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EL SALVADOR TURNING a BLIND EYE Hazardous Child Labor in El Salvador’S Sugarcane Cultivation

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EL SALVADOR TURNING a BLIND EYE Hazardous Child Labor in El Salvador’S Sugarcane Cultivation Human Rights Watch June 2004 Vol. 16, No. 2 (B) EL SALVADOR TURNING A BLIND EYE Hazardous Child Labor in El Salvador’s Sugarcane Cultivation GLOSSARY..............................................................................................................................................................................1 I. SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................................................................3 II. RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................................................................9 III. THE USE OF CHILD LABOR IN SUGARCANE CULTIVATION.............................................................. 11 The Role of Sugar in the Salvadoran Economy ........................................................................................................... 12 An Overview of Sugarcane Cultivation ......................................................................................................................... 13 Beginning Age of Work.................................................................................................................................................... 15 Health Risks ....................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Work with Dangerous Tools ...................................................................................................................................... 17 Exposure to Hazardous Substances .......................................................................................................................... 19 Access to Medical Treatment ..................................................................................................................................... 22 Hours of Work .................................................................................................................................................................. 25 Wages .................................................................................................................................................................................. 26 Access to Water and Food............................................................................................................................................... 27 The International Prohibition on Harmful or Hazardous Child Labor.................................................................... 29 IV. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHILD LABOR AND EDUCATION................................................. 41 The Effect of Work on Education ................................................................................................................................. 42 The Cost of Education..................................................................................................................................................... 43 The Right to Education.................................................................................................................................................... 47 V. THE COMPLICITY OF SUGAR MILLS AND THE RESPONSIBILITY OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS................................................................................................................. 49 The Role of the Sugar Mills ............................................................................................................................................. 53 Providing Transport: Ingenio San Francisco .......................................................................................................... 53 Recruitment: Ingenio La Cabaña, S.A. de C.V........................................................................................................ 54 Administration of and Technical Assistance to Sugar Plantations: Compañía Azucarera Salvadoreña, S.A. de C.V............................................................................................................................................................................. 55 Following the Supply Chain: The Link Between Child Labor and The Coca-Cola Company ............................ 58 The Responsibility of Multinational Corporations....................................................................................................... 61 VI. THE RESPONSE OF THE SALVADORAN GOVERNMENT AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY..................................................................................................................... 63 The Lack of Inspections................................................................................................................................................... 64 The International Community......................................................................................................................................... 68 VII. CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................................................... 69 APPENDIX A: CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH AND THE COCA-COLA COMPANY........................................................................................................................... 73 APPENDIX B: CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH AND COMPAÑÍA AZUCARERA SALVADOREÑA, S.A. de C.V......................................................................... 91 APPENDIX C: SAMPLE LETTER SENT TO OTHER SUGAR MILLS MENTIONED IN THIS REPORT ............................................................................................................................... 125 APPENDIX D: SAMPLE LETTER SENT TO OTHER MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS MENTIONED IN THIS REPORT ........................................................................................... 131 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................................................................ 136 MAP OF EL SALVADOR Map designed by Mina Kumar 3 GLOSSARY Apuntado A worker who is listed on the employment rolls and paid directly, as distinct from one who shares the work and usually the pay but is not formally recognized as an employee. Brazada A measure of distance equal to 2.09 meters. Metal bars of this length are used to mark tareas, areas of land to be worked in sugarcane fields. Caporal A foreman on a sugar plantation. Chumpa A knife. Colón (¢) The national currency of El Salvador, with a fixed exchange rate of 8.75 colones to the U.S. dollar. El Salvador began to phase out the colón in favor of the the U.S. dollar in 2001, making it the third country in Latin America to dollarize after Panamá in 1903 and Ecuador in 2000. Although colón notes and coins are gradually disappearing from circulation, children and adults interviewed by Human Rights Watch frequently referred to wages and prices in colones or a combination of colones and dollars. Corvo A short, thick, crescent-shaped blade with a wooden handle. Also called a curvo. Cuadrilla A team of workers. Child and adult sugarcane workers interviewed by Human Rights Watch most commonly reported that cuadrillas were usually made up of thirty to forty persons, up to a third of whom were children under the age of eighteen. Cuma A curved machete. Hacienda A plantation. 1 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 2 (B) Incapacidad A doctor’s certification that a worker is temporarily unable to work as the result of an injury suffered on the job. Manzana A measure of area equal to 7,000 square meters. Quintal (q., qq.) A measure of weight equal to 100 pounds. Surco A furrow or row of sugarcane. Tarea Literally meaning “work” or “job,” this word refers to an area of land containing approximately two tons of sugarcane. Zafra The sugarcane harvest. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 2 (B) 2 I. SUMMARY Alma S., a fifteen-year-old from a rural community north of San Salvador, planted sugarcane in December 2002 and January 2003. “An hacienda close to here came looking for women to go plant,” she told Human Rights Watch. “We took the crude cane, and the machine would come along, a tractor, making rows for the cane. We planted the cane in the rows behind it. The machine doesn’t stop, and one has to go along quickly. At the beginning we planted five manzanas in a day, and later it was four manzanas.” (A manzana is an area equal to 7,000 square meters, about the size of a soccer field.) The workers ranged in age from nine to sixty years old, Alma said. They worked from 5:30 a.m. until about 11 a.m. To get to work, Alma walked an hour and a half, leaving her house between 3:30 and 4 a.m. “The first few days felt hard, but then one became accustomed to it,” she said. “I had huge blisters and scars on my hands, especially on my palms, the first day.”1 Sugarcane leaves are covered with a substance that is a skin irritant. While Alma and her coworkers were planting, other workers, including children as young as eight, cut sugarcane on fields that had been planted the previous year. Carlos T., an eleven-year-old in Sonsonate, described the work he did during the harvest. “I grab the cane, cut it; grab it, cut it. I use a chumpa,” a small knife. He began cutting cane when he was nine. “Last year was the second year I worked,” he said. “I would leave the house at 5 a.m.” The fields were spread out over a large area. “When it was far away, we would go by bus; when it was close,
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