Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 7, 2020

PERFORMANCE EFFICIENCY OF THE TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS OF A STATE UNIVERSITY IN THE : A DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS STUDY

Renato Espinoza Salcedo, Ph.D.1

Assistant Professor IV1, State University , Pangasinan, Philippines/[email protected]

Received: 13.02.2020 Revised: 06.03.2020 Accepted: 03.04.2020

Abstract The performance efficiency of the Teacher Education Programs in seven campuses of the Pangasinan State University in terms of their intellectual capital (faculty and students) and governance (curriculum, administration, research and extension) from Academic Year 2012- 2013 to Academic Year 2014-2015 was determined through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This tool utilizes multiple input and output factors in measuring the comparative efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs). Specifically, it sought to answer the following: performance efficiency of the Teacher Education Programs (TEPs); peer groups (reference for improvement) and weights (percentage to be adapted) by the TEPs; virtual inputs or outputs (potential improvements) of the TEPs to be in the efficient frontier; and the fully efficient TEPs with the best practices. Results of the study showed that the TEP of Bayambang Campus is “fully efficient” in all the performance indicators while the TEP of the Lingayen Campus is “fully efficient” in all indicators except in research. The TEPs of the rest of the Campuses (, Infanta, San Carlos, Sta. Maria, and Urdaneta City) were found to be “fully efficient” in faculty, students, curriculum and administration. The TEPs consider the TEP of Bayambang Campus as their model for improvement while the percentages to be adapted by the TEPs for improvement vary from one Campus to another. Potential improvements in most of the TEPs are in research and extension. The TEP of the Bayambang Campus has the best practices in faculty, student, research and extension while Lingayen’s TEP has the best practice in curriculum and administration.

Keywords: Performance Efficiency, Teacher Education, Data Envelopment Analysis

© 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.07.16

with the best practices in the different areas evaluated. In the INTRODUCTION interest of quality assurance, these best practices will serve as Tertiary education is rapidly shifting and quality assurance feedback so as to improve the performance of the TEPs of the mechanisms must change with it or it will become irrelevant (Ruiz University which are considered weak efficient. and Junio-Sabio, 2012). Thus, Teacher Education Institutions

(TEIs) must constantly find ways on how to improve its delivery of services. In the pursuit of quality, Sabio and Junio-Sabio (2014) state that higher education must manifest the characteristics of international dimension of exchange of knowledge, interactive networking, mobility of teachers and students, and international research projects without prejudice to national cultural values and conditions.

Quality assurance, as Al Tobi and Duque (2015) put it, is generally described as a portion of the overall management function that governs and implements the quality policy or the intentions and directions of an organization.

One way of instituting quality assurance is by determining the performance efficiency of an organization. According to Castaño (2007), an organization’s efficiency can be measured through the comparison of its performance with the standard of international best practice.

Figure 1 presents the paradigm which serves as the framework used by the researcher in the conduct of the study. As can be seen from the illustration, the TEPs of Pangasinan State University Research Objective situated in the campuses of Bayambang, Binmaley, Infanta, This study sought to determine the performance efficiency of the Lingayen, San Carlos, Sta. Maria and Urdaneta provided the input Teacher Education Programs of Pangasinan State University for and output indicators coming from existing documents and the academic years 2011-2012 to 2014-2015 by using the Data reports. The inputs and the outputs are classified into two- Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The objectives of the study intellectual capital and governance. The first one has the following are as follows: determine the performance efficiency of the areas surveyed- faculty and students- while the latter includes the Teacher Education Programs of Pangasinan State University using areas of curriculum, administration, research and extension. DEA as to intellectual capital and governance; ascertain the peer These input and output indicators where then subjected to the groups (reference or model for improvement) and weights Data Envelopment Analysis to determine their performance (percentage to be adapted) of the Teacher Education Programs of efficiency. Furthermore, the results of the DEA presented the TEPs PSU; determine the virtual inputs or virtual outputs (potential

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improvements) of the Teacher Education Programs of PSU to be printed output of this study will be produced to be presented to in the efficient frontier; and based on the findings, identify the the school administration particularly those who are in-charge of fully efficient Teacher Education Programs in PSU operating with Teacher Education in the different campuses. This output will give the best practices. them empirical data on the status of the Teacher Education Programs for them to have a basis in developing plans of actions Scope and Delimitation for quality assurance. This study is limited to determining the performance efficiency of Teacher Education Programs in the seven campuses of Thus, through DEA, least performing units can adopt the best Pangasinan State University in the areas of intellectual capital practices of the best performing units in the areas of curriculum, (faculty and students) and governance (curriculum, administration, instruction, research, extension, and support to administration, research, and extension). students. In this way, the Teacher Education Program of the University will attain higher accreditation level in order for it to Similar Studies be recognized as a Center of Development or Center of Excellence Cuenca (2011) utilized Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in by the Commission on Higher Education (CHEd). determining the efficiency of selected state universities and colleges (SUCs) in the Philippines. She claimed that DEA appeared METHODOLOGIES to be the most appropriate method in dealing with decision The primary objective of this study is to determine the making units (DMUs) such as SUCs having multiple inputs and performance efficiency of the TEPs in the seven campuses offering outputs. A linear programming procedure, DEA gauges the teacher education in terms of two performance indicators, namely relative efficiency or inefficiency of homogenous set of DMUs. The intellectual capital and governance for the academic years 2012- following studies in the present an example on how 2013, 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. To assess the performance DEA was employed in determining the performance efficiency of efficiency of the TEPs, the researcher employed the non-statistical SUCs: and non-parametric approach called Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Baldemor (2012) assessed the performance of the different colleges and institutes of a state university in province Research Design through a descriptive-evaluative research design. Employing the This study utilized the descriptive-evaluative research design. It is Input Oriented Multi-Stage DEA Constant Returns-to-Scale (CRS) descriptive in the sense that it sought to present the current status Model and found out that none of the colleges or institutes in the of the Teacher Education Programs in seven campuses of government-run university could function as a model in efficiency Pangasinan State University in the areas of intellectual capital and in all performance indicators. governance. Further, it is considered as an evaluative as this study assessed the performance efficiency of the TEPs. Data were also In a regional study conducted by Albay (2014), Colleges of collected from existing documents culled from the TEPs of the Computer Science and/or Informational Technology in state campuses of the University subjected in this study. Thus, universities and colleges were assessed along their performance documentary analysis was also conducted. efficiency on two factors- intellectual capital which includes Data Collection and Text Preparation faculty and students and governance (curriculum, administration, The data needed for this study were taken from existing research, and extension) from A.Y. 2008-2009 to A.Y. 2010-2011. documents of the different campuses offering Teacher Education The study found out that CCS/CIT A, CCS/CIT B and CCS/CIT D are Programs in PSU such as Bayambang, Binmaley, Infanta, Lingayen, considered “fully efficient” in all the performance indicators while San Carlos, Sta. Maria and Urdaneta. These documents were CCS/CIT C is “fully efficient” in the areas of faculty, students, mainly taken from documents of the TEPs when they were curriculum, administration and research but “weak efficient” in subjected to accreditation by the Accrediting Agency of Chartered extension. Colleges and Universities of the Philippines. Data were also

collected from the offices of the Campus Executive Directors as Moreover, fully efficient CCS/CIT A, B and D includes no peers and well as from the registrars, student services units, cultural affairs weights. It was recommended that CCS/CIT adopt 46% of the best units, sports and development offices, research and development practices of CCS/CIT D being its peer in extension. No virtual units and extension and community outreach units. inputs and outputs are present in CCS/CITs which are considered fully efficient. Though CCS/CIT needs 76.92% reduction in the Further, additional data were also gathered from several offices of number of extension staff/personnel, 26.15% drop in its number the University such as the Offices of the Vice Presidents of linkages and 168.21% decrease in the number of clients served. Academics; Research, Extension and Auxiliary Services; Lastly, all colleges have the best practices in the areas of faculty, Administration and from the Human Resource and Development students, curriculum, administration, research and extension. In Office. Thus, documentary analysis was conducted by the general, CCS/CIT D has the best practices in all the performance researcher to accomplish the necessary data needed in filling up indicators evaluated. information in the input and output indicators. Other data The Significance of the Study included in this study were collected from existing related One of the earliest programs offered by the Pangasinan State literature and studies from different sources known as secondary University is Teacher Education. It is therefore imperative that the data. administration shall continuously develop quality control mechanisms in order to make sure that the programs offered in The structured instrument which inquires for quantitative data Teacher Education will provide the best service to students. about the two performance indicators (intellectual capital and governance) was based mainly on the study of Albay (2014) on the The best performing units in Teacher Education of the University performance efficiency of College of Computer Sciences of State shall serve as a guide to the least performing ones. Through DEA Universities and Colleges in Region 1. The researcher asked the or frontier analysis, the best performing units and their best permission of the said author to utilize the questionnaire he practices can be identified and which will then serve as a model developed in the dissertation he presented at Don Mariano Marcos for the other units. Memorial State University South La Union Campus College of Graduate Studies located in Agoo, La Union. The author willingly Moreover, it is expected that through the DEA of the performance obliged to the request of the former. efficiency of the Teacher Education Programs of the University, a

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The researcher customized the said questionnaire for it to be number of researches completed, number of published researches relevant to the Teacher Education program. Since the and number of researches presented. Moreover, extension input questionnaire was already validated as it was already used in a indicators are number of on-going extension projects, number of previous study, its validity and reliability was already established. extension staff and personnel, number of linkages while the Nevertheless, the researcher still subjected the revised output indicators are number of completed extension projects and questionnaire to the evaluation, critiquing, and approval of an number of clients served in extension projects. In establishing the expert in assessment and evaluation in the Professional Education credibility of the entire process of data gathering, proper Department of Lingayen Campus. documentation was carried out by the researcher. Lastly, the data collected particularly with profile of the administrators and Before the instrument was distributed to the Campus Executive faculty members, were treated with utmost confidentiality. Directors of the seven campuses, an endorsement letter was secured from the President of the Pangasinan State University. In analyzing the data in this study, the Multi-Stage Input-Oriented Since objectivity is the primary concern of any descriptive- Constant Returns-to-Scale Model using the Data Envelopment evaluative research, the researcher personally reviewed the Analysis software was employed. The researcher entered the documents provided to him by the deans and/or department inputs and outputs through the software which he downloaded chairpersons of the TEPs and the heads of the campus and from the internet. The DEA software then analyzed the data to University officers where data were obtained from. The data determine the performance efficiency of the TEPs. Interpretation collected where then tabulated, analyzed through the DEA and of the data was done through the help of a faculty member from interpreted accordingly. Saint Louis University in Baguio City who is an expert in statistics and probability and in the use of DEA. The instrument is divided into two main parts- intellectual capital and governance. For intellectual capital, it is further subdivided into areas on faculty and students while governance is subdivided PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS into curriculum, administration, research and extension. Moreover, input and output indicators were also included in the Performance Efficiency of the Teacher Education Programs two main parts. along Intellectual Capital The table in the succeeding page highlights the efficiency scores of For faculty, the inputs are the number of faculty, highest the Teacher Education Programs of the University intellectual educational attainment, number of faculty who graduated under governance in terms of faculty. It can be observed that 100 percent the Faculty and Staff Development Program (FSDP), number of of the TEPs achieved an efficiency score equivalent to 1.00 which seminars and trainings attended, length of service of faculty and is described as “fully efficient”. This shows that the TEPs have number of faculty who took the Licensure Examination for obtained a favorable ratio between the level of input employed Teacher and other professional board examinations. On the other and the obtained output values. This would also mean that there hand, the outputs are academic rank of faculty, employment status is no need for any radial movement in the results coming from the of faculty, number of professional organizations and affiliations, input and output indicators. number of faculty awardees, performance evaluation of faculty and number of faculty who passed the Licensure Examination for The performance efficiency of the TEPs in the area of faculty might Teachers and other professional board examinations. also be attributable to the educational attainment of the faculty members. Bueno (2001), in studying the quality of performance of In terms of students, the input indicators are number of students SUCs in Region 1, stresses that higher educational attainment enrolled, number of recognized student organizations, number of enhances the professional capability of faculty members and athletes in sports competitions, number of participants in cultural would have long-term effect on their teaching capability that will competitions, number of academic and non-academic lead to a quality educational output in the institution. As teacher competitions attended, number of campus level or university level training institutions, it is very much expected that the faculty SBO officers and number of non-academic scholars. The outputs members should possess more than a baccalaureate degree. The are the following: number of graduates, number of student Commission on Higher Education (CHEd) through Memorandum activities and number of student awardees. Order No. 40, series of 2008 mandates the possession of a Master’s degree in the field of specialization as the minimum requirement In the area of curriculum, the number of programs offered, total for faculty members in the colleges and universities of the country. number of units in each program and total number of hours of Data culled by the researcher on the educational attainment of the practice teaching are the input indicators while the number of respondents would show that majority of the faculty members of accredited programs and accreditation status of programs are the the TEPs have complied with the requirement imposed by CHEd. output indicators. This would also mean that the teachers have recognized the importance of pursuing graduate degrees for their professional In terms of administration, the following are the input indicators: and personal development. The finding on the efficiency of the the number of indicators, highest educational attainment of TEPs in the area of faculty concurs with Salandanan’s (2009) administrators, number of administrators who graduated under opinion that this is a measure of teacher’s competence and even Faculty and Staff and Development Program, number of seminars personal progress. She propounded that a college instructor and trainings attended, length of service of administrators and should be desirous to improve himself as a professional. In the number of years in the present position, number of administrators National Budget Circular No. 461, a maximum of 85 points is given who took the LET and other professional board examinations and to educational qualification in its Common Criteria for Evaluation number of college-based projects, programs or activities (CCE). The attendance of the faculty members to seminars and implement by the administrators. For output indicators, the trainings also contributed to the high efficiency score obtained in academic rank of administrators, number of professional the area. Faculty members of the TEPs are encouraged to attend organizations and affiliations of administrators, number of such trainings to further enhance their mastery of the Professional awards received and performance evaluation of administrators Education and specialization subjects they teach. More faculty were considered. members are attending trainings for them to be updated with the trends and issues regarding the K+12 curriculum and the effect of The following are the input indicators for research: number of on- the ASEAN integration to higher education. going researches, number of research staff and personnel, number of local to international linkages while the output indicators are

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The length of teaching service is likewise instrumental to the high efficiency score. Length of years of teaching can be related to better instructional competence among the teachers. Furthermore, it is expected that all faculty members of the TEPs The efficiency scores of the TEPs along students are presented in have taken and passed the Licensure Examination for Teachers Table 2. It can be noted that only three (3) of the TEPs- (LET) as this is mandated by CHEd in the memorandum orders Bayambang, Urdaneta and Lingayen garnered an efficiency score governing the offering of teacher education programs in the of 1.00 or fully efficient. The TEPs of Binmaley, Infanta, San Carlos country. Thus, it can be said that the number of faculty members and Sta. Maria were deemed as “weak efficient” in terms of who took (input) and passed (output) the LET added to the intellectual governance for students. achievement of full efficiency to the area of faculty. With the findings of the study as a basis, it can be deduced that Among the input and output indicators that perhaps contributed students of the TEPs in the University are benefiting academically to the full efficient rating of Bayambang and Lingayen is the high from the high educational attainment of the faculty members. number of enrollees in their TEPs which also leads to the high Many faculty members of the TEPs decided to stay in the number of graduates in the programs they offer. Among the nine University because of competitive salary offered by the campuses of the University, Lingayen and Bayambang are the government aside from various fringe benefits, continuous largest and second largest in terms of number of enrollees, promotional policies, scholarships and faculty development respectively. Many high school graduates are attracted to take up opportunities. Teacher Education courses at Bayambang because of its high accreditation level (rated Level III by AACCUP) and its designation Moreover, availability of scholarship programs given by CHEd by CHEd as Center of Excellence. The high figure of LET passers through the Faculty and Staff Development Program surely (output) particularly in Bayambang added to the high efficiency enhances the performance efficiency of any TEI. Through score of its TEP. This campus consistently ranks first when it scholarships, faculty members of TEPs are motivated to enhance comes to the percentage of LET passers. As Dotong and Laguador their instructional competencies. (2016) postulate, any procedures on quality assurance whether recognized locally or internationally employed and adopted by On the other hand, the output indicators also contributed to the HEIs must be manifested in the quality of their graduates- a good full efficiency of the faculty members of the TEPs in the University. measure of the performance of the institution. The high academic rank of the faculty members can be attributed to their high educational attainment and long service in the Moreover, it could also be noted that the input indicators on the academe. Additionally, academic rank is realized through the number of student recognized student organizations, athletes in trilogy of functions of SUCs- instruction, research, and extension. sports competitions, participants in cultural competitions, It is also expected that TEP teachers in SUCs should seek academic and non-academic competitions attended by the promotion through different means such as membership in students, campus level or university level members of the professional organizations which provide them avenues to engage Supreme Student Council, and academic and non-academic with collaborative researches and activities with other members. scholars and the output indicators number of student activities Accordingly, performance evaluation can also be factored in the and awardees in regional and national competitions yielded promotion of the teachers. It can also be inferred that the high results which led to the full efficiency rating of the said three TEPs. performance evaluation of the faculty members contributed to the full efficiency of the faculty members. Recently, the TEP of In line with this, the weak efficiency of the other TEPs highlights Bayambang Campus was recognized by the Commission on Higher the need for a more dynamic student services program to increase Education as a Center of Excellence (COE) in Teacher Education. the level of participation of students in sports, cultural and academic participations. More scholarships should also be available to the students of these TEPs. Finally, the results of the

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Licensure Examination for Teachers of the identified TEPs contributed to the weak efficient intellectual governance for Table 4 shows the efficiency scores obtained by the TEPs in the students. The low percentage of passing should be improved to area of administration. It can be discerned from the table that 100 increase the performance efficiency of the said TEPs. percent of the TEPs have fully efficient administration as evidenced by the efficiency score of 1.00 which they all received.

Performance Efficiency of the Teacher Education Programs In Pangasinan State University, TEPs are either instituted as a along Governance college headed by a dean or a department headed by a chairperson based on the population of the TEP. Larger TEPs are headed by deans while smaller ones are usually led by chairpersons. Additionally, TEPs instituted as colleges are subdivided into departments. This explains why some of the TEPs have more administrators than the others.

State universities and colleges usually adhere to seniority when it comes to the appointment of administrators of TEPs. This can be explained by the fact that the more senior faculty members have higher educational attainment and academic rank. Thus, they are expected to be more qualified to become administrators than junior ones. As one of the input indicators, the high educational attainment of the administrators of the TEPs surveyed contributed to their fully efficient rating in this area. The CHEd mandates that deans of colleges of Teacher Education should be holder of a doctorate degree in education. It is also expected that a dean or a chairperson of a TEP should at least be an Assistant Professor. Their length of service is also considered in their Table 3 discusses the efficiency scores of the TEPs as to designation. curriculum. It can be gleaned from the same table that only the TEPs of Bayambang and Lingayen achieved efficiency scores of In addition, the attendance of the administrators to seminars and 1.00 or fully efficient. On the other hand, the TEPs of Binmaley, trainings, participation and implementation of projects, programs Infanta, San Carlos, Sta. Maria and Urdaneta are described as and activities, holding of a professional license, membership in “weak efficient”. professional organizations, awards or recognitions received have evidently contributed to the fully efficient rating of all the TEPs in The TEP of Bayambang offers two programs- Bachelor of the University along the area of administration. All of the Elementary Education and Bachelor of Secondary Education while administrators also received outstanding and/or very satisfactory Lingayen offers Bachelor of Secondary Education majors in rating in the six semesters covered by this study. English, Filipino, Physical Science, Social Studies and Technology and Livelihood Education. Accordingly, the two programs of These findings infer that the seven TEPs are steered by highly Bayambang were given Level III re-accredited status by the effective, qualified, and performing college deans and department AACCUP. This accreditation level obviously influenced the full chairpersons who attained a desirable peer acceptance rating and efficiency rating of the TEP of Bayambang in the area of had very satisfactorily complied with the personal and curriculum. Lingayen’s TEP, on the other hand, has a Level II re- professional qualifications and competencies needed for their accredited status. The accreditation status of the TEPs of , appointment to their respective positions. Binmaley, San Carlos, Sta. Maria and Urdaneta were considered by the DEA in the weak efficiency rating they garnered. It can also be inferred that the total number of units in each program and total numbers of hours of practice teaching for the different TEPs are almost the same, thus has no bearing in the performance efficiency rating.

In terms of research, it can be observed from Table 5 that only the TEP of Bayambang is considered as fully efficient while the rest of the TEPs registered efficiency scores which are equivalent to “weak efficient”.

Data from the table further shows that the TEP of Bayambang has the most number of on-going and completed researches related to Teacher Education. It also has the most number of researches

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published in refereed journals and presented in regional, national Peers and Weights of the Teacher Education Programs and international for a and conferences. Consequently, the said According to Albay (2013), one of the advantages of Data TEP does not need any radial movement or potential Envelopment Analysis is its capability to provide role models improvement as it is already located in the efficient frontier. Some (peers) for weak efficient or inefficient DMUs for them to become of the TEPs registered zero published and presented researches. fully efficient by indicating the needed percentage of decrease or It can also be noted that the TEPs of Binmaley, Infanta, Lingayen, increase (weights) that these DMUs should consider from its peers San Carlos, Sta. Maria and Urdaneta has low number of on-going to improve their efficiency. “Peers” denotes the DMU which and completed researches. These contributed to their weak manifests the best practice in a particular indicator with which a efficiency rating in the area. relatively less efficient organization is compared.

It has been observed by the AACCUP that the area of research has The peers and weights of each weak efficient TEP that are been the perennial problem of most of the TEPs in the University. necessary for them to be located to the efficient frontier is One primary reason as duly noted by the accreditation survey presented in Table 7. The numbers enclosed in parentheses reports is the overloading of teachers in instruction. Faculty indicate the percentage that the weak efficient TEPs need to adapt members are overburdened by the increased student population from their peers. in their TEPs which lead them to concentrate more on instruction and focus less on research. Supposedly, faculty members with University-approved research should be deloaded by three-unit teaching load but this does not usually happen because of the increased population in the University.

Despite of the improvement in the research and development thrust of the University, faculty members will be discouraged to conduct research and publish and present them if incentives such as deloading will not be implemented.

Table 6 reveals the efficiency score of the TEPs in the area of extension. Based on the inputs and outputs in the area, Bayambang and Sta. Maria were the only TEPs which are considered as fully efficient in extension.

As one of the thrusts of the University, TEPs should be in the forefront of delivering extension and outreach activities to the communities they serve. Unfortunately, only two TEPs registered It can be seen from the table that the TEP of Bayambang does not fully efficient performance in extension. It an be observed from the need peers as its reference for improvement as all areas surveyed same table that the TEP of Bayambang has the most number of on- were deemed fully efficient. Thus, no radial movement or actions going and completed extension activities as well as the number of for improvement is necessary as the indicators are already located clients served while Sta. Maria had the most number of extension in the efficiency frontier. The said TEP even serves as a peer for staff and personnel and number of linkages. These factors other TEPs in various areas. Moreover, the remaining TEPs do not contributed to the achievement of full efficiency rating for the two need peers in the areas of faculty and administration as they all TEPs. garnered fully efficient rating in the identified areas. No radial movement is also necessary.

In the case of the TEP of Binmaley, the TEP of Lingayen can serve as the role model for its improvement along students. In the remaining areas of governance- curriculum, research and extension, the TEP of Bayambang can be its peer for the enhancement of the said areas.The TEP of Infanta can make use of the TEP of Lingayen as its peer in the area of students while it is the TEP of Bayambang in the areas of research and extension. As to Lingayen, its TEP serves as a model for the TEPs of Binmaley, Infanta, San Carlos and Sta. Maria in the area of students. On the other hand, Bayambang is the ideal TEP of Lingayen in improving its research and extension capabilities.

The same table shows that San Carlos needs to adopt the TEP of Bayambang as its model in the areas of curriculum, research and extension. Sta. Maria’s TEP, meanwhile, has a fully efficient extension program but the TEP of Bayambang was chose by DEA as the role model in the area of extension by the other TEPs. The TEP of Bayambang also serves as the peer of the TEP of Sta. Maria in the area of curriculum and research.

Finally, the TEP of Urdaneta has three fully efficient areas (faculty, The weak efficient performance of the other TEPs may be students, and administration) but were not chosen by DEA to attributed to their limited number of on-going and completed serve as peers to other TEPs. The TEP of Bayambang is extension projects as well as the inadequate number of extension determined as the model in research and extension aside from the staff and personnel and clients served. The lack of or limited area of curriculum. number of linkages may have also caused the low efficiency score.

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Virtual Inputs and Virtual Outputs of the Teacher Education weak efficient have the best practices. The table above Programs summarizes the peers of the seven respondent TEPs in the Table 7 also provides the data for the virtual inputs and outputs different performance indicators. It also illustrates the TEPs with necessary for the weak efficient TEPs to consider in order for them the best practices in each indicator. to be in the efficiency frontier. As discussed earlier, the TEP of Bayambang is already fully efficient in all areas. This means that it no longer need target values and corresponding percentage of increase and decrease in its input and output measures. However, the said TEP must not be complacent in order for it to sustain its fully efficient performance. Further, all TEPs are already fully efficient in the areas of faculty and administration. Thus, percentages of increase or decrease are no longer necessary in order for them to be in the efficient frontier.

In the area of students, the TEP of Binmaley needs an increase of 0.41 for it to become fully efficient, 0.61 for the TEP of Infanta, 0.32 for San Carlos, and 0.44 for Sta. Maria. Lingayen’s TEP is the model for improvement of the said TEPs. This could means that Binmaley, Infanta, San Carlos and Sta. Maria should increase its number of students, recognized student organizations, athletes in sports competitions, participants in cultural competitions, academic and non-academic competitions, academic and academic scholars. The TEPs should also consider increasing their student activities, student awardees and most importantly their number of graduates who passed the Licensure Examination for Based on Table 8, no TEP serves as the perfect model in efficiency Teachers. in the six indicators. It can be noted that the TEP of Bayambang is identified to be manifesting best practices in the area of faculty Additionally, Bayambang serves as the model for improvement in which is part of intellectual capital and in all areas of governance, the area of curriculum. It was found out in this area that the weak namely curriculum, administration, research and extension. On efficient TEPs have the following target values: Binmaley (0.38), the other hand, Lingayen’s TEP has the best practice in the area of Infanta (0.67), San Carlos (0.34), Sta. Maria (0.49) and Urdaneta students. (0.30). Based on the DEA, there is a need for the TEPs to decrease CONCLUSION some units in the total number of units in their respective In view of the findings of the study, the following conclusions are programs while an increase in the number of hours of practice drawn: TEPs of the different campuses have varied strengths and teaching might be necessary. The DEA also reveals that the weak weakness in the identified performance indicators. The strength efficient TEPs need to improve their output indicators particularly of TEPs lies in faculty and administration, thus, it can be concluded their accreditation status. This is needed in order for them to be that the TEPs are governed effectively by administrators and the fully efficient in their performance. students are taught by highly qualified faculty members in the field of teacher training; the TEP of Bayambang serves as a Results produced by the DEA also reveal that the TEP of reference for the other “weak efficient” TEPS; the “weak efficient” Bayambang serves as the peer of the rest of the weak efficient TEPs have mostly high target values in order for them to catch up TEPs. The said TEPs needed the following target values in order with the “fully efficient” TEPs; and Bayambang’s fully efficient for them to match the efficiency of their peer: Binmaley (0.14), performance in five areas confirms its status as a Center of Infanta (0.57), Lingayen (0.41), San Carlos (0.44), Sta. Maria (0.52) Excellence in Teacher Education. and Urdaneta (0.47). Per the results of the DEA, all weak efficient TEPs should increase their number of on-going researches, RECOMMENDATION research staff/personnel and local to international linkages. Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following Increase in the output indicators was also manifested by the DEA recommendations are presented: although the TEPs were found results. to be fully efficient in faculty and administration, they should continue implementing policies and programs which led the said Lastly, findings of the DEA underscore the need for weak efficient areas to be highly performing. Administrators should TEPs to improve their extension activities. Bayambang’s TEP continuously perform evaluation of their DMUs in terms of the serves as the reference in this area which means the following surveyed indicators and other aspects of their operations and TEPs have target values: Binmaley (0.13), Infanta (0.49), Lingayen come up with effective plans; the TEP of Bayambang should (0.19), San Carlos (0.37), and Urdaneta (0.44). Increase in the continuously integrate relevant innovations to further advance input and output indicators are necessary in order for these weak the quality and efficiency of its intellectual capital and governance performing TEPs to become fully efficient. practices; the TEPs must continuously work hard to improve their identified weaknesses and raise their weak areas in to the Teacher Education Programs with the Best Practices efficiency frontier; and since DEA is still progressing in the field of The performance efficiency scores in the different indicators of education, researchers may consider the use of DEA in evaluating the TEPs surveyed as analyzed by DEA resulted to the the performance efficiency of other colleges, universities and identification of the TEPs which manifest the best practices in educational institutions in different levels. As DEA does not intellectual capital and governance. The TEPs which were rated as impose a limit on the number of input and output variables to be fully efficient are considered as possessing the best practices and used in calculating the desired evaluation measures, researchers were used as references for the improvement of weak efficient may employ additional factors, indicators, variables, and other TEPs. considerations they are likely to confront.

The performance efficiency scores of the respondent TEPs in the different indicators as estimated by DEA leads to the identification SOURCE OF FUNDING: Pangasinan State University, Philippines of the TEP with the best practices. Fully efficient TEPs which were used as references for the improvement of the TEPs identified as

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PERFORMANCE EFFICIENCY OF THE TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS OF A STATE UNIVERSITY IN THE PHILIPPINES: A DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS STUDY

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