genetic diversity and genetic structuring on smaller geographic scales.In order to explore this mtDNA Terrestrial pulmonate slugs are hermaphroditic diversity and structuring in M. neritoides we started and often are capable of both outcrossing and self- to survey sequence variation at COI and 16S rDNA all fertilization. This mixed breeding system may severely over the Azores archipelago. These data reveal that the affect population genetic structuring and taxonomic Azorean populations share very few haplotypes.Hence, differentiation. Currently little is known about the it seems that M. neritoides with its long-lived planktonic breeding system(s) of Banana slugs (Ariolimax), a larval stage nevertheless shows a strong local population genetic structuring and thus challenges the current the West Coast of North America, from California to paradigm that correlates modes of larval development southerngroup of taxonomically Alaska. Based ill-defined on genital slugs morphology living along and with levels of genetic structuring. It also stresses the mtDNA sequence data (COI, 16S and CytB), the genus importance of the sampling intensity (both in terms of Ariolimax is nowadays interpreted as a group of numbers of specimens and genetic markers) to avoid eight species level taxa, viz Ariolimax columbianus, A. experimental biases when assessing genetic diversity. buttoni, A. stramineus, A. californicus, A. dolichophallus, A. brachyphallus and two undescribed species. These The lost snail of Captain Spratt: mapping Albinaria species appear to be closely related as 19 microsatellite eburnea in the high summits of the Mediterranean A. californicus consistently island of Crete amplify in all of the described taxa and share many (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: ) alleles.DNA loci Hence, identified these microsatellites from can help to clarify David Gonzalez Garcia Ariolimax . To this end, four microsatellite loci 35 Tory Square, Dublin, Ireland A. Email: [email protected] californicus x A. dolichophallus. This showed that none ofwere these used crosses to study produced potential hybrid interspecific offspring crosses and that of A. Albinaria eburnea is a clausiliid snail of Crete scarcely californicus reveals multiple paternity under natural represented in museum collections: the knowledge we conditions. Conversely, a panel of 28 microsatellites have to date is similar to what we had for other Cretan applied to cross-breeding experiment between two species in the 1870’s mainly due to the inaccessibility populations of A. buttoni, showed that all the parental of its distribution range in the White Mountains. Two specimens involved only three homozygous multilocus subspecies were collected in 1851 by Captain T. A. B. genotypes (MLG) and that offspring of pairs in which Spratt of the Royal Navy at 5000 and 6500 ft. altitude both parents had a different genotype, always were with no concrete locality data. Since then nobody has Molluscan Forum 2012 9 been able to locate the again. One of these two, populations can be affected. To perform this study, the nominate subspecies lot that was used by Pfeiffer seven species of land snails were selected based in in 1854 to describe the species, is formed by only four their ecological characteristics. Actinella armitageana, shells in the world: the syntypes held at the Natural Plutonia marcida, Disculella maderensis taeniana and History Museum of London. Over the last decades a few Leiostyla vincta vincta represented alpine, laurel forest other distant, patchy and non-connected localities have and two costal distribution species. To evaluate the been recorded but none above the 4000 ft. altitude line. impact of invasive species on native fauna, the potential Being A. eburnea an eminently montane animal, doubts distribution of Actinella nitidiuscula was modeled have been expressed about its current taxonomical and compared with Theba pisana. We also included subdivision with four subspecies. It is suspected that Leiostyla colvillei, a vulnerable specie according to gradual and continuous morphological changes can IUCN Red List, to represent a specie with a particular happen within this species over the distribution range, questioning its taxonomical arrangement as it has been of the use of predictive models in the conservation of shown to be the case with many other Cretan Albinaria. landgeographical snails. The distribution use of predictive and improve models the demonstrates significance taxonomical interest, two collecting trips were done that limit the distribution of the target species, also inIn C orderrete in to 2011 find and this 2012. “lost From snail ofhis Captainown accounts, Spratt” we of providinga high efficiency important in the evidences identification about of the the assessment variables reconstructed the routes most likely used by Spratt of the conservation status of their populations over the when he visited the heart of the White Mountains and we next 80 years. The results should provide an integrative designed several high altitude transects partially using platform for the development of action plans and 19th century mule tracks. Over 100 continuous stations establishment of mitigation procedures preventing were covered for morphometrical and molecular study, the fragmentation of populations and habitats, and being half of them at 3300-7000 ft. altitude. Some subsequently the loss of biodiversity in one of the populations from the summits, when compared to world’s most remarkable hotspot, minimizing the the original type material sent on loan to the Natural impact of climate change on Madeira’s species. History Museum of Dublin from London, allowed us to determine with a low error margin the locality where the snails of Captain Spratt were collected 160 years ago. Predation on greek Albinaria (Pulmonata: Preliminary observations from the work in progress Clausiliidae) by Poiretia (Pulmonata: Oleacinidae) and its taxonomical implications for the species are and by an unknown organism making circular discussed in a poster with maps and photographs. holes Renate A. Helwerda1,2, Els Baalbergen1,2, Rense 1,2 and Menno Schilthuizen1,2 How will climate change affect the potential 1Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Naturalis, Biodiversity Center, SchelfhorstLeiden, The Netherlands distribution of Madeira’s land snail species? 2 1 2 Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Cátia Gouveia , Dinarte Teixeira Netherlands 1Higher Institute of Statistics and Information Management, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PT Email: [email protected] 2Direcção Regional do Ambiente, Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais, Funchal, PT Albinaria is an extremely speciose genus of land snails, E-mail: [email protected] with about a hundred species occurring in limestone habitats in Greece. These snails, being present in rather The studies regarding the impacts of climate change high densities on exposed rock faces, are predated by on global biodiversity have increased over the last many organisms. Among these predators are other years. However, several evidences have suggested terrestrial snails, of the genus Poiretia. This genus that the biological and ecological responses of a is represented by P. dilatata peloponnesica on the wide range of life forms require progressively more Peloponnese and by P. compressa on the Ionian islands. advanced tools in the creation of action plans and Their mode of predation is rather interesting; they are other conservation strategies (IPCC , 2007). In order to said to sit on the shell of their prey for two days and create properly understand this issue and provide preliminary a large, elongated hole in it by excreting an acid. These data for future studies concerning the archipelago’s predation marks were investigated in samples of empty malacofauna, we aim to evaluate the performance of Albinaria shells, in order to compare predation rates in various native and exotic species of terrestrial molluscs, different Albinaria populations. Additionally, Poiretia facing a futuristic climate scenario created for Madeira specimens were dissected and studied histologically Island, and considering how the distribution of these to investigate how the excreted acid is produced. 10 Molluscan Forum 2012

Another type of predation mark frequently found on Cost of autotomy drives ontogenetic switching of Albinaria shells, is a small, circular or nearly circular anti-predator mechanisms under developmental hole. These holes are assumed to be predation marks, or constraints in a land snail. marks made by a parasite, because of their occurrence Masaki Hoso1 1Deptartment of Terrestrial Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, size and circularity. The rate of occurrence in Albinaria Leiden, the Netherlands shellin “fresh” samples non-eroded and previous shells and reports their of consistency these holes in Email: [email protected] were examined to gain insight in the distribution of this phenomenon. Unfortunately, no observations of Autotomy of body parts offers various prey animals organisms making such a hole have been reported and no remains of possible predators have been found inside considerable costs. I found that a land snail Satsuma shells with circular holes, so the identity of the so-called caliginosaimmediate of benefits populations of survival coexisting in with compensation a snail-eating for Circular Hole Organism remains a subject of speculation. snake Pareas iwasakii survived the snake predation by autotomising its foot, whereas those out of the snake range rarely survived. Regeneration of a lost foot Vetigastopoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the completed in a few weeks but imposed a delay of shell Plio-Pleistocene of the Philippines growth. Imprints of autotomy were found in greater Renate A. Helwerda1,2, Frank P. Wesselingh1 and than 10 per cent of S. caliginosa in the snake range but Suzanne T. Williams3 in only less than 1 per cent out of it, simultaneously 1Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands demonstrating intense predation by the snakes 2Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands predation in the wild. However, in experiments, mature 3Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London, UK S.and caliginosa high efficiency performed of autotomy autotomy for survivingless frequently. snake Email: [email protected] Instead of the costly autotomy, they can use defensive denticles on the inside of their shell apertures. Owing An extremely well-preserved Plio-Pleistocene mollusc to the constraints from the additive growth of shells, fauna was found in the north-western Philippines. most pulmonate snails can produce these denticles The heteropod and pteropod species in this fauna only when they have fully grown up. Thus, this were previously studied and their species number developmental constraint limits the availability of the was found to be higher than in any other fauna found to date. Subsequently, several vetigastropod of the alternative defenses. This study illustrates how families were studied and systematically described. costsmodified of adaptationaperture, resulting operate in in ontogenetic the evolution switching of life- The paleoenvironmental and paleobiogeographical history strategies under developmental constraints character of the fauna is explored; the fauna indicates relatively deep water (c. 200–300 m paleodepth) depositional settings. Twenty six species of gastropods Succession of mollusc assemblages in quarries of were studied, three of which are described as new; Bohemian Karst, Czech Republic Halystina conoidea, Calliotropis arenosa and Ethminolia Alena Kocurková1 1 wareni. An additional number of four new combinations 1 are proposed; Pseudotalopia taiwanensis (Chen, 2006), Department of Zoology, Charles University, Prague Czech Republic E-mail: Alyk.B,@centrum.cz Lucie Juřičková Solariella segersi (Poppe, Tagaro & Dekker, 2006), Zetela tabakotanii (Poppe, Tagaro & Dekker, 2006) and Ilanga Molluscan succession was studied in 18 abandoned konos (Vilvens, 2009). Thirteen species are known limestone quarries of different age in Bohemian Karst, Czech Republic. The number of species in studied quarries species, giving the fauna an overall modern resemblance. increases in the time. The less species were found in Mostliving modern and another species five still are occurpossibly around ancestors the Philippines. of modern the oldest quarries. This trend was probably caused by In addition, two of the species are shared with Neogene habitat diversity decline although it is not conclusive. The best predictors of mollusk species composition fauna offers insights into the character of deep water deposits from southwestern Pacific islands. The new are type of surrounding vegetation, light and age. It is important to take into account correlations of the other of the Quaternary ice ages. The fauna also contains environmental variables with light and the cover of tree manyIndo-West other Pacific mollusc mollusc species faunasstill waiting prior to to be the studied. onset layer. Compositions of mollusk assemblages of north and south-facing slopes differ, but these differences diminish with ongoing succession. Quarries represent suitable model sites for the study of succession. Molluscan Forum 2012 11

Restoration of a long forgotten name Helix 1CIMAR-LA/CIIMAR – Centre of Marine and Environmental straminea (Pulmonata: ) for a new Research, Porto, Portugal. 2ICBAS – Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto University, Porto, recognised species widely distributed in Italy and Portugal. Balkans Email: [email protected] 1, Adam Petrusek2 1 1Department of Zoology, Charles University, Czech Republic 2 Freshwater ecosystems are at risk and invertebrates are OndřejDepartment Korábek of Ecology, Charles University,, & Lucie Czech Juřičková Republic Email: [email protected] particularly vulnerable. However, this situation is not recognized since major conservation efforts are directed The familiar genus Helix Linnaeus, 1758 comprises the to vertebrate species (particularly birds and mammals). Given this situation mollusks and freshwater bivalves are currently recognised. One of them is H. lucorum in particular, deserve conservation attention. Although Linnaeus,largest European 1758, a pulmonate species with snails. large In Italy,range five extending species some attention is been given to the situation in North from Iran in east to Italy in west. In collections from Italy, America (particularly on unionid species) Europe two conchologically distinct forms can be encountered still does not give too much attention to this faunistic under the name H. lucorum. Whereas in the north of the group. Therefore in Europe there is an urgent need for country lives a typical H. lucorum, the form from central a more integrated and holistic conservation approach and southern Italy can be conchologically distinguished as different and was described as Helix straminea from taxonomy and systematics, through biological Briganti, 1825. However, it has been then considered researchon these (withtaxa. Specificemphasis areas on ecological of research aspects are required and life H. lucorum to this day. The putative history traits) to more effective applied conservation H. straminea shells resemble Balkanian species H. and propagation strategies. In the present work several vladicaas conspecific (Kobelt with 1898) instead of H. lucorum. The main European experts on freshwater bivalves was gathered conchological differences to H. lucorum are larger to bring input on the distribution and conservation protoconch in H. straminea and shell coloration. Based status of freshwater bivalves in their countries. The on shell morphology, we propose that H. straminea is a integration of all these data is here presented as well as valid species, different from H. lucorum and close to H. directives and opportunities for cooperative European vladica. We test this hypothesis by means of 16S and conservation with regard to freshwater bivalves. COI phylogeny. Two distinct lineages were found within These challenges will require the participation of Italian H. lucorum, one of them representing true H. as many affected and interested groups, from local lucorum and the second corresponding to H. straminea. communities to governmental and European agencies Helix vladica is a junior synonym of H. straminea, which for successful implementation and management. this has a disjunct trans-adriatic distribution. The haplotype distribution suggests that the colonisation Methods to explore the immune-effects of of Apennine peninsula may have taken place from pollution on parasite-host interactions. 1 2 1 south. Helix straminea is not closely related to any Adam Lynch , Christopher Parris , Susan Jobling , 3 1 other Italian species, the closest relative among them Leslie Noble , Edwin Routledge 1Institute for the environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge. is H. pomatia Linnaeus, 1758. Two problematic Balkan Middlesex, UK taxa, H. volensis Kobelt, 1906 and H. vardarica Knipper, 2 Institute of Cancer Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Brunel 1939, are placed in synonymy with H. straminea University, Uxbridge. Middlesex, UK solely on the basis of shell characters. The range of 3School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK H. straminea in Balkans extends from Montenegro Email: [email protected] to eastern Central Serbia and to Albania and Greece. The trematode Schistosoma mansoni human parasite with a global impact considered second Conservation status of freshwater Bivalves in only to malaria. It is transmitted to humans is a via significant tropical Europe: state of the art, perspectives and future freshwater snails of the genus Biomphalaria which challenges can often be found in areas highly polluted by a range Manuel Lopes-Lima1; Ronaldo Sousa; David C. of anthropogenic contaminants. Various chemical Aldridge; Rafael Araujo; Jakob Bergengren; Erika Bódis; Phillipe Bouchet; Jurgen Geist; Rosaria Lauceri; immune systems of molluscs, which in turn may alter Ian Killeen; Bjørn Larsen; Stefan Lundberg; Evelyn thepollutants dynamics have of previously disease transmission. been shown Weto influence report here the Moorkens; Karl Nagel; Momir Paunovic; Vincent Prié; the development and adaptation of in vitro techniques Ted von Proschwitz; Nicoletta Riccardi and Simone for use in assessing the effects of selected contaminants Varandas on cellular immune functions in B.glabrata including 12 Molluscan Forum 2012 processes related to infection with S.mansoni. interactions, such as the agonistic relationship between Phagocytosis is a key function of the immune system venerid bivalves and their predators, shell-drilling in molluscs, as in many species, and represents a well- naticid gastropods, may cause directional changes in established biomarker for immunotoxicity. To assess shell shape and form as a heritable phenotypic response. effects of chemicals on phagocytosis we have developed Further, this evolutionary response may contribute to a novel method for Biomphalaria haemocytes using genetic differentiation and promote speciation within preexisting clades. As an initial step, I report here on channel images were obtained from haemocytes a preliminary assessment of morphological variation exposedimaging flow to latex cytometry. beads. BrightfieldAn automated and method fluorescent for among several Cenozoic venerid genera from the quantifying the phagocytosed beads and excluding non-internalized (free) beads was developed using taking into account frequency of naticid drilling as a the analysis software. Differences within haemolymph potentialIndo-Pacific function in a stratigraphic of morphological and geographic variation. context, Digital pools (intra assay) and differences between pools (inter photographs of fossil material from the Natural History Museum (London), the Muséum National d’Histoire of variation of 3 and 9.6% respectively. The automated Naturelle (Paris), Naturalis Biodiversity Research dataassay) analysis for the showedphagocytosis 99.8% assay agreement showed withcoefficients visual Center (Leiden), and the National Museum of Natural History (Washington D.C.) were obtained for Neogene and non-phagocytosisng cells as well as the number of specimens from Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Australia, beadsobservations within regarding each cell. classification Another important of phagocytosisng feature of New Zealand, and the Philippines. Shape analyses immunity in B.glabrata, directly related to S.mansoni of these bivalve specimens were conducted using infection, is the ability of haemocytes to encapsulate sporocysts for subsequent killing. To investigate the preserved on the shell and also gross shell shape, effects of chosen chemicals on the encapsulation bybiologically means of significant the overall and shell homologous outline. Shell landmarks outlines process we have used a sporocyst encapsulation assay were captured using an automated image recognition as well as assays designed to measure cell motility. process and decomposed into Fourier ellipses and To date preliminary results from these and a range of compared across regional geographic scales and other assays suggest that certain pollutants can have through time using Principal Components Analysis. immunomodulatory effects on B.glabrata haemocytes In an initial examination of morphologic attributes of in vitro at environmentally relevant ranges. Given the several common venerid genera, taxa are randomly role of Biomphalaria as intermediate host to a major distributed throughout shape space with respect to human parasite any factors modulating immune geographic and temporal distributions. However, functioning could potentially lead to a disruption in when predation instances (i.e. drilled specimens) the parasite-host balance altering transmission rates are superimposed on the ordination in shape space, and resulting in possible human health implications. a potential bias in prey selectivity is observed.

Morphologic variation as a potential driver of taxonomic richness: Venerid Bivalves Characterization of the Colonizing Decollate of the Indo-Pacific Snail, Rumina decollata (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Gary Motz1 ) 1Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Vanya Prévot1, Kurt Jordaens2,3 & Thierry Backeljau1,3 Email: [email protected] 1Department of Invertebrates, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, BELGIUM 2 Studies of modern taxonomic richness look Joint Experimental Molecular Unit (JEMU), Royal Museum for Central Africa, Brussels, BELGIUM increasingly to the fossil record for information about 3Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, BELGIUM the formation and development of biodiversity. As a Email: [email protected] hotspot of modern diversity in marine habitats, the of origination for the majority of the Cenozoic. In this Rumina decollata is a common, widespread species Indo-Pacific has been recognized as a persistent center context, I am investigating the evolution of venerid- indigenousThe hermaphroditic, in the western facultatively Mediterranean selfing, region, land snailthat has been introduced in many other parts of the world. with the goal of understanding causal mechanisms Recent DNA sequence analyses have shown that R. bivalve biodiversity throughout the Indo-Pacific for the development of the tremendous molluscan decollata is a complex of several (phylogenetic) species, diversity observed in terms of both species richness two of them corresponding to previously distinguished (i.e. biodiversity) and morphologic variation (i.e. allozyme strains with different body colours (light disparity). I hypothesize that closely constrained biotic Molluscan Forum 2012 13 vs. dark). Therefore, considering this new taxonomic houses the oldest record of Biomphalaria; the Upper interpretation, we here attempt to identify which, and (Senonian) Bauru Group, São Paulo, how many, species of the R. decollata complex have houses the oldest record of Physa and also of the been introduced outside their native area. Comparative family Physidae. The gathering of such distributional DNA sequence analysis of introduced populations from South America, North America, Japan and the project that aims to study the paleobiogeography of North Atlantic Islands vs. native populations from theand timeSouth span American data is pulmonatejust the first snail step fauna.of a broader These the Mediterranean area, revealed that all introduced fossils have great potential to help solving many populations belong to one single phylogenetic species, biogeographical questions about the recent fauna. previously recognized as the dark strain. Therefore, the colonizing and invasive character of R. decollata is mainly, if not entirely, due to this dark strain. Adaptive conchology in Albinaria (Pulmonata: Furthermore, the Iberian Peninsula seems to be an Clausiliidae): the effects of shell shape on defense important source for introduced R. decollata populations against Drilus (Coleoptera: Elateridae: Drilini) and outside Europe. Within this work, we will discuss Poiretia (Pulmonata: Oleacinidae) predation about the invasive character of the dark strain and the 1,2, Els Baalbergen1,2, possible source areas of the introduced populations. Renate A. Helwerda1,2 and Menno Schilthuizen1,2 1DepartmentRense of Terrestrial Schelfhorst Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands 2Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands Fossil pulmonate snails from Brazil and their potential for biogeographical studies 1,2 Rodrigo Brincalepe Salvador Email: [email protected] 1Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. Albinaria snails are extremely common inhabitants 2Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany. of limestone habitats in Greece. Different species Email: [email protected] vary from one another in distinctive shell characters, including the thickness and pigmentation of the shell, The Brazilian fossil record of pulmonate snails is not the radial ribbing, the shape and angle of the aperture, very diverse, counting only with about 30 species. the ornamentation of the cervix, and the position of the Nevertheless, such record is extremely important on lamellae and folds in the aperture. It is likely that many of biogeographical grounds, for it encompasses some these conchological features are under natural selection of the most ancient records known for some families, by the environment. Albinaria snails have three main subfamilies and many genera. Itaboraí Basin (Middle predators: the larvae of Drilus beetles, other terrestrial ), Rio de Janeiro, have the most diverse and snails of the genus Poiretia and an unknown Circular abundant pulmonate record in the country (especially Hole Organism (discussed in more detail by Renate for the stylommatophorans), with about 2/3 of the Helwerda). The larvae of Drilus beetles bore holes in Brazilian diversity. This basin harbors the oldest record the shell and bite and paralyze the snail, after which for the families Strophocheilidae (together with the they eat the snail from the inside out. Consequently, Uruguayan Santa Lucía Basin; the fossil genus Eoborus) they use the shell for protection while they shed their and Ferussaciidae. Moreover, its records of Charopidae, skin, and emerge by boring a new hole in the now empty Clausiliidae, Cerionidae, , shell. The presence of these bore holes on the empty and Vertiginidae are among the most ancient in the shells has been used as a measure for Drilus predation. world and include the oldest records of the subfamilies Poiretia snails have a different mode of predation: they Neniinae (Clausiliidae), Odontostominae (Orthalicidae, sit on the shell of their prey and most likely excrete together with the Uruguayan Queguay Formation an acid to dissolve the shell and gain excess to the or, more likely, earlier than it). Among these records, snail, leaving a distinctive, shallow, elongated hole in the occurrence of fossils of Cerionidae, Clausiliidae e Urocoptidae has an additional importance: they samples of empty Albinaria shells have been collected mark a place far removed from these families’ recent the shell. During fieldwork in Greece in 2011, large distribution. Regarding the genera, Itaboraí basin widespread Albinaria species were selected, differing has the oldest records of Austrodiscus, Brachypodella, infrom clausilial five different apparatus localities and shell in the characteristics. Peloponnese. Five For Cecilioides, Cyclodontina, Gastrocopta, Leiostracus each collected adult shell, the presence of Poiretia and . The remaining fossil pulmonates are predation marks and the number and positions of very sparse, but are also very interesting, especially Drilus bore holes have been determined. In addition, regarding the basommatophorans: the Lower several relevant shell characters have been measured. Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) Ilhas Formation, Bahia, Statistical analysis of these measurements can be used 14 Molluscan Forum 2012 to show correlations between Drilus/Poiretia predation Ontogeny, morphology and taxonomy of the soft- and Albinaria shell shape, and help to understand bodied ‘mollusc’ Wiwaxia shell evolution in Albinaria, which may involve an Martin R. Smith1 ‘arms-race’ with Drilus and/or Poiretia predation. 1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, UK Email: [email protected]

Systematics of terrestrial Snails of the family The soft-bodied Cambrian organism Wiwaxia is a Streptaxidae Gray, 1860 in Thailand long-standing taxonomic conundrum. A molluscan Thanit Siriboon1, Somsak Panha1, Fred Naggs2 and Chirasak Sutcharit1 1Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty withinaffinity Mollusca has recently and been its implications reasserted for based molluscan on the of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand evolutionidentification remain of unclear. an unusual Indeed, , its imbricated but its position dorsal 2Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London, UK Email: [email protected] and has somewhat resembles that of certain annelid worms.scleritome This is difficultstudy of to 476 compare new and with existing any mollusc, fossil Carnivorous terrestrial snails of the family Streptaxidae specimens from the 505 million year old Burgess Shale though poorly known are among the most remarkable casts fresh light on Wiwaxia’s sclerites and scleritome. of living pulmonates, they are highly specialized My observations clarify that the scleritome was not predators hunting various kinds of prey but principally moulted, as previously thought, but developed gradually land snails from other families, slugs, earthworms and by the piecewise addition of individually-secreted some insect larvae. They are distributed across tropical areas of South America, Africa and Asia. Streptaxids can be distinguished from other land snail groups by a microvillarsclerites. Mineral-filled secretion, but chambers also resemble within the the aesthete- sclerites combination of their shell characters, lanceolate radula likeare describedcanals found for in the other first C ambrian time; these sclerite-bearers. may reflect teeth and yellow to bright orange body. Shells may be Wiwaxia (along with similar Cambrian molluscs) can be accommodated within the Aculifera (Polyplacophora + following an oblique axis, thin to solid, generally glossy, flattened, heliciform to high spired, often with whorls sometimes transparent and often with apertural a morphology-based phylogenetic analysis supports barriers. The majority of species are known only from theAplacophora) traditional withoutaccount tooof molluscan much difficulty. evolution. However, In this their shells and internal anatomy has rarely been used alternative framework, Wiwaxia’s bizarre morphology for discriminating different taxa. Live specimens were could represent the ancestral Molluscan body plan collected from 91 localities in 28 provinces throughout – and perhaps even the ground plan of Conchiferan Thailand. Reproductive organs, especially penis, penial molluscs and of other Lophotrochozoan phyla. sheath, vas deferens, vagina, gametolytic sac and duct, free oviduct and talon were examined under a stereo- microscope. On streptaxids the penis possesses cat- Movement and behavior of Humboldt squid like claws that are supposed to differ in size and shape (Dosidicus gigas)in relation to oxygen minimum and pattern of distribution between taxa but these zones Julia S. Stewart1, John C. Field2, Unai Markaida3, that they have a minute and of a similar pale colour & William F. Gilly1 have not been studied systematically. One difficulty is 1 light microscope. On the basis of shell and reproductive California, USA organto surrounding characters tissue 29 species and thus in 5 genera difficult were to see recognized. under a 2FisheriesHopkins EMarinecology Station,Division, Stanford SWFSC/NMF University,S/NOAA, Pacific Santa Grove, Cruz, The examples of each species were prepared by critical California, USA 3Pesquerîas Artesanales, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Campeche, point drying. After critically investigation on penial and Mexico vaginal walls of streptaxids under SEM, we found the [email protected] penial hooks that differ in size and shape. Vaginal walls possess complementary structures such as surface pits Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas) are large (> 1 m), short-lived (1-2 years), fast-growing (1 mm/d the Thai streptaxid genera will be added to an existing in adults), highly fecund (30 million eggs/female), molecularand vaginal phylogenetichooks were firstly tree discovered. of the Streptaxoidea. In addition,

verticalgeneralist migrations predators from in the 250 eastern m or more Pacific during Ocean the thatday tosupport the surface the world’s at night largest expose invertebrate these squid fishery. to a greatDaily range of pressure, temperature, and dissolved oxygen Molluscan Forum 2012 15 concentration. The Humboldt squid’s life history and microalgal based. Twelve to thirteen individuals were behavioral characteristics have likely facilitated its range fed on each of these diets over an elven week period expansion into the northern California Current System. and their growth and weight were measured every Habitat utilization, behavior and food habits of D. gigas two weeks. At the end of the experiment, survival were compared between an area recently inhabited in the northern California Current System (CCS) and to measure gonad development. Results showed that a historically established area of residence in the Gulf T.rates argyrostoma were recorded and some individuals sacrificed of California (GOC), Mexico. Low dissolved oxygen on the protein based diet compared to the microalgal based diet. There had is aalso significantly evidence thathigher T. argyrostomagrowth rate minimum zone (OMZ), an important environmental fed a protein based diet gained weight at a faster rate featureconcentrations in both at areas.midwater We depths analyzed define vertical the oxygen diving than either of the algal based diets. Despite this, the behavior and diet of D. gigas and hydrographic properties of the water column to ascertain the extent indicates that this diet would be unsuitable in its current to which squid utilized the OMZ in the two areas. formsignificantly for use in poor the mass survival culture rate of this on thespecies. protein Also, diet the The upper boundary of the OMZ has been shoaling diets used did not encourage substantial gonad growth, in recent decades in the CCS, and this phenomenon with female gonads appearing degraded by the end of has been proposed to vertically compress the pelagic the experimental period. Further research is needed environment inhabited by aerobic predators. A into the effect of mixed diets on growth and gonad shoaling OMZ will also bring mesopelagic communities development in T. argyrostoma over a longer time period. into a depth range with more illumination during daytime, making these organisms more vulnerable to predation by visual predators (i.e. jumbo squid). Spatial predictive distribution modelling of Because the OMZ in the GOC is considerably shallower Madeira’s endemic land snail species than in the CCS, our study provides insight into the Dinarte Teixeira1, Pedro Cardoso2, José Jesus3 behavioral plasticity of jumbo squid and how they may and José Paulo Sousa4 respond to a shoaling OMZ in the CCS. We propose that 1 shoaling OMZs are likely to be favorable to jumbo squid Resources of the Madeira Government, Funchal, PT Environmental2Finnish Museum Office, of Natural Department History, of UEnvironmentniversity of Helsinki, and Natural FL and could be a key indirect factor behind the recent 3Department of Biology, University of Madeira, Funchal, PT range expansion of this highly migratory predator. 4IMAR-CIC, Department of Zoology, University of Coimbra, PT E-mail: [email protected]

The effect of artificial diets on the growth and The potential distribution of 68 terrestrial endemic development of the tropical marine gastropod land snails species from the Madeira Island - Portugal Turbo argyrostoma were modeled throughout MAXENT software. Maria Taylor1, Lewis LeVay1, Mark McMillan1, Species distribution data from BIOBASE database Tom Galley1 and Nick Jones1 1 School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, UK was crossed with twenty-two variables (climate, Email: [email protected] geology,and from land field use, surveys hydrology, made disturbance, on 2007 geographic and 2008 location and altitude) in order to identify the species Turbo argyrostoma is a marine gastropod found on distribution patterns of endemic land snail species. We recognize a marked geographical differentiation In the past they have been widely harvested for their among faunas from coastal, forest and alpine regions tropical reefs across the Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean. shells and their meat however, they are becoming in Madeira Island. The coastal zone comprises three increasingly important within the marine aquarium sub-areas of distribution, South coast, North coast trade. Traded animals are being taken directly from and S. Lourenço’s Eastern Cape, contradicting the reefs which are already being heavily impacted by early assumptions of Cameron & Cook. Compared to overharvesting, so the establishment of culture the coastline area, the forest and alpine regions are methods for this species could help reduce pressure more homogeneous. Furthermore, the model allowed on their natural habitat. The main aim of this project identifying the endemic species with an anthropogenic was to investigate the effect of prepared diets on the distribution such as Disculella maderensis taeniana growth rate and gonad development of T. argyrostoma. and Disculella maderensis maderensis. In addition to T. argyrostoma were purchased that, the model also validated the importance of the from the Tropical Marine Centre in Manchester. Three altitude and slope in the distribution of species with One-hundred and fifty isoenergetic diets were created; Diet A was protein fusiform shell as postulated by Cameron & Cook. based, Diet B was macroalgal based and Diet C was 16 Molluscan Forum 2012

New potential distribution areas for vulnerable taxa support of the general public and awareness regarding such as Discus guerinianus guerinianus, Craspedaria the land snail species and ecosystems in question. moniziana and Leiostyla cassidula enhancing the value of predictive models as a tool for management and conservation of land were snail identified, species. The effect of urban heat islands on the Future work should include predictive modeling with composition of snail communities in a large urban historical data, ecological and species life histories, area. Nikita van Zeijl1,2, Heike Kappes1, Gerard Driessen2 information gaps related to environmental variables. and Menno Schilthuizen1 as well as future climate scenarios in order to fulfill 1Department of Zoology, NCB Naturalis, Leiden, NL 2Department of Ecological Science, VU, Amsterdam, NL Land snail species of Porto Santan islets – Email: [email protected] The LIFE project experience Dinarte Teixeira1 & Cristina Abreu2 The concrete of cities has a high heat storage capacity. 1 Cities are usually warmer than their rural surroundings, Resources of the Madeira Government, Funchal, PT forming urban heat islands (UHI). For city residents, Environmental2Life Sciences Office, Centre, Department University of of Environment Madeira, Funchal, and Natural PT this can lead to an increase of heat-related health e-mail: [email protected] problems in summer (heat stress), but ecological effects and evolutionary pressure of UHI formation The Porto Santan Island is one of the world’s biodiversity were hardly studied. There has not been known much hotspot as the land snails conservation is concerned. about the UHI in Dutch cities until recently. Weather Dispersed on a total area of 232 ha, the Porto Santan stations were traditionally placed outside the cities; Islets (PSI) enclose 33 taxa, where 30 (90.8%) are therefore few observations were available in urban endemic to the archipelago and eight (24.24%) are areas. In 2009, heat islands were mapped in Rotterdam exclusive. Some of these species, like Discula turricula (NL), showing that on a hot summer day parts of the (Cima Islet) and Idiomela subplicata (Baixo Islet), have city could be up to 7°C hotter than other parts of the a very restricted distribution, with a range less than city. We expect that the number of native species will be 500m2. Several of those exclusive species have an depleted in the urban areas; whereas some introduced unfavorable conservation status as they are listed as Mediterranean species may be favored. Selection endangered both on International and Regional Red Lists. may further be on other traits including average shell size of communities (overall water content, or refuge through the recovery of habitats and species of the use). Several other Dutch cities (such as Arnhem) PTheSI LIFE and Project surrounding “Halt the marine loss of European area (LI FBiodiversityE09 NAT/ have also been mapped for UHI formation, allowing a replication of the results is possible. In this project, that the ecosystems on the Nature 2000 Network the aim is to detect the signature of adaptation to so- sitePT/000041 of PSI -(PTPO LPSI)”R0001 has the – Habitat purpose 1250) of guarantee reach a stable, favorable and self-sustainable conservation are trying to answer is: What is the impact of UHI status. Taking place between 2010 – 2014, one of conditionscalled “heat (heat islands’ stress) in urban on snail areas. populations The question in urban we main aims of the LPSI is to create conditions to areas? Sub questions will be: Will the number of enable the recovery of the European priority land species decrease? What traits (phenotypes, biological snail species such as calculus, Caseolus commixtus, Helix subplicata and Discula turricula. do the traits change along the temperature gradient? The main ecological and conservation actions for land strategies) are influenced by UHI conditions and how snails includes (1) the establishment of monitoring schemes to assess the taxa response to the concrete The effect of macrofauna on the success of cockle conservation actions implemented on the PSI, (2) (Cerastoderma edule) post-larval colonisation improve the current knowledge about the taxonomy Timothy Whitton1, Chris Richardson1, Jan Hiddink1, of the terrestrial malacological fauna of the PSI, (3) Stuart Jenkins1 and Bryan Jones2 elaborate Action Plans for each of the species listed in 1School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, UK the Habitats Directives; (4) improve the expansion of the 2Environment Agency – Wales, Bangor, UK populations of severely endangered endemic land snails Email: [email protected] (C. calculus, C. commixtus, D. turricula, H. subplicata) (5) Cockle populations often have highly patchy order to reduce and/or prevent the predation of land distributions as seen in many other intertidal soft snailsSet up bya network seagulls of and “shelters” mice, (6) and Build exclusion up of aareas strong in

sediment invertebrates. High densities of filter Molluscan Forum 2012 17 feeders and/or bioturbators has been thought to In this study, embryos of the freshwater pond snail reduce the success of larval settlement. However, Lymnaea stagnalis were used as a model to study current studies on the common cockle (Cerastoderma Protein kinase C (PKC) signalling during molluscan edule) indicate that the post-settlement stage maybe more important for post-larvae interactions with against conventional PKC isoforms and confocal embryogenesis. Using anti-phospho-specific antibodies experiments in combination with two laboratory (activated) PKC was found in early 1-24 cell and late studiesmacrofauna were than conducted larval settlement. to investigate Manipulative the effect field of 24-36immunofluorescence cell embryos. In microscopy,early embryos, phosphorylated PKC activation adult cockles and lugworms (Arenicola marina) on appeared transient and cyclical; in addition, PKC cockle colonisation success, and seek to identify the activation was observed in the nuclear region during cell division. The PKC inhibitor GF109203X blocked experiments which excluded the presence of adult PKC activation in developing embryos providing a cocklesmechanisms and lugworms responsible. separately, Two field in two manipulation locations tool to explore the role of PKC during embryogenesis. (Dee estuary and Traeth Melynog respectively), were Early-cleaving embryos were exposed to different established from the time of initial larval settlement concentrations of either GF109203X or the PKC to late summer in 2012. Each experiment consisted activator phorbol-myristate acetate (PMA). Results of six control, procedural control and exclusion plots, revealed that early cleaving embryos which were each 1 m² in area. From May to August an increasing exposed to 1 µM and 10 µM PMA did not develop further trend of higher colonisation in plots where lugworms and appeared abnormal after 24 hours; however were excluded was observed. By August post-larvae when exposed to 1 µM and 10 µM GF109203X embryo development proceeded. Chronic PMA treatment (0.01 than in the control treatments, over double at 544 post- µM and 0.1 µM) of early cleavage stage embryos during density in the exclusion plots were significantly higher development resulted in 20% death prior to hatching cockles produced the opposite trend. Colonisation of whilst exposure of later embryonic stages produced post-larvaelarvae per m². were The lower field in experiment the adult cockle excluding exclusion adult 60% embryolethality. Chronic GF109203X treatment plots. An aquarium study was conducted to test if any showed no lethal effects on later stage embryos, effect on colonisation could be attributed to mortality due to the presence of macrofauna. Unfortunately GF109203X treatment during development of cleavage due to methodological problems the results of the stagealthough embryos. 20% C deathleavage was stage observed embryos with exposed 10 μM to laboratory based experiments were inconclusive. GF109203X displayed delayed hatching whereas PMA did not affect duration to hatching; GF109203X presence of macrofauna increased byssus drifting had the opposite effect when used with later stage ratesHowever in post-larvae, the flume indicated experiment, the possible to investigate relationship if the embryos. During these experiments rotation, heart hypothesised. The mechanisms controlling the trends beat and gliding were observed. Results revealed that early cleavage stage embryos exposed to PMA the laboratory experiments and warrant further investigation.seen in the field We conclude experiments that arethe stillpresence unclear of adult from rotation, gliding, heartbeat, whereas GF109203X throughout development had significantly increased success of C. edule post-larvae. The relationships and gliding, as well as slower heartbeat. GF109203X observedcockles and increased lugworms in influences their strength the colonisation over time. andtreated PMA embryos had considerably showed significantly less effect lower on rotation these However the causal processes remain unclear. From parameters when short term incubations (0 – 60 min) the current results we suggest the density, distribution were performed, demonstrating that the effects seen and population dynamics of macrofauna, such as following exposure of early cleavage stage embryos are likely due to developmental defects. From these success and spatial distribution of cockle recruitment. those tested, may have significant implications on the role during early embryogenesis of L. stagnalis. findings it can be concluded that PKC plays an important PKC and Lymnaea stagnalis embryogenesis Vainora Zukaite1, Richard T Cook1, Anthony J Walker1 1School of Life Science, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK. Email: [email protected]

Embryonic development and morphogenesis rely on the co-ordination of complex cell signalling mechanisms. 18 Molluscan Forum 2012 Schedule 9.15 - 9.45 registration & coffee

9.45 - 11.10 Session I: Phylogeny & Morphology abstract

9.45 Tony Walker: Welcome and introduction to the day 9.50 : Determining the origin of Antarctic calliostomatids: a molecular phylogeny of carnivorous deep-sea gastropods page 6 10.10 TLisahan-Mitarie Sirib Braunoon: Systematics of terrestrial snails of the family streptaxidae Gray, 1860 in Thailand page 14 10.30 Martin R. Smith: Ontogeny, morphology and taxonomy of the soft-bodied Cambrian ‘mollusc’ Wiwaxia page 14 10.50 Gary Motz: Morphologic variation as a potential driver of taxonomic richness:

11.10 - 11.30 Venerid Bivalves coffee &of posterthe Indo-Pacific viewing page 12

11.30 - 13.10 Session II: Population & Distribution

11.30 Séverine Fourdrilis: Contemporary population genetic differentiation in Melarhaphe neritoides (Gastropoda: Littorinidae), a long-lived planktonic-dispersing mollusc page 8 11.50 Nathan A. M. Chrismas: An association of mitochondrial haplotype with shell shape in an intertidal gastropod page 6 12.10 Vanya Prévot: Characterization of the Colonizing Decollate Snail, Rumina decollata (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Stylommatophora) page 12 12.30 : Restoration of a long forgotten name Helix straminea (Pulmonata: Helicidae) for a new recognised species widely distributed in Italy and Balkans page 11 12.50 HOndaliřmeje KDor. Aricábekan Molluscan model organism Biomphalaria Glabrata page 5 : Parasitic influences on the host genome using the 13.10 - 14.00 Lunch break & poster viewing

14.00 - 15.40 Session III: Ecology & Environment

14.00 Timothy Whitton: The effect of macrofauna on the success of cockle (Cerastoderma edule) post-larval colonisation page 16 14.20 Fernando Aneiros: Bivalves in the mud: a comparative approach to temporal variation in shallow subtidal bottoms page 5 14.40 : Displacement patterns of intertidal consumers of a subtropical rocky shore. page 6 15.00 DIsabelinart Ceasillas Teixeir Baarrag: Spatialán predictive distribution modelling of Madeira’s endemic land snail species page 15 15.20 : Conservation status of freshwater Bivalves in Europe: state of the art, perspectives and future challenges page 11 Manuel Lopes-Lima 15.40 - 16.00 Tea break & poster viewing

16.00 - 17.30 Session IV: Life History & Behaviour

16.00 Vainora Zukaite: PKC and Lymnaea stagnalis embryogenesis page 17 16.20 Renate A. Helwerda: Predation on greek Albinaria (Pulmonata: Clausiliidae) by Poiretia (Pulmonata: Oleacinidae) and by an unknown organism making circular holes page 10 16.40 Els Baalbergen: Predative pressure of Drilus (Coleoptera: Elateridae: Drilini) beetles against land snails in Greece and the Netherlands page 5 17.00 Julia S. Stewart: Movement and behavior of Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas) in relation to oxygen minimum zones page 14

17.15 - 18.30 Wine social & final poster viewing Molluscan Forum 2012 19 Poster Presentations

abstract

Katie Clements: Do barnacles act as a potential reservoir for pathogenic bacteria on

commercial: Are there shellfish any similar beds? patterns in species composition and richness page 7 between grassland snail and plant assemblages? page 7 Jana Dvořáková M. Arantzazu Elejalde: Microsatellite markers for analysis of parentage and sexual behavior of banana slugs (Pulmonata: Arionidae: Ariolimax) page 8

David Gonzalez Garcia: The lost snail of Captain Spratt: mapping Albinaria eburnea in the high summits of the Mediterranean island of Crete (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Clausiliidae) page 8

: How will climate change affect the potential distribution of Madeira’s land snail species? page 9 Cátia Gouveia Renate A. Helwerda: Vetigastopoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Philippines page 9

Masaki Hoso: Cost of autotomy drives ontogenetic switching of anti-predator mechanisms under developmental constraints in a land snail. page 10

: Succession of mollusc assemblages in quarries of Bohemian Karst, Czech Republic page 10

AdAlenaam Ly Kocurkovnch: Methodsá to explore the immune-effects of pollution on parasite-host interactions. page 11

Rodrigo Brincalepe Salvador: Fossil pulmonate snails from Brazil and their potential for biogeographical studies page 13

Rense Schelfhorst: Adaptive conchology in Albinaria (Pulmonata: Clausiliidae): the effects of shell shape on defense against Drilus (Coleoptera: Elateridae: Drilini) and Poiretia (Pulmonata: Oleacinidae) predation page 13

Maria Taylor tropical marine gastropod Turbo argyrostoma page 15 : The effect of artificial diets on the growth and development of the Dinarte Teixeira: Land snail species of Porto Santen islets - the LIFE project experience page 16

Nikita van Zeijl: The effect of urban heat islands on the composition of snail communities in a large urban area page 16