The Early Days of Monasticism on Mount Athos

THE EARLY DAYS OF MONASTICISM

M A K RSO L KE . I PP A , .

P ROFESSOR OF EA RLY CH RISTIA N LITERA TU RE I N THE U N IVERSITY OO OO O OO

OXFO R D AT THE CLARENDON P RESS 1909 H ENR FROWDE Y , P UB LISHER TO THE UN IVERSITY OF OXFORD OND O N ED I B H N EW Y OR L , N U RG , K TORONTO A ND M ELB OU RN E P REFA CE

TH E foll owing pages are the by - product of various visits to the Monasteries of Mount Athos f or the study of Bibli cal

n ri i i r n a d Pat st c MSS . It is imposs ble fo a y one to visit these di stricts with out becoming in tereste d in the local

is r n in l i h to y . I trust that Byz a t e scho ars w ll pardon my

inva sion f eir r vince o th p o .

is a so ro a wor n o in a th e is of a necd ta It l p b bly th t g th t l t o l. hagi ograp hi ca could be enormously increase d by the con sistent cataloguing of th e l ives of Saints in the various libraries other than th e La ura ; f or the extra ordinary wealth o f Mount Athos in thi s respec t is obscure d by th e fac t that the Cambridge catalogu e of Lambros does n ot as a rule d o m ore than record the mon th to which a volume of Bfoa bel ong s . It is of course a h elp to kn ow which MSS . have

foz th e rea va a work of cata o in th e ﬁ , but lly lu ble l gu g c on en s has s i n t t t ll to be do e . The pleasant duty is once more l aid on me of acknow ledging my in debte dness to the Tru s tees of th e Revision

S r s th e H or and the Hi er F n s . T is is th e u plu , t bb t u d h seven ook w ic I ave h ad is e and of ese th b h h h publ h d , th se ven ﬁ ve are entirely th e result of grants made to m e by s ome or al l of these societies ; it is u nnecessary for m e to s ay more to prove that I have reas on to be grate ful for

ir the help .

K KIRSOPP LA E .

L i e 19 e d n , 09 .

30 0 669 CONTENTS

I NTRODUOTI ON

CHAP TER I P ETER THE ATHONITE APPENDIX The Life of P e ter the Athonite CHAP TER II EUTHYMIUS OF THESSALONI CA APPENDIX The nas r f S An reas at Mo te y o t. d CHAP TER III

JoHANNEs KOLOB OS m s M A RY THE HER , ON STE , AND MITS OF MOUNT ATHOS APPEND ICES r r m r s of asi ear ier A . Ext act f o a Ch y obull B l l 1 n . 8 tha A D . 8

Th w a t h 677 0 17 1 ("Pa a Kd om' s B . e Of t e 7 s a a to p f s 19 , p f the boundary between Erissos and th e Monks 881—2 f A D . o o n os A . M u t th , The A r m n n the onks and h C . g ee e t betwee M t e Erissiotes

’ Decisi n f K a x dmv Koum a as t h D. o o ar f o t e

o n ar . . 882 b u d y , A D E C r o of Le VI . h ys bull o CHAP TER IV

THE M K or M U Am o THE C MI G or ON S O NT s , AND O N ATHANAsms APPENDICES R 85 A. C r so of oman s 0 . h y bull u , E rac re errin to a C r s l B . xt t f g h y obu l of Basil

B ul ar k n s A . 980 o to o . g , D Se t emen of art o f th e es a e of K l C. t l t p t t o obou on the M onks of Mo unt A thos by Johannes the 8 Geor i an . . 9 5 g , A D HAGI OG RAP II I OAL MA NUSCRI PTS I NTRODU CTI ON

TH E al history of Greek monasticism seems , in l

i n ﬂ to ffo a e the places which it ourished, a rd ex mpl s of a development passing through three more or

a o le ss cle rly deﬁned peri ds .

of all d hi There is ﬁrst the hermit perio , in w ch a desolate pie ce of country is selected by hermits as affording th e nece ssary solitude for an ascetic

o l of oo ani life . Sec nd y, there is the period l se org za

o of to sa c oll ec ti n hermits in lauras ; that is y, a

’ o er ti n of h mits cells, more or less widely scattered , grows up round the common centre provided by

h e h o h as t cell of a hermit of remarkable fame, w

o o e attracted , and in s me degree bec m the leader of o hi e o , the thers . T rdly, th re c mes a time when the loose organization of the laura is replaced by th e

of o a di stricter rule a m n stery, with deﬁnite buil ngs

e of and ﬁx d regulations , under the control an

oﬁ evo or a e o o ﬁy p g abbot. The pass g fr m the previ us stage to this was no doubt frequently hastened by the fact that the Byzantine authorities encouraged

a a to mon steries, but were not as a rule favour ble lauras . The present treatise on the early histo ry of Mount Athos is an attempt to colle ct the f ew and scattered pieces of evidence which bear on the t ‘ ‘ i ﬁrst two stages— the hermit and the laura— ou

o to a n o e ce o M unt Athos, and show th t x pti n is

a of o afforded to the gener l rule devel pment. fi Although the evidence is scanty, it is suf cient to prove that there were hermits before there were

a and e l uras , lauras before ther were monasteries, on the Holy Mountain. It would therefore have been logical to divide the discussion into the three periods dominated by

mi a o her ts, l uras, and c nvents ; but in practice it

m o d o th e a man has proved i p ssible to this, for s me

a a often began life in a monastery, and fterw rds

a a became successively a hermit, the centre of a l ur ,

h of o t and t e founder a m nas ery. This is especially

a o the c se , naturally en ugh, in the middle period, when the mountain was occupied partly by hermits

o a s o o and partly by m nks in l ura , wh m f rce of cir cumstances compelle d to adopt an increasingly more

o z o developed f rm of organi ati n . In the following pages I have therefore divided the discussion according to the saints and monas teries . which play the chief part in the story ,The

o a oni ﬁrst divisi n is domin ted by Peter the Ath te ,

o n who was a hermit, and n thi g else , in the middl e o f of the ninth century ; his life , the text which I a end ~ h as o e pp , never previ usly been publish d . The chief personage in the second division is Euthymius of i wh o h Thessalon ca, was ﬁrst a ermit, and after

of wards the centre a laura, on Mt. Athos . The third division is not connected with the name of a monk who lived on Mount Athos , but with that of INTRODU CTION

o Kol obos 970 o J hannes , who about founded cl se to the mountain a monastery which played a con s id erabl e part in forcing the hermits and lauras of Mount Athos to adopt a more deﬁnite organi z tion a .

Th e fourth and last division de als with the position of affairs in the tenth century as reveale d by various documents conne cte d with Athanasius

o n th e a of the Ath nite , and i cludes ﬁn l decay the i laura system and its re placement by f ull y organized

o o e o m nasteries, t geth r with the ﬁnal absorpti n of the monastery of Kol obou by the monks of the

For of mountain . the sake clearness I have as largely as possible kept the discussion free from

l o any very long quotations from origina d cuments , and have collected the evidence afforded by these in a series of p iéces justiﬁcatives forming appendices to each chapter. CH A P TER I

PETER THE ATHONITE

’ I N the A cta Sanctom m for June 12 (also in Migue s 1 989 ff P tr ia. Graeca . 50 . . a olog , vol , col ) is printed

to what claims be the life of Peter the Athonite , as told in the fourteenth century by Gregorios

a o B arl aam Pal mas , the famous opp nent of in the

a o . 0 Hesych st c ntroversy N one , however, has ever tried to ﬁnd in this document any serious history

to concerning Peter, and it was impossible say

o of whether it was the free compositi n Gregory, or based on some earlier tradition from which he had selected the miraculous episodes which e diﬁed hi him, while omitting the historical details w ch would have interested us.

f or u Fortunately history, in the Laura on Mo nt

Athos and in other libraries there are preserved MSS . of an earlier life ' of Peter which was written (so

and at least it claims) by a certain Nicolaus, was

o a und ubtedly the source used by Gregory P lamas .

n o This has ever been published and, th ugh not a

o ﬁ d cument of the rst rank, is worth studying. Research in menologies would probably reveal

of the existence a fair number of MSS . At present, nl however, the o y ones with which I am acquainted are as follows P ETER THE ATHONITE

1 a on o Cod A 79 s . a o. ( ) In the L ura M unt Athos, ( e

I 36 3 25 0 2 ol 33 a e a . . . c . XI x cm . b utifully

o a n f a written MS . c nt ini g the lives o the S ints and

o f or Ma e u enc mia April, y, Jun , July, and Aug st .

is u o f or Th MS . has been sed by M . L uis Petit his e dition of the life of Michael Mal einos ; 1 he the re

e th e but ascrib s the MS . to thirteenth century, al though it is e xceedingly difﬁcul t to date these

a a o a a a o can l rge h gi gr phic l h nds , I d ubt if it be

so a e own o i o put l te . Inde d my pin n is that it was written early rather than late in the twelfth

a of the of century. The l st page life Peter is

o unf rtunately missing , but the text can be supplied

o fr m the other MSS . 2 190 a . ( ) Also in the L ura, Cod E (written at the

roe oum enos expense of Simeon , p g of the Laura,

’ ex 7-7 ai a K a iicrr o v hi m to 39 x p g p , and given by the

i a o of l brary in This MS . is clearly c py

A 79 and o not o e to , it was obvi usly w rth whil collate it : but it is valuable as giving the text of 79 the lost page of A .

3 t 1190 ff 1003 a o od . Va . C . ( ) In R me, (

1542 for o e isco us S MS . written in Ge rgius p p iti ensis et Hi erapetren sis and given by him to Pope

Paul V. 4 i lin ff 398 r . Co s . . ( ) In Pa is, Cod Paris ( / a r of MS . which formerly belonged to tlie am onaste y Castamonitou on Mount Athos and was obtained from

‘ 1 i i e . We et O ice dc Michel M aleinos &c . ar Lou s ﬁ , , p P t t aris icar et ﬁl s 1903 in th e B ibliothé ue H a io ra hi ue P , P d , ( q g g p q

riental e edité e ar Le on Cl u n et . O , p g ) 10 PETER THE . ATHONITE

a f or Sé uier it (it is almost cert in) g , the Chancellor of

XIV th e a o e o e Louis , by f m us P re Athanase, wh s

o i s o o hi s M is i n st ry t ld by M . Henri Om nt in s o s

’ archeolo i ues mn aises en Orient aux X I I ct g q f p , V

e 1 X VI II siécles .

5 Al o Coislin 109 ( ) s in Paris, Cod . . , a MS . of the

Sé ui er o a o tenth century, which g m st prob bly als

o e a o a ni on . acquired fr m P re Ath nase , c nt i ng fol

249 V o a a o th e f. a sh rt extract (in later h nd) fr m

a a life of Peter. This is import nt bec use the MS .

’ ' itself came from 7 0 6 et mf np to v Tﬁs éﬂepa yia s Oeo 'rcik ov

' ’ K a i 7 0 13 Oo ' t ou wa rpbs 73v II érpo v Toi} A 0wiz i7' ov (on f. No doubt further investigations would reveal

o of A 79 and m re MSS . , but the text is not bad ,

not a of o e it is probable th t the collation th r MSS . would give any resul ts at all proportionate to the

of o a labour c ll ting them. In editing the text I have kept strictly to my

o e o of o c py of the MS . except in the ins rti n i ta

b of su script, and the treatment enclitic accents.

o a o e a Where my c py ttests a probably c rrupt r ding,

o sic and supp rts it by a , I have noted the fact

e a . I a a with sic cod . Wh re I fear th t h ve m de a

k o din mista e in c pying, as the rea g is apparently

o n ot or a sic wr ng , and is nevertheless supp ted by i d . co s c o cod . e , I have noted the fact by with ut Mer ly orthographical variations I have printed without

comment .

1 aris I m rimerie nationale 1902. P , p , PETER THE ATHONITE

O ’ T tor o P eter s Li e he S y f f .

The story told by Nicolaus is a typical example of e o o e the m thods f ll wed by the Greek hagiograph rs .

th e is a o e All emphasis l id on the visi ns miracl s,

o e o e a e i of c ntests with d m ns, and gen ral sc tic sm the

hi s e s e fﬁ a saint during lif , and on the hi tory and c cy

te hi s ea e te of his relics af r d th . Th re is of n a tende ncy to de scribe al l thi s kind of narrative as unhisto rical ; but it would be truer to say that it narrate s ce rtain abno rmal psychological experiences ‘ and combines them with a Weltanschauung whi ch

e o of is ntirely f reign to modern ways thinking.

A cta Sanctom m aff m The would, I think, ord agni

" ﬁ cent e a to one o mat ri l , any who w uld treat the psychology Of the later saints in somewhat the s t o ame way as hat made fam us by Prof. W . James

At the same time it is certainly true that this side of the narrative has no importance f or ﬁxing

o the historical facts c nnected with Peter . It is therefore probably expedi ent to tell over again in a few words the few purely historical parts of the

o as af o o f or st ry, these ford the only f undati n any

o and of discussi n of the date of Peter, the light thrown on the early history of the mountain by hi s e lif . Peter was originall y a soldier (a O' XOAoip to s of the ﬁf th a xons who was captured by the Arabs in Syria and imprisoned at Samara —a misfo rtune which he regar ded as the dire ct resul t of his neglect 12 P ETER THE ATHONITE to u ﬁ onk a f l l a vow to become a m . He entre ted

to and o St. Nicolaus help him, pr mised that if he o hi s o l o btained liberty he w u d go to R me, and there

a o a o f l to o t ke m n stic vows . After s me di ﬁcu ty, ver

f o come which the further intercession o St. Sime n

a e of th e a t o was necess ry, the h lp S in s pr ved

ff e e o e ectual , and Peter obtain d his liberty. In a c r dance with his vow he went to Rome and was

o o a ordained monk by the P pe . After a sh rt st y

o o f or th e in R me he j ined a ship bound Levant, but when he was close to Mount Athos the ship was

e miraculously d layed, and he thus recognized that

ic ol us i as . a th s was the place in which , St N had

o was re t ld him, he to pass the mainder of his

a di o days as hermit . On sembarking he f und the mountain uninhabited and lived there f or ﬁfty

a e years in a c ve . H re he was tempted by devils an d a e a ul in d ng r from wild be sts, but timately was

o o o a ds of vict rious over b th . T w r the end his last year he was accidentally discovered by a hunter,

o o to to wh m he told his st ry, advising him

o o a and o f ll w his ex mple ad pt the ascetic life . His words had so much inﬂuence that the hunter promised to return after a farewell visit to hi s

a family ; but when he c me back the following year,

o bringing with him his br ther and some monks ,

o he f und that Peter was already dead . But since according to mediaeval ideas the corpse of a saint

o a is worth even m re th n his living body, the two brothers proceeded to take away th e relics in th e b hi T r oat in w ch they had come. hey owed and PETER THE ATHONITE 13

o of a but sailed al ng the east coast the mount in , when they we re opposite the monastery of Cl eme n tos

e e Ive ron l oa o (wh re the pr sent stands), their b t sto d still in spite of a favourable wind which ﬁlled their

a o a o a o s il . So l ng were they st ti nary th t the m nks of Cl em entos out to and a e a put them, m de th m l nd

of o with the relics , the story which they t ld very

a a reluctantly, as they felt th t it was improbable th t

r they would be allowed to keep them . No were they mistaken : th e relics were received with many honours and placed in the shrine of the Virgin

‘ where they are accustomed to hold the annual cele brations After this the hunter and his brother

th e wh o departed, but monks had accompanied

e them were not prepar d to abandon the relics, and after diverting suspicion by professing a desire to

of Cl ementos join the foundation , stole the body of

Pe ter and saile d off at night to their own country.

a o The monk Nicol us , in wh se name the book is

was e of written, says that he an yewitness their

o wh o e departure. The m nks had tak n the relics

u P h ocami n successf lly escaped to in Thrace, but the mi o of o racul us power their burden bec ming known , the bishop and clergy of the place fo rced them to sell

a a it, and the relics rem ined permanently in th t place . In this story there are three points which arrest attention as likely to supply material f or dating the

l of are 1 a ife Peter. These ( ) the imprisonment t 2 l 3 Samara, ( ) the pi grimage to Rome, ( ) the monastery l ementos of C .

1 — ’ i . e . the Geor ian onas er 7 om Tam I 7 wv. g M t y, ) p ) ﬁ §p 14 P ETER THE ATHONITE

1 Samar f ( ) a. This is the city which is o ﬁcially

n o a - - raa on th e know in Arabic hist ry as S rra man ,

a a a was a of Tigris bove B ghd d . It the c pital the

a 836 e was e Abbasid C liphs from , wh n it r built by

' Mu tasim to th e Caliph , with exception of the

‘ a 865 e a a t f or a ye r wh n the C liph Must in lef it Baghd d ,

‘ but was pursue d by Mu taz z wh o then assumed th e

e to a a o Caliphate . The refer nce S m ra theref re ﬁxes the ye ars betwe en 836 and 892 as the most probable

f or th e o of . o th e impris nment Peter More ver, fact that the intermittent war be tween the Gre eks and the Arabs blazed up again in 838— just previously the re had be en a breathing- space — enables us to sa 838 e a of 836 y inst d .

2 il ma m o ( ) P gri ge to Ro e. At m st times it would be very improbable f or a Greek monk to think of o o to e e g ing to R me r c ive the tonsure, and it is ce rtainl y very improbable that any Greek

a e of th e e writer, fter the b ginning t nth century,

oul a e o w d h ve invent d such a st ry. But during the Icono clast movement it is n ot at al l unlikely that a monk of the I c on ol atric party we nt to Rome f r o e o o a o o this purp s . The Ic n cl st m vement ceased

a of o 842 so a with the de th The philus in , th t the story of the pilgrl m age to Ro me is more probable if it we re unde rtake n in conse quence of a vow made

o 842 a a a bef re th n fter th t year.

of a e o e wi Thus this line rgum nt, c mbin d th the facts

o e e w a o to e c nn ct d ith Sam ra, p ints the y ars between

1 ’ Se e Le S ran e s B a hdad durin the A bbasid Cali hate t g g g p , O or 1900 es ecia a e s 13 and 311 xf d , , p lly p g . PETER THE ATHONITE 15

’ 838 and 842 as the most probable for Peter s imprisonment and vow.

Clementos (3) The M onastery of . This gives less help : all that is known is that in the tenth century

a of Cl ementos wa there was monastery , which s already decaying and was ultimately absorbed by the

f Iveron o a a o new foundation o . Judging fr m n l gy these early monasterie s h ad a period of about a

r e a . century f o their ris , decline , and f ll This argu ment would of course be quite worthless by itself as

o e we a basis of chronol gical argum nt. But as ﬁnd that the monastery of Cl em entos was decaying in

e 980 th e the y ar , when it was given to Johannes

o a B ul aroktonos 1 we Georgian by the Emper r B sil g , should not be surprised to ﬁnd that it was founded

8 a to about the year 80. Now ccording the life of Peter he was ﬁfty years on Mount Athos : it is suggested by the previous argument that h e came

e a o 840 i 890 o ther b ut : therefore he d ed about . S f ar o as it g es this ﬁts the other data very well , . f or the suggestion made by the life of Peter is that the monastery of Cl ementos did not exist

o was ﬂ when he came to Mount Ath s , and ourishing

e at his d ath . There are no other points in th e life which seem

ff o o o e e to a rd chr n logical evid nce, but the dat suggested will enable us to make an easy correo

o of z e ti n a pu zling statem nt at the beginning. The narrator says that Methodius of Patara h ad com

ex of mended the ample Peter. This is clearly

1 See . 2 p 10 . 16 PETER THE ATHONITE

b u for a s rd, Methodius of Patara lived in the fourth u cent ry. But if we eject the words of Patara

t a a m a from the ext as a gloss , the p ss ge y be under stoo d as a re ference to the Methodius wh o became

a a o 842 Patri rch of Const ntin ple in , in which case there is nothi ng improbable in the fact that he h ad heard of the escape of Pe te r and of the fulﬁl ment

The result of this investigation is to sho w that Peter the Athonite is probably an historical pe rson who lived the life of a hermit on Mount Athos in

c a to sk the ninth entury. It rem ins a what is the h t e . date of existing narrative As the MS . in

o o to which it is f und bel ngs the twelfth century ,

e o to a and Peter hims lf bel nged the ninth , any d te

e t o betwe n hese extremes is p ssible . It is equally obvious that the writer wishes to give the impres sion that he was himself a younger contemporary of e to Pet r, for he claims have been an eye

t of one o witness of the heft the relics . If c uld be ‘ certain that the words of Patara in reference to Methodius are merely a gloss and n ot due to the

f n ot o writer himsel , there would be much reas n f or of hi questioning the truth t s implication. But if the conf usion between Methodius of Patara and Methodius of Constantinople be re ally due to the

l o e a e o writer, it is a m st inconc iv bl that he bel nged hi to the ninth century . In t s case the tenth century is probably the date of the writing of the

a a of th e Life . It can h rdly be much later in f ce

e the Cl ementos ref rence to monastery of , which

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER I

THE LIFE OF P ETER THE ATHONITE

f l a 0 I c A ' ' I - B i O9 Ka t 7roAi rei a ‘TOU o a i ov Ka t 9eo ¢opov wa s p0 9 17q ’ ' Héf pov 7 0 V A 9wVi rov.

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si c cod . AP PENDIX TO CHAPTER 1

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P ETER THE ATHONITE

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6 V 7 7 6V a a ' a ' u V 7 63 6 07VU0 ' 6>Ox6 0 9 r a o ﬁw 76 0 a 779 9 7 679. ' ' 79077 6 67 6 7r 6 6 67 - 7 7 7 6k7 9e7a K6 6 7 0 7 7 1 v 660 9 p 9 79 79 7 9 7 7 , 9669 96776 7 6667 6 7 6va xwp770' 67 7960 - 77 0 0 796 7 6 0 7777 707 ' 7 796 7 7 0' v 7a 7 7 7 6 7 63V 67ro 7w wV WGT CGV 79077 7 6 76 7 x , 7 p7 7 P 6 7 7 w 1 ' 0 67 67V 6767 77 7 6V 0 79 0 6 777 677 L6VOV T a a ea t/7 6V 7 67, 7 , x 77 6V9pw7e 676a 0 ' 79a 7\707 79 6 7 66777 76 79077 7 779 7rp69 0761 - 6V 67776 7 770 9775 679 7 779 WA6V779 ; 67 677 6 0 777 6 7 679 1 n o. APPENDIX TO CHAPTER I 29

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34 P ETER THE ATHONITE

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' 220 2 7x0 20 2 w22 220 2 720 920 22 220 2 30 2 20 2222222 220 2 2 2 0 257 0 7 2 , , 2 , 9 ' 7re 90 22€ 7 0 7 20 22 ea' a 7 0 22 7 2 22 0 22 20 22 Ke- w 72- 0 0 ¢ x , 7 2 y 7 9 7 0 22 920 22 0 0 72 2 22 220 2 7 2 22 72 2257 2 22 220 2 2 0 222 22 20 220 20 7 2 7 0 ° 7 7 , 7 2 7 2 7 2 p 7 2 2 5 2 279 0 520 292200 2 2 220 2 2722 2 29 epyw 7 272 7 0 27 0 0 7ro7\27 e2a 2 22 222 0 25 2 2 220 2 220 2 7 0 2 220 7 0 920 22 7 0 7 2 2 0 0 ' 222 e x a kkwm o evm 2 , 9 p ep 72 y z u , 2220 220 2 7 20 22 0 22 0 220 22 0 227 02 7 22220 22 2 222 27 25w 2 22 7 279 ' 2 2 2 2 2 ° 3 0 2 2 2 0 0 22 72 277 79 7 0 22 0 20 7 27700 9 722 w2 05 72p2 7re2 7 0 0 0 0 50 7 2 2 2 220 2 0 0 22 7 23 a va w 220 2 7 20 2 7, px 5 w0 72 0 223 220 2 720 220 0 9222 722222 20 7 2 W V 22022 0262 220 2 22 7 0 0 9 § 7 2 , 9

2 2 2 2 2 0 220 20 9 0 2032 20 2 . A22 72 . CH AP TER II

EUTHYMIUS OF THESSALONICA

TH E life of Euthymius reall y brings the monks o o o t of M unt Ath s int the full light of his ory. It is

o a document of primary imp rtance, and there is no reason to doubt that it was really written, as

b di Euth mius it claims to e, by Basil , a sciple of y , Wh o afterwards became Archbishop of Thessalonica

V o early in the tenth century. arious writers on M unt Athos have referred to its M portan ce and have u f n n p blished extracts rom it, generally i a moder Greek paraphrase ; but any reference to these has been rendered unnecessary by the excellent edition e 1 of P re Louis Petit, which gives a text based

o th o s 79 t G d A . on . A u Laur. (a MS of the twelf h

o century of which , in ign rance of the projected I 1903 in edition of P . Louis, took a copy in tending to publish it in the present book), with

Ath us ato 5 6 Go d o ed . a partial collation of . V p 4

i 1422 o (wh ch was written in , but in the opini n of Pere Louis Petit often has a better text than

a MS the e rlier ), and with a complete collation of h P n l 2 7 d At ous a te . 0 . Go . , a MS of the nineteenth century.

1 ‘ Vie ci o ice de Saint- Euth me le am e e rec ié ar ﬁ y j , t xt g publ p

o is e i A . A . aris A . icar et ﬁl e 1904 ar 19 R. . L P u P t t, P , P d , , p t ’ of th e B zbliothé ue Ha io ra hi ue Orientalc e i e Lé on q g g p q , d t d by n Clug et.

42 EUTHYMIUS OF THESSALONICA and soo n afterwards was sent on to the convent of P issadinon , presided over by a monk named

icol aus 1 N . h This seems to ave been a regular monastery,

a a o not merely a l ura , but it c nn t be identiﬁed with

o e Joh anni ius any f undation mentioned in the lif of c .

H e was uccessivel o s y muleteer, co k, servant to the

a o a o stew rd, and waggoner. In these ccup ti ns he

his e behaved exemplarily, and employed leisur in learning to read , and in religious exercises . But after ﬁfteen years of this life the peace of the church was disturbe d by the schism whi ch arose in 858 owing to the rival clai ms of Ignatius and

Photius to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and

o P issadinon the m nastery of was broken up , as the Abbot Nicol aus thought that Ignatius had

u e been improperly driven out, and ref s d com ni A mu on with Photius . pparently this rendered

’ o the Abb t s position untenable , and he and the

t o o leading monks lef the m nastery. None of th se who remained felt able to take the leadership , and

Euth mius li of y was attracted to the fe a hermit. He h ad heard of Mount Athos as a suitable place f or o o s litary life, and decided to g there . But he had not yet received the ‘ great Schema and in

1 — V I n Cod . at. 6 2 f 97 9 8 ere are e n c mi e l l us on V 7 . o m s b P s , th u y a m onk name d Nicolaus on Mo unt Olympus but h e is describe d

h Ka ew o o 7 ! 4 as t e ry ﬁy ev v 7 39 31 p ovﬁg 1 19 ( Bpa fa s 7 177 739 . 2 It must be rem embe re d that am ong th e B asil ican m onks

ere are two ra es th e u a, U a w ic is ive n wi th g d , p p xﬁp , h h g th ’ on re and th e e a or ( 1 a way o a re sen th e a s . A t t u , p y 7,/ xﬁp p t a er is re en n ot aken n i e reme ol d a e or even l tt f qu tly t u t l xt g , B e e ra e are i in e e n en of just before death . oth th s g d s qu te d p d t EUTHYMIUS OF THESSALONICA 43

a of o a o n to th the bsence Nic l us, and wi g e death of o a wh o h ad him o J h nnes given the t nsure, he

not o h ow to a a e did at ﬁrst kn w obt in it . Ultim t ly,

e h e to a o o howev r, turned hermit named The d re, wh o is perhaps also mentioned in the life of

’ oh annicius l a e a J , and after eight d ys pr par tion

a d o i a a f or o obt ine rd n tion . He then st rted M unt

o o Th e osterictus Athos with a c mpani n named . On his way he passe d through Nicomedia (not at ﬁrst sight the most direct route to Mount

no Athos, but it was doubt then , as it certainly

now a to o o e and is , e sier go r und by C nstantinopl ),

f or e c hi s e ar o then, the ﬁrst tim sin e d p ture fr m

O so o of his p , th ught deserted family, and sent a e a to of m ss ge them telling them his action , and

o x e rec mmending them to follow his e ampl .

of a The result his mess ge was that his mother,

and e o e sisters , wife embrac d a m nastic lif , leaving ‘ o a A nastaso e nly his d ughter , who remain d in the world in o rder to prevent the family f rom dyin g

r out, and became the mother of a son and th ee daughters .

2 Li t a hermit 2 Euth mius ( ) f e on M ount A hos as . y an o e d Th eosterictus reached M unt Athos in saf ty, o th but e latter soon returned to Olympus, and

Euth mius a y j oined an Armeni n named Joseph ,

o a wh m he found already est blished as a hermit.

o h e e and f or With J seph b gan the usual ascetic life, s ace r o a rank : Euth mi us f or ins ance was not et a eacon d t l y , t , y d , nor d id h e e come o ne f or man ears b y y .

Vi a J oh annicii o . cit . 366 if . t , p , pp — e i o . cit . 27 32. P t t, p , pp 4- 4 EUTHYMIUS OF THESSALONICA

to a l o forty days they tried live as c tt e, m ving about 1 on their hands and knees and eating the grass . At the end of the fo rty days Euthymius proposed

o a t that they sh uld live in a c ve for hree years . To

o c s o of this J seph onsented, but the oppo iti n the lower creation was so pronounced that at the end of

Euth mius a year he came out, leaving y to ﬁnish the

e was a f three years alone . The r sult th t the fame o

’ Euth mius s a e y vow spre d, and when he merged from the cave a number of monks gathered round

him, and he became the head of a laura.

3 The laura o Euth mius on M uut A thos 2 ( ) f y o . There are no chronological data in the life of Euthymius to ﬁx accurately the beginning of this

o a e peri d of his life, but the laura must h ve be n founded about four years after Euthymius le ft c 862 Olympus ; this annot have been earlier than ,

o I and pr bably was at least one year later. t seems to have be en the usual type of a loosely knit together

of body monks , gathered round a leader, and assem

u but o bling for religio s services, not therwise living

i n n . common, and possessing no monastic buildi gs

c ns Euth mi us r On two oc asio y left the lau a. The ﬁrst time was in consequence of a message brought 1 The reas on given f or this strange form of asceticism is r r e o f XX iii 2 2 a e ve in er re a i n o P s . i . L v . 1 0. p t d t p t t xl x ( , xl ) , Man be ing in honour hath no understanding : h e is c ompare d to th e ca l e a ave no in e i ence and is ma e ike n o tt th t h t ll g , d l u t ’ em and th e i ea is a rea ivi n ike c a e e th ; d th t, by lly l g l ttl , th y might pe rhaps recove r th e los t gift of th e likeness to G od ’ ‘ ’ i Ka -r e ix éva and s o ein ma e ike n o the ( ; , by b g d l u t ‘ ’ ca e and avin no n ers an in e mi come to ttl by h g u d t d g , th y ght ’ n no r be i ho u . 2 - it . 32 7 . 0p . c , pp EUTH’YMIUS OF THESSALONI OA 45

' to Theosterictus o o the him by fr m Theod re , hermit ‘ ’ h ad en Euth m ius e a who giv y the gr at Schem ,

s e o a king him to com and bring him to M unt Athos .

Euth mius at o o e to . y nce j urn yed Olympus , where

o o o x ill he f und that The d re was e ceedingly . How

h e a h im to ever, man ged to bring Athos , and, when th e e o e too a lif of the laura pr v d severe, m de him a e at Macrosina o al c ll , a l c ity which is now un

o a f kn wn , but is described by B sil, the writer o the ‘ e as th e a I t was a e e Lif , near vill ges prob bly th r

n fore n ot far from the north e d of the mountain . Shortly before his death Theodore move d to

e a o a and e Th ss l nic , was buried th re in the church

o o ce Euth mius e of St. S z n , and this indu d y to l ave his laura for the second time in orde r to visit the .

to . d mb Here his fame had precede him, and he became the centre . of a crowd of admirers who tried to kiss him, expecting to derive from his

o » o to t uch some miraculous beneﬁt . In rder avoid this annoyance he we nt a short distance out of the

oo o o on ll city, and t k up his p siti n a pi ar (in the wa a a o o y m de f m us by Sime n Stylites) , on which ‘ he was raised visibly nearer to God and he could preach his le ssons separated by a safe distance

d e a o a . s fr m his mir rs His pre ching met with succes , but the life did not please him ; so he re turne d to

’ Athos after commending the care of Theodore s

o to th e o of o wh o t mb Archbish p Thessal nica, was al o a e o e o e s n m d Theod r . This Archbish p app ars as a signatory of the Council of Constantinople in

869 was e at th e s a a o of , and also pres nt in t ll ti n

“ h iste d T eOp ( aughter of St . Theodora) as Abbess in 46 EUTHY MIUS OF THESSALONICA

o the previ us year , but there is no evidence as to the year in which he became Archbishop ; it woul d see m from the data in the life of Euthymius that his visit to Thessalonica must have taken plac e

a 863 and o not e rlier than , more pr bably as late as I 865 it is therefore probable that Theodore became Archbishop of Thessalonica at least as e arly as 865

a a a and perh ps e rlier. Before leaving Thess lonica

Euth mi us a o o y was ordained de c n, and, it w uld seem ,

th e e priest . M . Petit in his edition of Lif thinks that the ordination was in the ﬁrst place only to the

’ di o o ac nate, and that priest s rders were given later.

r It is, however, surely more probable that they we e ul a given sim taneously, for the reason lleged is the difﬁculty of Communion in a desert place in the

absence of a priest. On his return to Mount A thos Euthymius stayed ‘ f or some years in his laura, but after a time the hi m love of solitude returned, and taking with two

o o Kol obos compani ns, Symeon and J hannes , he

Eustratius went to the island of Neon (now St. ) , which can be seen in the distance fro m Mount

o o c e Ath s . Here , h wever, he can s arc ly be said to

e f or o e a have settl d , so n after r ching the island the

a a monks were capture d by Ar bs . Either mir culous 2 intervention or the superstitions of the Arabs

1 Lo is e i h as a n o e on eo ore in th e Echos d c M . u P t t t Th d ’ rieut iv 1901 . 2 18 ZO ( , , pp , 2 It must be re m e mbe re d that Mohamme dans are forbidden by

e ir l aw to in er e re wi monks o r rie s s. is ac w ic th t f th p t Th f t, h h is ofte n forg otte n by those wh o think of Isl am as a pe rse cuting re i ion e ains wh monks were s a re ease and wh l g , xpl y u u lly l d, y EUTHYMIUS OF THESSALONICA 47

f r e o e helped them : o the Arab ship mad slow pr gr ss, and thinking that this was d ue to the malign

th e o th e a oo e and inﬂue nce of m nks , Ar bs t k th m disembarked the m on the island . Th e monks followe d up their good fortune by demanding the

f e a a return o th ir b ggage implements, h ir shirts

oo s a e e nd a and b k s ys the writ r), and in the ttained

o e as a a a s o e their bj ct, the b gg ge ship was l driv n

a a e back to the is l nd . This incident is an dmirabl example of the way in which the simplest incident

a o a to o a e assumed miracul us ch racter m n stic yes . For there is no reason to doubt the substantial truth of th e narrative there is nothin g miraculous 1 in a shift of wind or a delaying current anywhere in the neighbourhood of Athos ; and in releasing the monks and re storing their property the Arabs

e o o of a wer nly beying the precepts Isl m , which they

h ad e e o a be n tempt d to f rget . But wh t is here

o o not a a a and e e bvi us is lw ys so cle r, th r is

probably much histo ry in the A cts Sanctorum irre e cove rably conceal ed by the miraculous explanations

hi e a e w ch hav been dd d to it. Af ter their e scape fro m the Arabs Euthymius and

hi s e n o to a on fri nds had desire rem in the island ,

e to o B ut e and r turned Mount Ath s . even her safety was n o longer attainable : a raid was made

o on the m untain , and some monks were captured

th e monas eries in ace onia were not as a r e es ro e t M d , ul , d t y d , n e ss e were too o io s se as or re sse s u l th y bv u ly u d f t . 1 x pe rience h as a mos m a e me inc ine to regar as E ( l t d l d d mi rac ul ous a voyage roun d Mount A thos in a sailing boat ic is not ro on e e e aria i wh h p l g d by th s v t ons. 48 . EUTHYMIUS OF THESSALONICA

uth mius and E y felt that it was unwise to remain ,

was s The the laura di banded . monks who decided

a s a a h e to le ve Athos ep r ted into t re groups . One ,

a he ded by Symeon, went to Greece ; another followed Jo hannes Kol obos to Sid erocausia (probably not far from Athos) ; and the third went with Euthymi us

B rastam ou o himself to , the m dern Brasta in

a . P ol orus t Ch lcidice near yg . Of the ﬁrs group

. nothing more is known ; the second had a short but important history which is discussed in the next ch apter ; and of the third we know only what

o of a is t ld us in the Life Euthymi s . The date of

‘ these events cannot be ﬁxed : it must lie some

e 868 th e a o a where b tween , e rliest p ssible d te for ’ Euth mi us s a ni 87 1 a y visit to The s lo ca, and , the d te

of ea P eristerai se e of the foundation St . Andr s at ( ‘ ’ o o p . As he was some years on M unt Ath s

af t 866 er the visit to Thessalonica, seems the earliest possible date for the foundation of th e laura at

B rastamou 867 or 868 : , and even is perhaps more

o e pr babl .

t r tam u 1 Euth (4) The laura of E uthymius a B as o . y

’ mius new foundation seems to have approached almost more nearly to the nature of a co nvent than

a of a a e ls f or th e to th t a l ur . He built c l monks ,

d but e o a - h e and frequently visite them , p rs n lly pre

' a ferred to live in a ravine some distance aw y. His

o o fame spread and attracted many visit rs . Am ng

Onu h rius is them was a certain p , who mentioned

hi i s th e as a distinguished ascetic . Of course t s not

A ta Sanctorum Egyptian wh o i s mentioned in the c ,

50 EUTHYMIUS OF THESSALONICA

at a spot which he indicated the remains of an old

di o id church were sc vered. A ed by the money and

e l abour of the pious, but hind red by demons who

e h e as contrived frequ nt accidents, built a mon tery 1 e 871 . on the spot, and succe ded in ﬁnishing it in Th e new foundation was liberally endowed and

e furnish d by the neighbouring laity, and soon 2 o m attracted many monks . Am ng the was Basilius,

the writer of the Life , who, however, received the

uth mi us o tonsure from E y not in the m nastery, but

Or in the church of St . Demetrius at Servilia (now

on e mulia), the p ninsula Longos, where there seems

to have been a kind of hermitage used by the monks . For fourteen years Euthymius ruled the monas

ter n o n o a y, and doubt became a perso of c nsider ble

importance, but the Life gives us no historical

o informati n , though it supplies interesting speci

of e mens his progress, s rmons, wonderful cures ,

— f o i and prophetic insight retell ng, for instance , to

B asilius that he woul d become a bishop . But

o i 882 883 towards the cl se of this t me, either in or , he seems to have taken some part in a settlement

Erissiotes o ol d between the , the m nastery of his

Kol obos friend Johannes , and the hermits of Mount

A f or o e to thos , his name appears am ng the signatur s

th e a u greement which was ultimately reached . A f ll account 3 of this agreeme nt and the controversy to

an which it put end will be given in the next chapter.

1 i me n ion ro Kinc of . e s a . Co e n a e n h as M P t t t th t P f h , p h g ,

o n th e r ins of is o e r see st kri il L. i i f u d u th m nast y : F e s ﬂt J . Uss ng

’

anlednin hans 80 aari e odselsda Co en a e n 1900 and E e. g g f g, p h g , , y i r 1902 663 Z tsch . . e , , pp f. 1 1 - - 0 . cit 46 7 . See . 68 70 p . , pp . pp . EUTHYMIU S OF THESSALONICA 51

883 Euth mi us a s About y gain began to be restles ,

’ and summoned to P e risterai his daughter s family (th e date is ﬁxed by the stateme nt that it was forty

o a h e hi s a if e and tw years fter had left f mily and w ),

e o o of P eristerai mad his grandson , Meth dius , Abb t ,

and hi a a a of a con s gr ndd ughter, Euphemi , abbess vent which he built on ground bought for th e

r o The an d a a o f o a o pu p se. relics lt rs these f und ti ns

r e on ra e o o of we c sec ted by M th dius, Archbish p

’ a o a o s Thess l nica. The d te of this archbish p con

a o n ot o a secr ti n is kn wn , but it must have been fter

2 o 82 f H 88 . e , when Greg ry (see p ) was in o ﬁce .

t ave di 889 seems o h ed in . ’ 1 6 Euth mius last da s as a hermit A s ( ) y y . fter thu settling his affairs Euthymi us returned to his ol d

e l e ll a on asc tic ife . First he w nt back to the pi r

s to o which he lived during his ﬁr t visit Thessal nica, e to M then he retr ated ount Athos , but as he was constantly pursued by disciples h e ﬁnally went on

Ma 7 to of e o a y the little island Hi ra, pr b bly the

Ginra n ot f ar V ae modern , from olo . He was com

anied o a p by nly single monk, Georgius, and died

a 15 e on the isl nd on October . His r lics were then brought to Thessalonica by the monks Paulus and

as e a f r t Bl ius , who went to Hi r o h e purpose on

a 13 The e of Janu ry . y ar his death is difﬁcult to

Th e ﬁx. writer says that it was in the second

o a h e e to H to be indicti n th t w nt iera . This ought

884 or 898 Th e o either . f rmer seems rather early, f or it was only in 883 that be summone d his

a a too ou f mily, but the latter seems equ lly late, th gh

1 — 0 . cit . 48 5 p , pp 1 . 1) 2 5 2 EUTHYMIUS OF THESSALONICA

M . al a Louis Petit accepts it, and so lows fourteen ye rs

his of mi o ll for last period life as a her t . Pers na y,

o a and a I sh uld prefer the e rly date , suppose th t the s tay on the pill ar and on Mount Athos onl y laste d a few weeks ; for the impression given by th e Life is that Euthymius did not live long after leaving

P eristerai o of o . It is , h wever, course p ssible that

o a the second indicti n is wrong . Perh ps it was ‘ originally eighth indiction as a confusion between

B and 77 is not uncommon .

The importance of the information concerning Mount Athos contained in this story needs no

o m a emphasis . The m st interesting points y be summed up as follows : (1) as early as 859 when Euthymius went ﬁrst to Athos there were already

mi — f or hi s her ts there instance, Armenian friend ,

Jose h — o p and as we kn w from other sources , Peter

a the Athonite was lso living at the time , but there is no reference to a convent or even to a laura of

2 E th mius monks . ( ) A few years later u y himself

e r 3 was the c ntre of a deﬁnite lau a. ( ) Although

Euth mius Kol obos th y , Johannes , and Symeon left e l aura with some of the m o nks it is more probable

h o r and as than not t at thers emained, , the next

l o chapter wil sh w, there was a considerable number o f monks or hermits on the mountain between 870

880 4 e n o i and . ( ) Th re is reference to a deﬁn te

o monastery as distinct from a laura, and no mention f Cl em entos— the monastery which the Life of Peter 890 e x c. th Athonite states to have been in e istence , APPENDIX TO CHAPTER II

E RY O ANDR AS TH MONASTE F ST. E A T P ERI STERA I

TH E foundation of Euthymius at P eriste rai h ad not r s o as a a very long o distingui hed hist ry. The l t th t we read of it in th e life of Euthymius is that the a ea the o a e a s int, on l ving m nastery, ppoint d his gr nd to e a o e e o s on Methodius b bb t . S eing that this M th dius m e e and was o ust have b en und r thirty, pr bably

n ot o e - ﬁve o of s ld r than twenty , the wisd m thi act o e to o e is p n questi n , but whether it led dir ctly to ul o o e a bad res ts is unkn wn . What, h wever, is c rt in is that during the next eighty ye ars the monaste ry fell bad and a e i into hands bec m d sreputable . This is T icon of o proved by the yp Athanasius the Ath nite , i n which it is stated that th e monks had lived f or a long time in an absolute disregard of monastic o r i o Nice h orus pr p iety. At th s p int the Emperor p Phocas intervened ; he was the patron of Athanasius h ad m e to o o o th and pro is d end w his new f undati n , e ’ n ow a H e e o monastery known as the Laur . th ref re seize d the opportunity of suppressing a scandal and a o e of a helping friend by a single str k statesm nship , a o e and tr nsferred the contr l of St. Andr as to

Athanasius . Th e effect of this transference is onl y known to ’ o — i o H e us fr m one source Athanasius Typ c n. was a l e entirelys tisfied with the resu ts achiev d, though we may justifiably doubt whether the monks of Andreas o h e hi s wuld av endorsed judgement. Exactly what o an 9 70 e he did is unkn wn , but at y rate in , wh n T icon the yp was written , a certain Stephanus was An o e o . and o Abb t of St dreas , enj yed the c mpl te m a a h e confidence of Athanasius . We y surmise th t had been sent from the Laura to carry out a plan of 54 EUTHY MIUS OF THESSALONICA

. o th e reform It w uld seem , however, that reforma o a e a was tion was s mewh t sup rﬁcial, for Ath nasius n ot prepare d to recommend the appointment of any u a t e a of e f rther abbot f er the d th St phanus . He directe d that Stephanus should n ot be disturbed in e nor e f or a o his lif time, be call d upon his cc unts, but that after hi s death the manage ment of the ' convent should devolve directly upo n the abbot of a the L ura . It 1 s easy to see that this arrangement boded ill f or e e e a the futur indep ndence of St. Andr as, and th t th e quiet and peace which Athanasius promised to th e monks was merely that which the tiger offers

to the lamb . m rote c There re ained, however, one source of p o — an a to o e s a ti n ppeal the Metr politan of Th s alonic , to whom Euthymi us had especially commended his

‘ o o no e as to a f undati n . We have vidence the d te e was a r o of wh n this appeal made, but Ch ys bull Con stantine IX e to Gerasim os Sm rnakes , allud d by y , seems to mark the end of a struggle between the Lauriotes o n on e a P e ris te riote s the h nd , and the supported by the Me tropolitan of Thessalonica on the

o . o di ther, in which the emperor intervened Acc r ng to this th e empe ror removed the monaste ry of

. o of St Andreas from the protecti n the bishop, and o a handed it over abs lutely to the Laur . This completed the work of Niceph orus and the in of on e m the c vent, which became mer ly a source f r h e a of income o t L ura . Its further hi story is unknown : at present the o i P e risterai Laura has no pr perty in the d strict of , so that it either lost it l n one of the many periods of i n a or o o l unrest M cedonia, s ld it to s me one e se. I append the extract from the Typ icon of A thana

e and a Gerasim os Sm rnakes , ius the st tement of y , o n which this reconstruction of the history of the 1s monastery based . APPENDICES TO CHAPTER II

‘ ’ XTRACT FR M TR E Tvr rc on or A TRA NAsm s CONCERNI NG A . E O

TH E NA STERY on ST. A NDREA S I N P ERI STERA I P EY ER MO . [ . M , Di e H au turkunden ur die Geschichte d r A t lé r p f e kosk ste , 1 19 pp .

’ Eideum W V 0 7 0 7 1 m i we i TwV He t o' r e wV 7 1 0 70 7, p p p 7 1 ' 1 fi ' ’ ' ' 7 0 17 a 7 1 ov Ka i Kopvcjmiov 1 177V 1epwV a 1roa'1 ' ot A Vdpeov 1 ' ' L0 V7 7 7 1711- 0 1 -7 V er e a v é oua ia v 1 ' s Ka t dea vror a a v 7 79, 79 7 fin p f T eh o vo' m Ka r a 1 ' 77V 1 ' mv duo eva eBwV xpva ofiovkhiwv 1 rep1ox77V ’ 1 ' e Ka i d1a 1 ' a E1V 7 6 a mdmov Ka i Tpto'y a lcapo s' fia m h ea w 7 0 17 Kv U N 11c77 opov 1ca 1 T OU 61 - 1 wepco w' o s' eve- 630 119 77w 1 A ' ' - ' Kv ou Iwcivvov 1 ' ov VvVi ' a 1 ' 7 3 Ba a A skew 1 ou p 1 79 7 a cr1h e1m9 1 ' ' ' w P w71 a 1wV a x fiwr pa d1e 1rOV1 ' o s dta fl fleueVow 777L2V o v1 ' w9 e do f e 1 ' ' ' ' 2 - ' d1a 1 oiga 0 9a 1 Bo vkopteea 7 0 1v 1 64) a 1 0 V evh a flea za r o v 1 0 Va o v x a i x a 9 o v eV0 V x a 9w9 Ka i 1r ovoet1 ' a 1 x a i a ec 1 x n u , p px 7 1 ' 1a v ' 7 1 0 V7 € V€ l v a d1a 0 ' e10 ' 1 ' 0 V Ka i 1 o 1 79 7 79, M ' ’ ' wow- 6 71 77 exew er a deca s' 1 ' 1V01 r a w 71 69 7ix1 u9 ueT a mVeZV a 1i1 ' 0 V 77 r a pah vew 1 ' 0 1a 1i1 ' 779 71 0 V779 1 ' mv 1 1 ' H e 10' 1 ' e wv eV mic- a v1 ' o u 7 77 07 7 6111 5137 Ka i ede vh eva eV p p , 77 ( 7 , 7 ' ' i ' a ' 7771 27 o >\77 1a xu1 a 1i1 ov Ka 1ca1 1 o 67 xwpo vV p e7 a kw9 ’ ' 1 a vewa vo' e 160 ! 7 7 V 1r o a' 7 1cov0 ' a V 1 ' 1 1 7 V a 1revez ue Ka i 1 ' 7 V 7 p 7 7 7 , 7 ' 1 a puo go uo' a v v1ro1 ' a 7 77V eve deiga r o Ka i Behfl wo- ew ' ' Ka i y e7 M a 9 € V 71 0 V77 1re1ro u71ceVa 1 (pa we'r a r do de 7 s ' 1re1 w 1 6V0 9 ar a 7 0 7 1 019 1 ' 0 V B 10 V a 7r0 7\11reZV 1 ' 0 1a 151 ' 7 9 p 7 , p 77 7 , 7 ' ’ 1 a pxns 71 61 ' a 1c1V770 ' a 1 o w o v 77 a hhws‘ 1 rw9 a 0 1 0 Vd777ro1 ' e ' e 1r V 9) 7 7 V oia vovV a 131 ' w e1ra a eiV 1 p o t 7 7 7 , 1 1 ' - ' fl 60 1 117 7 7 oi 1a Ka i 11761 1 6 9 Ka i 0 1 0 0 170 1 0 17 1 1a 30 9 e e rw 79 7 9 ( 770 7 7 p , x 1 1 dc 1 ' 77V Kar a pa V 77q 7 a m 1 ' a 1re1VwV° 71 a 7t7\o V 71 6V 0 1111 ’ 1 ’ ' e w ehh oum m 1 71 V7711 0 Veveo' 9a 1 a vT o v 6V 1 ' a 19 em n h o vue Va ts‘ ' 1 dd1a7\e11r1 ' w9 Oeia 19 h a r m/777 1 11 19 1ra p a "ra w 1 479 A a vpa 9 ' K i 1 6 ' a GdVa V u1i e u x a wpea fivr epwV Ka i {ww a 9 a 7 1 T O 1 : i 1 1 ' ' - ' 67 770 1 1779 11 V7771 77V a m ou e 1rt1 eh e10 9a v 11 61 11 36 1 77V a 1ro 1 1 T oude 1 ' ov [310 11 711 61 - 0117 1 ' a 0 ' w 1 ' ov e1p77/1 6Vo v 71 0 Va xov Z T€ ¢ CiVOU 1 ' " ’ ' Jh a ec oi-rov Ica 67 o v 1 6V0 v é ovko e Oa Ka i 11 61 ex eiVOV e B 77 7 , fi u 7 1 ra pa 7 0 17 7 779 A a vpa 9 1 rpoe o' 1 ' w1 ' 0 9 wpoBAnGnVa t lca 1 a vets‘ ’ 1 ' 777 ov7 e 0 V° a kh 611- 61377 1ra v1 ' 77 Ka 1 ' 7771 6A771 ' a 1 1 ' a p o va ducns: ' Ka 7 a 0' 1 ' a 0 ' ew9 W 7 77 7 0 1a 11 1 ' 77 71 0 V77 wapa 1 ' mV 7rp 0 777 770' a 71 6V1o V 56 EUTHYMIUS OF THESSALONICA

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' ' ' ' 11 0 1 7 70 0 11 0 19 1ca 1 1roi0 a t 9 1 ' a 19 Ka r a 960 V wpdf ea v 1 0 131 0 v 1 a 1 7 7 0 0 u 0 0 0 0 V 9607 ( oiVa t , 1 ré1ro1 9a 1 ra 7 p 7 7 , P p ( 1700 7) w x a 1 eV a Va cl) a V77Va 1 x 0 1V1oV1x w9 Ka i MOVG PXL 1 11 10 9 7 77V 671 1 130 0 1V 1 ' wV a 7 a 9wV 71 0 1 aicpeh eta w 71 777 6 7 60 1! m m 7 779 Aa 13pa 9 1 ' mV a 11 0 7 779 dnh w9e1a' 779 7 mm? 1 in dva ia 1r 0 110 1 - a 1 7 13617 d1a e 0 1 eV10 V px 9 p 9 7 7 ¢ p 7 , ' ' ' ' ' 7 i 7 V 0 1V Ka 0 0 o ~ 13161 1 rp0 9 1 7V d7 o 11 79 0 vVa 7 0 711 6Vw v i p ¢p 3 10 1311- 0 l1 1a v na 1 1 0 V7 V ' 7 V 1r w '7 V a a c o a v 0 1 a 7 7 7 7 1 7 p 1 7 pa ﬁ p , 1 ' 11011 67 77q 1 ' 77V e1ra ¢sh 77 T a 131 ' 77V 7ca 1 0 ' w1 ' 77ptoV 0 171 0 V0 71 1a V y c 1 re1 a 97 x a f a h va' m a7\7\0 1 ' 10 a oi1r7 7 p 7 p 9 7 79, 7 1 de a oi11' 7 60 - 1V 0 9eo 7 7 7 9.

1 1 . XTRA CT FROM GERA SIMOS SMY RNAK Es 7 0 A 10 V 0 10 9 B E , 7 7 , 45 p . .

' é 11 0 2 rii a 711 eV 1 0 v v a oBo kh ov 1 wa pexwpeiT O Aa 13pa 7 0 6V e ea a ah o vmq 71 0 Va o' 1 ' 77p1o v ' ' ' ' A v ' u ' 0 7 - 70 oi7 1 0 v a 1roo 1 okov dpeov 1 o 1rpw1 1c7\71 ou 0 179 a vegcip'mr ov m m7 0 17 M771 ' po1roh 11' ov e ea' a' a ko vixm

58 JOHANNES KOLOB OS

e l ( ) A Chrysobu l of Leo the Wise A . D.

(See Appendix E . ) It is unfortunate that we only possess a little

e o l of hi fragm nt of the Chrys bul Basil , w ch was

o a n Kol obos e pr b bly given to Joha nes hims lf, but th e greater part of its conte nts and the events which led up to its promul gation can be reconstructed

o fr m the Chrysobull of Leo . The facts appear to be the se After the separatio n of Euthymius and Johannes K ol obos and the partial dispersal of t heir laura on

» o Mount Athos, the most imp rtant events on Mount Athos and the neighbourhood were (1) the f ound a tion of a monastery by Johannes Kol obos near

2 di of Mount Athos, and ( ) the constant sturbance

o a r Erissiote s the Ath nite l u as and hermitages by the .

oo hi The pr f of the foundation of t s monastery, to

Kol obou a which I shall refer in future as , is est b l ish ed by the direct references in the Ch rysobull s

Le o a o o of and Rom nus . The date of its f undati n

o s il mi and its exact p sition are les eas y deter ned,

a and must be considered separ tely .

The date o th ou dat n o Kolobou f e f n io f . The limits between which this date must be ﬁx ed are 866 and

881 e o . The former is the date b f re which the separation of Johannes from Euthymius cannot be

a pl ced, the latter is the date before which the

o Chrys bull of Basil was given , and it is plain from the Chry sobull of Leo that when this was given

r a the monaste y was in existence. It is obvious th t

neither of the extreme dates is probable . In dis JOHANNES KOLOB OS 59

cussing the chronology of the . life of Euthymi us

48 a 867 868 are (p . ) I h ve shown that or prob

e a for a a o of two n abl d tes the sep r ti n the mo ks , and I think the impression gaine d by reading th e documents referring to the boundary dispute which was o e 881 se e cl s d in ( Appendices B , C , D), and the

o s a o a allusi n m de in them to the Chrys bull, is th t

h a o this d been given some time previ usly. There is some slight evidence f or dating the

872 1 875 and s a s C o u . . hrys b ll A D or , the e d tes eem

n o o to me t impr bable . ~I f the n we allow two years f or Johannes to establish himself in his new home and f or a sufh

of a hi m cient number monks to g ther round , and

872— 5 a of o can accept as the d te the Chrys bull , we ﬁx the foundation of Kol obou with fairness between

869 873 o of Jo n and . The hist ry ha nes thus pre sents a striking but quite natural parallel to that of

Euth m ius a y . Each left Mount Athos with a sm ll foll owing of monks who h ad belonge d to the di s

ersed a an d p laur , each founded a new monastery with

th e o f e e o in c urse of the next w y ars . One w nders

e eo of th e a wheth r Sym n, the leader rem ining party of

o s di d a m nk from Mount Athos, the s me in Greece .

1 G eras im os Sm rn ake s 22 ive s is a e . o . cit . y , p , p , g th d t K osm as V ac s 5 but t is i r a l o . it. i 88 0 c . 19 ve s s o l h , p , p , g , h p b b y

an unacknow e e o a ion rom G e e on o . cit. . 79 l dg d qu t t f d , p , p , — wh o al so gives 885 probably a misprint f or 875 derive d from

- MS . P ante l eemon 281 me n . 203 a nine e en ce n r oc , , p ( t th tu y d u t), w ic ive s 875 in ic ion 2 is cann o be ri as it s an s g , . g , h h d t Th t ht t d — but if we suppose th e freque nt confusion of minus cule B and 17 e i ic io o th nd t n w uld corre spond to th e ye ar . 601 JOHANNES KOLOB OS

The osition o K l bou p f o o . The two Greek monks 2 G erasim os Smyrnakes 1 and Kosmas Vlachos differ

o completely on this point . The f rmer says that

Kol obou was on V the Megale igla (see map), and th e a was to o s 3 l tter that it the n rth of Eri sos.

an s Neither gives y reasons or di cusses the point, but I think that the evidence for both views can be derived from the documents relating to the

o boundary dispute and from the Chrys bull of Leo . The evidence for a position on the Megale Vigla is as follows — The decision of the Governor of the Thema of Thessalonica (see Appendix D) in d escrib ing the boundary line between the Erissiotes and the Ath onite s says that it starts at the beginning of the

Ammouli an a gulf, runs up a ravine as far as the l nd

o e of the m nastery of St . Christina to a group of tre s,

o i then cr sses over to another rav ne, goes over the hill and comes down to Gl obutz ista (the present

Chromi tz a , according to tradition, which I see no

o reason to doubt), g es over the ravine to a clump of trees and straight on towards the sea as far 4 130 7 6 vw as an old 7 p , then bends towards the neighbouring neck of the hill on whi ch is the old wall of Kol obou which is within the land of the

Ath onite s . f To follow this boundary in detail is di ﬁcult . I have

1 2 17 2 0 . cit . . i . 2 0p . c t. , p . p , p 3 Or Hierissos : th e a er is no o th e ori in a orm l tt d ubt g l f , but I adopt Erissos because it is th e name whic h is now always — used at le ast in my experience . Th e P roe goume nos Ch rysostomos te lls me that 7 150 7 17777177 i e o m is a we ll th e word s strang t e. JOHANNES KOLOB OS 61 never been to the spot ; and the map does not give f a e al e hi quite su ﬁcient det il, but the gen r cours w ch ‘ ’ it implies is clear enough to sho w that the old wall of Kol obou was a little beyond Ohromitz a on the

o o o o Megale Vigla . The bvi us c nclusi n seems to be

a oo n l that the mon stery st d withi the wa l. This suggestion ﬁnds a superﬁcial support in the

o of Le o hi o of Chrys bull , w ch c nﬁrms the right the monks of Kol obou to graze cattle in th e lands of

f ar o V a o ll the Kamena, not fr m the igl , th ugh , as wi

o the a of hr ul be sh wn, real me ning the C ysob l probably points in another di rection .

for o The evidence a positi n near Erissos , between

o o to o it and M unt Ath s, is be f und in the report of 881 Kas ax . Th Thomas p in A . D (see Appendix B). e

o beginning of this document is unf rtunately missing, but it is clear that the boundary between the lands belonging to the monastery and to the pe asantry

a e e had been ﬁxed , but not th t b tw en the peasantry

o to sa a nd M unt Athos . That is y that starting from the land side and going towards the mountain there was of Kol obou ﬁrst the monastery , secondly the land o f a and the peas ntry, thirdly the land of the monks of Mount Athos the boundary between the ﬁrst and

o not the sec nd had been ﬁxed, but that between

an the second d third . This view is conﬁrmed by the statement of Thomas a little later that the Athonites had claimed that their jurisdiction began at the

o of of not e b undary the Castrum Erissos, mer ly

a at the boundary of the district, so that their l nd 62 JDEANNES KOLOB OS

began with the boundary of the monastery of Kol obou ; f or this clearly implies that the boundary

al of the castrum and of the monastery were identic . As between the two views as to the locality of

Kol obou o , it theref re seems to me that the evidence

a o of so a is in f v ur Eris s . The ex ct spot within the

e e at limits of Erissos seems impossibl to deﬁn , but

‘ all events the boun dary of the monastery s Juri s diction on the Athos side was the b oundary of the

1 o e castrum. The m nastery itself must have b en

e a eith r within or on the other side of the c strum . ‘ But , it may be said, what about the old wall of Kol obou mentioned above as on the Vigla Is it not possible to argue that the monastery itself was on the Vigla and that the castrum of Eriss os was only under its jurisdiction The answer to this suggestion is to be found in a consideration of the Chrysobull of Leo (see Appendix

Kol bou E). Here it is stated that the monastery of o

of of possesses the control the domain Erissos , and the pasturage onl y of the Kamena with their vine

s yard and orchards . The meaning, in the light of

o of the d cuments the boundary dispute , must be that

s the monastery has two sets of po sessions , one in Erisso s and th e other near the Kamena (close to th e V a o igl ), and that the m nastery itself is near the h ﬁ not t e o . rst, sec nd Here we have the true ex planation of the ol d wall o f Kol obou in the decision of l Kas ax Kataka on p ; it was the wall , not of the

1 is is n o o w a Kosmas V ac os means th e Th , d ubt , h t l h by r ar o ri no thward p t f E ssos. JOHANNES K OLOB OS 63

e of and o a monaste ry its lf, but the vineyards rch rds

to which belonged it. Subsidiary evidence that this is the true solution of the proble m of the locality of Kol obou m ay be

o th e o ull of &c . see f und in Chrys b Romanus , ( Appen d ix A a e and a to the next ch pt r), in the greement betwe en Johannes the Georgian and the P rotos of

th e a Mount Athos (se e Appendix C to next ch pter).

o e f Chr o In the f rmer docum nt, rati ying the ys bull

h e f o o f Le o t e a a &c . o e , p stur g , , the Kamena is mitt d

o o o hi and only the jurisdicti n of Eriss s menti ned . T s may be of importance f or the history of the monas ter or e y, merely accidental , but in any case it sugg sts that the monastery was at Erissos rather than on the

V I a igla . n the latter document it is cle r that the monks of Mount Athos h ad been in the habit of stay ing in the monastery of Kol obou when they went to

to e f or Erissos buy necessiti s themselves . This may possibly onl y mean that they stayed at Kol obou

wa o a a a o on the y, and so be c mp tible with situ ti n

V a on the igl , but the plain sense is naturally that

Kol obou was in Erissos .

id ro a i and Erissos o S e c us a . There is theref re not much danger of error if we say that between the years 869 and 875 Johannes Kol obos founde d a

o or th e of m nastery in close to castrum Erissos .

' The question the n arises as to the relation of this foundation to that of Sid e rocausia mentioned in the

of Euth mius To hi n o e a e life y . t s d ﬁnite nsw r can

e i o be giv n, as it is mp ssible to determine whether

iderocausia S was a district or a village . The passages 64; JOHANNES KOLOB OS which bear on the point are ( 1) the reference in the

e of Euth mius c a 2 lif y , p . ( ) the reference in 2 th e o of Leo Chrys bull , and I think that neither is q uite de cisive .

Euth mius In the Life of y , we are told that Symeon

to e o Sid erocausia and went Gr ece, J hannes to ,

uth mius to B rastam ou E y . The last named is now a a o village and perh ps was so then , but it is bvious

’ that Euthymius laura was n ot founded exactly in a vil l a to so a ge, even if it were near one, th t even B rastam ou probably means merely the district in

a al which the vill ge of that name was . The an ogy o f the use of the wide term Greece for the destina

o or tion of Syme n supp ts this view, and according to it Sid erocausia was probably a di strict and m ay have been a name given to that in which Erissos

th e o li was situated . At same time the p ssibi ty that there was a village of that name is certainly

ot e n xcluded . In the Chrysobull we are told that th e monks of Kol obou forged a document entitl ing them to

' ' 7 d p z ot 8177 15 7 6 7 57V ke‘yop evwv

57 7 ' éi 9 1 7 o n ot t 15 11 131 . 7 1 k p o vrk v 71 017. 1 k 7 It d es seem p lain whethe r Sid erocausia and Ohl om outl a are

l to vil ages or districts . I incline think that the latter may be the hilly district in Oh al cidice at pre

1 ' ' Ka i Twain /779 71 2V 6 71 a 11oip10 9 7 0 79 2 1317p0 71 a v0 ' 1 0 19 A1 7 0 71 1 V0 19 ' ‘ " ' ' e 1u 17 L1 117V 0 0 a v 1 ' Til ' ' 111 1 1 0 .0 10 8111 0 7r 0 0 0 E 9 9 1 /0 0. 31. 71 9 1 1 131 1 a 1 p C , 7 7 77 p 7 , ’ ' ’ ' 13139131 10 8 0 21 709 7 1 1 1 ' e 0 cv 7 0 7 3 11 0 7 6 7 9 7 77 p 9 9 70 71 0 17 A17 0 71 1V0 19 7 157 0 19

‘ éa vroii e i o . cit. . 37 . P t t, p , p 2 85 . en i . p . App d x E

JOHA NNES KOLOB OS

and mius, and land other presents were showered on b ‘the u him y pio s . The crowning point was a

t o gif fr m the emperor ratiﬁed by a Chrysobull.

The Chr sobull iven t J ohannes K l os e y g o o ob . Wheth r he went to the emperor primarily f or the sake of obtaining endowment for his monastery must

o an h e n ot remain d ubtful . At y rate merely succeeded in obtaining the gift of the domain of

o mi Eriss s , but also pleaded the cause of the her tages and lauras on Mount Athos so skilfully that the

’ emperor s Chrysobull protected the Ath onites

a ag inst all aggression or intrusion , and appointed Johannes and his foundation as the protecto rs of th e

o mountain . Such is the st ry given in the Chrysobull of Leo (Appendix E) which conﬁrmed that of Basil. It appears from this that the hermits and monks of

ff o o the mountain had been su ering fr m intrusi n ,

o of and obvi usly from the laity Erissos , this fact

o f seems to dispose a suggestion , ﬁrst made by

1 t of Uspenski , that the gif the domain of Erissos i implies that it was deserted at th s time . The general tone of the Chrysobull of Leo also suggests that the primary reason of the Chrysobull being

o li granted, and the p ssibi ty of its being asked for, was this aggression on Mount Athos by the

Eris io s tes .

1 This suggestion is rendere d plausible by U spenski owing to a mis take by whic h h e date s th e b oundary dispute ab out m m rnake s n ot i s 934 . Gerasi os S e ras in is h a y , qu t g p g th , in ro ce two is e s in w ic the same names occ r t du d d put , h h u , n 88 d the o er in 934 o e in 1 an th . JGB AHNES KOLOB OS 67

‘ The mportance of . the Ch rysol to Johannes is obvious ; it at once made him the H egoumenos

of a o e rich and powerful monastery, and the pr t ctor

of the whole of Mount Athos . Its value to the

mi o k th e 1 . her ts and the m n s of lauras was no , ess Previously their position had been anomalous : each — little laura to some exte nt each hermitage - implied some degree of clearing the land and cul tivating the

a o soil . But this lso implied the creati n of a more

or e and o of less desirabl property, the questi n the

to o o o t right exclude thers at nce became imp r ant . No doubt there was a general tradition in f avour

of e et o a resp cting hermits , y this w uld not alw ys

o e g very far, and in the abs nce of documents they

could scarcely appeal to the law for protection .

o But the Chrysobull regularized their p sition, and they could now appeal f or prote ction to the powe rful

H e oumenos Kol obou o g of , who c ntrolled the district from which alone aggression was g eographically

o ‘ a l p ssible , or, if he proved unf ithfu to his trust,

they could invoke the imperial help, which was

pledged to them by the deed of Basil . Thus the Chrysobull was of enormous advantage

' nit Kol o ou B ut both to the A th o es and to b . it was less excellent for the Erissiotes who seem to have

on o o of Kol obou been shut out b th sides . The m nks

e o o claim d c ntrol over the Castrum, and the m nks

o o all of M unt Ath s claimed the rest. The exact

o not a e divisi n was perhaps quite cle r, but betwe n the two sets of monks the Erissiotes were being squeez e d out of ex istence . E 2 68 JOHANNES KOLOB OS It was probably this situation which gave rise to two boundary settlements, of which the second

fﬁ o is extant, and contains a su cient allusi n to the

ﬁrst to enable us roughly to reconstruct it .

The rst boundar dis ute between K olchon and ﬁ y p ,

rissiotes the E . The question seems to have arisen very soon as to the exact meaning of the control of the territory of Erissos which had been given by Basil ; and when the matter came before Thomas Kaspax 1 of Thessalonica he found that the boundaries of Kol obou had already been settle d

ﬁ . by other people . This settlement he rati ed It is

o hi impossible completely to rec nstruct it, but I t nk that the general sense of the broken lines at the beginning of his report (Appendix B) can only b e that when h e came to investigate the district he found

e M a o- 1 017 1 119 7 that it consist d of two parts, the 7 7 7 6

oin o x h w9eio ' o1 1 and the np 7 6, of which the former lay between the latter and Mount Athos, clearly deﬁned on the west (or land) side but not demarcated

o towards the m untain . hi T s division he accepted , and ratiﬁed the arrangement by which Kol obou took all the western or landward part whi le the Erissiotes took all the

e a rest. No statem nt is made as to wh t there was

nl was still further i and, or whether it part of the

domain of Erissos .

1 This family se e m s to have be en n um erousand powe rful in Thessal onica at this tim e we h ave in th e De cision (Appendix D Ka aka on th e overn or Th om as the e o es an d S e an os ) t l g , p pt , t ph of B ard anO ul os and Zoe tes or Zoektes and ere was a p , , th monas er Kas akos on o n A s t y p M u t tho . JOHANNES KOLOB OS 69

h econd dis ut ‘ T e s p e. The arrangement described above settled th e boundary between Kol obou and

th e Erissiotes n ot o n , but Thomas had th ught it ece s sary to deﬁne the boundary of th e Erissiotes and

Ath o nites wh o e a the , immediat ly beg n to com

l a o th e p ain, m intaining that acc rding to Chrysobull of Basil their territory ran up to the boundary of

K l obou o .

Judging from the fragment of the Chrysobul l of

a o B sil which remains , and fr m the references to

of Leo th e o Was it in that , contenti n technically i e a e t not unt n bl . Basil says hat the boundary of

’ ’ o to evo ta m nks is be the p of Erissos , and Leo says that his father Bas il had given Kol obou the right

' ’ Ka r e ew 7 7 V s o io w o a x 7 v p of Eriss s . App rently

’ Thomas Kaspax had decided that the evopta was not the Castrum , the whole district, when he was inve stigating the claims of Kol obou and the Eris~

o Ath onit s si tes . The e probably argued that this d eﬁnition of terms ought to hold good in consider ing their claims , and that according to it they had the control of the whole district up to the Castrum itself. " Erissiotes The , on the other hand, claimed that the o Z Ath nite border was at the ygos , the next ridge after the Vigla : we are not told whether they produced any evidence in support of their

a cl im . B etween these two claims Thomas Kaspax h ad to a e e e decide . Re ding betw n the lines of his r port one I i may, th nk , see that he recognized the legal 70 JOHANNES KOLOB OS

o strength of the Athonite positi n , but felt that it was bad to Erissiotes equity leave the , as he says ,

o ro ert at all with ut any p p y . ‘ He therefore sent the two parties away to agree on the general outline of a division of the disputed

h a t o land, whic was f erwards pr perly drawn up and

a xd o Kas ax ratiﬁed by the m p m ms Katakal n p . Th e division agreed upon roughly divided the disputed ground ; its general course has been

o already discussed (p . but the menti n of the

r o monastery of Ch istina is n ticeable. It may mean that there was a monastery or a

o laura there, but perhaps m re probably it only — W means that St . Christina herever that may have

— h ad been property at that point. It is interesting to notice that E uthymi us appears to have interested himself in the matter, as his name appears among the signatures to the report

ak K s ax a . W of Kat alon p hat, however, did Johannes Kol obos do The name of his monastery does not appear among the signatories, but I suspect that the

’ I a70fVV0 v 7 0 17 1 17 0 17 7 0 Signature to the agreement, 77 7 17 ” A ﬁa wo s, is his , and that he assumed the title in virtue of the protectorate over the mountain given him by Basil .

T h e settlement and its results . The position of affairs at the end of this settlement in 882 may therefore be deﬁned as follows .

7 The monastery of Kol obou had obtained control

Oastrum of o over the Eriss s, and had a protectorate over the monks of Mount Athos as against all JOHANNES KOLOB OS 71

' intruders on the mountain ; between the Castrum an d th e domain of the A th onite s was a piece of land which h ad been allotted f or public use to th e inhabitants of Erissos and to certain neighbouring

o a Kol obou o o m n steries . als p ssessed some vine yards and orchards on the Athos side of the

o b undary where the monastery of St . Christina

also had some property, while on the other hand

’ the Ath onites had a spot called the 71 a 91 8p a 7 1317 7 177677e reserved f or them in the territoryof the i t Er s sio es . The whole arrangement was ratiﬁed

a a o Kas ax by K t kal n p , the governor of the Thema

Erissiote s of Thessalonica, and the paid the sum

e l requisite to secure their prop rty. The conclusion of the settlement is the last act 2 of Johannes Kol obos (assuming that he is the

H e oumenos n g of Athos) of which we k ow anything.

Euth mius Probably, like y , he was now an old man

of and did not live much longer, but the history his monastery can be traced for a little more than a

century longer.

This payment has surely been misunderstood by U spenski e a e ar t ink a th e and others wh o foll ow him . Th y pp o th th t A th onite s h ad sold lan d to th e Eriss iotes an d then disputed i h d so se e ms to me a th e b oundar e s of what they a ld . It th t th e point of th e di spute was that th e Erissiotes h ad bought ground from th e public auth oritie s which th e A th onites cl aimed f an e er in it to em in virtue o arli dee d allott g th . r n o i in a M e is of a Li e of P aisius It is wo th t c g th t SS . x t f

' n him inc d70 17 1 7 d. 7 e 1rVd. 0 3 iou d esin. writte by ( . p p 7 B 2 1 e See co . aris. 1547 s . 759 . er dd P , uppl Th

S in th e La ra. is also a M . u JOHA NNES KOLOB OS

It cannot be said that the conduct of the monks

Kol obou ﬂe di of re cts cre t on their training . They

as o o as o o appear ﬁrst f rgers , and sec ndly ppress rs of the he rmi ts of Mount Athos and their other neighbours , and lastly as losing their property

a of o bec use their inh spitality.

h or r o th M nks o Kolobou T e f ge y f e o f . The story of th e forgery is related at the beginni ng of the Chryso

th e bull of Leo (Appendix E). It appears that monks were not satisﬁed with the position in which the

o 882 t b undaries settlement of had lef them . They

f or th e n ot o e wished control, merely the pr t ctorate ,

o a . of the m untain, and for further possessions inl nd They found their opportunity at the accession of

886 a Leo in , and forged a document, app rently a ma o o th e p of s me sort, which they t ok to emperor together with the Chrysobull of Basil f or conﬁ rma

o Leo o o ti n. , without l oking into the matter cl sely, granted their request . By this means they secured

o ol ll contr l of nearly the wh e mountain , and vi ages of (in Sid erocausia and Ch om outl a (Ch ol om ond as

of Moustacon os Kardio nostou the monasteries , g , and

o - Luka, t gether with the meeting place of the hermits

7 01 8 0 . 13 d w ( 1 96 70 7 V yep vr v). o to It is probably imp ssible identify these places, but it is clear that the forgery was planned in the

an d v h e a K l grand style, ga e t mon stery of o obou

‘ o of o the c ntrol the whole of the surr unding districts .

h rot t o the A thoni o T e p es f tes. As soon as the m nks had obtained the imperial conﬁrmation they began

a career discreditable to themselves, oppressive to

JOHANNES KOLOB OS have been quite recent,as it do es not appear in the list of the signatures to the boundary settlement a few years previously. There the leader of the ” o 7 0 15 1 617 0 7 0 5 A 9a7v0 m nks is called the 77 7 9 9 , and, as

I have said, he is perhaps identical with Johannes

I It is, suspect, probable that the origin of the title 77771777 0 9 may be found in this con troversy of the Athonites with the monks of

Kol obou w . The former ished to appear before the l emperor, and were not able to send their usua

a A o Kol obou represent tive, the bb t of , for the very good reason that he was actually the person of

e whom they wished to complain . They ther fore mi mi ad ec selected the most pro nent her t, and the j tive by which they (or the emperor) described hi m f was afterwards used as a title . The o ﬁce, thus originated to meet a special need , was found so ﬁ convenient that it was perpetuated , and was rmly

li of 1 estab shed by the time Athanasius .

The vict r o the A thoni r K lobou o y f tes ove o . The mission of Andreas to the emperor proved success

Nice h orus - S ath arios ful ; p , the Proto p , held an inqui ry which revealed the fraud of the monks Kol obou t he of ; the forgery was destroyed, and emperor gave a new Chrysobull protecting the

A thonites Kol obou , and tying the monks of down to closely the original terms of the Bull of Bas il . There is a signiﬁcant lack of direct conﬁrmation

Th e late r history of the ofﬁ ce of B rotos can be studied in e er 1 c M y , . . JOHANNES KOLOB OS 75

‘ to e o a o as the Prot ctorate ver the mount in , fr m which it might be assumed that the monastery lost their privilege, and nothing is especially said to the

' e o of o1 o1 13V 6 0 67 11717 poss ssi n the 71 9e8p 7 7 7 1 7 . With this incident the ﬁrst chapter of the con troversy between the monks of Kol obou and the

o o o For the hermits f Mount Ath s was cl sed . history of the mountain its importance is to be found in the fact that it shows that at th e begin ning of the tenth century there was n o deﬁnite

o a on m n stery the mountain ; there were hermits ,

of Euth mius o and, as we know from the life y , s me of these hermits were associated in lauras . More

e e o over, the necessity of defending their int r sts fr m the encroachments of the monks of Kol obou had forced them to take common action under the leadership of the most prominent of their number. APPENDICES TO CHAPTER III

A. EXTRACT FROM A CHRY SOB ULL OF BASIL R I R T A D 881 EA L E HAN . .

T0 v9 TO V 60 7 1 171 0 V 1OV 6A0 1 6V0 17 71 o11 7 a 11 a 7 a 1 0 va , 77 B 7 9 9 7 9 ” ” ' 7cu 1 d1a 7 1 a 9 617 7 11 7 7 0 17 A 9a7V0 h 6 0 1 6V117 77 0 1 7 0 ' a 1 6V0 v p B 9 7 7 7 7 9, 71 11 1 7 a 9 0 ' 71 7 va 9 671 61 7r7 a 1 6V0 17 wa a 7 10 V 677 1 w 1a 7 7£ 7 9, p x p ' ' ' 0 11v 71 a 1 7 137 0 761 7 0 177 177 71 70 0 0 1 0 ovV7 117V 677 7 6a 0 1 6V0 v { 7 7 7 p 7p § 7 9, ' i 1 7 ' v Ka 7 7 0 7 xa7p ov71 6V0 1/9 71 11 911 70 1779 l1 a 1 a 7 a poixw9 7 a 7 ou o 171 s1ov ' ' 7\o 1o 1 o17 d1671' 17 6h 61V 0 960 0 ' 17V6 7 0 7 1 mv ' h 61a d171 a 10 V 7 7 , p7 77 9 77 Ba 0 1 7 7 o d1a 0 !) t 7 7 0 3 0 v 77 7a 7 7q 0 0 1 7 170 1 1 0 17 7 ou a 90 p1 B 9 11 a 1 a 7 a oi 0 v9 dt d 61V 6U 60 ' 911 1 7 6 W 6 ) 7 7 7 a >\7 V0 p x 7 , X 7 79 7q 7 7 7 7 7 0 71 0 1 vvre 7 ou 7ra V7 0 0 17 07 X ' V v - 7 1 0 0 7 9 p 9 7 7 V p10 7 1a 117V o a 7 77 7 9, A - - 6 a 0 a k1 0 1 69a 7roiV7 a 9 m m 7 6 o 7 a 7 7 117V a a Oux wv £ ¢ § 7 p 77 , B ' d ' V9pa77 e 71 a 1 e w9 ea xoi7 0 v dV9p1571 0 v 7 o u do v7\61 a V 11 a 7 a y ' 77 1 0 7 6170 1 6V0 v 67 1 36 71 a 1 1 311137 0 11 11 w 1oi a 71 0 1 6 117 7 0 17 7 , 9 1 x p 7 9 9 6V 7 13 71 v7\wV1 71 77 1777 77p6oi0 ' 77 7 19 7 0 179 a 177 0 179 ’ ' o va 0 15 a kka 1 7 36 71 a 9113 60 17 E ' ' 0 v 7 6 V0 1 11 u x 9, 7 7 9 7 1 7 0 p10 0 7 p ” 71 11 1 7 7 V 6 0 117 77 70 9 7 0 7 0 0 A 910 V0 0 0 610 ' 6 60 ' 9a 1 7 1V119 7 7 9 p 9 pX , H ' 1 7 7 6 71 0 1 1 6Va 1 67 11 7 07V 71 0 1 1 1177V v 1 7 6 o wco h o v 7 7 7 9 7 7 V a 7 117V, 7 77 B 9

1 e v 7 7 a 7 117V B0 v71 0 >x1117V a 7 117V.

The text is taken from Porphyrius Uspenski

‘ B X mia nc iu A ' a 3 ocmont uc n e onb 1877 . ( p , , Kiev, , p rt , p i o wh o is quoting from a MS . wh ch is f und in the l library of P hi oth eon .

‘ B TH 9 1 OF 677 617 7 1 6 117 1 91 Koia i m . E 77 9 ; 77 69 THE 7 , 7 f , AS TO THE B OUNDARY B ETWEEN ERISSOS AND THE r m 17 881— 2 K o T . MON S MOUN A os , A .

’ 671- 61377 77 xka o wa 7 111 77 7 77 7 779 v71' 0 7 a 7 779 7 0 17 Ep10 ' 0' 0 0 a ” 0 ' 6 0 7 1 11 a 1 0 17V7 V1177 a 1 7 117 0 761 7 0 17 A 9117V0 9 7cu1 7 a vroxk w , 7 7 , 7 np APPENDICES TO CHAPTER III 77

' ' - 7 K G 7 3 0 0 9620 0 7 77 7 77 71 OV 7 7 0 17 OAOBO 771 V 7 70 3 31 1750 pwV “ - 6 e 316 w 10 ' 97 71 0 1 o' vvo a 3V0 1 67 0 0 0 0 7 7 7 6 1 0 V7 7 770 0 1 7 x p 7, p 7 £ 79 7 79 w 10 7 wV 6 60 67 0 71 0 7 3 7 3V 0 17 3V 310 w 10 1 3v 71 0 1 7 10 V x p 7 , x p 7 ' 7 ~ 7 1 7 7 7 7 71 0 7 67\17rOV 7 7 7 0 V 7 7 0 0 Kokoﬁov 3wp63V 7 7V 7 0 10 07 7V 7 70 . 371- 3 36 7 10 V 7 0 1ov7 wV 0 0 V0 10 V 7 7 0 07 7 1 0 V7 9 71 0 1 7 0 3 p 79 79 7 7 , 7 9 " 7 3V A v a 71 0 7 61 OV 0 1 w 10 7 0 1 71 0 1 7 3 A0 17r3 1 0 V0 0' 7 7 10 , X x p 7 7p ' 1 0 0 1 7 3 0 0 0 w ' 71 0 1 6V67 0 V7 0 . 7 7V 7rp 7 7 0 310 x p10 71 39 ” 1 67 0 0 0 07 wV 7 6 71 0 1 7 10 V 1 0 V0 7 0 0 0 70 0 9 7 0 0 A OwV09 7 5 7 w 7 , ' ' A 7V0 671 7 0 177 0 17 636171 V177 0 6 10 9 7 0 0 60 7 ! 77 7 wV 71 0 V0 w

71 0 610 71 37161 96V 7 7 7 7ra 3 7 10 V w r 677 1 p 7 , 7 7 7, 7 p x p 0 71 10 V R -10 1 0 0 0 7 x 0 6 0 1 6 7 370 0 57 10 0 1 7 om V 7 V 7 7p110 V 7 x 7 V7. 9 0 ' 0 7 71 6xw71 6V77 71 0 1 331 0 7 Vw0 ' 7 0 9 0 7r77px6V 77 671 0 0 7 0 0 360 7 0 7 610 313 7 0 71 77 7 6V60 ' 00 1 71 ex771 7 0 0 V0 V 67 0 7 7 171 770 310 7 Vwa' 1V ' 71 0 7 V 0 0 310 7r 0 ' 1V T0 17 7 V 0 17V 7 7 V 77 0 0 3 1 7 7 7 p 0 . 7 7 7 7 ’ 7 0 0 K 0 0' 7 p0 0 Ep10' 0 ' 0 0 0 171 777 0 pwV 71 0 7 6x0 71 6V77V 717\0 0 ' 71 0 7 171 77V 7 V 3167r 0 0' 0 V 61 11 177 0 17 36 7 10 V 1 67 0 0 7 7 p 9 9, 7 5 0 0 V0 wV 0 0 7 wV 7 6 7 10 V 6 wV7 0 ' 0 V7 wV 7 7 V 7 0 0 p , 7 7 ' 7 77V 71 0 1 7 0 W 71 0 V0 w 7 0 0 010 V0 9 313 7 0 7 77V171 0 0 7 0 71 773671 10 V ’ ( 51A0 V171 610 V 7 0 0 0 7 1V0 71 1V7 97 V0 1 0 177 6 wa 7 7 7 9 7 7 , p 7q ' 6p7 a77 6p0 V 6567 0 0 q 77 6 71- 0 7 w7rp0 7 71 0 V77977 7 0 0 310

7717770 10 71 0 0 0 0 7 10 V. ' " ' 7 7 A 7roa 7 61 \0 V7 69 0 0 V 71 67 3 7 0 177 0 0 1 71 0 V0 xoi 7 0 17 A 911 V0 9 367 97 0 ' 0 V 0 3 a m ke 7 63 71 é é 0 0 7 7 7 9 B k 777. V 7 0 39 0 2 3€ V7 i " 0 7 6 2 7 7 7 3 710 1 3 T 0 0 A0 1V0 310 w 1 17 10 0 ' 1 7 0 3171 0 10 pa 77 9 § 9, x p 0 07 wV 37 3 7 17W 0 171 7 7 0 wV 7 0 0 K 0 0 ' 0 0 0 7 0 17 770 10 0 1 36 7 p 7p , 6 0 0 V 30 0 7\610 V 7 0 0 0 177 0 0 o 17c7 7 o a 61 7 3 717 71 67 1 7 7 p ¢ ¢ 9 9 7 p 9 , 9 7 7 7 0 6Vo k7 0 ' 1 V 7 1V0 671-0 6W 7 0 1 1 0 V0 0 1 710 1 37 0 0 7 6[7\0 V7 6 p x 7 7 9 7 x 9. 9 ’ ’ ’ 777 0 7 0 17 7 0 179 0 171 777 0 70 0 9 7 0 0 Ep10 ’ 0 0 0 710 1 6V1mr10 V 0 71 177177 “ 7 1 mv 617 7 7 0 0 V 1 67 0 7 10 V 1 0 Va 1vV 71 0 1 0 1 1 6V 1 0 V0 O 1 77 7 7 7 x . 7 7 X 7 0 0 A 907V0 9 7rp0 630 7\7\0 V7 0 7 77V 65 37777779 360 77- 0 7 610 V 61 9 7 3 0 7 0 71 0 910 71 0 1 6V 7 0 1 7 0 0 717\0 0 ' 1 0 7 0 9 71 w31 1V 0 V0 0 7 9, 9 9 7 E 7 p A ( ) 67 0 1 37 1 0 17 10 61 9 7r 0 0 ' w7rOV 7 10 V 1 0 V0 7 0 17 ﬁ GwVO 9 j 77 p 7 w , 0 0 71 77V 3k7\3 71 0 1 7 77V 60 779610 V 7 779 7 0 0 700 0 0 0 A ﬁo ukkov 7 0 0 Ba a 17\6w9 7 0 0 Kvpou B 0 0 1>x61 0 0 7ra o' 0 V 33610 V 71 0 1 ' A ’ e o ua fa v WG OG OV‘TO ‘ 0 0 7 0 1 37 3 7 V 6V0 13V 820 7 0 0 E 10 ' 0 ' 0 0 f ‘ X S 9 7 7 p ( ) p 71 0 1 7 77V 71 0 1 10 9 671 7 0 07 0 0 6V0 p10 V 0 0 7 77V 0 71 0 7 0 7 770 7 0 0 7 6A0 0 3700 7 7 7 V 7 0 0 a a' 7 0 0 A6 0 V7 6 67 61 10 V7 0 9, 7 K p 7 9, p

7 7 7 37 3 71 ex7o1 7 79 7 0 0 Kokoﬁov 71 0 7 0 77779 61 V0 1 7 7V 0 0 7 7V 78 JOHANNES KOLOB OS

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' V J 2 7 7 3 0 V 0 3 V . V 3 0 pa 7 3 3¢a xwp2§ V7 0 7O 9 7 O c 7 773 7 77 0 0 Ka 2 7 OV T o vka 0 3 M Ka 2 7 OV 3 tevrw /c37rov 7 0 3 7 7 g , [ W px , 3 7 ' ' o a V7 wV 2 5 V 7 0 0 eveo' 93 2 6 1 17 0 7!” Ka 2 3t a w tcra c a v7 o u 7 7 t x p 9, ' ’ 793 9379 19 3 2 e7rt 3ouva t 7 c 372¢0 7 ep0 29 Ka 2ktﬁekkow 7 7 9 7 ota v7 7 7 7 0 3 0 20 9 é a a w w9 Ka 2 32 07 6 wv 7 0 7V 7 79 7q 7 5 , 7 ¢ p ' 3¢a 3cx a 0 t év 63 7 0 V7 0 ou N 7 331re a 7 0 V a V7 wV wwo' KwV § 7 9 , [ W p 7 ' OV x a 7 eVevcra 37 30 79 x a 2 w9 e7 ve 377- 3 ¢wV779 3 37 0 771 GEGAGGZV ’ ’ ' 3k7k efwo v 62 377- 6 ) 30 ' 97 7 e e a a c a kt a a a ee 3 37 e 0 2 , 9 7 77p 7 , f p y ¢ p ' ' G 7m 3xe7 3 25 k7 7 w x a 7 a 3e 7 0 96 7 0 07 0 . M , 7 7 7 9 f 7 ’ Ka 2 ef epxo w o (320) K3 2 eEqa aMa' a w o 3u¢37 ep0 2 ' e v3 7cw 7 OV 30 30 7963 63 2 a 7 u ek e? eVe0' 9m 7 3 ekko w a p 9, 7 v o 9 7 u ' ' ' 7 3ta xwp2§ ew 3y ¢ 0 7 3p0 V9 G VV0 pa . ef a a cpa kta aueq 36 3 37 20 7 " 3 2 0 1 K V7r3 7 u 3e wlca a w 0 7 e 2 7 70 3 7 777 39 793 3 T§ 0 7u 9 a 2 uV 77 a ' 7 0 79 uom xow ep ¢ a ZV0 V 7 77V 37A0 7 epwv 3pe a' 1cet a V Ka 2 7 77V ' ' ‘ 7 779 WP G EGCOS 77q 3V0 V7 tpp777 0 V eV3p7 eta V. T779 7 o ca V7 779 OUV 3a ¢ a kefa 9 323 7 6 7 379 7 OV 3pxz em a' lc37rov V7 0 7 pa ¢ 779 Ka 2 7 wV Ko n rwv 6 0 220 930 7 e r keo v e7rt7 0 7rt w9 Ka 23ce w to' a V 3 3 79, f l x p ' 1 3te ay ca' a 793 3 7 7 V e a 50 V a V7 wV 3a b3>xeta V 623V ( . x p 7 7 7 7 p q g ' e ' o' Ka 2 3 7 3 26V 7 7 323 793 7 0 7 OV 7 37rou ﬁp a en a u 7 377 0 V. 7 79 7679

7 7 3 0 V7 7 OV Koko ov 2 3 0 2 7 07V T Ol OU‘TwV 0 ' VV3 wV wa a a V 79 7 79 fl 7 x7 p , 267 3 3 0 30-3 17 7 V 37 xka a' ta fl 3té7r a o' a 7 0 29 7 5 7 7 , 9 p m, p ' 0 270 7 0 7 OV K30 ' 7 0 V Ka 2 Ka 2 wa eka ov 7 t p , p fi a V7 7 V Ka 23Ve7\a 30 V7 0 M eKOV 7ra 7 7 6 0 2 7 mv T Ot OU‘TwV 7 , , B p 7q 7 VV3 wV° 37 3 36 7 u m 7 0 ¢0 v7 wV a' vv3 wV 7 7 23 37 7 7 2 377 3 a p p 7 7 , ' Gaka cra' a V £ 29 Ga ka a a a V Ka 2 7rp39 7 0 V fA9wVa 7ra pe33977 APPENDICES TO CHAPTER III 79

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i a f m r r 7 02 s 0 . 3 The text t ken ro Po phy ius Uspenski , 7 , 315 ff x . a his i v pp . The write r s ys that te t s deri e d f m a MS in b a ro . the li r ry of the monastery of Coutl oumousi on Mount Athos which bears the title ‘ ' ’ I p37777 3 7 3 3px3 23 a wl op evwv 7 07V 7rpw7 0 7 31ra7v 6V 7 07 ’ 11 0 0 77 37 0 7 3V7 7 3 66777 3 87 7 0 27 wa ve m o ko 7 , 7 p g : ’ 7 7077 37 0 77 3px777 3 V8p27 0 V Ka 2 677 77 p31rov 7 179 26 3 9 77 0 72779 ’ K0 V7 X0 V 7 0 30 ' 7 Kv fov P o cov Wi re e e e o 7 7 p pny p , th r nc t 80 JOHANNES KOLOB OS the 7 7 3579 of 6 0777 39 it says : 753px~27 7 0 3 7 77077 0 7 3770 3

i m rn 3 is G eras mos S akes 0 021 . 2 f i . y , p . , p , quotes th ’ o document fr m éf a a qﬂa kw a nevwv 830737 33V to the end . I have not note d his variations Which d o not affect it are the sense , because seems less likely that they derived from the original document at Caryes than that they are merely emendations of the text given b y Uspenski .

T T T E THE MoNx s or A TH os C. HE AGREEMEN BE WE N A ND THE ERI SSIOTES A S To TH E BOUNDARY BETWEEN TH EIR DOMAINS

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[I n the original each of these signatures is written round a cross ]

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JOHANNES KOLOB OS

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ex is ake f m r r U e k The t t t n ro Po phy ius sp ns i , o i 3 . 18 c t . p , p .

D oi To TH E . DECISION OF Ka m x dkmv K m m f As BOUNDARY B ETWEEN TH E MONASTIC LAND OF MOU NT

A ERI s os D 882 TII o T I F HI s . . s AND TH E ERR TORY O A .

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' ' 1 1 2 K ua u ica 2 6V50 V a 7roa 7 a 7\62a 79 7 p59 772a 9 ¢ 7¢ov oay 7 o 1 ' - 1 2 a evq57720 v 72a 7 20 7 pov. To m o 56 Ka 2 7 67 0 2 7x a726V K0 ” 7 6V0 72 6V0 2 Ica7 52 7 0 7 0 V a ua 7 0 29 62p177ueV0 29 177 0 2 7 221 a pxwm APPENDICES TO CHAPTER III 83

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7 7\ 1 A 1 5 a a a 7 220 V 7 79 7272 0 117ua V 79 Ka 2 5va 7 p6x62 20 9 7 p 9 7 w a 52a 7 1 9 2 0 V1 9 7 1 9 a 2a 9 X 20 ' 7 2V1 9 6V ( 7 0 7 20 Ka 2 x p q 7 7 7 7 7 p 7 , 6 ' N eoo' wpa a 2o' 7 a 7 a 2 6K 7 0 k7\20 V A29wV 0 ' v7 1c6272 6V17 Ka 2

5 1 ’ 1 ' 7 Ok a 7 20 7 79 A290 0 20 p62a 9 519 7 p59 7 17V 52Va 7 0 7\ 7V 20 7 a V7 a 2 5 569 x a 96 1 7\a v a 7 2626Vw Ka 2527 0 2562 7 1 25 57 1 7 2 26 29 p £ 79 p 7 , 7 7 7 xp 6 ov 5 67 a 1m Ka 257 5 7 5V 5a lca 57 6 a 2V62 7 5 a ww Ka 2. p p 9, p pB p x x a7 6 67 a 2 62 7 1 V FA0 2 7 0 0 7 2a 7 a Ka 2 7 6 a V 7 0 17 5a1c59 px 9 7 7 § , p p 5p569 Ka 2 7 7 6k6a 2 7\a vpa 7 2672 6Va 2 Ka 2 7 17 25 57 177 2 20 7 5 1 a 5 a' e V2 ' 9 p 9 7 7V O ka a a a v 57 0 52562 629 7 5 7 a ?\a 2 V 7 v 7 p V 5 Va1ca 72 7 62 7 p59 7 5 7 apax 6272 6V0 V a 5x6V2V 6V 23 60' 7 2V 7 5 ” K290 2a v5 20 V 7 5 5 a 20 V 7 0 11 Koko ov 7 60 ' 7 2V 60 ' 20 96V 7 p px ﬂ , o ep ’ 7 ou 7 6p20 p20 ' 72 0 11 7 179 7 179 7 10 V A G20 V27 20 V° Ka 257 5 7 5 a 5x6V2V 57 0 52562 62 7 652V5V 7 57 0 V 6V 20 ovkém Ka 257 5 7 20 V 9 Bp , 7 0 20 57 10 V 7 57 20 V 1ca 96£179 5Va Ka 72 7 7 62 7 p59 7 5 52V7 2K62726V0 V ' H a 5 6V2V Ka 2 x a 're 6 a 2 1 27 5 1 26 2 Gaka a' c 7 5 x , px 7 7 7 7 77 2 7 xp mc 59 1 Bop62V 79.

0 57 20 52a 20 2o' a V7 6 Ka 2 5 5V0 a 7 1 a V7 6 1ca 920 Ka 2 5 x p 9 p 7€ 9, 9 7 57 0 9 526 26 20 ' 6V 57 2 Ka 2 6 a c w 1 W a l V W W x p a o 9, 7 7 p p 9 7 W p E W

0 l . 160 0 2 57 0 f . na r t . 8 7 7 7 0 C sig to ies o th e agreement on p 0. F 2 JOHANNES KOLOB OS

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An d er W e ame are ve ﬁ the oth s , hos n s gi n in the rst a p rt of the document . h 5 2va X oi v l v ex is ake f m t e B v V7 ovuc o . The t t t n ro C p , , 1898 t e e b n 485 b e S . a d , pp . f. [pu lish d in P t rs urg in Lei z i b L Rickev f m a e p g y K . . ] ro coll ction of docu m e e f m a MS th e La ra b nts copi d ro . in u y the Pro e oum enos Al x a a m a e g e ndros of th t on st ry. The a is a I be eve e be ex a origin l s id , li corr ctly, to t nt in ’ Car es the archives of the 12o 2vo7 179 at y .

E HRYS U on LEo VI . C OB LL

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1 im m rnak s c 2 u l G e ras os S e 1. . . 3 te s th e as art y , , p , q o t p of th s d cum en . H e ves th e same ear but th e ﬁfteen h i o t gi y , t nd c n in ste ad of th e ﬁ rst i i tio . APPENDICES TO CHAPTER III 85

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Va c ' a 67 67 3 3 7 0 7 3V ‘TOtOUT‘ OV T Vl Ka UT‘ a 7ra a 7\o w 6Vo , 6 ﬂ p 7 9 7 el /OI! 3 'r V 3ta et Va t 3ta vk37 7 63 93 1 36 193 7 3 T V M x p n ppnx 7 , ¢ n ' ' Va V ‘TOU 6 V 965 A el 7ra ‘r 39 7 KG ! B a a' tkea w 7 u m 3 ng p 5w , ” 711 37 3 9 6V 7 3) A w a xok3§ o w a 9 uOVa xow 37rapevox ' N ro 37r3 7ra VT ofa Ka t (5 61x 3 6 ¢Vo u eV 9 r w 9 9 9 7 7 , n

wa eVo kr o' e ( Ba- a v'rw [Ca t 7 3 w t a [ca -re ew 3x a wo 1' o p x i m , 9 x p x " T 3 33 ma z a “ 6 ’ OU Koko ov wrra 1 3 , row 3 ,uowyS T ﬂ

3019 623 93 1 193 7 3 7 3V 3 'rr v T OU 6V 7 963 A e 71' 3 1 , x p z 77 } ng a 9 ' ’ cBV Ka i B a a' zkém 639 7 V 7 9 éVo ca 9 E to' a' ofi 3z a x 3'r a' w fin , 3 3 p p p n , ‘ ' ' - k a z 7 3V Ka ra vowzV ,uo VnV 7 33V Ka y eVwV 3 3V 7 0 29 7 37 0 19 ' ! T 7 331 3/L7rekcéVwV 193 2 myr o vpz wV ( 1 37 331 193 2 pt3V0 V. 3 33 ' - ' 3 19 3 33 o - V Rom 3 7r3v7 a 193 033 3 7 3 7 33V 7 6 Ka y eVwV 2 7 V R m 33 , ' 193 7 3 7 3V 7 37rov T mv Kka a' a 'rmwv 6A6v96 t 3 6w Ka t ve eo' ea t u , p § p ' ' a A1 Ka t 7r 3 7re ca' cro 3 37 3 W3Vr a 9 w pa x emevo w. 3 p 9 p ' ' e a V 33 3A613 V Ka t 3 619 § 3tlca z wa' w 7 0 0 7 6 ue o T wl/ T p ¢ t 5 , p w ' 6V 7 m o e: ‘TOU A 9wV0 9 3 3 10 -e 193 2T an! w t wV 37r3Xa vm V p 7 , x p Ka t 19 3 7 3 3: a T OU ‘TOU Kokofiov 7 3 7ra p3u 17q 6110 6 6 a t ¢70u w36 6 V 6 3V0 u 3u ua 67ru< 7 ¢x 3V 6 ? 7 9 p q 9 7 p , , v T OU 6V 7 3; Nyf et 7ra 'rp39 75w 193 : Ba m kéw9 671 130 98va ¢ T w e ec T wV 6V 7 0) A Ot 3 3 10 “e ex ekeva a ueV 6 6V 4 6V0 V u p 1 l , 7 7 m ' ' 193 7 3 7 3V m va ¢V3ucr 6V ( 6 Ka t 7 3 eq- e w , i qu p GUG' GBES' Ka t Geowpo fiktrr ov 190 37 0 9 296 k o i . f m r U e . c t . Taken ro Porphy ius sp ns i , p , p CH A P TER I V

THE MONKS OF MOUNT ATHOS AND THE COMING OF ATHANASIUS

‘ TH E last chapter described the state of things a t the e n of n b ginni g the tenth century, whe the monks of Mount Athos had triumphed over their oppress ors

’ and o e o nk of Kol obou pr t ct rs , the mo s , and were beginning to ad ept something of the nature of a

a a common org niz tion . The next few years are

o of blank . The nly ray light, and that a very feeble

f o of one, is a f rded by the Chrysobull Romanus which

a o of of r tiﬁed th se Basil and Leo . As was pointed out , nothing was said in the Chrysobull of Leo as to the protectorate over the mountain or about the

193 06310 3 7 63V 7 6p3w wv ; but both these points are e o of m nti ned in the Chrysobull Romanus , which belongs either to the year 919— 20 (or perhaps the

a 934— 5 o e os ye r , only the indicti n b ing given) . A p sible interpretation of this fact isthat th e controversy betwe e n th e monks of Kol obou and the hermits of

ll and o Mount Athos sti continued, that the f rmer insisted that the meaning of the Chrysobull of Leo

to o to a was c nﬁrm that of Basil, and thus gr nt them

o o a pr tect rate over the mountain , while the monks of o o or o e Mount Ath s insisted, m re less as a c unt r

a on o cl im , their privileges in c nnexion with the

193 068 0 3 7 33V 6 3V' e i 7 7 p . If th s be so it would 88 THE MONKS AND ATHANASIUS

appear that both parties succeeded in establishing

their claim .

th e adi of o If tr tion the mountain be trustw rthy,

e on e othe r point of interest ought to be add d . o i B asil eios e of th e f Acc rd ng to this , the writ r li e

Euth mius e o n of e o a of y , who was M trop lita Th ssal nic

a e 905 1l o a o ' or some time ft r , f unded m nastery (

n o a e u laura? ) o Mount Athos . This m n st ry is f rther identiﬁe d with the ruined foundation on th e north

a o and to two . co st of the m untain , according MSS

’ 2 of oo A 0ww3 ‘ a c on the b k called s, in the Russi n

ou was as vent Mount Athos, known the monastery

' 7 0 6 H3 0 v 7 0 6 am o o a o a ea p7 , or as E ip ; it w uld ls pp r

a a to to h ve been dedic ted the Ascension , and perhaps the full name was f ﬁg 3V3 Mf¢6ws m i}

m o u o Z ﬁp s, just as the f ll name of Pantocrat r is

ef a o baia ew 0 wa af o o p p pg s 7 17 w o x p r p s . That this

o e a monastery existed is of c urse c rt in , but in the absence of corroborative proof it is far from being equally certain that it was founde d early in the

B asil eios of e a o tenth century by Th ss l nica. It is interesting to note that according to the life of

o o of 3 St . Barth l mew Simeri it was early in the twelfth century the property of a Byzantine named

Kalli meris , who gave it to Bartholomew. The

1 f E ’ C . e i Saint E uth mc Ze eune . 6 and chos dc ZOricnt P t t, y j , p , ,

. 221 iv p . 2 God . Ath . P aute L 5 78 an 5 789 o t c concern 8 d . F r he fa ts ing ’ ” th e o ok A 9wvuis~ see Ged ebn 6 A 06 69 as wri en 6 . . w b , , , p It tt So h roni os Kalli as e ore 1855 and is e at Sm rna by p j , b f , publ h d y r 1870 afte .

A cta S. Se t vol viii 821 c S p , , , p . .

90 THE MONKS AND ATHANASIUS

P h ‘ . Meyer in die Haup turkunde f zi/r die Geschichte der

A hoskld ter t s .

(3) The Typicon of the Emperor Johannes Tz imi s

‘ o H au turkw d of e n e P h . ces , als published in the p M yer. From these documents a tolerably good ide a can be fo rmed of the condition of the monks on the

o e a th e e m untain in the s cond h lf of tenth c ntury, of the end of the history of the monks of Kol obou

of a and the changes introduced by Ath nasius .

A thanasius the A thonite a . Ath nasius, whose name

o bec am e a m th e son bef re he _ onk was Abraham, was

a an d - o of rich well born family at Trebiz nd . He was

o a his b rn e rly in the tenth century, but father died

hi s o a before his birth and m ther shortly afterw rds , s o that he owed his bringing up ﬁrst to a friend of his mother and afterwards to relations in Constan tino l e p . In this city he made the acquaintance of

Mal einos a Michael , the abbot from Mount Kymin ,

Nice h orus o and his nephews Leo and p Ph cas , the

u o o latter being the f ture emperor. He f ll wed hi Michael to Kymina to the monastery, w ch was based on the model of the Studium but after a time

o o e left it, and went to M unt Ath s . H re he tried to e o Leo ice h orus scape the n tice of and N p Phocas ,

f or a hi s who were looking him , by ch nging name

to and feigning be a peasant. There were on the mountain apparently a comparatively small number

o s m and of m nk , some living in co munities some as

i wh o o o herm ts, ackn wledged to s me extent the

P rotos o d supremacy of one monk , the , who all tte hermitages or cells to those who desired them . ' ’ THE MONKS Am) ATHANASIUS 91

They assembled f or the three great feasts of th e

at l Oar es One of e year the laura at y . thes com m unities (or perhaps one of th e hermits) lived on

h o as Zv ci and to the ill kn wn the y s, this Athanasius

o of a attached himself. Menti n is also made nother

o a wh o was a E owm é wo m nk named P ul, c lled np p s, probably because h e lived (again either as the head of a laura or as a hermit) at th e place called Xe ro

o a o now o of p t m s , where there is a m nastery that

a n me .

e Athanasius could not keep his identity a secr t .

P rotos— at o First, the that time a m nk named

a o — e him o e Steph n s discov red , but c nsent d to keep his secret and gave him a hermitage three stadia

Oar es o distant from y , and ultimately he was f und

Leo c o to Vita 24 a by (a c rding the , p . ) or by monk named Methodius who was sent by Niceph orus

a o Kanonicon Hau turkunde ( cc rding to the , p , p . an d was a persu ded to build a laura , like that of

Mal einos at e Nice h orus Michael the exp nse of p . ‘ This he did at the place called Melana where the

ll o Vita. Laura sti stands . Acc rding to the the church at Caryes was at the same time enl arged by the

e o Le o gen r sity of . It is interesting to note that among th e mo nks wh o o e a a Nic e h orus a al a a j in d Ath n sius was p , C bri n , i wh o h ad formerly been a companion of Fant nus . It is further stated that whe n Niceph orus came to

ha Fantin us e to o . join At nasius, w nt Thessal nica

1 The resen ro a on : it h as on os th e i l e of a ra p t P t t l g l t t t l u , iu which is now only given to th e foundation o f Athanas s . 92 THE MONKS AND ATHANASIUS

This corroborates th e sho rt account of Fautinus

A cta SS . 621 . . {f hi given in the Aug , vi, pp . , w ch also states that Fantinus came to Thessalonica at ‘ th e e n d of e is th e a his lif . There in Laur a MS .

e a a and e o e n writt n , in h nd styl cl sely res mbli g the 1 o of of Fantinus 9 70 sch ol Nilus , the friend , in , by

e a a f ar o a scrib n med Luk s . It is fr m impossible that Niceph orus introduced the Calabrian style of

o or writing int the Laura, that Lukas like himself

o a a came fr m C l bria. The importance of this story for the history of the monks on Mount Athos is that it establishes

1 Oar es o e of ( ) That y had bec me, by the middl the t e h of t e . enth century, the gen ral centre monks (2) That there was a generally recognize d chief

o P rot 3 e os . a m nk, called the ( ) Th t there were thr e

e th e a — a e ﬁxed tim s in ye r Christmas , E st r, and the Assumption of the Virgin— at which th e whole bo dy of monks use d to assemble f or the services in

Oar es 4 e o the Church at y . ( ) That there w re d tted

o a o of o about the m unt in vari us settlements m nks,

a e a e to a of e v rying from h rmit g s l uras, and th se we can on Z o one Oar es place one the yg s , at y , and one at Xero otamos o o o p , while we kn w fr m ther

o e a e a o al Kl ementos s urc s th t th re was n ther, c led ,

th e of Iveron the on site the present . Thus

o o th e a 950 m nastic devel pment of mount in, c . , may ‘ fairly be said still to belong to the laura period The Chrysobull given to A thanasius and the p osition

‘ See Journal o T lo - 4 he Greek f heo gical Studies 1903 , T ’ onas e rie in o a M t s S uth It ly. THE MONKS AND ATHANASIUS 93 it ated of cre . The coming Athanasius and his friend ship with Niceph orus introduced a n ew factor into

h of o o t e life the m nks . He btained from the emperor money with which to build a new an d

a o hi magniﬁcent found ti n , and to t s was granted a Chrysobull giving it various valuable possessions and complete indepe ndence from all control by l any except the imperia authority. Thus, whereas there was formerly onl y th e monastery of Kol obou

th e of a a with semblance protectorate ( mong monks ,

a a as elsewhere, often more dvant geous to the pro

e to e t ctor than valuable the protect d), there was now

o on o a o f unded , the m untain itself, rich and p werful

ni o o of monastery contai ng ver eighty m nks, all whom

o o Oar e s r a f of c uld g to y , and take pa t in the f airs

o o a and at the general c mm nwe lth of monks , the

a o e a s me time could claim at any m m nt th t, by the

of of Nice h orus virtue the Chrysobull p , their own interests were immune from any interference by

o e the the other fathers . If we c nsid r that other

e e o of a o s ttlem nts c nsisted only few m nks each , the unfairness of this arrangement is obvious ; th e

o all o new foundation c uld probably swamp the thers , if voting or discuss ion went by the numbers of

an monks d not by foundations .

The a al d the A thonites a ainst A thanasius pp e f g . That fri ction arose in thi s way betwe en Athanasius and th e o e a o ther monks is c rt in , but we p ssess little

e o Nic h orus knowl dge of the details . So l ng as ep lived it was obviously impossible to appeal to him against the Athanasian monks ; but after his death 94 THE MONKS AND ATHANASIUS

z imisce s o his successor, Johannes T , was appr ached by th e monks under the P rotos Athanasius (wh o is not to be conf ounded with the saint) and the monk Paul (whether Paul of Xeropotamos or another is not certain) who drew attention to the quarrels between

T a Athanasius and the other monks . heir accus tion was that Athanasius interfere d with and worried

o the thers , and that no means of peace could be

a found . An imperi l inquiry was therefore held

Euth mius o Sta dium wh o under y , a m nk of the , d ecided that the quarrel was chi eﬂy due to the

to s attempts of Satan make mi chief, reconciled the l monks , and drew up a series of regu ations for the

o of un e future c nduct the mo tain . Among thes

o of regulati ns the part the enactment , which for the

a present purpose is important, is that the nnual mee tings at Oaryes shoul d be reduced from three to

o ne o . , and strictly c nﬁned to abbots and hermits

The victor o A thanasius and the rul o the y f , e f

' tadium e eﬁ ect o S . The gen ral of this regulati n was

to give Athanasius more rather than less freedom , even though those of his monks who were neither K ehht éi‘ra t nor ﬁa vxa o ﬂra t could no longer come to

Oar es y . Moreover the choice of a Studite to con duct the inquiry was itself practically a decision

a o of a — a in f v ur Athanasius, for the L ura laura only in name— was founded on the model of the

o to Studium . Indeed it w uld not be too much

say that the real question at issue . was whether Mount Athos should keep the loose organiz ation of the old days or adopt the stricter regulations intro THE MONKS AND ATHANASIUS 95

uc o d ed by Theodore the Studite, ad pted by Michael

l einos on K m ena Ma Mount y , and brought thence

a o o by Athan sius to M unt Athos . Obvi usly the

h Euth mi us hi o i c oice of y , mself a m nk of the Stud um , was practically the doom of the old life and the

of triumph the Studite system . The result was the rapid foundation of other monasteries with the same or almost the same

f oun constitution as the laura. But with their da tion begins a new perio d in the history of Mount

Athos , which falls outside the purpose of the

e pres nt treatise .

The end o K lobou ai f o . It rem ns to trace the

closing scenes in the history « of K ol obou and its

ultimate absorption by the monks of the mountain . The point on which friction arose in the second half of the tenth century between Kol obou and the

' monks of Mount Athos was the Ka ﬂeSpa yepciv m mto which reference was made in the Ohrysobul l s

of o c o im Basil and R manus . It therefore be mes

’ a was portant to inquire what this m 0e8pa re lly . The view which is usually held by those of the monks who have ever heard of it is that it was

the meeting- place of the monks under th e presi

e of th e P rotos a was o den y , and th t it moved fr m

Oar s Erissos to ye during the tenth century. Its

o a P ur oudia p sition is ﬁxed by one tr dition at g , by

o P roboli 1 o e of an ther at . I believe that the wh l

1 I am not quite sure where P roboli is : it d oes not appe ar on an ma w ic ave se en n ers an rom th e y p h h I h , but I u d t d f ’ m nk a it is a i e o of Xer es canal o s th t l ttl s uth x . 96 THE MONKS AND A THANASIUS

' di o this theory, inclu ng the identiﬁcati n of the site ,

e and of is quit modern no intrinsic value . The most important evidence as to the site is that in the report of Thomas Kaspax it is apparently deﬁned as not being in the neighbourhood of the boundary

Ath onites Erissiotes between the and the , from which I conclude that it was in or near the town

e t itself. Th idea that the monks used to come o Erissos for general meetings is bound up with the prevalent view that the early monasterie s were all near the canal of Xerxes and that Athanasius th e

Athonite was the ﬁrst to go to the mountain itself.

c - a os If so, of ourse a general meeting pl ce at Eriss

at Oar es is more probable than one y , but I am inclined to combat the whole theory. It is true that the tradition which ascribed the foundation

Xero otam os ul of the monasteries p and St . Pa to a certain Paulus , son of Michael the Emperor, is

. o . it bound up with an obvious forgery (cf Meyer, p c ,

a p . but this does not alter the facts th t there was

Xero otamos of a a Paulus of p in the time Ath nasius , that a monastery of some sort —Elementos— existed before the time of th e latter close to the present

Iveron o a site of , and that the m nks were ccustomed to Oar es o o o o meet at y , l ng bef re the foundati n f the

a h ad a if L ura , and little church there, as the l e of I Athanasius explicitly states . Therefore think that the theory which conﬁnes the monks to the canal end of the mountain and makes Erissos a

o c nvenient place for meetings is baseless . If so,

' ' the Ka 068pa 7 631) yepovrwv cannot have been used

98 THE MONKS AND ATHANASIUS

a c e Assuming that my view m y be orr ct, we can then easily reconstruct the history of the dispute

to th e a a of Kol obou up end of the sep r te existence . As the monks on the mountain increase d in numbers the fre quency of their visits to Erissos

e a a and c a o b c me gre ter, the onstant arriv l of m nks at th e quarters set apart for the purpose became an

o Kol obou int lerable nuisance to . Originally, no

’ e o w e th e o o doubt, the y p g covered all m nks fr m the

o o n ow mountain , at least by c urtesy, just as it d es ,

’ but strictly not every monk is a yepwv in the technical

o a th e e of onk of sense , and pr b bly ﬁrst st p the m s

Kol obou to o and to in was enf rce the distinction, quire carefully as to the bona ﬁdes of travelle rs who

’

a o e o vre . o cl imed to be Ath nite y p s The pr cedure ,

o a e e to o a th ugh n tural, must have giv n ris c nst nt

o a e e u to fricti n , and at last the mon st ry r f sed keep

th e o an up cust m y longer. From the point of view of the monks of Kol obou thi s was the end of the

a e o 9 75 matter, and it was re ch d ab ut . It may be argued that the Chrysobull of Basil and Romanus would have prevente d this if ' the

' K a t968pa 7 63V yep civrwv h ad been the quarte rs in

i Ath on tes . at K ol obou wh ch the i stayed , but it must

e e a Oh r sobul l s o a o be r member d th t y , th ugh go d

o of e e of a e a argument in a c urt law, w r no v lu gainst

a h o h s oo e e an bbot w shut i d rs , specially wh n the same Bulls h ad o nce made him in some way the

of th e o a Protector M unt in. But though the monks of Kol obou might regard

Ath onites the matter as settled, the , who were THE MONKS AND ATHANASIUS 99

o in and o a e e rapidly gr wing numbers imp rt nce , w r

a not o e was natur lly disp s d to leave it where it . If Kol obou woul d n ot re ce ive them as guests it must

a e ac o e e e as a e and be m d to kn wl dg th m m st rs , they made appeal s to th e empero r to give them the ‘ o e of th e a a m nast ry . Athanasius L ur , the Studite

o a Euth miu th it s e e . e e o c . (pr b bly y Studit , cf M y r, p . ,

an d o a h e e o a e o o p . J h nnes t G rgi n p titi ned J hn

Tsimisces f or hi o two e e t s purp se, and requ sts w re

a e to a one th e o Sabas l al e a ddr ssed B sil , by m nks , M n s ,

and o a 2 P ith aras and a o e o a Th m s , sec nd by G rgi s Oh al and are but none of the se attempts we re success f ul Finall h owever 980 oh a e th e e o ian . y, , in , J nn s G rg ,

wh o os e sse o a e e own a eff e p s d m n st ri s in his l nd, cted

an a e th e e o i th e o a e e exch ng with emp r r, giv ng m n st ri s

of I e rissa o o an d o a Trebi v in C nstantin ple S . Ph c s in zond in exchange f or the monasterie s of Leontia in

e a o a of Kol obou s o Th ss l nic , in Eri s s (see Appendix B),

and of Cl em ento on o o s M unt Ath s .

of o o e e a e e th e and This , c urse, c mpl t ly lt r d case,

o a e wh o was an o to o a eo a J h nn s , xi us f und G rgi n monaste ry (th e pre sent Ive ron) in place of th e little

f o th e o e e at Cl em e ntos laura o St . J hn F r runn r , conce de d th e A th onites all th at they wishe d in

s o h a l o e a f or e and Eri s s , purc sed stil m r l nd th m, built them a good house f or their use when vis iting

o th e t wn .

1 / K Kov ovx kefm o Pe rhaps Edfifia s y oua xes Ka i. h on/La os a i fi s; ' th e as si n a or of the Tv'zrucov of Jo n Ts imi sces e er l t g t y h (M y ,

cit. . 0p . , p

2 ' P e rhap s th e abb ot wh o was afterwards th e p hros . G 2 100 THE MONKS AND ATHANASIUS

This is the end of the known hi story of Kol obou ; I d o not think that it is ever mentioned again in

a o u e o ext nt d c ments , and there can be littl d ubt but that it rapidly be came merely a dependency

of Iveron l l f at a o . , little , if , di fering fr m a farm

It onl y remains to sum up the broad results of

o e e this investigati n . The life of Pet r the Athonit and the ﬁrst period of the life of Euthymius on Mount Athos see m to be th e best attested proofs

e f r th e o on which xist o hermit peri d the mountain . 1 N o doubt there were many more whose names

a e e e o e We a e n o to h v b n f rgott n . h v right even assume that Peter was the ﬁrst hermi t on th e mountain : it is quite possible that h e h ad many

e e o an d o at e e a e pred c ss rs , that he sh uld r h r be r g rd d as owing his fame to the fact that th e e nd of his life o e a e of o v rl pped the b ginning the next peri d . On th e o e a e n o oo hi was th th r h nd, ther is pr f that t s e case ; Pe ter and Euthymius re main as th e two deﬁnite examples of hermits on Mount Atho s in th e

n or ninth century, is there any historical proof that

e i there wer any earl er. Af ter the hermit period comes that of the lauras

- loosely organize d bodie s of hermits wh o met together at intervals and had a common centre in

h e of o e one o s a o t cell s m ut tanding nch rite . This period is represente d by th e second part of the l ife of Euthymius and by the various scraps of

1 th e me n ion of J se n Of . t o ph th e A rmenian and O uphrius i i n th e life of Euthym us.

APPENDICES TO CHAPTER IV

Y B or OM I A. CHR SO ULL R ANUS , CONSTANT NE , P I A D 9 19 STE HANUS , AND CONSTANT NE , . . .

Q I A A Q A I 1 ' A E V 0 Vo u a 7 ¢ T OU 7ra r 0 9 Ka t T OU vcov Ka t T OU d t o v wveu , p y ( A I a r o ‘ w a t/0 Ka t KwVO' T a VT l VOS‘ ZT e a vo Ka t Ko we- T a v p s P h 9 , ¢ g A A f VO ' 7Tl O' O a m h ez P o w o w T l S T t B g w .

' ’ To a 2 d a 9a 2 or d ea' w e7ra x o7\o v eiv Ka i 15 7 9 7 9 p f e 7 0 11 1 9 e m x v o uV B a o' th uci e cr'r w dh 9w9 7r o vo ¢a 9 Ka t a wo i a p , k n p yx g, w d v o w o v r 7 0 d a eo u Ka i dva hhmwT OV 6 dei dtd 9 u u ; y 9 , T OUT O ‘TwV 7rpo muoBV Befia m h evx or wv xpva' oflo uhh w e m dedwzco -e c v T ) $ 69t a wa -m i ‘T 'T Ka i w é a o y c, OU O n fin p s m o k e / a e Ka i dwo de a e a a th eca dta ‘TOU 7ra o v'7' 0 d n w g u m B , p 9 ' a v‘ GUG’ G OUS' em xv o c vo' o o vh h t o v h o ov T OU r a a m9 B p xp fi y , p (pvh a -r'r eo- Oa t 7ra V7 ' a 9 7 0 11 9 W 7 70) a v'rw ope: a' xo h a go w- a s' 6a o u a a eu dra c o o w Ka r a a x vwa ea' t Ka t 7r o T OUT Ot ' : 9 p 9 p p n , p 9 S ’ Ka i 7 77V wa pa ‘TOU K o h oflo v I a V0 v veovpyneet a' a V uo vi w 7 539 T ata lir m wpo vo ia 9 Ka i Ka 'réxew T iyv ’ ' ’ ' ' e Vo t a V T o r? E t a' a' o i3Ka i u o VOV Ka i a 7r7u39 7 5 V of T i gr e o v p p , , p éV T ? vcro o t w d va d er a ¢ dwa a vroi TOV dra c m o xp B yp ¢ , p n j ' ' h oi'rr eo' ea t r e 71 0 0 0 91 10 9 w 'r e dt a z eo' eo m 7 9 o z a a' ofiv , wi 7 5 7 , i p p 2 " ' t wo e g. Il t T ov r o dro t o eea t Va Ka i ; eu e o em e V y u m pg u , ¢ p p T o) a v'r w xpva' ofio vhhiw d xa ta T o w y epo w o w Ka ee dpa p ' a wapevo xh rrrm dta T npii'r a c d 7ro wa d - m ewnpeia 9 a y 'ya pa a s‘ Ka t {ma id s w9 c im 9 e y'ywouemzs‘ 7rapa 7 ' s em u- Ko r an» Ka t a o v-r w Ka i a kko u wa x/7 0 9 1ca 9w9 1 V Ka t o a w px , 3 f pxw, 9 ' o BeBa t ov Ka i da ¢ o ko u9 Xpnua 'rigo m' o s‘ T OU wa po w o c imam evo' eflo vs‘ xpva' ofio vhh t o v ko y o u yey evnue vo v Ka 'r a ‘TOV a v'yova 'ro u p mua eBdow n e m veuno ews‘ € V to r a t ‘TO ' ’ é're o v eticre é Ka i Geo w o h ' o v dwem u va r o K oi1 ' 0 fip p fi 9 p fi m fln p 9. it 299 o c . . . Taken from Porphyrius Uspenski, p . , p APPENDICES To CHAPTER Iv 103

. XT CT FR M C M IVERON F I G B E RA O A DO U ENT AT , RE ERR N To Y B OF I B U LGA ROKTONOS A CHR SO ULL BAS L ,

980. A. D . ' ’ K ’ Ka i 7 0 17 wa va ocdt uov Ba mh ew9 Op B a m h ero v 7 0 17 H op¢vpo 7 eVV777 0 v v crofiovhh w 7 e7 OVw9 Ka r a T O q u a- 77 ’ - . 9 0 o) u I a 7 Ka i A D . 8 67 0 9 T o va c v a v x eh h w 7 m [ ] , xp 7 7 Ta o n /cu Ka T a T OW' OV a V‘ ra hh a 7 9 V7ra o ev a vr w l p, P 7 7 7 p ’ ’ 7 7 ' dwp779 7m ¢ 7 77V 71 0 v T 7V A eo vw a 9 eV 7 77 e eo a a h o vix g Ka i 7 77V ’ ’ 4 0 5 Ko h o ofi eV E o 7r O die Ka i 7 7 v 7 0 fi pz p 9 7 7V 71. 0 t 7 0 17 " Kh ew m 571 O VO a ‘Tt u eV ‘TOU w o d o o v Ka i éu , fl , p p u ’ ” ” IwoiVV0 v Ka evd n ' a t Ka r a dc T O o T OV A9wva p , 9 ’ 3 t dra m a - a t dVO 6 V 7ra 'r7 0 ' a 'r o duo) o c V 7 7 ‘TG 4 0 V7 7 7 , p77 7 u , 79 7 79 79 ' - “ ' 7 7 9 w 7 7 a a [ huh v woh ewV rv a Vov0 7 7 7 B 7 x 79, ' Ka i 7 779 MOV779 7 0 0 a 7 io u w a 7 779 e V Tpa we§ ovv7 ¢

dt a x etp e vm.

e o o it 333 . c . The t xt is taken fr m Uspenski, p , p . .

M OF P OF OF KOL B C . SETTLE ENT ART THE ESTATE O OU ON THE MONK S OF MOUNT ATHOS B Y JOHA NNES I 985 G . THE GEOR AN, A . D .

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Ka 6 6 . Ka i 777 o u7reVO9 . TA t o vvm o 9 uo va xO9 i 7 77 0 367 770 9

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‘ ' 2 7 uo va xO9 Ka i wpeo Btir epo m TP eoSp7 ¢O9 uo ua xOs 79 07 77 0 17

' ‘ Kv h a O Ka i 7 0 vueVO . Koo ua MGVOS. T pth 0 9 p o v x s 77 7 9 T y 9 104 THE MONKS AND ATHANASIUS

‘ ova O' 7 0 757 6V0 N eo o va O Ka 7 77 7 6V s 9 . bw c o i 0 0 u x Kai 77 7 T g u x 9 77 7 9 .

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7 0 7 o w7 7ca 7 0 0 V 7 0 7 0 77 0 7 070 177 7 7 7 V p a£ e9 9 7 7q , 7

7ra 0 7

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7 0 hh a 7c7 Ka t ( ) 77\0 veuc7a u e7 a v 7 70 V o va é u GKl VGt 'TO 9 l , f u x , ' orez w evwv 79077 e7 é wV wa a a h ew lca 7 7 7 o u w 0 v eVo7V p u p p ﬁ 7 7 7 x p u , w9 77377 Ko u 7 0 77 Kpa 7 0 77V7 O9 777 OU7ue Vov 7 77V 7LOV77V 77 77 ’ o vko evov ec7 a 7ca 7 67 7rh 7 90 ewew a eeV'e 7 57V 677 7 77 B u , 9 7 9 [ 7 ] o va wv 6 0 V OV 0 7 7 7 7 0 V7 7ca 7 67 07777 0 77 ex ewo v u x , 7 7 7 § 79 7 79 9 9 9 ' 7 o u9 uo va xo v9 7 ou9 37u 7 OV a v7 0 779 7 0 7 777 0 7777 57 V0 v ( bth t a v 7ra a 3a 7\0 V7 a 9 O>u ouc79 7 7 u OV7 3 7 0 7 o vow , p , 7 7 , 7 ta xp , Ko u o 77 o79 dweKO7r7 0 ' a V 7t a 7 a v7 0 7 77 0 7 0 0 3 a h h 0 9 wa é a hh e , 7 p ﬁ ' 7 7 OV o va O ex 7 0 7 O ov 7 6 0 7 7 0 7 V7 V wke o v 7 o>V 77 7 7 u x 9 p 9 7 30 , ’ ' ' 6797 777 77 déx a e 7 o3v 7ra pe7x77h v90 7 wv 735 37 0 V 3777\0 V0 7 7 0 773679 ’ ' ' 7 77777 d a iwv 0 37 6 e 7 77 03V 7 67V V77V 7 6 0 70 7/7 o w é7 v e éV 7 px f 7, 7 x 77

106 THE MONKS AND ATHANASIUS

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[Th en follows permission to build a house near

c mm b u Gal ia ra or Kal ia ra Wi u the o on har o r of g g , tho t,

w v r an i r n u d b i e . ho e e , y right to the gro n eing g ]

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i a ab I oh ann e Zon ar a . i nc. vva ma a p a ezav E up ra x i a . V t y p L M HAGIOGRAPHICA SS . 1 1 1

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‘ n mi m ab G e r i us . l c u A rc ad i C ri . i v xakei ih o g E o o yp o nc . a y m w we ' 2 n mium i A l i ‘ . c a G e or a cro o ta . in . K . E o g p c ai n s a d d Bptip Ol. 5 ' ' ' 3. Na ivi as i a et P assi . inc . wohh oi air 0 1 ( i cim ci i co t t , V t o p 1 v p O r v

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t eia P r c . y [ a . & ]

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2 P assi i nc . 7 7 9 r aw P w a icov r : . o . 3 p y} ' ’ P ssi i e KeIx/ K 3. a nc Kar ov 7 6V a t bu o. . p ' i 6 a ‘ 0 1- I saac i u s F aus u s et al m a i a . a . inc. e 6 o Ka i , t D t V t p y s s 9a vy a a r 6s' ’ 7 Isi d o rus . P assi . inc. ar a Tl ” r t ta v Ka i 31 060 11 Cﬁ Vat o K ) p [ . 1 9 2033 & c . , ]

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n mium a i c e a Rh etore . inc . o bBe v I o h ann e s C l ima c u s . E co N t n mé r epo v cipe'rﬁs [P an 23 ' t 1667 P a si i nc . ic: Btw oﬁ a . I n u s . ul i a s . o B yp W ]

ir - c wh tKo ﬁ o e Khﬁw/or d esin . d t c ra r o P ssi i nc . eZB w r e s a . La ur n ti u . o y

d ' v e p p r p s .

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r P aria ad l oc . Cf. Ca ta l . G . , 1 12 L MSS HAGIOGRAPHICA .

l 6» Ra u c as a s a s nc mium i e r e r . inc. L po to . E o a N c ta h to s p ‘ ‘ ‘ 1r 6 r d esin eé evéi s r o i 7 6 a tﬁ. p m . p vr Bp x ' h ‘ n mium R r ‘ 1 . c a i c e a h eto e . inc 6) ha r cir c a) aivﬂn s E o N t . mp q ,

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7 0 6 0 10 11131)

P assi . 0 63) a t w a r é w i / M am a s o i nc. 7 69 7 1 y a p p p v m row ’ ' ‘ 8 a ' P r 77 e n z a e 66 6 6 40 Ma a s a . 2 & . p p pq 3 9 p . [ , c ] ’ ’ i anu t M s er‘ e' a 6 h c M arc s e art ri us as inc . e ev o r 7 r e a mO va y . P io y p ﬁ ’ ' ’ ' ' 7 6V a Ka wtra o e ehei ai e a a v o v o i d mi . p p r v desin. r q rz y 1 6 [P ar. 4 83 ]

’ ’ ‘ Ma d l n M ari a a e a i a . i nc s ch 7 0 69 e e ( thofiw a c g . V t . y p fi ' ' ( t hon ‘ Ka r eae r' o fi wys . ’ i i mira l e -i r un r. a t cu a . in r a M a i a I o V t e c. n w véo' o v awa hha v Vat yfi . [ .

i in 0 6861 0 17 1 6611 6 1 . ass c ri n a . . e 1. M a P o . 1 7 21 e r u 82 i l n W a eéovo a . Vat . 0 s i p ﬁ [ ; Co . ’ ' ’ ' ' 2 . n c mium a G r e ri C ri . i nc Ka i r v e K o i a v rz a E o go o yp o . ﬁ t p 4 P l 5 P r a at 9 & c . a . [ , ;

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P s f ! C P ar. 2 a si . i n e e év 7 6 Fe a l e Va & . . o c . x p m ” [ t ; & c . ] ’ ‘

i G l si ta. i inc . Be ow a c e v Kciv Toff 670 m: M e l e t us a e o V ta. p

M en a s H e rm e n e s E u r a h us . P assi ab A th an as i o Al ex an , og , g p o

' ' P r i . a d r n in 0 X w ii a v o a &c . c. 7 7 13 o r V t o . 39 7 p r X p s [ i l 2 Co s . 368 &c . , ] ‘' ' i P a si ‘ evr o v a a ch eia s‘ C tn l s i . e ov S e 7 9 en a s n o a . . nc r s M . o p 6 ﬁ 5 0 & P r Vat 8 3 c a . [ , . ;

Mi ul u 1 um 2 rac a. i nc 1 9 . . ﬂ y ) ’ ’ ‘ i e ma u Mi l T h e l x and rin . nc. e ver o n 3. rac u a a im o e , t o A o y , y 25 T h evr v Vat c . P ar. 1454 & c . e ﬁ [ & ; , ] ‘

d r N m h o d r . P ssi i nc . 7 61 ev 7 0 17 d ra M r o a o a a . M en o o , et o , y p o 7 ; p ’ ' eh fo in e a r é a a v 35 o f a mi r e v d es . p p pq y . ’ i Ae mo Z h e t in P i nc Ka Ka i B a h a vb d es . u s 1 . ass . . r v r M erc uri . o ﬁ p 8 ) ' M e z d a f zo 5 & P r. m 7 6 0 6 v Ko Vat 80 c . i 1 67 0 r v. a p p p p p [ , ; ' ' ' ‘ ' ' 2 P as si . i nc A eKt or viKa d esi n . Ka i He an ez a s cimsh a ov. . o . ﬁ p B h n l u Mira ul um i i n r s c n Ch nis n d ac . M i c h ae l a c a g e . o a P an to l e o e o o

' dh z a i wohh a i d ' a ae ui ‘ mo e a K esin Kai K a n ei g s. . p y . p i ra g 4 Vat 654 &c . P ar. &c . [ . , ; ]

1 M 1 4 HAGIOGRAPHICAL SS.

il m i a. inc 366 0 11 tre i 0 17 6 6 c ouo P h e on. V t . 7 p 7 33 ﬁp

7 6 Kah oé evo v ahcim p p ov.

i us A s l us n mium in an om oht a e va i P h il to . c c. K v p p po E o . ﬁr p q ﬁ

‘ ’ d esin . 7 a do vvd 0 1 o e . P ar isl . p mp 17 q p p v [ . Co ‘ ’

h . ass ab m i in ie b a i e o oc as s e ri as as c . é eu K Oeuvr m c P P io A t o A . p p ' 20 18 m. trrm K o 7 4 ( 768 va a é i v Vat 9 & C. P ar . 1489 &c . q p . [ , ; , ] us T h us s l a XI f m P r ara o n d r ni cu s . ra ru . inc. ob , , A o Epi to t ’ Lho Ka i Ma mw 7 m i 7 0 17 Kv io v 4 61! ¢ s p v d esm . 5 p 61

I a on X w'7 ov n p . ’ ' ’ c- i Ma i vofz P r cl us et H il ari . s i inc. e ey ro e rr i a desin . o us Pa s o . y f p

7 0 5 a iou H ciKh ov y p . ' ' a . 0 63! 0 67 0) Kv o az d esin Ka i ei vcua v S s a inc . 6 1 . a bb Vit . ﬁ pq

P a . c . &c . ; r & ] i S a as VatO edinus a a P h il oth eo Constant no olitano . i nc . bb p . Vit p

Ea a 0 Gav m esin . Ka i aﬂ a a iacrf o v. BB r yé os . d

- h i 6 6 r ehea d vaz d esin . 83! 176k“ S ad ot . ass . inc e a 7 P o . p ﬁ ' 2 a hov B a i- b P ar 14 2 K e X . V t 5 v G m r at O to . p z) o [ . ” ’ '

i i véero d esi n . w oorré Se r us et ac ch u s . ass . inc Er oc g B P o . ﬁ p

S il v s R manus i in oi 31: cre oi ﬂohki w e e r a . c. m t o . V t p

‘ Ka circov. V . ial at ar. p [ P Co . m m ab h So h r on ius Hierosol mitanus nc iu I o s a na Z on a a . p y . E o r ' ‘ inc o i 7 0 79 060 2 Ka i aKa i o d in 17 69 « u b ». . 9 p p u es . ? p ' i ci ' r d esi S e h a us un r i a . inc. 7 a f c r n . t p n . ; xpﬁp ) ) 17 , I o V t p ' 2 { P 36 &c m i eir ﬂa a w a i . at c ar. 4 . w p q [V & . , ]

S e h an us r mar r l omnema. i nc. 8721 7 9 7 0 6 a w oc t p p oto ty . . Hyp 6 mp

' d esin . er é xa ke f p eq v 7 6 Nava .

Tr l i ' 0 X w 6‘ d e 2 ans at o a P s el l o inc 6 Ké ws { ay 7 0 69 r s sist . . . p m 0 p ' Ka i ci n hr - o o E e xi ov v prr p c r d v . ’ ’ ’ ’ 1 3. assi inc. c evn o ara7 61 a i 6y GKGZVOV crd u é a P o . y K K p q ' 636 t o ‘ 6 ay s 7rpm7 p ap7 vs . [Vat ' ' T i Ka i 6 5 l desin . 0 8 ”0 :6 4 . ransl at o inc 17 7 c a n a s . . 9 » : 7 v

ov é a r' o G o p r.

‘ S e h anus R manus assi . i nc a r a 7 0 69 évovs Oéahhe i a vo u t p o . P o . K xp p

d esin. an ic P r. u l . p . [ a S pp

S m e n i v 7 ; Ha v a a r i 6 “. 1 . i a a Cl aud io C r . inc y o 4 p q p V t yp io .

- ' 6 / 61 0 d es in . n av a ce ﬂw ( Man i 69 6 8 69 6 n a n7 a 9 9 V . m p p q mv

o eva e a 7 u p a f ﬁa m . ’ ’ ' f in Io ' [vov 7 0 mihai e a v“ wre 2 . a. c v0 7 6 wv Vit . yx p,

S me n un r e l us a i nc. a as A6» a er t d esin . y o I io Th o og Vit . xpnp p/ p ) ’ ' ' ' f C mbe s i li t e m 6ﬂ v a w cK m P ar. 1610 c . o B b o heca t q . [ ; ﬁ , m P t m a ta a mum ii 11 graecoru a ru no ri m novissi , , 9

1 0 1 a 0 S m e n l es a ab A ntoni o . inc. 6 1 K i 1ra 660 u y o Sty it . Vit £ p §

- 2 sm e ehovw at 7 0 7 ”to 0 7 Vat P ar. 60 &c . d e . m r 9 7 9 . [ 7 , ] L MS HAGIOGRAPHICA S .

Th e d o rus Strat l at s . 1 as i e e . s . i nc 1 5 0 o P o . 7 5 8 0 01 61 1 3 820 &c P ar. 976 &c , . ; , . ] mium 2 . nc ab E uth m i o . inc 7 6 7 0 6 660 6 E o y . 6 63mv Th e ru T r d s . I . assi . inc Ma 1 6 o o y o P o . § p 1a v r Ka i Ma gma/0 9 o i “ heir P ar 52 [ . 0

' 2. assi 619 7 6 vr cbr o v 2 6 30 7 0 ” 7 6» M 1 P o [ p 31 inc . a § pua m§ Ka i Maf ipa) [Vat 12452]

Th eod s i a enc m um a S tauri ci o Ch artO h l aci Th essal oni nsi o o i p y ce . i 6 h6 nc. y0 9 7 69 6p60 60 § ia 9 m ' Ti h eus A ostol us. n mium a i c c e a r e rs inc . 1 6 1 6 ot p E o N t h to . 7 6 ' ' T 68€ 0 1 9 de m. ei r v 9 Kai o a 1o 9 P ar p e p l q mp . [ .

Tr h . i i o ass . inc . 6 ior 7 0 6 d ov 6 7 v o9 desi n yp P o B y p p p . 1 1 0 1 0 116 0 11 at Ottob. [V .

X e n R m i . 110 6 a i e o ana . V ta 1 : 17 0 0 1 17 0 617 670 1 p

LIST II

26. A. 171 Kako K i o i A l ius . Nov 0 i ev a 7 63V a a w yp . [ . p p pn ip

d esin . 7 61 7 0 6 a 67 0 6 96 6n 0 v 0 K . 1 9 p 7 9 . rk .

Va . P r C dd . t a [ o &c . '

i mium Jul 4 . A. i . Me a Cr ns s . n nc An d re as ete E co . [ y ' ' Ka i 7 1p t o v 6vr)p 1188111 htp e va o m ﬁpwv u h m n n erm in on tionem . Annae ab E t i a h An a . S o c cep S ym o o c o e t

s ncel l o Dec 9 . A . 36 . inc . E e ov 6 6Ka7 6iu 77 7 0 9 y . [ , A ﬁy p 7 ( 188111 n po eh66w 0 9 Xp10 '7 0 6 7 0 6 661791 110 6 KT)“ 8 4 A. i nc Hohhai 1 V a i 11 0 6 ar ar nc mium Dec . . 7 B b a . E o [ 1 7 69 66 7 6v Bio v d esi n m i 7 0 69 v60 0 v9 6660 7 0 0 : Ka i 61r€p 6116111

e ah6K1 ' 6 1 p p 0 7 . "

M i 21 A. inc 0 0 1311 i . m C on s tan t n us I m n Hypomnema a . [ . 1

7 0111 6116 6 6 e1v d es1n 7ra v7 a 0 6 9 d u é e a a v. v 7 px u x 76 ny p q

1 a € w M 2 . 631 0 6 a voi 61ro a v v i h . 1 A. 40 1110 . T 3 9 E p p an i us ai . [ » p yp ¢ p ' l l a d u n . 6W 1Kec e 0 7 3 a i e7 1K6w A aren a e c desi p vwv 6 6 p . pp t y t o

ment based on th e accounts of Ioh annes and Pol ybius (B . 1 and B .

I 25 . A i 0 66311 9 17 6r 6 1 611 6 617 1 9 e r n ia . un . . nc 7 F b o [ . 6 p 7 7 ‘

in . . 7 0 1a ii7 0 7 6 61re 0 67 7 9 é a K7 7\. d es . p 3 y p ' 6 a1c-w 61157 0 117 0 9 u rsa NOV. 27 . A. 1110 . A K6 61ov r a I ac o b s Pe . [ p p

K a desm ﬂa a 67 0 v 7 6W a eiwv 6 1 0161 0 67 0 1 . 0 q17 7 p . p Bp B 5 7

P . C dd . Vat . &c ar [ o . ;

Th e sh e l f - numbe r in th e l ibrary of P r od romou. H 2 1 16 R L M HAGIOG APHICA SS.

oh e s Cal bita. J n . A 1110 Tv v civ 7 1 a I ann y a 14. [ . pa xpﬁp '

7 eK6v7 a w. desin 7 6 6e v6 ov 6K6h v ' 5 a 6 66 0 11 KT) “ . p o 00 1 7 6 K pmii 19 6 8 Va . C dd . t. &c P ar. 23 c . [ o ; 6 , & ] ‘ M ax imus Au . 13. A. 1110 a xheiov 7 6111 g [ . Hp

6110 061 0 7 1 0 0 661 1 617 3 K7 7\.

’ M m A 3 a i ercuri us . ar r u . Nov. 6. 1 10 AeK10 9 viKa K M ty i 2 [ . 1 ﬁ ' B a hepta v69 6 1130 31ri 7 6311 0 K1717 7 pa w ( 108 111 7 111 6117 69 66m i 7 0 6 8 6 0 6 1 0 7 6 7 u a Me Ko6 10 v " A. d Vat 5 . ar. 1 p p p p [Cod . . 80 , &c ; P 5798 , &c .]

i c h l r an l us arr i anto e o i diac ni. v . M ae a ch ge . N at o P l n s o No . 8 ' A . i Me dh Ka i o1 K17\a1 Ka i akka i ( 188 1311 6 1 7 1 [ nc. y m 0 w . x p

Ka i X Kv io a s r l i 1 ay 6 wrri 7 0 6 v. C n ns s r e e a n to a an ¢ p q p o t i to i t g S t , Ad am ra am al s am th e d of M ses J s ua id e n , Ab h , B , bo y o , o h , G o ,

l a ennac eri C ns an i ne th e r nau s &c . C dd . Go i th, S h b , o t t , A go t , [ o 5 4 Vat. 4 c . P ar c . 6 , & ; . & ] ’

Onu h ri Jun. 12 A. inc. A er 9 6 p o s . [ p ﬁ 17v 9

' y ep vqp e vow 0 0 11 Rf )“

M i 1 T o P ac h m i us nc mium a . 5 A inc 6 7 9 oix ov ia r o . E o . [ . . 6 p ' 6117 10 9 p v0 7 71p10 v 1188 111 Ka7 6 7 6W 60 11161110 11 6p10 7 66110 7 0 KT)“

e ru s h6 o 62 1 17 0 0 K 1v 7 7 1 1 10 6h6 em 0 6 6 Ka i Ko v ) . P t . y 9 9 7 61 p 6vn0 69 1 9 0 9 7 7 . p d '

7 . 617 0 0 7 . II . Jan 16. A. 1110 . O0 o1 13 7 0 6 Ko v a fov . [ 7 3 p ¢

1 n 610 1 6 1 6 1 io 60 6 0 £ ) . . Va desi . 101 1 ﬁ v 5 f v7 9 K7 [Codd t

P r. &c . ; a &c . ] '

h h ul 2 . 2 I 6 1 81: P oc as ort anus. e . 2. A 31 A . 3 A. inc. e s S pt [ , , p 1

1 a 1 s m i 060 17 60 10 9 6170 9 6 7 611 yew a fwv p p7 6pwv 1 0 7 6607 0 9 desin . a

h - x in A cta e i 29 9 . A ar n l nl d v r n t e e S . v 4 e a e e t t S S pt . . pp t y o y i g t . x of th rdi r n mium f s ri te t e o na y e co o A te us. ‘

S a . De . 5 . A. 111 0 66611 0 67 0) 111 11 0 0 1 a b c [ 0 . 6 e w ' ' 2 ei o v 1 w 1 6 1 k C d at . 812 . P ar vai 6 a v 7 1 Kr . d V &c . pq y y 7 x p [ o . , ; 11951 0 & , c .] ’ 1 - S e h an u s un or. Nov. 28 A inc. 8 661 7 1 a r d sr r Kai t p I i . [ . xpﬁp ; p ) ' ' o 6 1 1 i 170 1 : c6 0 1 0 67 0 6 ﬂ hhé w 60 1108 11 . 17 Ka p10 7 0 1 11m x 9 C Krk Va . r. dd . P a . [ o t . &c ;

61 0 1 év 6 K0 7 6 m . H m A. inc 11 7 9 Th o as omne a . Oct . 6 . yp . [ p

1 11 7 0 6 110 1 0 6 hiov Ka90 6> 3 01 6 1 0 7 0 . C dd . 7 6 1108 111 . 17 ﬁ p 9 17 1 6 [ o 5 Va 8 B n ob t . 79 & P ar. &c e i . Ott . , c . ; . ; g

o x f o nn P RI NTED A T m s CLA REN DON P RESS

B Y H ORA CE H ART, M . A .

P RINTER 7 0 m s U NI VERSITY