ISO Fo c u s The Magazine of the International Organization for Standardization Volume 1, No. 7, July-August 2004, ISSN 1729-8709 Safe machinery saves

Crash test dummy gains international acceptance Consumers want standards and the law Contents

1 Comment Alfred Sutter, Chair ISO/TC 199, Safety of machinery – Preparing safety for all 2 World Scene Highlights of events from around the world 3 ISO Scene Highlights of news and developments from ISO members 4 Guest View By Mr. Helmut Reuter, CEO of the Rieter Group, Winterthur, Switzerland ISO Focus is published 11 times 7 Main Focus a year (single issue : July-August). It is available in English. Annual subscription 158 Swiss Francs

Publisher Central Secretariat of ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 1, rue de Varembé CH-1211 Genève 20 Switzerland Telephone + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 733 34 30 E-mail [email protected] Web www.iso.org Manager : Anke Varcin Editor : Giles Allen Assistant Editor : Elizabeth Gasiorowski-Denis Safe machinery saves lives Artwork : Pascal Krieger and • Putting machine safety in a global perspective Pierre Granier • Safety pays: designing machines that care ISO Update : Dominique Chevaux • Universal and individual risk Subscription enquiries : Sonia Rosas • Easy to operate: earth-moving machinery ISO Central Secretariat • Hazards are everywhere: how to achieve functional safety Telephone + 41 22 749 03 36 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 • Vibration and shock affect people’s lives E-mail [email protected] • Radical improvements in crane safety • Ergonomics : the road to health, safety and effi ciency © ISO, 2004. All rights reserved. • Burning a trail ahead in protective clothing The contents of ISO Focus are copyright • Reducing the risk of hearing damage and may not, whether in whole or in part, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval • The value of statistical techniques system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, 34 Developments and Initiatives photocopying or otherwise, without • Automobile safety – a dummy that can take it all written permission of the Editor. • Best practice for information security • Legislation and standards – partners in consumer protection ISSN 1729-8709 • The unrelenting advance of video compression Printed in Switzerland • ISO to go ahead with guidelines for social responsibility Cover photo : ISO 45 Coming up

ISO Focus July-August 2004 Comment

Preparing safety for all

afety in the workplace entails dards. Thanks to that, international of our working groups has prepared a a complex interaction – and work on safety of machinery is known draft to be circulated soon for inquiry Sreaction – between the human, in an increasing number of countries within the technical committee. machine and the work environment. and becoming ever more important Not only is this concept important internationally. The coming decade will be to ensuring the safety and health of dedicated to the revision of all other ISO/TC 199 standards, meaning that employees, but it is the foundation “ Safety must be of the standardization process for they will gain further international machine safety. The slogan “ Do it integrated into acceptance but maintain at the same once – do it right – do it interna- time their function within European the machinery legislation. This will be a consider- tionally ” has in this instance to be at the design stage.” complemented by “ Do it right from able challenge for the experts in the the beginning ” – meaning that the coming years. concept of safety must be integrated By standardizing “ best prac- into the machinery at the design tice ” at the international level, we stage. The result of this slogan saves are certain to eliminate the technical companies both time and money and, barriers to trade while maintaining the at the same time, ensures employees safety and health of users of machin- the safety and comfort of a worker- ery. That level of safety needs to be friendly environment. high to be in line with the occupa- tional health and safety requirements In order to implement a sys- of national legislations of different temic approach to standardization countries around the world. in machine safety, a standardization concept with horizontal and verti- Where do we go from here ? cal standards is needed to help the The next decade will call for the revi- designer with the methodology or giv- sion of the standards to improve the ing decision guidance for designing a interface between new emerging tech- safe machine. While horizontal stan- nologies and new ways of perceiving dards describe the safety philosophy machine safety. EN 292 parts 1 and Alfred Sutter and methodology, verticial standards, 2 have been successfully revised Chair ISO/TC 199, on the other hand, are intended for in 2004 as ISO 12100, Safety of Safety of machinery specific safety aspects such as safety machinery – Basic concepts, general distances, general noise aspects and principles for design – Part 1 : Basic application of ergonomic principles, terminology, methodology, and Part 2: or products that can be used in dif- Technical principles. ferent machines, e.g. safe control Currently ISO 14121, Prin- systems, two-hand control systems, ciples of Risk Assessment, is in the and interlocking devices. process of revision. Alongside ISO Internationally, work began 12100, this standard has gained wide when ISO technical committee acceptance. Many users regretted that ISO/TC 199, Safety of machinery, it did not provide specific tools to car- was created in 1991 upon the initia- ry out risk assessment, so that, due to tive of the European Committee for the need to adapt the standard to the Standardization (CEN), represented new ISO 12100, a revision of ISO by Paul Makin, who became its first 14121 became necessary. chair. Another important issue of It is to his credit that the the machinery safety concept is horizontal European standards were “ information for use ” : instructions developed as ISO technical reports for users are an important element in and subsequently became ISO stan- ensuring the safety of machinery. One

ISO Focus July-August 2004 1 World Scene

Standing up for the Institute (NEN), ISO member global economy for The Netherlands and NKN, the Dutch national IFAN More than 800 leaders of gov- member. ernment and business from 70 countries gathered on the occa- ISO’s Committee on conformity sion of the International Cham- bridge the gaps between envi- assessment is holding its plenary ber of Commerce (ICC) 35 th ronmental, social and economic meeting on 9 and 10 November World Congress, from 6 to 9 aspects, gaps between the stake- in Amsterdam in order to facili- ence on Promoting Entrepre- June in Marrakesh, Morocco, holder’s concerns and gaps tate participation in both events. neurship and Innovative SMEs to address the key challenges between the regional concerns. in a Global Economy. For more information : facing business today while Abstracts of 500 words or less www.ifan2004.com highlighting the ICC tools The Ministerial Conference, are being accepted until 1 Sep- available to tackle them and which was organized jointly by tember 2004. ICC commission work being the OECD (Organisation for This is the fourth event in the Workshop spurs done to address them. Economic Co-operation and series of international conferenc- standardization activities Development) and the Turkish Jean-René Fourtou (below), es, which is now seen as the pre- in African Union Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Chief Executive of Vivendi mier international event in the approved the Istanbul Ministe- A new momentum has been Universal and the Chair of the field of Sustainable Buildings. rial Declaration, and commit- created for the effective ICC, issued the “ Marrakesh ted to, “ Working cooperatively For more information visit coordination of standardization Business Declaration ” urging to achieve progress in reducing the SB05Tokyo Website : activities in Africa by a recently progress in the world trade barriers to SMEs’ access to www.sb05.com/ concluded workshop. talks and strongly supporting international markets.” or the SB05Tokyo Conference globalization. The African Regional Organiza- Secretariat : [email protected] The event builds on the first tion for Standardization OECD ministerial conference (ARSO) and the African Union in Bologna, Italy, in 2000, at International Conference (AU) organized the two-day which 48 countries adopted workshop on 24 and 25 May in on “ Standardization- the Bologna Charter on SME Kigali, Rwanda, to raise aware- Policies. The Charter established Awareness-Compliance ” ness on standardization and to the International Network for Leaders from industry, govern- highlight the needs to coordi- SME’s (INSME), today an ment, standards user organiza- nate standardization activities association of over 40 countries tions and standards developing in Africa, with a view at estab- to promote innovation and organizations will gather for lishing an African Common technology transfer among the 11th International Federation Market. Presentations included a report by Mr. Asraf Caunhye, One part of the declaration small businesses. of Standards Users (IFAN) Director of the Mauritius Stand- says, “ There is an evident need International Conference in For more information : ards Bureau and ISO Regional today for heightened security Amsterdam, The Netherlands, www.oecd.org Liaison Officer for Africa, on measures for the movement of on 11 to 12 November 2004. collaboration between ISO and goods and people across borders.” The Conference will review ini- ARSO. It also said, “ But those measures 2005 World Sustainable tiatives from around the world must be cost-effective and pose Building Conference aiming to raise awareness of Among the recommendations to emerge were the need to encour- the minimum of hindrance to in Tokyo standards and the standards international commercial flows.” development process and the age country membership and Some 1500 building research- participation in ARSO, its activi- One area of security that drew relationships between regula- ers, practitioners, officials, ties and in international stand- attention was the International tions, compliance and standards. industry representatives and ardization as well as to apply the Ship and Port Facility Security students from all over the An audience of around 300 principles of harmonization of Code (ISPS Code) that took world will gather for the World participants is expected to standards as laid down in the effect 1 July 2004, aimed at Sustainable Building Confer- attend the event which will WTO’s Agreement on Technical securing maritime transport. ence in Tokyo, Japan on 27 feature presentations by ISO Barriers to Trade and the WTO’s For more information: and 28 September 2005 to Vice-President (Policy), Dr. Agreement on the Application of http://iccworldcongress.net/ exchange the latest knowledge Torsten Bahke, and other Sanitary and Phytosanitary and experience on sustainable prominent figures in interna- Measures. buildings. tional standardization. The African Union meeting of Ministerial Conference on The event is being organized by small businesses and Its slogan “ Action for Sustain- experts endorsed the recommen- ability ” recognizes that now is IFAN, in cooperation with the dations and agreed to forward entrepreneurship the time to move into action Netherlands Standardization them for consideration by the Ministers and government towards the common goal of African Union Conference of representatives of more than 70 providing buildings and an Ministers of Trade and Industry countries issued a common urban context that support for ratification and eventual declaration in Istanbul on 5 sustainable ways of living. implementation within the rules June 2004 at the close of the Towards this end, the confer- and procedures of the African 2 nd OECD Ministerial Confer- ence will focus on how to Union.

2 ISO Focus July-August 2004 ISO Scene

ISO President’s official Pan American Standards national Standards and global visit to Poland Commission’s General trade on national and regional standardization. ISO President Oliver Smoot paid Assembly an official visit to Poland in May An overwhelming majority of The meeting agenda was high- 2004 as guest of the national delegates attending the Pan lighted by two workshop ses- standards institute, Polish Com- American Standards Commission sions : “ the Roles of Standards mittee for Standardization (PKN), General Assembly (COPANT and Conformity Assessment to ISO member for the country. ISO Secretary-General Alan GA) prefer to enhance participa- support Good Regulatory Prac- Bryden with the Prime Minister of tion in ISO and IEC rather than tice ” and “ Mentoring & Twin- Kazakhstan, Mr. Akhmietov. create a new set of regional ning Arrangements ”. A tribute was made to Peter Walsh of by the representatives of 14 standards, according to ISO Vice- Standards Australia Internation- countries of the region. President (technical) Ziva Patir. al (SAI), who will be leaving Mr. Bryden spoke on Interna- The COPANT GA and related the organization after some 30 tional Standards in the global meetings were hosted by the years experience, for his service economy and gave a press con- Associação Brasileira de Normas and contributions to PASC. ference in the company of Mr. Técnicas (ABNT), ISO member The meeting was hosted by ISO President Oliver Smoot Kussainov, EASC Chairman for Brazil, in Salvador de Bahia, SCC, the Standards Council of with Mrs. Smoot (centre) with and President of KAZMEMST, from 10 to 14 May 2004. Canada, ISO member for the the President of PKN, Kazakhstan’s Committee for Dr. Janusz Szymanski (far right) country. Standardization, Metrology and and the President of the Polish Certification and ISO’s member Confederation of Employers, Dr. Andrzej Malinowski (far left). for the country since 1994. ISO participates in 5 th Mr. Bryden encouraged the International Conference In addition to his discussions public authorities and all other on Performance-Based with the President of PKN Dr. economic actors to increase Codes and Fire Safety Janusz Szyma´nski, Mr. Smoot’s their participation in interna- schedule of VIP meetings Design Methods tional standardization. He Ziva Patir, ISO Vice-President included a visit with the Presi- welcomed Kazakhstan’s current (technical) gives a presentation at ISO’s technical dent of the Polish Bank Associ- projects to adjust its legal the COPANT General Assembly. committee on fire ation, the President of the framework for technical safety engineering Polish Chamber of Commerce regulations, as well as to build Ms. Patir noted the increasing (TC 92/SC 4) is par- and the President of the Polish up its infrastructure and number of COPANT members ticipating in the 5th Confederation of Employers. increase initiatives to promote interested in adopting ISO stand- International Con- He underlined the increasing quality in industry and services. ards and translating them into ference on Perform- Portuguese and Spanish in an ance-Based Codes need for and expectations placed At the EASC meeting, Mr. effort to avoid duplication and and Fire Safety on International Standards to sup- Sergiu Baban, General Director unnecessary barriers to trade. Design Methods port a sustainable global econo- of the Department of Standardi- Great interest in standards for which will present my, with particular emphasis on zation and Metrology in the social responsibility was revealed the state-of-the-art their significant contribution to Republic of Moldova, was elect- at a CSR seminar held in and case studies in this matter. facilitating international trade. ed the new President of EASC. conjunction with the COPANT PKN has been a member of ISO Due in part to the contribution General Assembly, particularly of ISO/TC 92, a growing since 1947 and currently partici- Standards Norway from developing countries that pates in 272 of ISO’s standards- library of fire safety engineer- believe they stand to gain from ing design methods is available developing technical committees any ISO activity in the area. and subcommittees, which rep- to support these existing and resents about 40 % of the total. Carlos Santos Amorim of emerging performance-based ABNT was designated the codes. An understanding of the For more information : A new standards body has been President-Elect of COPANT. role of underpinning research, www.pkn.pl established in Norway following engineering education and the the reorganization of the stand- evolution process from pre- ISO Secretary-General on ardization system in the country. Pacific Area Standards scriptive to performance basis official visit to Kazakhstan Standards Norway (SN) takes Congress is a key to successful imple- th mentation. ISO Secretary-General Alan over all responsibilities in The 27 meeting of the Pacific Bryden met the Prime Minister regard to ISO which were pre- Area Standards Congress (PASC), The conference, organized by of Kazakhstan, Mr. Akhmietov, viously held by the Norges a forum to strengthen international the Society of Fire Protection and the Minister for Industry and Standardiseringsforbund (NSF). standardization programmes for Engineers, in collaboration with Trade, Mr. Zhaksybekov, during In accordance with this change, countries in the Asia-Pacific CIB, IFE and IRCC will take a visit to the country in late May ISO membership for Norway region, was held in Vancouver, place on 6-8 October 2004 in to participate in the 25 th session has been transferred to SN from Canada in May 2004. the European Commission of the Euro-Asian Council for NSF as of 1 June 2004. Presentations included a report facilities in Luxembourg. Standardization, Metrology and For more information : from ISO President Oliver For more information : Certification (EASC), attended www.standard.no Smoot, on the impact of Inter- www.sfpe.org

ISO Focus July-August 2004 3 Guest View Hartmut Reuter

artmut Reuter is Chief also those that assist industry and Executive Officer of the make its work easier. If the industry H Rieter Group, Winterthur, concerned did not participate there Switzerland, since May 2002. After would be a danger of too many studying industrial engineering theoretical standards being issued at Darmstadt University of that bore little relation to industrial Technology, Germany, specializing reality. We are interested in contrib- in electrical engineering, he uting our experience to the process graduated in 1981. He has been of drawing up standards and in with Rieter Holding Ltd., Winter- being acquainted with standards at thur, Switzerland, since July 1997. an early stage so that we can start Most of his previous career was to put them into practice properly with Robert Bosch GmbH, Stutt- and without being under pressure gart, Germany, between 1981 and in terms of time. Participation by 1997. He lives in Birchwil, in the the industrial companies that are canton of Zurich, Switzerland. to implement these standards also “ If the industry concerned prevents unnecessary over-regulation did not participate through standards. Overall, standard- ISO Focus : With a workforce of ization should help us to reduce costs 13 000 employees at 60 locations there would be a danger and increase our competitiveness. worldwide, the Rieter Group plays a of too many theoretical leading role both in textile machinery ISO Focus : Offering state-of-the-art manufacturing and as a supplier to standards being issued manufacturing services in Europe, the international automotive industry. that bore little relation South America, or China requires Before we turn our attention to Inter- to industrial reality.” International Standards for maintain- national Standards, could you please ing industrial production from techni- describe the businesses of Rieter and cal drawings, graphic symbols and how they interrelate? ISO Focus : Rieter employees actively participate in ISO technical commit- testing aspects to the intricate flow of Hartmut Reuter : Rieter, established tee ISO/TC 72, Textile machinery, standard interchangeable parts. in Winterthur in 1795, is a Swiss- and its subcommittees. What are How have ISO International Stan- based group operating on a global some of the advantages that partici- dards helped ? What specific stan- scale in two industrial sectors, namely pation in ISO’s technical work brings dards would you like to see coming textile machinery and automotive sup- to Rieter specifically, and to business out of ISO? ply. In both of these fields the group is in general ? a world market leader in the segments Hartmut Reuter : As CEO I am not covered. Worldwide sales in 2003 Hartmut Reuter : International stan- involved in every detail of these stan- increased by 4 % to 3,12 billion CHF, dards, whether in the field of product dards. Our quality managers confirm while 13 % of its approximately 13 000 safety, for example, or in quality that ISO standards are internationally employees work in Switzerland. Riet- and environmental management, are accepted, but also that their numbering er Textile Systems Systems is well appropriate and useful at all events. is rather complex. It’s difficult to get known for its spinning machines pro- This is especially true for companies a clear overall picture. The rather high ducing yarn out of cotton or man-made like Rieter with an international scope, cost of copies also often means that fibers and for its equipment for the which operate in a complex network the standards are not available every- production of nonwovens. Rieter Auto- of suppliers, customers and joint ven- where. Our quality managers have also motive Systems develops and produces ture partners. We actively participate pointed out to me that many standards components and systems for acoustical in ISO working groups so that not in the field of simplified drawing are comfort such as carpets, headliners and only standards that impose restric- only obtainable as DIN or at best EN parcel shelves and dampers. tions on industry are developed, but standards. ISO coverage of product

4 ISO Focus July-August 2004 All photos © Rieter

through our Rieter department for Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) The Rieter Group at the international level with meetings and regular exchanges of experiences Rieter, established in Winterthur in 1795, is a Swiss-based industrial group so that all Rieter locations worldwide operating on a global scale. It is a leading supplier of systems solutions and maintain the same standards. Safety services for the textile, automotive and plastics industries. provisions encompass personnel, the Rieter Textile Systems develops and produces machinery, integrated systems industrial production processes and

PSAand Peugeot technology Citroën, Direction components de la Communication for converting fibers and plastics into yarns, the products manufactured by Rieter. nonwovens and pellets. In partnership with automotive manufacturers, Rieter In-house and external specialists regu- Automotive Systems develops and produces components, modules and inte- larly inspect Rieter’s plants for compli- grated systems on the basis of fibers, plastics and metals in order to provide ance with legal requirements as well as acoustic comfort and thermal insulation in motor vehicles. internal and ISO standards. For safety and health, local laws and regulations are often more important than ISO standards. safety is also less than complete : CE conformity in Europe versus CCC conformity in China. In our view ISO should prevent national standards from becoming a barrier to trade through the medium of safety regulations.

ISO Focus : On-the-job accidents and illnesses can cause higher absentee- ism and more downtime – and impact the company’s bottom line. What strategies does Rieter implement in order to ensure the safety and health of its workers ? How do ISO voluntary standards help in this endeavour ? Hartmut Reuter : We are convinced that safety standards are very impor- Process control in Rieter’s tant, and make workplaces safer technology center for man-made fiber machinery. (e.g. CE conformity of machinery and tools). We coordinate our efforts

ISO Focus : What standards are of value to Rieter in terms of quality and environmental management ? Hartmut Reuter : These are pri- marily ISO 9001, ISO 9004 and ISO 14001. In the Rieter Automotive Systems Division, another 12 plants obtained initial certification for com- pliance with ISO 14001 in 2003, so that more than 75 % of Automotive Rieter Automotive’s Center of Excellence for acoustics Systems’ locations worldwide are research (systems for acoustic comfort and thermal already certified under this standard. protection in motor vehicles). Rieter Automotive has launched the so-called ECO WAY environmental

ISO Focus July-August 2004 5 Guest View programme that focuses on three main issues : 1) eco-efficient prod- ucts to minimize environmental impacts throughout the product life cycle ; 2) eco-efficient technologies to reduce energy consumption, use secondary raw materials and gener-

Measuring a Rieter interior carpet in the acoustic roller test bench of Rieter Automotive Systems.

ate less waste ; 3) eco-efficient plants a competent contact point for qual- to achieve superior production pro- ity, safety and environmental issues. cedures. However, successful re-certification after three years provides the first reli- ISO Focus : Companies will grow able evidence, since initial certification and prosper when they compete on can only be regarded as a beginning, a the basis of quality, service, and inno- first step. Nevertheless, we should not Assembly of a vation. What are your views on the forget that ISO certification is certainly combing machine in respective merits of supplier’s dec- an important criterion but that cost and Rieter’s textile machinery laration and third-party conformity flexibility are also important. production plant. assessment ? Hartmut Reuter : The pressure “ For safety and health, imposed by ISO 9001 certification helps us to ensure that our suppliers local laws and regulations worldwide improve their quality on are often more important the basis of a uniform and traceable than ISO standards.” system. Another advantage of certified companies is that they always have Interior noise measurement on the acoustic roller test bench of the Swiss supplier Rieter Automotive Systems.

6 ISO Focus July-August 2004 Main Focus

Photo © ISO Safe machinery saves lives

this revision would be a fully-fledged unfortunately prevented unanimous Putting machine International Standard, both in con- adoption by the 23 Participating mem- Copyright Copyright BP Plc. safety in a global tent and in form. Thanks, therefore, bers of ISO/TC 199. to the participation of experts from a perspective wide range of horizons – whether in Promoting the concept terms of countries or in terms of the of integrated safety interests they represented – this risky undertaking was brought to comple- When the designer of a By Jean Bataillé, Convenor tion. After eight years of intense activ- machine does everything in his power ISO/TC 199, Safety of machinery, ity (November 1995-November 2003), to ensure that the user of the machine WG 1, Basic principles, this important “ core ” standard for the has nothing more to do, to work safely, methodology, terminology field of machine safety saw the light than to stay within the boundaries of of day. the normal anticipated use, then he is hen, in November 1995, the The remarkable determina- integrating safety into the design of CEN/TC 114 Special Group tion of the Special Group, which did this machine. undertook to revise ISO/TR not hesitate to meet five times in the As yet, the principle of inte- W1) 12100 (the ISO Technical Report course of 2001 alone to deal with all grated safety is not universally applied endorsing the basic European stand- the comments returned on the DIS and was therefore hotly debated before ard linked to European regulations: (draft International Standard), deserves EN 292:1991) within the framework to be underlined. The only blemish in of the Vienna agreement, the mem- the process was due to a peculiarity 1) ISO/TR 12100, Safety of machinery – Basic concepts, general principles for design – Part 1: bers of the group decided from the in the implementation of the Vienna Basic terminology, methodology and Part 2: Tech- outset that the standard resulting from Agreement (now corrected), which nical principles.

ISO Focus July-August 2004 7 Main Focus the group members finally agreed on Finally, in Part 2, ISO 12100 the fact that the more upstream the pro- describes a number of general princi- tective measures are applied, the more ples for the implementation of each effective, safe and even cost-effective of the three steps of the risk reduction they are. method (inherently safe design, safe- guarding, information for use). A well established risk reduction strategy Photo Yves Cousson/INRS © A broad range of users ISO 12100 advocates an itera- One important element of this A careful reading of the two tive method (involving a succession of strategy lies in the method used to parts of the standard shows that it does “ loops ”) for reducing risk at the design evaluate – by answering a set of nine indeed apply to all machines : conven- stage; according to this method, the questions – whether the risk reduction tional machine tools, mobile machines, integrated protective measures applied objectives have been achieved. lifting machines, machines intended during each “ loop ” result from an for the general public. initial assessment of the risk, and their ISO 12100 is primarily intend- Terminology, basic hazards, ed for designers of machines – all effect is evaluated on the basis not only and principles for design of the achieved reduction in risk, but machines – particularly when there are also of elements such as the non-intro- Before describing the “ 3-step ” duction of new risks, the preservation method, ISO 12100 defines 54 terms “ ISO 12100 defines of the machine’s ability to perform its ranging from “ machine ” to “ protective the basis on which all function, the preservation of the opera- measures ” and from “ safety function ” tor’s working conditions and those to “ failure to danger ”. This terminolo- international Standards of other people involved (concept of gy will serve as a basis for an interna- devoted to machinery adequate risk reduction). tional multilingual glossary of machine safety should be built This “ 3-step ” iterative method safety. requires the designer to take full advan- The standard also gives a descrip- to meet the criterion of tage, in turn, of inherently safe design tion of basic hazards to be taken into worldwide relevance.” measures, safeguarding measures and, account in the design of machines, a finally, user information measures description which is particularly useful in aimed at providing the latter with all connection with the initial risk analysis, About the author he needs to know to take the protective which is one of the preconditions to the measures relevant to his field. implementation of the “ 3-step ” method. Jean Bataillé was in charge of conformity to standards and regulations, applicable in France, and of the exports of handheld elec- trical tools at Black & Decker, and subsequently at Peugeot Outillage Électrique. In 1988, he joined the Union de Normalisation de la Mécanique (French standardiza- tion bureau for mechanical engineer- ing) and takes an active part in CEN/ TC 114, Safety of machinery, and in ISO/TC 199. Jean Bataillé joined the Mission Normalisation in Institut National de Recherche et Sécurité (French occupational health and safety institute) in 2001 and increased his involvement in the standardization of

Photo © Yves Photo Yves Cousson/INRS © machinery safety.

8 ISO Focus July-August 2004

Safe machinery ssavesaves liveslives no specific standards dealing with the machine in question (product safety standard, or Type C standard according to the definition given in ISO/IEC 51 ; Type C standards are product standards that contain detailed specifications for particular machines or groups of machines). It is also intended as a help to writers of Type C standards and is in fact aimed at all social and economic players involved in machine safety. Considering the nature of its provi- sions, the standard is also intended for those who train designers (students or engineers). In its introduction, the standard states : “ It is recommended that this standard be incorporated in training courses and manuals to convey basic terminology and general design methods to designers .” The training of designers is a form of advanced protec- tion which cannot but have a positive impact on both society and the econo- my. Steps to that end have already been Safety pays : taken in many countries to approach those involved in further training as designing well as initial training. machines that care

A special place among Photo © ISO other standards By Paul Makin, immediate past individual machine are the same – or The content and scope of ISO chair, ISO/TC 199, Safety of at least similar – wherever it is used. 12100 – “ 3-step ” method, description machinery, Chester, United It is therefore logical to expect that of basic hazards, general design princi- there should exist the possibility of ples applicable to all machines (indus- Kingdom developing a common approach – a trial machines, mobile machines, lifting common philosophy and methodology appliances, etc.), the representativeness he increased use of machinery – to reducing the risks arising from the of the experts within the Special Group is one of the key stages in the use of machinery that could be applied (representatives of machinery manu- T development of any country, anywhere in the world. facturers and users, consumer asso- and there is now a wide spectrum Historically, national laws and ciations, occupational safety and health of use from the mature societies in regulations dealing with the safety of experts and public authorities), but the developed world to those in the machines have developed in parallel also the quadripartite ISO/IEC/CEN/ emerging economies. Today, machines with the increased use of machines in CENELEC representation, the partici- are used for both professional use in response to society’s need to have the pation of the membership of technical such key sectors as metal and wood benefits from the machines without the committee ISO/TC 199, Safety of working, plastics and paper, construc- consequential costs from the risks that machinery, representing all continents tion, agriculture and forestry as well as machines generate. Individual countries – all of these elements lend support non-professional use in the home and have developed their own approach to to the claim that ISO 12100 defines garden and leisure. Indeed, a growing machinery safety legislation and many of the basis on which all International trend is the migration of machines these sometimes conflicting approaches Standards devoted to machinery safety intended for professional use into the have in effect been seen or are barri- should be built to meet the criterion of non-professional sector. ers to a truly global trade in machines. worldwide relevance. However, while the inten- Manufacturers have had – and still are sity and range of use may vary from having – to produce machines with country to country and industry to different protective measures to gain industry, the risks from the use of an access to different markets.

ISO Focus July-August 2004 9 Main Focus

How a common philosophy • Facilitate relations between manu- and methodology can help facturers, users and bodies in charge of technical inspection and The use of a common philoso- testing. developed and accepted by all coun- phy and methodology that can be used tries – and that is not the case at the • for any machine and for any risk or Promote the risk-based approach to moment. Standardization both general- combination of risks will : machinery design. ly and within the machinery sector is a “ rich countries ” club. It requires a well This approach, as encapsulated developed national standards structure in ISO 12100, Safety of machinery to participate at the ISO/IEC level. It – Basic concepts, general principles also requires national organizations for design – Part 1: Basic terminology, that are prepared to send experts to the methodology and Part 2 : Technical meetings – which are almost inevitably principles, gives special benefits to somewhere else in the world. These SMEs that may not have the resources requirements exclude most developing to develop their own approach to many countries that do not have the neces- sophisticated areas of technology. sary resources in money and expertise. They can also use the standards with Lest we are too complacent, let us the confidence that they are using the also understand that within Europe methodology that has been developed many interest groups are also excluded by the world’s leading experts in the . from the standardization process. For Photo © New Holland given technology • Allow product standards to be developed within ISO and IEC My views About the author that are based on an internationally on the current situation accepted approach. Paul Makin in standards bodies was chair of • Stimulate the development of Nearly everyone involved in the ISO/TC 199, protective devices as technology production of safety standards agree Safety of develops. that the future lies in making stand- Machinery • Promote a constructive dialogue ards at the international level : “ do it from its incep- between the developed and devel- once, do it internationally ”. This is tion in 1991 oping countries. reflected within CEN and CENELEC until 2002, and was chair of • Allow a wide range of interests where most new work and revisions of existing standards are planned as ISO the ISO/IEC such as consumer groups and group that produced ISO/IEC Guide employee representatives to take or IEC standards under the cooperative agreements (Vienna Agreement and 51:1999, Safety. A professional part in the future development of mechanical engineer by training, he the philosophy and methodology. Dresden Agreement) with CEN and CENELEC. was employed as an engineering man- • Contribute towards the develop- ager in the senior management teams ment of an international machinery “ The risks from the use of various companies and was one of market through the abolition of the UK’s Inspectors of Health and technical barriers to trade. of an individual machine Safety in the Health and Safety Execu- tive, heading machinery safety in the • Reduce the risks of injury at home, are the same – or at Technology Division. He was head of work and leisure. least similar – wherever the BSI delegation to CEN during the • Contribute towards the achieve- it is used.” creation of the machinery safety pro- ment of equal levels of safety in the gramme in support of the European various countries for each safety However, in my view, it would Machinery Directive. He was one of aspect dealt with in a standard. be wrong to take the view that the future the “ philosophers ” that wrote the is all bright for international standardi- European standards, EN 292, Safety of • Stimulate the development of zation in the safety of machinery field. machinery. Paul Makin presently runs protective devices as technology There are some fundamental problems his own consultancy providing advice develops. that standards bodies and national gov- on machinery safety, standards and • Promote a constructive dialogue ernments have to solve. European legislation. between the developed and devel- The first one is that to be truly oping countries. international the standards have to be

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Safe machinery saves lives example, few working groups have an input from workers’ representatives or from consumer groups. The same applies to SMEs – the very organiza- tions expected to benefit from the new standardization process.

Clash of legal systems Another major problem is the clash of national legal systems. This has became very apparent within the machinery sector over the so-called “ list of hazards ”. Using the EN 292/ ISO 12100 approach, it is necessary to produce a list of hazards being dealt with within the standard. This is an essential step – from the European point of view – which defines the basis of the risk assessment and the consequent risk reduction measures. However, from the American point of view – or at least the American legal profession – this is completely unac- ceptable because it is considered to be guilty knowledge and makes the focus of many institutions. This is not machinery supplier vulnerable in the Universal and to suggest that the safety of machinery event of a claim for damages. From individual risk was ignored or not considered earlier the European point of view, any stand- during its evolution. It is the author’s ard that gives risk reduction measures observation that safety of machinery without defining the hazards that they has become its own discipline within are aimed at is dangerously mislead- By Dennis R. Cloutier, Cloutier the past 60 to 70 years. ing because it could be used to deal Consulting Services, Cincinnati, with the wrong mix of hazards. This How to address hazards apparently simple difference is hold- USA, US Delegate to ing up the production of a wide range TC199/WG 5, Risk assessment present in the operation of machinery standards. of machinery The declaration by the World hen man first developed There are numerous products Trade Organization that international implements to assist him that are used continuously, every day standards are an essential aid to a W with obtaining the basic ele- by mankind to help us travel, com- truly global trade was encouraging. ments of life, he also introduced risk. municate, manufacture items, prepare However, the reality of the situation is If a stick could be used as a club to our food and so on. In the International that there has been little or no positive subdue large animals thus providing Standards community, ISO/TC 199 is action to support the use of standards food, the stick could also cause harm concerned with the safety of machin- to remove Technical Barriers to Trade to the user or other individuals. ery. There are numerous standards (TBTs). Perhaps we need to resolve Today we have advanced far that address the safety of machinery some of the problems within the stand- beyond using a stick as a club, and in society uses on a daily basis. Many of ards organizations before this will the process we have introduced unim- these standards include safety require- happen ? aginable risk to all of society. A simple ments applicable to specific machines. There is also the need to speed examination of the machinery man has There are some standards that address up the whole production process so invented over time, and especially in the concept of safety, in general, as it that the very scarce resources available the last century, would easily reveal applies to the manufacture and use of with the whole standardization field the hazards associated with its use. machinery. These address the hazards are used to the best effect. Over the past several decades, present in the operation of machinery the safety of individuals operating and and the risk of harm to those involved maintaining machinery has become the in the operation or repair of the

ISO Focus July-August 2004 11 Main Focus machinery. It naturally follows that Each task is evaluated once risk is identified, measures are for possible hazards implemented to reduce that risk. The new draft includes an extensive informative annex which The elements needed includes several examples of risk for performing a risk assessment and risk reduction method- assessment ologies. The examples will include an analysis at the design phase (without ISO 14121, Safety of machin- protective measures), for the identifi- ery – Principles of risk assessment, Photo © A. Sutter, SUVA Sutter, Photo A. © cation of hazards, hazardous situations was first developed using European and harmful events. Another example standard EN1050 as a model docu- To achieve maximum risk reduction, will be a methodology utilizing a risk ment. Currently it is undergoing a he, too, must perform the risk assess- matrix. This example uses a task-based revision which will harmonize it with ment and the risk reduction by taking approach which begins by identifying other ISO standards that prescribe the into account the instructions and infor- what individuals do when operating performance of a risk assessment and mation for use of the manufacturer. or repairing a machine. Then each risk reduction. TC 199/WG 5 has been ISO 14121 is being revised task is evaluated for possible hazards, established to write the revision of ISO in order for it to harmonize with the resulting risk including exposure and 14121. The working group currently is requirements of newly revised ISO severity of harm. Finally, protective midway through the project and it is 12100 (see p. 7). This revision of ISO measures are implemented to reduce apparent the revised document will be 14121 provides the required elements risk to a predetermined level. Another substantially more than the original. for performing a risk assessment and example demonstrates the use of a Risk assessment is a process how it should be organized. The sub- graph to lead the user through the proc- that can be applied to any piece of jective nature of evaluating risk, deter- ess. There are two similar examples equipment, or process. It will help the mining the exposure to and severity of that use a numerical scoring system people performing the assessment to that risk and estimating the probability and a “quantification” method to help identify hazards associated with the of a harmful event taking place leads machine or the process subject to the to several different methods to perform assessment. With hazards identified, risk assessment. This does not take risk can be evaluated and appropriate into account the selection of appropri- About the author protective measures can be selected ate protective measures, which must be to reduce risk to some predetermined done to complete the process. Dennis R. level. However, while the process may Cloutier has be considered universal, the applica- been President tion to a particular type of equipment “ Our goal is the since 2001 of may differ. The difficulty comes with elimination or reduction of Cloutier Con- the nature of the equipment. That is, if harm to individuals.” sulting Services, the equipment is a production machine, in Cincinnati, operated in a controlled environment, USA, a technical services compa- the assessment is different from if it is ny, and has been a consumer product developed for pub- long involved in lic use. Another difficulty comes from safety consulting services, compliance considering who is performing the risk with regulations and standards, risk assess- assessment and the risk reduction. Photo © A. Sutter, SUVA Sutter, Photo A. © ment training, and is a presenter at educa- The manufacturer (supplier) of equip- tional forums. Between 1973 and 2001, he ment must perform an assessment and was with Cincinnati Incorporated, first as a apply appropriate protective measures factory service representative and then because he knows best the details of safety coordinator for nearly 20 years. his equipment. As the manufacturer He is a member of National Safety Council, gives the performance of his equip- American Society of Safety Engineers, and is ISO/TC 199/WG 5 representative for US ment he has to guarantee its safe use. TAG, as well as chair of ANSI B11TR3 However, because the focus of all this committee, Technical report on Risk is the reduction of harm to individuals Assessment and Risk Reduction, and chair involved in the day to day operation or of ANSI B11TR5 committee, Technical maintenance of machinery, the user report on the measurement of noise (employer) should also be considered. generated by machinery.

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Safe machinery ssavesaves liveslives the individuals performing the assess- ment through some of the subjective aspects of the process. A review of the examples may lead some to consider the various attributes of the different approaches and consider developing their own. There will be an example of a hybrid method to illustrate how this can successfully be accomplished.

Attempting to unify the process There are many risk assess- ments documents in place or under development. Attempts have been made, and continue to be considered to Easy to operate : unify the process and develop one uni- earth-moving machinery versal risk assessment and risk reduc- tion guide. The difficulty the experts in the field cite in this effort is the chal- lenge presented by the varied nature of risk and the different kinds of exposure for individuals. Consumer products are very different from machine tools that are provided for the manufacturing environment. Individuals are exposed Photo © Caterpillar to risks from all types of machines with which they may interact through by Dan Roley, Chair of provide a working environment for the the average day. The car, bus or train ISO/TC 127, Earth-moving operator that is safe and comfortable, they commute in, the building eleva- machinery, and of ISO/TC with controls that are easy to operate. tors or escalators they ride in or on, the By the 1960’s the earth-moving machines they operate or repair, and 127/SC 2, Safety requirements and machinery industry was already a global everything else present numerous risks human factors, Standards industry, with machines from the USA, as well as hazardous situations. The Manager for Caterpillar Europe and Asia being sold into earth- subject is very broad and no expert or Corporate Standards and moving applications around the world. committee of experts has yet been able Regulations Department, USA Several countries were beginning to to address an issue of this scope with- develop standards and regulations for out the project becoming too complex arth-moving machines are used earth-moving machines, which created and the experts losing sight of the real for excavating, loading, trans- a challenge for the industry to be able goal. Remember, our goal is the elimi- Eporting, spreading, and com- to meet the different requirements in nation or reduction of harm to indi- pacting earth and other materials – see different countries. viduals. So, individual risk assessment the examples of earth-moving machines and risk reduction standards or guides on the following pages. They range in “ Adopted as national will continue to be developed by the size from small machines that can drive various industry sectors. This will through doorways to very large machines standards, ISO standards result in specific rather than general that can be worth several million USD. have reduced the cost and guidance, which will achieve greater Operating an earth-moving complexity of developing reductions in harm to society. machine is similar to driving a car or truck, except the operator must also and proving compliance control the machine attachment or with the safety standards.” work tool that moves the earth or other material. The operator stations on To address the challenge of earth-moving machines are designed having to comply with the different to comply with the ISO/TC 127/SC requirements around the world, 2 safety and ergonomics standards to ISO/TC 127 was formed in 1968

ISO Focus July-August 2004 13 Main Focus

ergonomics standards by the USA and Japan and have been referenced for the technical requirements in the European earth-moving machine standards. With the adoption of the ISO standards as national standards, the cost and com- plexity of developing and proving compliance with the safety standards has been reduced and the overall level of safety and comfort for the earth- moving machinery industry has been improved. “ With ISO standards, the overall level of safety and comfort for the earth- moving machinery industry has been improved.”

The ISO operator protection standards are the best examples of the ISO/TC 127/SC 2 safety standards Photo © Caterpillar that have improved operator safety to develop international standards areas of earth-moving machines. and that have significantly reduced for earth-moving machinery. The Representatives from 18 Participating the costs to market of machines glo- objective was to develop a complete member countries take part in ISO/TC bally. Industry performed extensive set of ISO standards that could be used 127/SC 2. The combined input from testing and simulations of machine as the basis for any national standards all participants has been compiled into rollovers and intrusions into the and regulations. Since 1968, over standards that cover safety areas such operator space to develop perform- 100 ISO/TC 127 standards have been as the following : ance criteria for operator protections published to address the commercial Access systems • operator dimensions systems. These criteria were incorpo- needs for earth-moving machines and and space requirements • operator rated into ISO standards for rollover the safety and ergonomics areas for protection systems • braking • visibility protection structures (ISO 3471), fall- earth-moving machines. Twenty new and mirrors • steering • controls • seats ing object protection structures (ISO standard projects are underway to and seat belts • vibration • sound • safety 3449) and operator protection guards address smaller, larger and new types signs • electrical and electronic systems (ISO 10262). The ISO/TC 127/SC 2 of machines and the application of new • warning alarms • technologies. operator environment • lighting • guarding Addressing safety and • operator instructions human factors • visual displays. One common objective of both the earth-moving machinery ISO industry and the users of earth- standards moving machines is to provide a safe adopted and Photo © Caterpillar and comfortable work place for the referenced workers who operate the machines. This common objective has enabled worldwide health and safety experts from Most of the industry, relevant organizations and ISO/TC 127/SC 2 independent test laboratories to work safety and ergonom- together efficiently in ISO/TC 127/SC ics standards have 2 to develop over 40 standards that been adopted as address the safety and human factors national safety and

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Safe machinery saves lives Photo © Caterpillar

About the author operator protection standards have TC 127/SC 2 standards define safety been accepted by all countries, which performance criteria that are effec- Dan Roley, allow one design to be used around tive. Chair of ISO/TC the world. Since operator protection While ISO/TC 127/SC 2 has 127 and of TC structures are complex to design and developed over 40 standards in its 127/SC 2 is the require costly destructive testing to attempt to develop a complete set of Standards Man- show compliance with the standards, safety and ergonomics standards, the ager for Cater- the internationally accepted standards work in SC 2 is continuing to address pillar in the cor- enable significant cost savings for new types of machines and the new porate Standards both industry and customers. technology. SC 2 has 22 active projects and Regulations Several other ISO/TC 127/SC 2 to update the existing standards and Department. His first research standards have provided similar results to develop new standards. Some projects at Caterpillar were in the ergo- in improving safety and providing examples of new standards projects nomics and whole body vibrations areas, performance criteria for effectively include new standards for: electronic where he developed ergonomic guidelines addressing safety areas. Four good control systems, hazard detection for earth-moving machines and provided examples of other ISO standards that systems, remote control of machines input for the ISO/TC 127 standards for are internationally accepted and that and whole body vibrations. ergonomics and seat vibrations. enable significant cost savings are Some examples of standard Dan Roley worked at the INRS Vibration the standards for steering (ISO 5010), update projects include: steering to Laboratory in France as a participant in the electromagnetic compatibility (ISO cover electronic steering, controls USA-France Exchange of Scientists 13766), visibility (ISO 5006) and brak- standard to cover new types of multi- Program, following which he worked as ing (ISO 3450). function controls, excavator operator the Project Leader for the test and develop- ment of new machines used for earth- Manufacturers of earth-mov- protection standard to cover larger moving, agriculture and forestry. Mr. ing machines generally have incident excavators, EMC standard with more Roley worked at the Caterpillar European tracking systems that document any stringent immunity requirements, and office in Geneva, Switzerland, as the Inter- safety incidents on their machines. roll-over protections standard to cover national Research Manager, then moving The information from the incident nonmetallic components. to the Standards and Regulations Department. tracking systems show that the ISO/

ISO Focus July-August 2004 15 Main Focus Photo © ISO

Our first aim is always to elimi- is the topic of the IEC 61508 series, Hazards are nate the hazards at source. This can be which covers safety-related systems everywhere: achieved by the application of inherent that use electrical and/or electronic safety principles and good engineering and/or programmable electronic (E/E/ how to achieve practice. However, in many industrial PE) technologies. The standard applies scenarios it is not practicable to elim- to these systems irrespective of their functional inate every hazard. For example, guil- application and includes every part of safety lotines need a sharp blade to cut paper, the system necessary for correct opera- an exothermic reaction may be the tion (not just the control logic). only way to produce a particular chem- ical, and oil refineries always contain hydrocarbons. About the author By Mark Bowell, Specialist Fortunately, these hazards very Mark Bowell is inspector of control systems in rarely materialize because we design n expert sup- the United Kingdom Health and control or protection systems to ensure orting the work Safety Executive safety. These safety-related systems f IEC SC65A defend against the remaining hazards Working Group ur workplaces are full of by monitoring the state of the proc- 4 and the devel- hazards (potential sources of ess under control and taking specif- pment of the Oharm). To name but a few : a ic action to prevent an unsafe state EC Functional guillotine on a paper-cutting machine occurring. In many cases the specific afety Zone. He could slice off a worker’s hand, a action is to shut down part or all of the as been a spe- crane that is too overloaded will fail process being monitored. If there is no ialist inspector mechanically, exothermic reactions in simple safe state, such as with a ship’s of control systems in the UK Health and Safety Executive since 1999. Before then, a chemical plant could reach a runa- dynamic positioning system, the safe- he was a research scientist with the Health way condition, hydrocarbons on an oil ty-related system will have to continu- and Safety Laboratory investigating soft- refinery could leak and ignite, and the ously control the process. ware engineering techniques for safety- dynamic positioning system of a ship Safety that depends on a control related systems. He has an MSc in Soft- must continuously adjust the thrust- or protection system operating cor- ware Engineering, is a Member of the IEE ers correctly to avoid collision with a rectly in response to its inputs is called (the Institution of Electrical Engineers) and nearby installation. functional safety. Functional safety is a Chartered Engineer.

16 ISO Focus July-August 2004

Safe machinery saves lives Example applications Meeting the challenge development of the safety require- and technologies ments, specification, design and imple- The challenge is to make sure mentation, operation and maintenance, An example E/E/PE safety- that our safety-related systems are suf- and modification, to final decommis- related system using electrical (or ficiently reliable and carry out all the sioning and/or disposal. The standard electro-mechanical) technology is the functions we need. In practice, E/E/PE considers all parts of an E/E/PE safety- guard interlocking and emergency safety-related systems are too complex related system that are necessary to stopping system for machinery. to fully determine every failure mode carry out the required functions (i.e. Many safety-related systems or to test all possible behaviour. We from sensor, through control logic and that would have used electrome- have to design each system in such communication systems, to final actua- chanical technology or solid-state a way as to prevent dangerous fail- tor, including any critical actions of a electronics now use programmable ures or control them when they arise. human operator). electronics instead. Such devices Dangerous failures may arise from include programmable controllers, programmable logic controllers and digital communication systems (e.g. bus systems). Enabling technologies such as application-specific integrated circuits, microprocessors, and intel- ligent sensors, transmitters and actua- tors, are increasingly being integrated into products and systems. “ Recent developments include network-based safety-related systems, facilitated by Internet technology ”

Example applications include crane safe load indicators, variable speed motor drives used to restrict speed for protection, systems for interlocking and controlling the exposure dose of medical radiotherapy machines, or the indicator lights, anti-lock braking, and engine- management systems on automobiles. Other examples are emergency Photo © ISO shutdown systems in hazardous chemi- cal plants, railway signalling systems errors or omissions in the specifica- Hence, IEC 61508 aims to and fly-by-wire operation of aircraft tion, random failures of hardware due release the potential of E/E/PE tech- flight control surfaces. to wear and tear, systematic failures nology to improve both safety and Recent developments include of hardware and/or software due to economic performance, and enable network-based safety-related systems, design errors, human error, environ- future technological developments to often facilitated by Internet technol- mental influences such as temperature take place within an overall safety ogy, such as the remote monitoring, or electromagnetic interference, or framework. Users and regulators can operation or programming of a net- problems with the electrical supply. gain confidence where it has been work-enabled water treatment plant. IEC 61508 uses a risk-based applied. It increases efficiency in the An E/E/PE system may be approach to determine what effort supply chain for suppliers of subsys- safety-related even if it does not have should be spent on the design of the tems and components across indus- any direct control over potentially E/E/PE safety-related system and to trial sectors, improves communication, hazardous equipment. For example, quantify the required hardware reli- increases clarity of what needs to be an information-based decision support ability. It covers all development specified, and enables the develop- tool might be safety-related if errone- activities from initial concept, through ment of conformity assessment serv- ous results compromise safety. hazard analysis and risk assessment, ices if required.

ISO Focus July-August 2004 17 Main Focus

IEC basic safety publications Photo © ISO Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4 of IEC 61508 are IEC basic safety publications. One of the responsibilities of IEC technical committees is, wherever practicable, to make use of these parts of IEC 61508 while preparing their own sector or product standards that have function- al safety of any E/E/PE safety-related systems within their scope. Standards based on IEC 61508 have already been published for the nuclear (IEC 61513) and process (IEC 61511 series) sectors. Other work in development includes standards for the machinery sector and for power drive systems. Sector specific standards based on IEC 61508 are aimed at system designers, system integrators and users. They take account of specific sector practice, which can allow less complex requirements, they use sector terminol- ogy to increase clarity, and may spec- ify particular constraints appropriate for the sector. Usually the sector spe- cific standard will rely on the require- ments of IEC 61508 for detailed design of subsystems, but they may allow end users to achieve functional safety with- out having to consider IEC 61508 them- selves. in the development of our standards. All parts of IEC 61508 can Vibration and Simply put, these standards can lite- be used directly by industry as a set shock affect rally affect peoples’ lives, livelihoods of general requirements for E/E/PE and quality of life. safety-related systems where no appli- peoples’ lives The general science behind cation sector or product standards exist these standards covers the broad or where they are not appropriate. IEC areas of biodynamics, structural 61508 is also used by suppliers of E/ dynamics, rotor dynamics, structural E/PE components and subsystems for By Bruce Douglas, Chair acoustics (in concert with ISO/TC 43, use in all sectors. ISO/TC 108, Mechanical Acoustics), signal processing and the The IEC web site has a condition monitoring of structures and Functional Safety Zone (www.iec.ch/ vibration and shock, and machines. These sciences are complex functionalsafety) giving further details Eberhard Christ, Chair ISO/TC in their own right and many are in the of the IEC 61508 series and associated 108/SC 4, Human exposure to early stages of evolution. All directly standards. This includes an extensive mechanical vibration and shock impact workplace safety by providing set of frequently asked questions. If guidance to establishing either : you cannot find the information you n ISO/TC 108, Mechanical vibra- • human exposure limits ; are looking for, you can submit a new tion and shock, we take the devel- • methods to evaluate, assess and question for consideration by the com- opment of mechanical vibration I monitor the overall dynamic work- mittee responsible for guidance on the and shock standards for workplace place environment i.e. assess risk ; standard. safety very seriously. This responsi- bility, along with the effects of vibra- • methods to identify, diagnose and tion and shock on public safety and the prognosticate specific potential environment, is a paramount concern workplace hazards ; and

18 ISO Focus July-August 2004

Safe machinery saves lives • methods to identify appropriate humans, machines, vehicles and struc- cost-effective corrective action to 1 – Cracked Power Plant Rotor. tures, all factors in workplace safety. mitigate potential workplace haz- More specifically, its scope includes the ards. general areas of mechanical vibration and shock pertaining to : terminology Assessing the nature of and nomenclature ; actuators, sensors dynamic forces at work and associated signal analysis instru- mentation ; vibration and shock reduc- When assessing the effects on tion and control methods ; and, finally, vibration and shock on workplace the measurement and evaluation of the safety, the first consideration is the 2 – Whole-body vibration exposure at work exposure of humans, stationary structu- with a wheel-loader. nature of dynamic forces at work. res, vehicles and machines. In addition, They vary widely from steady state 3 – Hand-arm vibration exposure at work with standard methods of data processing, vibration to low range impulsive forces an angle grinder. data acquisition, diagnostic measure- to high level shock, and each requires ment methods, transducer calibration different methodology, monitoring and condition monitoring of machines cycles and assessment tools. and structures are actively being deve- The general scope of ISO/TC loped. All these subjects are related to 108 covers the broad area of mechanical workplace safety either directly through vibration and shock and their effects on assessment of human exposure, poten- tial workplace hazards and application of hazard control or indirectly by diag- nosing and predicting future workplace hazards.

“ Human exposure to whole-body vibration is a widespread occupational factor that may cause adverse effects on safety and health.”

One major category of work- place hazards is the catastrophic fail- ure of machines or structures leading to injury. Figure 1 dramatically illus- trates the high energies involved when a rotor is cracked and fails in opera- tion. Such failures can be anticipated if a suitable schedule for monitoring, maintenance and condition assess- ment is implemented. For example, mechanical mobility methods can be used to assess a structural resonance which could amplify dynamic forces in a system including structures, machines and even the human body. TC 108 has generated a series of stand- ards, ISO 7626, which outline accepta- ble methods for measuring mechanical mobility and related transfer functions that, when applied, will provide reli- able information about the state of the system under study for further in-depth

P. Krieger P. assessment by experts.

ISO Focus July-August 2004 19 Main Focus

Condition monitoring for whole-body and the hand-arm system exposure by periodic, random and tran- reliable hazard prediction by means of biodynamic models. sient vibration in relation to health and comfort, the probability of vibration Since prediction of impending perception and the incidence of motion workplace safety hazards relies on the “ The vibration transmitted sickness. They do not contain vibration monitoring changes in normal ope- by the seat on a seated exposure limits. In the frame of the ISO rating vibration signatures of critical person in all kinds of 2631 series, ISO/TC 108/SC 4 prepares systems the quality of the data bases standards concerning the whole-body involved are critical to identifying vehicles affects mainly vibration exposure on humans in build- precursors to failure. TC 108 is cur- the lumbar spine and ings (comfort and annoyance of the rently working on a series of standards the connected nervous occupants) as well as on passengers which, when taken as a whole, will and crews in fixed-guideway transport form a baseline for making an ISO- system.” systems (comfort in railways). These sanctioned vibration measurement. standards establish methods for the When complete, these standards will Human exposure to evaluation of relative comfort, not provide engineers involved in the whole-body vibration applicable to the evaluation of effects workplace with a basic tool for con- on human health and safety (Figure 2). dition monitoring from high-quality Human exposure to whole-body databases where small changes in the vibration is a widespread occupational Exposure to hand- factor that may cause adverse effects spectral nature of a vibration measure- ment can serve to predict failure. on safety and health. The vibration transmitted vibration Within TC 108, Subcommittee transmitted by the seat on a seated The second important area of SC 4, Human exposure to mechanical person and/or by the feet on a stand- standardization on human exposure to vibration and shock, is the standards ing person in all kinds of vehicles and vibration comprises the so-called hand- body concerned with human exposure mobile machines affects mainly the arm vibration caused by hand-held and to mechanical vibration and shock. SC lumbar spine and the connected nerv- hand-guided vibration machines/tools, 4 is primarily involved with stand- ous system. Performance and comfort by vibrating workpieces held in the ardization projects in regard to health, criteria may be related e.g. to interfer- hands or by controls of mobile or safety, performance and comfort crite- ence with activities as reading, writ- fixed machinery. Excessive exposure to ria and with guidelines regarding the ing, drinking, etc. and the incidence of hand-transmitted vibration may cause effects of occupational and non-occu- motion sickness. muscular/bone structure, neurological pational exposure on human popula- The standards in the field and vascular disorders of hand and tion. This includes also relevant ter- of whole-body vibration exposure arm. minology and characterization of the (ISO 2631 series) define methods of The standards in the field of biodynamic properties of the human quantifying the whole-body vibration hand-transmitted vibration (ISO 5349 series) define methods of quantifying the human exposure by periodic, ran- dom or non-periodic vibration. They About the authors provide also guidance for the evaluation of hand-transmitted vibration but do not Dr. Bruce Douglas is Dr. Eberhard Christ is define limits of safe vibration exposure. founder and Chief the current head of the Part 2 of ISO 5349 provides guidelines Scientific Officer of department of Physical for the measurement and evaluation Resonance Technolo- Environmental Factors of hand-transmitted vibration at the gies, a technical firm (noise, vibration, radia- workplace. specializing in the tion) and Ergonomics of In principle, all defined meas- dynamic design of struc- the BG-Institute for uring and evaluation methods in the Occupational Safety and Health – BIA in tures and vehicles. He currently serving as standards regarding the vibration expo- Chair of ISO/TC 108 and was Director of Sankt Augustin/Germany. He also serves sure of humans can form the bases to Research at the David Taylor Research as Chair of ISO/TC 108/SC 4, Human Center, the US Navy’s principal laboratory exposure to mechanical vibration and set legal requirements by the competent responsible for naval vehicles and logistics. shock, and chair of the national DIN com- authorities for occupational safety and He developed a fundamental theory for mittee, Human Vibration Exposure. health. Manufacturers and designers inter-laminar damping in elastic-viscoelas- At the European level, he is the chair of will be able to ensure that their prod- tic structures and a key analytical model the CEN/TC 231, Mechanical vibration ucts are in conformity with essential for the implementation of active isolation and shock. safety requirements (Figure 3). in multiple input-multiple output structural systems.

20 ISO Focus July-August 2004

Safe machinery saves lives Through my job, that has taken me to practically every industrialized country in the world, I have become a fervent advocate of international crane standards. Having seen them at work, I have seen the advantages they can bring to the crane industry in terms of safety, of reputation and in costs. And, what is true for cranes is certainly true for a good number of similar indus- tries.

“ In a tight world economy, there is no place for unreliability.”

There are nearly 10 million cranes in operation today worldwide, on such a scale, it is barely surprising that economies can be big when crane management programmes are fully implemented: potentially, an estimated USD 3 billion per year can be saved. But money is not the only consider- ation. Safety is another – and a truly vital one.

Lower costs, better quality, fewer accidents International crane standards set up conditions under which every- one wins. Crane builders can count on producing better, higher quality products. Crane operators enjoy safer working conditions and cranes with improved ergonomics. Firms can rely on increased crane productivity with lower costs for use and maintenance. And business in general can expect

Photo © ISO fewer accidents, increased operational safety, and increased reliability. n a tight world economy, there Proper preventive maintenance Radical is no place for unreliability. This routines increase the reliability of equip- improvements in I is true of all fields, including ment performance. Using a mandato- cranes. To keep cranes shipshape, in a ry defect history database, combined crane safety constant state of readiness, and prop- with inspections and repairs carried out erly maintained is no longer desirable by qualified crane specialists, decreased – it is simply vital. Question : How safety-related faults are found. By spec- do you make them safe and reliable ? ifying qualification requirements for By Rolf Lovgren, former Chair, Answer : By introducing quality operators and specialists to train them, crane safety management. And to do safety is enormously improved (crane ISO/TC 96, Cranes, SC 5, so, one key weapon, and particularly operator errors lie at the root of 73% of Use, operation and maintenance effective one – International crane all crane accidents). International Stan- of cranes standards. dards provide crane maintenance firms

ISO Focus July-August 2004 21 The story of a safe handler Main Focus

Let’s look at a shining example of the implementation of crane inspec- tion and condition monitoring standards for 500 cranes in an automotive plant (General Motors/Saginaw Metal Casting Operation, Saginaw, Michigan USA). GM’s Powertrain operations engine-block casting facility in Saginaw was first established in the 1920s, and has grown since then to having approxi- mately 140 000 m² under roof. They use 500 cranes/hoist in their operations, in 24 differ- ent locations within the plant, made by 22 Photo © CranePartner International

Control panel in a overhead bridge crane. different manufacturers, with capacities rang- Photo © GM ing from 0,125 to15 tons. The average crane/ hoist is 20 years old. They set out to increase safety, reduce costs and be on world-class level as far as crane safety and maintenance are concerned. So what did they do ? GM’s Powertrain operations engine- block casting facility in Saginaw decided to implement ISO’s Internation- al Standards on crane inspection and condition monitoring ISO 9927:1994

Photo © CranePartner International , Bridge wheels badly worn, rail broken, no Cranes – Inspections – Part 1: General, and ISO 12482: 1995, Cranes – Con- brakes etc. dition monitoring – Part 1: General, for their crane maintenance. CranePartner International’s service division in Michigan (CraneCare Inc.) was selected for the implementation and maintenance for 500 cranes/ hoists in the plant. Operations started in 1997 by tailoring individual checklists for every crane/hoist, collecting information about operational data etc. and adapting the CranePartner Crane Maintenance and Condition Monitoring programme (CranePartner System CPS) for the task. And the results ? Development between June 1997 and December 2001 was as follows : Photo © CranePartner International Stell structure damages caused by wery rough • Crane defects have declined from average 7,2 / Hoist/Year in 1997 to 0,85/ handling. Hoist/Year in 2001 (see diagram p. 23) with tools to evaluate how well they • Crane Maintenance Costs have declined from average USD 1 274/ hoist/ are doing in meeting their customer’s year, to USD 580/hoist/year (see diagram p. 23) requirements. In my experience with • GM/SMCO purchase specifications for cranes are similar to ISO crane crane operations in paper mills in North standards. America and Europe, such maintenance practice has reduced maintenance cost from 33% to 64% while reducing fail- ures between 46% and 60% and safe- The only market that The marketplace, obviously, is now ty incidents between 33% and 97%. counts is the world global: with cranes, the only market Results of International Standard level market that counts is the world market, and maintenance in steel mills is also impres- competition is fierce: by applying self- sive: maintenance costs reduced by from Throughout the world, there are agreed International Standards, a lot of 28% to 56%, failures reduced by 50% increasing safety and environmental the grind is taken out of maintenance up to 83% and safety incidents by 63% demands and regulations, and the cus- work as components and procedures up to 95%. The demanding automotive tomer’s expectations are constantly on are standard. industry in USA (namely, in General the rise. New technological develop- International Standards lead to Motors) has seen some radical improve- ments simplify procedures and main- higher quality, which, in turn, means ments in crane safety and reduced main- tenance if properly channelled through higher safety, greater reliability, and tenance costs after focusing their crane International Standards. enhanced customer satisfaction, giv- management on international crane stan- A modern comprehensive ing those that apply them an all-round dards (see box opposite). Annual crane crane maintenance programme pays image of a professional global service defects have declined by 86% and main- substantial dividends when it is con- provider. To become – and to remain tenance costs by 57%. gruent with International Standards. – a successful service provider means

22 ISO Focus July-August 2004

Safe machinery saves lives What ISO crane standards can offer ISO/TC 96 works on standard- ization in the field of cranes, lifting appliances, and related equipment, particularly general design procedures, terminology, classification, load rating, terminology, safe use, maintenance, inspections and condition monitor-

Photo © Man ing, crane selection etc., through nine subcommittees with delegates repre- paying special attention to develop- Crane operation and senting national standards groups from ing and maintaining services which maintenance is difficult 30 countries. These are: subcommittee follow global requirements: this gives to obtain SC 2, Terminology, SC 3, Selection of the assurance that you are on the right wire ropes, SC4, Test methods, SC 5, track, at present and for the future. There are three basic approach- Use, operation, and maintenance, SC es to crane maintenance: maintenance 6, Mobile cranes, SC 7, Tower cranes, Decline in by in-house crews; service contract by SC 8, Jib cranes, SC 9, Bridge and 4000 crane defects the manufacturer, and service contract 500 cranes in automotive plant gantry cranes, SC 10 (previously SC by a third-party crane maintenance 1), Design procedures. 3500 Defects/Year • organization. All three approaches Safety related Crane safety improvement stan- defects are appropriate if personnel have suf- dards are used to: 3000 Production related ficient knowledge of both cranes and • “Design/specify” a safe crane. • defects maintenance. 2500 • Total All the elements necessary for • “Buy” a safe crane building a world-class crane manage- 2000 • ment programme are included in the “Maintain” a safe crane. International Standards, even though • 1500 “Use” the crane safely. the design and execution of such a programme will still have to be 1000 • coordinated by the plant maintenance “ Crane operator errors lie at the root of 73 % of 1500 • organization or an outside group con- • tracted to handle the responsibility. all crane accidents.” 1000 The comprehensive crane maintenance 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 programme will include crane inspec- tion and evaluation by knowledgeable engineers, preventive maintenance About the author tasks by operators and maintenance Decline in Rolf Lovgren specialists, predictive maintenance 120 % crane costs Material was Chair of 500 cranes in automotive plant cost technologies, and computerized main- ISO/TC 96 Labor tenance management systems. Cost/Year cost Cranes, SC 5, 100 % • Comprehensive knowledge Use operation Total • • of crane operation and maintenance and maintenance is difficult to obtain. Pockets of of cranes 180 % • excellence exist in crane builder and between 1986 crane user companies and organiza- and 2004. He is tions throughout the world. But if no a member of 160 % • country or company has succeeded ANSI/ASME in gathering all the best knowledge B30, Standards Committee for Cranes (USA), US Delegate to ISO/TC 96 and 140 % • and practice for designing, building, MIOSHA advisory board member for installing, operating and maintaining Crane Safety (Michigan OSHA). 120 % cranes, the efforts of ISO/TC 96 have Mr Lovgren is President and CEO of been promising in this field. One of the CranePartner International Inc. and has most valuable committee activities for been in the crane and maintenance 110 % maintenance organizations is the stan- engineering business worldwide for over 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 dard for condition monitoring. 30 years.

© CPI 2002 ISO Focus July-August 2004 23 Main Focus Photo © ISO

Ergonomics : the road to health, safety and efficiency

By Dr. Armin Windel, Head of Ergonomics Unit, Federal Insti- tute for Occupational Safety and Health, Germany, and delegate to several working groups ISO/ TC 159, Ergonomics

retrospective survey of ergo- nomic standardization in recent A decades shows that some widely differing objectives have been pursued in European and international stand- ardization activities. Work on imple- menting guidelines on the improve- “ Our standards take lacking to date in ergonomic stand- ment of safety in the workplace began account of the aims of ardization. It is consequently still the with European and national standards preventive industrial case that ergonomic requirements are back in the 1960s. With regard to the described in many ways and to some ergonomic design of products, this has safety, increase extent in slightly differing terms. Work meant – and continues to mean today – the performance of is therefore in progress on a guiding and that the fundamental principles of ergo- man-system interaction integrating framework. The basic stand- nomics need to be taken into account in ard ISO 6385, Ergonomic principles in development, production and use, and and improve the the design of work systems, pursues the thus in all phases in the life of a prod- cost-effectiveness of the aim not just of stipulating the principles uct. Since the 1970s, European and complete system.” of ergonomics in relation to the design international standards have increas- of work systems but also of describing a ingly aimed at consumer protection framework concept in the best sense of a while safeguarding free movement of which mandating is planned are fol- “ base ” standard, on which other stand- goods. Consequently, ergonomic prin- lowed under European direction. ards on specific topics can be based. ciples also have to be considered in the In the meantime, there are a At the European level, it is nec- design of work systems. Fundamental large number of projects in ergonomic essary to underpin the requirements of ergonomic knowledge was increas- standardization which have been han- the Machinery Directive on ergonomic ingly “ bundled ” in the 1980s, chiefly dled in that way and therefore meet design with (mandatory) standards. in international standards. the various requirements. Below, I General principles of ergonomics in The Vienna Agreement as well describe three areas of ergonomic relation to the safety of machines are as the need for globalization have standardization that go to show where described in the EN 614, Safety of prompted those concerned in the recent the emphasis lies at present. machinery – Ergonomic design prin- past to look for common ground in ciples. In common with EN 13861, these three approaches which are appar- No clear structure yet Safety of machinery – Guidance for the ently difficult to reconcile. The route in ergonomics application of ergonomic standards in being followed at present envisages a the design of machinery, which can be standardization procedure according While a classification according understood as a guide to the considera- to the Vienna Agreement being con- to basic standards, product group and tion of ergonomic aspects in product ducted in parallel at the international product standards is required and has standards, knowledge of the design and and European levels. At present, only been largely implemented in the area use of machines and experience gained standardization procedures for which of standardization of machine safety, from incidents, accidents and injuries there is a European directive and for a similarly clear structure has been is brought together here. Combination

24 ISO Focus July-August 2004

Safe machinery saves lives with international standardization is also aimed for and is already being put into practice for this area of European Designing worker-friendly work standardization. A new International Standard on the design of work systems is expected to result in improved user health, safety, and performance as well as cost savings A new framework for for business. visual display terminal A work system involves a combination of people and equipment, within work a given space and environment, and the interactions between these components Another prime concern of inter- within a work organization. national ergonomic standardization is A work system, whether directly or indirectly, may contribute to a the revision and restructuring of the plethora of mental and physical health problems and can result in increased ISO 9241 series of standards on visual absenteeism, poor timekeeping and staff turnover – all of which affect the pro- display terminals. Because of the great ductivity and efficiency of the organization and have a negative effect on the significance of work equipment and bottom line. To avoid these negative effects, it is necessary to fit the work system the steady development of technology to the user. in the area of visual display terminal ISO 6385:2004, Ergonomic principles in the design of work systems, work, the ISO 9241 series of standards offers a route to improving the interface between individual users and the com- has become very widely known. ponents of their working situation – such as tasks, equipment, workspace and When the scope of this series of environment – right from the beginning of the design process. standards was expanded by eliminating For example, concerns over family problems may cause distraction, the limitation to office work, the group predisposing workers title of the standard was changed from to errors. The right “ Ergonomic requirements for office design of workplaces activities with visual display terminals ” can minimize the poten- to “ Ergonomics of man-machine inter- tial for human error or, action ”. The restructuring of ISO 9241, where concentration is in particular logical numbering of the vital, provide additional parts of the standard and the integra- social support. tion of what to date have been separate The new stand- standards, also pursues the aim of giving ard provides a frame- this increasingly significant subject area work for the design of a stronger, guiding framework. Topics new or existing work which are of current interest and much systems, with a view to facilitating the work (Continued overleaf) behaviour and well being of users, from office staff to assembly- About the author line workers. Its guidance may also apply to the design of products for domestic and leisure activities. Dr. Armin ISO 6385:2004, which replaces ISO 6385:1981, has been updated to Windel studied include a description of the design process, definitions of ergonomics and ergo- Psychology at nomic design principles and gives an overview of the components involved in the Ruhr-Univer- the design of a work system. sity of Bochum, “ ISO 6385 is relevant for all sectors, not only heavy industry, but also Germany. From the growing service industries and the health sector,” says Wietske Eveleens, 1991 to 1999 he was scientific Convenor of the working group that developed the new standard. “ ISO 6385 assistant and helps professionals in the creation of durable solutions when facing the chal- lecturer at the lenge of human-centred technical innovation in a quickly changing world.” department of The new standard is aimed to be used by managers, workers (or their industrial and organizational psychology. representatives) and professions such as ergonomists, human resources, project Since 1999 Dr. Windel has been a member managers, and designers who are involved in the design or redesign of work of the Federal Institute for Occupational systems. Safety and Health in Germany, where he is ISO 6385:2004 is the work of ISO technical committee ISO/TC 159, head of the Ergonomics Unit. He is Ergonomics, subcommittee SC 1, Ergonomic guiding principles. involved in several working groups of ISO/ TC 159, Ergonomics, and CEN/TC 122.

ISO Focus July-August 2004 25 Main Focus in demand such as usability, accessibil- safety and health of employees but also We promote industrial ity and multimedia and mobile devices performance attainment in enterprises. safety and are obviously also taken into account. Not least because of the consideration cost-effectiveness In addition, it supports practical imple- of mental workload in European leg- mentation of the European VDU (Visual islation, the need for many enterprises As this brief survey of current Display Unit) Directive. and employees for detailed consultation focal points for action in ergonomic on the topic of “ mental workloads ” has standardization shows, the activities Still underestimated : steadily increased in recent years. in ISO/TC 159 are aimed at taking better and adequate account in future mental workload and stress The honour of having cre- ated a suitable basis of understanding of human characteristics, capabilities Processes which are described on this topic goes to the ISO 10075 and skills in the design of products by terms such as “ structural change ”, series, Ergonomic principles related to and work systems. Concept-related “ flexibilization of work ” or “ dynam- mental workload. Problems of under- work and the restructuring of exist- ics of the world of work ” are char- standing still exist if mental work- ing standards also raises the suitabil- acteristic of massive restructuring loads are misunderstood as individual ity for use of the product known as activities around the world. For shortcomings on the part of the person “ standard ” for the user. To summa- employees, they are associated with concerned and are not recognized as rize, the standardization activities in radical changes in their working con- shortcomings in working conditions ISO/TC 159 take account of the aims ditions, which may lead to changes in the enterprise. Alongside precise of preventive occupational safety and in areas of activity, new challenges, definitions of the terms “ mental work- health, increase the performance of but also changed and, in some cases, load ”, “ mental stress ” and their poten- man-system interaction and improve higher workloads. tial negative consequences (Part 1), the the cost-effectiveness of the complete On this basis there is agreement standard series does not just offer work system. both internationally and in Europe assistance in measuring and assessing that avoiding or reducing work-related incorrect mental workloads (Part 3), it incorrect loads has become a focal also offers tips in the second part on point for action in order to promote the optimizing working conditions. Photo © ISO

26 ISO Focus July-August 2004

Safe machinery saves lives

so evident as today, after the bombings What is involved in Burning a trail in Oklahoma City (April 1995), 9-11, rescue ? ahead in the Bali nightclub, Madrid train, and other events where firefighters have to Standards Australia along with protective clothing cope with very dangerous situations. the South Australian Metropolitan The working groups were crafted Fire Service (SAMFS) hosted the according to the risk that firefighters fourth conference meeting of SC 14 face. Each working group is working in Adelaide, at the SAMFS Training By Mick Smith, Chair ISO/TC towards developing a single standard Centre, between May 31 and June 4, 94/SC 14, Firefighters personal for PPE that, when used, will protect 2004. protective equipment the firefighter against the risk. At our meeting, a day was set aside as a workshop wholly devoted to Subcommittee SC 14 is made work involved in WG 5, Rescue per- irefighting personnel are putting up of five working groups : their lives on the line ; any work sonal protective equipment or Non-fire F done by TC 94/SC 14 to ensure WG 1, General requirements personal protective equipment. This that what they wear and the equipment WG 2, Firefighting – structural covers road accident rescue, high angle they use is better suited to the task rescue, urban search and rescue, trench will benefit firefighter safety around WG 3, Wildland firefighting rescue, confined space rescue, swift the world. That is our goal, and the WG 4, Hazardous materials incidents and still water rescue and industrial recent meeting of the subcommittee 14 rescue. These have been categorized in Adelaide, Australia, served to show WG 5, Non-fire rescue incidents by WG 5 into four distinct groups; how internationally our group’s work rope rescue, rescue from water, rescue is burning a trail ahead and progress- “ The standards writers from vehicles and plant and special ing knowledge and safety methods to needed to see the rescue. this end. The event was intended to Previous annual meetings of TC personal protective facilitate discussion and to demon- 94/SC 14 were held in London, Berlin equipment in action to strate techniques under each of the and Winnipeg. The 2001 meeting in fully understand the end four categories of rescue identified London occurred after 9/11: it responded by WG 5. Its purpose was to provide to the obvious need of firefighters for use by the people wearing a greater appreciation of what is appropriate PPE (personal protective the ensemble”. involved in rescue, so that the suite equipment). This need has never been of standards to be written for rescue

ISO Focus July-August 2004 27 Main Focus

The ISO/TC 94/SC 14, Firefighters personal protective equipment, conference was held Ensuring the same A lot of the protection for in May-June 2004, in Adelaide, Australia, and protection level is firefighters comes in the form of attended by 44 committee members and 20 technological advances in materials observers during the week. afforded to all that the PPE is made from, but we The practical demonstrations cannot rely on this alone. Firefighter given by SAMFS training officers, PPE must be aligned to training and and South Australia’s ambulance safe work practices in order for it to services, country fire services, state fully protect the wearer. emergency services, police special tactics and response group and avia- tion rescue and firefighting division The varied disciplines were the key to the success of the of rescue mean different day. Alec Feldman from GD Group clothing needs of Companies, Ireland, convener of One of the problems ISO/TC 94/ Convenors of the Working Groups met for a WG 5, said ; “ In all my involvement SC 14 has is that in this diverse world pre-conference. A complete day was set aside around the world in formulating and the variety of areas firefighters for a workshop with practical demonstrations standards, I myself and many of the now work in, firefighting itself only for WG 5, Rescue (or or Non-fire) personal others here have never seen anything protective equipment. amounts to approximately 10 % of their like this done before. The standards total work output. It is also accepted writers needed to see the personal personal protective equipment is based that the protective performance levels protective equipment in action to fully on assessments of hazard and risk. The of PPE set down in current standards understand the end use by the people aim was also to lay the foundations for wearing the ensemble ”. a forum of discussion amongst rescu- ers on procedures, techniques, etc. to support the hazard and risk analysis on “ The acceptance of About the author which the ISO standards will be based. International Standards Mick Smith, This was run as an observation exer- as an alternative to local Chair of ISO/TC cise for standard writers, test houses 94/SC 14, Fire- and manufacturers. standards is an important fighters personal WG 5 is responsible for rescue, step forward.” protective equip- and the workshop gave this group ment (PPE), greater insight into personal protec- has been Deputy tive equipment (PPE) currently worn Firefighters, test houses and Chief Officer of by Emergency Services in South manufacturers from around the world the South Aus- Australia. They looked at : are committed to standards development tralian Metropol- and, in this case, firefighter personal itan Fire Service • Helmets protective equipment. The development (SAMFS) since September 2002. Mick • Boots of International Standards and their Smith joined the Fire Service in January acceptance as an alternative to 1978, aged 21. In January 1986, he was • Gloves local standards is an important step promoted to Senior Firefighter, in Decem- • forward. TC 94/SC14 is fostering the ber 1987 to Station Officer, in July 1998 to Clothing District Officer, and in July 2000 to compilation of the work of technical • Eye protection Commander. Mick was also the Leader of experts and end-users from a diverse the Australian Delegation to ISO/TC 94/ • Hearing protection range of countries and climates that SC 15, Respiratory protection. He has also will ultimately apply the standard to • Communications, and been involved in a number of Australian their own needs – but with the same and Australasian committees on the • Other Safety Features protection level afforded to all. subjects.

28 ISO Focus July-August 2004 Test methods for protective clothing to reduce injury and death

Safe machinery saves lives Health care workers that treat and care for the sick and injured, as well as categories such as rescue personnel, paramedics, veterinarians and laboratory technicians, may be at risk from biological liquids transmitting disease. ISO is helping to reduce the risk by two International Standards for evaluating the effectiveness of their protective clothing. “ The risk of contamination by viruses such as AIDS, HIV, hepatitis and others from blood or other body fluids is a constant source of concern for health care staff, and the two standards provide a tool to assess the bar- rier capacity of the materials used for these protective garments,” says Fred Foubert, Deputy Convenor of the ISO group of experts that developed the standards. The new standards describe laboratory test methods for measuring the penetration resistance of clothing materials to blood, body fluids and other potentially infectious materials. They will enable manufacturers to develop are aimed at protection against protective clothing that will reduce the potential of direct skin contact to a exposure to “ worst possible ” fire variety of blood-borne viruses by medical personnel. scenarios, i.e. flashover conditions or ISO 16603:2004, Clothing for protection against contact with blood ensembles for wildland conditions. and body fluids – Determination of the resistance of protective clothing The rest of the time is occupied by materials to penetration by blood and body fluids –Test method using syn- the various other disciplines of rescue. thetic blood, will be used to determine the resistance of materials to synthetic From this, fire services have used blood when exposed to physical stresses and pressures exerted on protective combinations of firefighting clothing clothing in use. levels to accomplish rescue. This is far from an ideal situation, and indeed ISO 16604:2004, Clothing for protection against contact with blood should be considered as inappropriate and body fluids –Determination of resistance of protective clothing materi- PPE. More seriously, this can mean als to penetration by blood-borne pathogens –Test method using Phi-X174 that for 90 % or more of the work of bacteriophage, will help detect micro-holes in materials using a microorgan- firefighters, they are wearing PPE that ism that is similar to the hepatitis C virus in size and shape but also serves could add to the risk of heat stress. as a substitute for the hepatitis B virus This makes and HIV (human immunodeficiency the work of WG 5 viruses). under Alec Feldman “ There are a large number of one of the biggest potential users of these standards, or of challenges of TC 94. people who could benefit from them. The workshop at the This not only concerns health care Adelaide conference professionals in the strict sense such assisted in the educa- as doctors and nurses, but also rescue tion of standards writ- workers, paramedics, veterinarians, ers to the facts of the people who come into contact with situation. Fire servic- dead animals, laboratory technicians es tend to be steeped etc.”, further noted Mr. Foubert. in history when it comes to changing “ We hope these test methods work practices : and, will provide a good basis for the evalua- after the completion tion and further development of materi- of this ISO standard, als used in protective apparel for a wide ISO/CD 11613, it will group of people, especially people our now be a huge effort lives could depend on.” to educate fire servic- ISO 16603:2004 and ISO es around the world to 16604:2004 are the work of ISO tech- duly implement it. nical committee ISO/TC 94, Personal safety – Protective clothing and equip- ment, subcommittee SC 13, Protective clothing.

ISO Focus July-August 2004 29 Photo © ISO

Main Focus

years, and the resulting annual social islators, and form the basis for deci- Reducing the risk and economic costs are of the order of sions on whether criteria are met or of hearing damage magnitude of 120 million USD. Other on whether noise reduction measures industrialized countries are faced with have to be initiated by manufacturers similar problems. or customers for machinery. Considering the diversity of By Dr. Klaus Brinkmann, Chair Noise measurement machinery in use (from small hand- ISO/TC 43, Acoustics results from different held devices to big industrial plants), of given acoustic environments for n daily life, acoustics is usually sources measurements (from in situ to labora- associated with positive sounds It is beyond the brief of ISO/TC tory conditions), and the intended use of I like music and speech communica- 43 to enforce non-dangerous working data (from characterization and label- tion. Unfortunately, however, acoustics conditions directly – this is an issue ling of machinery to evaluation of noise also has a grave negative side which that has to be left to the economy and exposure at workplaces), it is obvious becomes obvious when sound turns to legislation – but TC 43 does provide that no one single procedure is going to into noise. The main objective of ISO/ a significant contribution towards safer be suitable in all situations. Instead, TC TC 43, Acoustics, and its subcommittee workplaces by delivering a variety of 43/SC 1 offers families of framework 1, Noise, is to deal with this negative proper tools to achieve this goal. Let standards for different applications (e.g. side, and to contribute towards a reduc- us look at these. the ISO 3740 family for sound power tion of unwanted effects of sound. measurements, the ISO 9614 series for It is said that some 20 % of the “ We have developed sound intensity and the ISO 11200 fam- total population in Europe is exposed guidance on the design of ily for sound pressure at work stations). to noise levels in their living environ- Guidance is given on the selection of ment that exceed the acceptable limits low-noise machinery and the most appropriate standard in a given set by the scientific and medical com- equipment and the design situation. To meet the needs of custom- munity, leading to manifold physical of low-noise workplaces.” ers who sometimes complain about the and psychological irritations for the complexity of noise measurements and people concerned. Such effects are, Measurement standards: The their costs, SC 1 offers, wherever pos- however, difficult to quantify. More standardization of well-established sible, a selection of procedures rang- solid data exist for noise-induced and reproducible methods for noise ing from precision methods providing hearing damages at workplaces, how- measurements is the main field of most accurate results to simple survey ever. In Germany, for instance, hearing activity of TC 43/SC 1. Such stand- methods. impairment has been at the top of all ards are closely related to noise limits In order to get reliable results, occupational impairments for many prescribed by national or regional leg- machinery specific data, like operat-

30 ISO Focus July-August 2004

Safe machinery saves lives ing and mounting conditions, have to “ We offer help on how oped a number of measurement stand- be specified in addition to the basic ards suitable for providing comparable acoustical requirements in so-called to measure the hearing hearing protector performance data “Noise Test Codes”. SC 1 provides function and how to (ISO 4869 series). Moreover, guidance guidance on how to write a suitable calibrate audiometric is given on how to adapt frequency- code, but leaves the work itself in dependent attenuation data of hearing most cases to product committees equipment to achieve protectors in a simple way to the noise where more relevant knowledge on the comparable results.” spectrum in a given situation. machinery in question is likely to be available. However, TC 43 establishes – TC 43/SC1 has therefore developed Monitoring of the hearing several standards on the design of close cooperation with these commit- performance tees in maintaining its overall responsi- low-noise machinery and equipment bility in all questions related to noise. (ISO 11688 series), the design of low- Hearing conservation pro- noise workplaces (ISO 11690 series) grammes: Any relationship established “ Industrial customers, as well as on performance measure- between noise exposure and resulting ments on sound insulating enclosures hearing damage are only statistically noise consultants, safety (ISO 11546 series), removable screens valid. Individuals may be affected in inspectors and testing (ISO 11821) and cabins (ISO 11957). quite different ways. There is no doubt, laboratories appreciate Industrial customers, noise consult- however, that the damaging effects of ants, safety inspectors and testing noise build up over a lifetime, and the assistance of ISO laboratories appreciate this assistance. its impairment to hearing, once it has standards.” Personal sound protecting devic- occurred, is hard to repair. Because es: If none of the general noise reduc- of this, a permanent monitoring of the A big challenge at present to the tion means described above manage hearing performance of workers con- continuous process of updating exist- to exclude the risk of impairing the cerned is usually indispensable. Such ing standards and their adaptation to hearing of the workers, the ultimate programmes provide a basis, e.g. for new technologies is the proper treat- solution is the use of personal hearing decisions on additional noise reduc- ment of measurement uncertainty. protectors. The market offers a variety tion measures, for the selection of most Sufficient knowledge to apply in full of products. However, the selection of endangered persons at an early stage, the ISO Guide to the Expression of the right model in a given noise situa- for diagnosis and therapy of hearing Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) is tion is not an easy task. SC 1 has devel- impairment and, in the worst cases, not always available yet, but it stands for proper financial compensation of to reason in ISO/TC 43 that measure- a definitive hearing loss. ISO/TC 43, ment results from different sources again, offers help for such programmes cannot be meaningfully compared About the author by providing standards on how to without reliable uncertainty data, and measure the hearing function (ISO reasonable decisions on the fulfilment Dr. Klaus 6189 and ISO 8253 series) and how Brinkmann has of any criteria cannot be taken without to calibrate audiometric equipment been chair of (ISO 389 series) in order to achieve knowledge of the uncertainty in meas- ISO/TC 43, urement either. Acoustics and comparable results. The latter is done TC 43/SC 1, in close cooperation with IEC/TC 29 Selecting hearing Noise since that is responsible for the performance protectors is not easy 1987. He specification of such equipment, while received his uni- TC 43 specifies an audiometric zero Noise reduction: No universally versity degree in representing the average threshold of applicable methods exist to reduce physics in 1963 hearing of young otologically normal noise at its source or to shield work- and then worked for 40 years at Germany’s persons around the world. ing places against noise by enclosures, National Metrology Institute – initially in a In sum: though ISO/TC 43 can- screens or insulating cabins. For this laboratory for acoustics and finally as head not directly reduce the risk of hearing reason, the means of noise reduction of a division with diverse scientific and damage at workplaces and the result of technical cross-sectional tasks. Besides his are not really a field of standardization, its work is not really quantifiable, its work in ISO/TC 43, he has chaired various and any harmonized specifications technical committees in international and contributions to achieve safer work- bear the inherent risk of hindering regional organizations such as the Interna- ing conditions are manifold and are technical development. Nevertheless, tional Organization of Legal Metrology, well acknowledged by all parties customers often ask for guidance and CEN (European Committee for Standardi- concerned. – mainly to fulfil demands arising from zation), and the European Cooperation for the European Machinery Directive Accreditation (EA).

ISO Focus July-August 2004 31 Main Focus

that underlies the European Quality The value Award. This model identifies its criteria of statistical under the broad headings of “ enablers ” and “ results ”, and these are guided by techniques “ fundamental concepts of excellence ”. In this case, the role of data is embed- ded in the guidance provided for award

Photo © ISO criteria (“ management by …facts ”). By Lally Marwah, Convenor Another internationally respect- of the working group for The primary elements of the ed quality award is The Deming Appli- ISO/TR 10017:2003, Guidance ISO 9001:2000 QMS model are cation Prize in Japan, which recogniz- on statistical techniques for depicted in Figure 1. The detailed es “ distinctive performance improve- ISO 9001:2000 requirements that underlie the primary ment through the application of TQM elements are provided in the ISO 9001: (Total Quality Management) ”. This he quality of product or serv- 2000 standard. In the model above, it is award not only endorses a manage- ice delivered to a customer is clear that the role of data – specifically ment system “ based on facts ”, but T among the key objectives of measurement and analysis – is central strongly reinforces the role of data every business. To achieve this objec- to the continual improvement cycle of through explicit reference to the use of tive in a consistent and effective man- the business that holds customer satis- statistical techniques to maintain and ner requires an organization to develop faction as its ultimate objective. improve business performance. a comprehensive quality management The role of data is similarly system (QMS) which ensures that recognized in other well-known QMS customer requirements are captured, models, notably those associated with Variability – and the role translated into goods or services, and quality awards established in various of statistical techniques parts of the world to promote organi- delivered to the customer’s satisfac- Some degree of variability is zational improvement. tion. present in all processes – even under Most well-known in the USA. Data – and the analysis of data conditions of apparent stability – and is the Malcolm Baldrige Award, which – is central to the management of qual- can be observed at various stages of recognizes business excellence. While ity, as it is to every other aspect of an the total life cycle of products. Such the criteria for this award have evolved enterprise. This is therefore reflected variability can be said to ultimately over the years, the effective use of data in all QMS models, the most well account for problems or issues that has remained a specific and central known worldwide being the ISO 9001: constitute “ poor quality ”. requirement. 2000 Quality Management System. The value of statistical tech- More familiar to organizations in niques stems from their potential Europe is the EFQM Excellence Model Figure 1 – ISO 9001:2000 QMS model ability – given relevant data associated with a process or product – to yield insight into the nature, extent and pos- sible causes of variability. This insight can subsequently assist in controlling or reducing variability, and thereby improve quality. The value of even elementary statistical analysis can be illustrated by a simple example: the maximum level of noise emitted by a device is set at 45 decibels. To determine if a large batch of these devices meets this requirement, a sample of 36 units is randomly drawn from the batch, and their noise-levels are measured and listed in Figure 2a. It is clear that none of the units in the sample exceeds the upper limit of 45 decibels ; but it is not clear what proportion of the total batch might exceed the upper limit.

32 ISO Focus July-August 2004

Safe machinery saves lives A graphical plot (Figure 2b) Six-Sigma of the same data shows a picture of In many organizations the use a “distribution” that is more revealing Guidance on statistical of statistical techniques is left to the – it suggests that a small percentage of techniques – individual initiative of employees and the batch may exceed the upper limit. ISO/TR 10017:2003 managers. In recent years, we have If certain assumptions can be seen the emergence of a formal ini- The effective use of statistical made about the data, statistical analysis tiative – broadly termed “ Six-Sigma” techniques is greatly influenced by allows us to estimate that about 0,22% – to enable a more focused deployment how well their potential applicability of units in the batch will likely exceed of statistical techniques. and benefits are understood by man- the upper limit, even though none in agement. the sample exceeded that limit. Frequency This need is well served by the 12 recently published ISO TR 10017: 10 2003 – Guidance on statistical tech- niques for ISO 9001:2000 . Written 8 in non-technical language, it identi- 6 fies well-known statistical techniques and their potential applications in a 4 Upper limit quality management system. It further 2 provides a clear and concise descrip- tion of each technique to enable the 0 reader to assess its applicability and 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 Noise level (Db) benefit, and thereby guide the selection Figure 2a – Noise-level (in decibels) of techniques appropriate to the needs of sample units Figure 2b – Plot of noise level data of the business. Statistical techniques can help Thus while ISO/TR 10017: Six-Sigma originated as a sta- describe, analyze and model variabil- 2003 is specifically aligned to the tistical concept that calls for a high ity, even with limited data. They can requirements of the ISO 9001:2000 level of process capability, so that the thereby help improve the quality of standard, it can also provide guidance resulting output has a very low level products and processes over the total on the potential role of statistical tech- of defects (in the “parts per million” life-cycle – from design and develop- niques in the broad context of business range). ment, to production and service. Some improvement. Six-Sigma has since evolved commonly encountered applications of into a broad initiative for driving busi- statistical techniques include : ness improvement. It is characterized • Assessing or assuring the quality of by a high level of executive commit- incoming material ; ment and support for selected projects, About the author which in turn are aligned to business • Control of processes in manufac- Lally Marwah priorities. It also typically involves a turing and service sectors ; is with Global significant level of training in the use Quality manage- • Optimizing complex processes to of selected techniques – statistical ment at Nortel achieve desired outcomes ; and otherwise – to ensure successful Networks, head- • Assessing or predicting reliability results. quartered in of products ; In some corporations Six-Sigma Canada. He has has served not only to achieve high lev- led Nortel Net- • Characterizing delivery or response els of performance, but has also been a works to ISO times in service industry. vehicle for developing skills and capa- 9001:2000, and bilities in the organization itself. primed statistical Such applications play a vital methods for business improvement at IBM. role in virtually every sector of indus- Recently, he led the development of ISO/ try and commerce. While the focus TR 10017:2003 – Guidance on statistical here is on assessing and improving techniques for ISO 9001:2000. quality, it is worth noting that statisti- Contact : [email protected] cal techniques are also potentially use- Phone : Canada 905-863-3254 ful in other contexts – for example in environmental management – to help establish, achieve and verify perform- ssssss ance targets and goals.

ISO Focus July-August 2004 33 Developments and Initiatives

a series of 33 laboratory tests. Based on using the ISO/TR 9790 rating scale, the WorldSID rating is 7,6 (“ Good ” on Automobile safety a 10 point rating scale). In compari- son, other currently used side impact dummies, US-SID, EuroSID-2RE, EuroSID-1, and EuroSID-2, have rat- a dummy ings of 2,3, 4,2, 4,4, and 4,7 respec- tively. The ability of vehicle safety engineers to utilize the enhanced bio- that can fidelity of the WorldSID should lead to safer vehicle designs, enhanced side impact protection, and reduce human take it all injuries in side impacts. Making WorldSID available to the worldwide vehicle research community In addition, as a major ben- efit of harmonization, introduction of a single universal dummy into regulations and consumer testing in all regions would enable manufacturers to focus and coordinate resources to improve worldwide occupant safety, By the WorldSID Task Group 1) tions in Europe, Asia-Pacific and the rather than engineering different safety Americas, represents a major break- designs for different dummies. n the automotive safety testing field, through in worldwide harmonization As an international group, the the ISO World Side Impact Dummy of crash test dummies. WorldSID Task Group operated under I (WorldSID) Task Group has com- the leadership of a Tri-Chair, consisting pleted the design and development of “ WorldSID was developed of one individual from the Americas, the WorldSID. Developed under direc- Asia Pacific, and European regions of tion of ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, sub- by hundreds of engineers the world. Each of the Tri-Chairs served committee SC 12, Passive safety crash and scientists from as chair of their respective regional protection systems, working group WG over 45 organizations in Advisory Group and shared the chair- 5, Anthropomorphic test devices, begin- manship of the Task Group, which is ning in 1997, and funded by a world- Europe, Asia-Pacific and made up of worldwide representatives wide consortium at a cost of about 14 the Americas.” of research facilities, manufacturers, million USD, the dummy production government agencies, and dummy design was completed on schedule in Effective vehicle occupant equipment manufacturers. One of the March 2004. The WorldSID made its protection design is very dependent goals of this worldwide group was to official debut at a United Nations World upon the ability of vehicle engineers achieve harmonization via the use of the Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle to use crash dummies to predict pos- same dummy in all worldwide markets. Regulations (Working Party WP.29) sible human injuries. The WorldSID’s Humans are physically similar world- reception on 22 June in Geneva. biofidelity, a measure of how well wide, so it is logical to have a single The WorldSID heralds a sig- the dummy simulates the forces and crash dummy to test vehicle safety. nificant improvement in the ability of motions of a human, is the best of any There are presently at least three differ- crash dummies to duplicate human side impact crash dummy to date and motions and responses in side impact far exceeds the performances of the 1) Risa Scherer, FORD Motor Company, tests, which should lead to improved others. ISO/TR 9790, Lateral impact Chair of the Americas Advisory Group, Akihiko vehicle designs and occupant protec- response requirements to assess the Akiyama, Honda, Chair of the Asia Pacific tion. In addition, WorldSID, which was biofidelity of the dummy, specifies Advisory Group, Edmund Hautmann, BMW Group, Chair of the European Advisory Group, developed by hundreds of engineers procedures for evaluating side impact with Ken Wiley, DYNAMIC RESEARCH INC., and scientists from over 45 organiza- dummy biofidelity performance using WorldSID Phase II Project Manager.

34 ISO Focus July-August 2004 ent adult male sized side impact dummy reviewed. During its November 2003 designs in use and at least four more meeting, United Nations Working Party have been developed. One, used by the WP.29 agreed that development of the US Department of Transportation, has WorldSID should be encouraged, and served as the crash dummy to be used further agreed that EU member states in the existing US side impact crash will make proposals to incorporate the regulation (FMVSS 214). Others were WorldSID in ECE Regulation 95 once developed in Europe and are being used an optional in-dummy data acquisition the WorldSID is shown to be ready for or are being considered for use in crash system capable of recording up to 224 use, in the expectation that this could tests under European Regulations. The data channels, which can lead to a bet- be done before the end of the 36-month WorldSID was developed to allow a sin- ter understanding of the loads applied to transitional period specified for ES- gle test device to be used for side impact car occupants during side impacts. 2 in the proposed amendment. This testing in any regulation around the action ensures that the door remains world. Such a worldwide-harmonized open for the WorldSID to be consid- dummy could not have been developed “ The excellent biofidelity ered for adoption as a replacement in without the international cooperation of the WorldSID design is UN-ECE Regulations for EuroSID-1, exhibited within the Task Group. due to the use of which is scheduled to be phased out To ensure that the WorldSID in 2007 in keeping with earlier GRSP is available to the worldwide vehi- new technologies and (Global Road Safety Partnership) deci- cle research community, the design materials.” sions. Another and separate discussion details have been documented in ISO/ involves continued reporting to WP.29/ WD 15830, Design and performance The technical performance of the GSRP, as related to future potential use specifications for a 50 th percentile male WorldSID design has been thorough- of WorldSID in any potential future side impact dummy (WorldSID) – Part ly tested and verified by extensive test- Global Technical Regulation for side 1 : Definitions, symbol and rationale, ing under a variety of conditions. The impact protection. Part 2 : Mechanical subsystems, Part original prototype dummy underwent 3 : Electronical subsystems and Part nearly two years of biofidelity, vehi- 4 : User´s manual, which was recent- cle, and component testing. Based on ly approved by ISO/TC 22/SC 12/ the prototype test results, a pre-produc- WG 5, and is currently being reviewed tion design was developed which result- and balloted at the Committee Draft ed in the modification of nearly every level by ISO/TC 22/SC 12. This doc- part of the dummy in order to improve umentation, which consists of nearly biofidelity, durability, usability, or oth- 500 pages plus 400 fabrication draw- er aspects of the dummy. Beginning in ings and CAD files, includes all of the early 2003, 11 pre-production dummies design details, material specifications, were fabricated and delivered to each of and performance standards required for the three world regions. The subsequent the fabrication of the WorldSID. worldwide testing of the pre-production dummies resulted in a few final modi- fications, which were incorporated into The team behind WorldSID with their Using new materials the final production design. The pro- “ offspring ” : (from left to right) Jerry Wang, to create human-like duction design is complete and the pro- Member of Design Team, Senior Projects Manager, First Technology Safety Systems, performances duction dummy is currently available for purchase and use. USA ; Ken Wiley, Principal Engineer, Programme Manager, Dynamic Research Inc., The excellent biofidelity of the In total, testing has included USA ; Suzanne Tylko, Vehicle Safety Engineer, WorldSID design is due in part to the more than 1 000 whole dummy biofi- Transport, Canada, Secretary of Americas use of new technologies and materi- delity, vehicle, and component tests. region, Canada ; John Zellner, Technical als, some of which were not available This testing was conducted in 16 dif- Director, Programme Manager Dynamic for use in older dummy designs. The ferent test labs and agencies in at least Research Inc., USA ; Risa Scherer, Chair of the Americas Advisory Group, Anthropomorphic WorldSID ribs achieve human-like 10 different countries, including testing Test Device Technical Specialist, Ford Motor deflection performance through the use by governmental agencies in Canada, Co., USA ; Edmund Hartmann, Chair of the of a super-elastic nickel-titanium alloy. Japan, Australia, the USA, and various WorldSID European Advisory Group, Vehicle The WorldSID anthropometry is based organizations as part of a framework Development Passive Safety Testing, BMW on an extensive, diverse 50 th percentile research programme of the European Group, Germany ; Akihiko Akiyama, Assistant chief Engineer, Honda R and D, Japan ; Klaus male driver data set, which resulted in Commission. Bortenschlager, Managing Director, PDB, a more human-like seating position. The future use of WorldSID Germany ; Craig Morgan, Vice-Chair, Denton In addition the WorldSID can utilize in worldwide regulation is now being Inc., USA, Member of Design Team.

ISO Focus July-August 2004 35 Developments and Initiatives

new governance systems of their own in order to secure a fair and effective Best practice for competition. As the rapid dissemination of Internet gained not only the conve- information nience in communication but also the potential risks of illegal accesses to the critical information, the significance of security information security is reaffirmed. In order for the NTT groups to prove to the society that they are credible in terms of information security, they chose to implement information security man- agement system with the concept of ISO/IEC 17799.” The statement continues : “ Below are some of the cases that have imple- mented this system : NTT Communica- tions – provider for long distance and international telephone services, Internet services, and solution services (man- agement consulting service and system integration service) – has been certified, with ISMS (Information Security Man- agement Systems) at the solution service department with 4 000 employees. This case is one of the largest cases in the world. The other departments are being certified subsequently. Insights from “ NTT Docomo Groups, organizations applying mobile telecommunication service By Ted Humphreys, convenor the standard providers, are individually certified of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27, IT with ISMS in each regional office, NTT Japan, through the voice of including NTT Docomo Kansai. Security techniques /WG 1, Mr. Hisao Iizuka, Executive Vice-Presi- “ The primary service of NTT Requirements, security services dent and CSO NTT Communications Data is System Integration (SI). Its and guidelines Corporation, and Mr. Tomokazu Hama- R&D department for ISMS was firstly guchi, President and CEO, NTT Data certified and continues to expand the SO/IEC 17799, Information tech- Corporation, made the following state- certification as SIer to sector depart- nology – Code of practice for ment about the role and importance that ments including the Public Sector Ser- I information security management, ISO/IEC 17799 has had in its business. vice Division. is the best practice standard for infor- “ ISO/IEC 17799,” they say, “ All the NTT groups that mation security management. It pro- “ is rapidly being diffused throughout obtained such certification by imple- vides a broad framework for address- Japan. It is well implemented especial- menting the ISO/IEC 17799 concept ing the day-to-day operational issues a ly in the telecommunication industry, reaffirm that it is not a one-time only business needs to deal with to protect which requires a high level of informa- counter-measure but that it is crucial to its information from a wide range of tion security. After the privatization of maintain those management processes.” threats and risks. This best practice Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public offers organizations the basis for Corporation in 1985, Nippon Telegraph ensuring business continuity, minimiz- and Telephone Corporation (NTT) has Protection of information ing business damage and maximizing been through business segmentation by business investments and opportunities the type of business. Ever since, all the within multiple fields by deploying information security best NTT groups are nationally and inter- ISO/IEC 17799 addresses best practice. nationally recognized as leading com- practice for the protection of informa- panies in telecommunication industry tion applied, for example, to the Human with their diverse services. Through Resource department, operational sys- the privatization and segmentation pro- tems and processing facilities, third cesses, NTT groups needed to develop party services, business applications,

36 ISO Focus July-August 2004 Internet services, business continuity, “ Australian business Services provided and compliance with legislation. The by third parties risks addressed by the best practice and government depart- specified in ISO/IEC 17799 apply to ments commonly use Businesses around the world most sectors of business ; this standard ISO/IEC 17799 to guide depend upon services provided by thus provides a “ common language ” third parties, in particular their use in for information security risk manage- in the implementation of a growing market for managed data ment. Also the flexible design of the best practice information services. This type of business relies standard enables it to be used by any security controls.” heavily on information security for a organizations of any size. variety of information handling and The telecommunications sec- in the business world – and is cru- processing controls, ensuring the avail- tor is a prime example of a major cially important to PCCW in protect- ability and continuity of information user of information security to pro- ing its own, and customers’, informa- services and many others for manag- tect and manage a range of networks tion assets. Applying ISO/IEC 17799 ing the risks related to the provision of and network services. ISO/IEC 17799 and attaining certification to the Brit- third party services. The following is a provides a framework for protecting ish standard BS 7799-2 (Part 2 of view on this by one of the global busi- information systems, communications ISO/IEC 17799, at present undergo- nesses in this market. and services deployed by this sector. All organizations, both commercial and governmental, rely in some way or other on network services to carry out their business. This dependability means that security of these services becomes a key aspect – hence the take-up of the standard by many net- work operators around the world that clearly confirms its importance to the sector. This is additionally borne out by the active collaboration between ISO/IEC and ITU-T on the future development of this standard. Says Dale Johnstone, Principal Consultant Risk Management, PCCW, a leading network operator in Hong Kong. “ Security of information as it is moved between computers and networks has become a high priority Photo © ISO

About the author ing development) demonstrates our Grant Geyer, Vice-President, Ted Humphreys commitment to protecting information Global Managed Security Services, s convenor of in our possession, and establishes a Symantec Corporation, USA, com- he working qualification that all IT&T companies ments : “ Outsourcing critical infra- roup of ISO/ should strive to achieve. Increased pri- structure, especially security, is not EC JTC 1/SC vacy controls by governments in the a decision easily made by corpora- 7, IT security countries where PCCW operates is an tions. There is a need for providers to echniques, important issue. As legislation regulat- not only deliver extremely high value esponsible for ing how information is secured and and quality, but more importantly, an he maintenance protected becomes increasingly com- imperative to ensure our clients trust nd future devel- plex around the world, PCCW must be how we’re running the business. Using pment of ISO/ IEC 17799 and other information security positioned well to respond effectively ISO/IEC 17799 has enabled Symantec management standards. He is also Director – and adoption of ISO/IEC 17799 and to provide our managed service cus- and Founder of the ISMS International BS 7799-2 enables the company to do tomers with the assurances they need User Group, the user community forum exactly that.” about our ability to secure their infor- for ISO/IEC 17799. mation. Our customers can see that

ISO Focus July-August 2004 37 Developments and Initiatives we use globally accepted best prac- that has adopted it as the basis for all tice, with processes that they are able State Enterprise Information Security to examine for themselves. Internally, Policies, and the State of Maine has it has improved our management of adopted it for all State Government people, processes and technology and entities as their security policy. In has meant that information security is other countries, health authorities, ingrained in the way we work.” the criminal justice system, trade and industry departments, police services, social services and many more govern- Information security in ment entities have adopted ISO/IEC the financial sector 17799. John Snare, Chair, Austra- The banking institutions are a lian ISMS Users’ Group, express- well-established user of information es his appraisal thus : “ Many busi- security whether it be the traditional ness and government organizations means of banking or the more modern know that they have unresolved infor- on-line banking deploying Internet mation security problems. However, Legislation and technology. Several banks around cost-effective and prioritized action the world are now also applying the to bring these problems under con- best practice in ISO/IEC 17799 ; these trol is a major challenge. Austra- include CITI Bank Asia Pacific, ING lian business and government depart- partners in Banking Group, Istituto Bancario San- ments commonly use ISO/IEC 17799 Paolo, Misys International Banking, to to guide in the implementation of best consumer name but a few. The Federal Reserve practice information security controls. Bank in New York has been one of the The use of ISO/IEC 17799 is increas- more recent adopters of the ISO/IEC ingly being coupled with implementa- protection 17799 standard and, in addition, their tion of a management system, based on information security management sys- AS/NZS 7799.2, Information security tem based on this standard has under- management – Specification for infor- By Giles Allen, Editor gone an independent third party audit. mation security management systems, Ruud Goudriaan, Corporate to prioritize implementation activi- of ISO Focus Legal Compliance & Security, ING/, ties and ensure that controls actually lobalization has rapidly created Amsterdam, says : “ ING has decided achieve their intended objectives.” in an early stage (1997) to base their a pressing need for a system Information Security Policies and G that protects the international organization on the BS 7799. The consumer in an effective way. To cre- A common language for ate global regulations as such, howev- good foresight of that decision is dem- a best practice standard onstrated by the approval in 2000 as er, is a virtually insurmountable chal- ISO/IEC standard and the worldwide ISO/IEC 17799 is proving to lenge. Therefore a softer approach, recognition as reference standard. ING be the global best practice standard using the toolbox of instruments that has implemented ISO/IEC 17799 based for information security. It has made exists at present to their best effect and policies in all its business units.” its mark as a “ common language ”, as in the correct doses already represents testified by the take-up by businesses notable progress in the right direction. across a broad spectrum of market It was precisely the mix of Government agencies sectors. This standard, like other these tools that was at the heart of the need security also standards within ISO, is now going debates at the workshop “ Regulation, through the regular revision process. Co-regulation and self-regulation The use of ISO/IEC 17799 is This is important to ensure that it – who is at risk ? Legislation and not limited to businesses. Governments continues to remain the “ common standardization – partners in consum- have also taken to using the standard in language ” for information security er protection ” held in Prague, Czech many different areas of their business. providing best practice for the com- Republic, on 17 May, in conjunction This includes government agencies, in, mon good of all businesses worldwide with the COPOLCO (ISO Committee for example, Australia, Finland, Ger- – irrespective of whether for the small, on consumer policy) plenary. Attended many, India, Japan, United Kingdom, medium or large market sector. by 100 delegates from 29 countries, the and the USA. There are states in the workshop provided a good occasion to USA that have adopted the standard, look at the subtle inter-relations and as for example, the State of Georgia interaction between regulations and

38 ISO Focus July-August 2004 The beauty and results of entirely voluntary applica- hospitality of a tion without effective enforcement are renovated city of Prague, with discouraging.” its refound For the Czech Republic, that confidence in the had just integrated the European future, proved the Union, the question of new approach- ideal setting for a es to consumer protection was of reflection on con- sumer issues of immediate relevance, as the country particular import adjusted itself to the new situation. and relevance As explained by Mr. Libor Dupal, to economies in Director of the Czech Consumer transition as well Association, the present European con- as to developing countries. sumer policy covers a broad spectrum of areas, with measures of a regulatory nature as well as tools for voluntary use (technical standards and self-regu- standards lation instruments). Photo © ISO

standards, and how and where they can really at ease in cross-border shopping “ The voice of help each other in a common cause of and, at the heart of everything was the the consumer protecting the consumer. For, as Ms. issue of trust – but that was only one is critical to Caroline Warne, Chair of COPOLCO reason, among other more practical achieving ISO’s goals,” said said, opening the workshop : “ There is and down-to-earth causes. The fol- Oliver Smoot, great concern abroad about the effect low-up of complaints handling, taking ISO President. on consumers of the shift towards a a company in another country to court, “ In ISO’s mis- less regulated environment.” in a foreign language with different sion statement, laws was more than most Europeans we make refer- ence to ‘ global The issue of trust felt capable of undertaking with ease, relevance ’ ; said Dr. Lothar Maier, President of this includes There were notable differences DIN Consumer Council. Shopping relevance to between developed, developing and outside a consumer’s country was consumers, transitional economies, even if dis- still the exception: 86 % of Europeans and looking for globally parities were getting less. Mr. Otakar had not shopped across borders in the acceptable Kunc, Director of the Czech Standards last year, yet a comparison of prices solutions.” Institute said how pleased he was between countries highlighted big about the holding of the workshop in advantages. A bottle of mineral water the new circumstances in the Czech that could vary in price between the Republic, particularly as “ the recent different national outlets by 44 %; but Mr. Dupal claimed that one progression in consumer matters here between countries of the Union, that of the most significant tools for the is promising for consumers and for difference soared to 300 %. implementation of the European standardization.” The European Union is trying policy should be an effective applica- Mr. Josef Tržický, General to use the tool of standardization to tion of the alternative dispute resolu- Director of the Section for Consumer contribute to change the behaviour of tion systems (ADR), including the Protection and Internal Market of the consumers in general and in cross-bor- operation of the European Network Ministry of Industry and Trade, Czech der shopping in particular. But, asked for Extra Judicial Settlement of con- Republic, saw in the heterogeneous Lothar Maier, is regulation, and what sumer disputes. ADR he defined as Forum the possibility of contributing sort of regulation, also necessary to “ amicable, out-of-court juridical dis- to a more efficient participation of con- protect the consumer ? “ Self-regula- pute resolution, used in most countries sumers in the creation of international tion is an option but always on the on a voluntary basis, and dependent standards. “ The level of consumer condition of effective enforcement,” on self-regulatory mechanisms and confidence,” he said, “ is directly pro- he said. “ Co-regulation could be a principles ”. “ We have analysed the portionate to their involvement in the precious contribution to fair com- situation in the Czech Republic and development of the standards.” mercial practices, but only on the the EU, and are trying to develop new There was some way to go condition of the establishment of an structures for the application of this before the European consumer felt effective enforcement mechanism. The mechanism.” Mr. Dupal stressed how

ISO Focus July-August 2004 39 Developments and Initiatives keen he was that ISO keep up the work University, Japan, described how in the areas of complaints handling consumer protection is today consti- and dispute resolution initiated within tuted by “ soft law ” in Japan, made COPOLCO, and how to make ADR up of various tools “ co-regulation ” or attractive to both parties. “ self-regulation ”. Comparing various national experiences, he considered how such systems of self-regulation The consumer and or co-regulation successfully help the tools available safeguard consumer interests by the best mix of tools, according to country

Ms. Anna Fielder, Director Photo © ISO and situation. of the Office for Developed and Consumers’ main concerns Transition Economies, Consumer relate to safety and health, lack of infor- International, studied the notions of “ Though consumers have mation, fraud, inability to understand regulation, self-regulation and co- been sceptical about the use of self- complex transactions, and rational deci- regulation, specifically in the context regulation essentially for the ‘ no teeth ’ sions versus high-pressure sales tech- of the transition economies. While reasons, we are coming to think that niques. From the consumer perspective some 12 different definitions of “ self- hybrid or co-regulation is the form it is particularly important to underpin regulation ” existed, she retained three most likely to deliver for consum- standards by effective state regulation. broad categories which were voluntary ers ”, she said. “ We are also seeking “ There are many different (where business regulates itself) and to encourage ISO to look at codes approaches to consumer protection,” delegated self-regulation where the for ‘ effective stakeholder representa- said Prof. Matsumoto, “ Government state delegates to a professional body tion ’.” legislation (regulation), cooperative and provides it with a licensing sys- mechanisms between the public and tem. Finally there was co-regulation, Closing the gap between private sectors (co-regulation) and a hybrid system where the state sets voluntary adherence by businesses to the framework, then industry chooses incompatibilities a code of ethics and self-declaration to join in or not. For Dr. Elizabeth Nielsen, of conformity, enforced by peers or Historically the consumer Health Products and Food Branch by independent consumer movements. movement has been wary of the effec- Health Canada, it has become virtually Standards have a role in all three sys- tiveness of self-regulation, considering unthinkable to reach an “ international tems.” it as a helpful adjunct to state-led regu- legislation,” so complex and divergent lation rather than an answer in itself. are regulations at the national level. This was because the necessary corol- Another means needed therefore to A long way to reassure laries of effective regulation – follow- be found to bring the world’s systems the consumer ? up oversight, enforcement and redress nearer together and to close the gap – have generally been lacking in between incompatibilities between Getting the consumer conscious self-regulatory systems. In developed national laws the world over. Since and involved in consumer protection economies, consumer organizations International Standards are one of sev- begins in education, said Ms. Nadežda themselves play an important function eral well-established tools that exist, Klabusayová, who gave her experience in monitoring or forcing the market they can play an extremely useful role of teaching of quality and consumer to deliver – examples range from car in harmonizing and aligning systems protection at the Department of Busi- ž crash safety tests that exceed interna- by playing a “ go-between ” role, and ness Administration of the University of tional standards to setting up various getting legislations throughout the Ostrava (Czech Republic). Getting such codes and schemes for effective serv- world to pull together in the same consumer demands into students’ ways ice delivery. direction. For Elizabeth Nielsen, it was of thinking was a highly successful The situation was different in preferable not to think of standards and way of later involvement and automatic transition economies : in the area of regulations as two separate species, but consumer reactions among tomorrow’s product standards, for instance, they have as two in a range of interlocking tools leaders of opinion. Furthermore, quality changed from a prior situation of strong- that were to be used in varying combi- begins as a mindset which is best cul- ly regulated pre-market entry product nations according to need and purpose. tivated early in life. Ms. Klabusayová certification to one of “ presumption of Self-regulation has its sceptics, emphasized the importance of inculcat- conformity ”, in order for the new mem- convinced that rogue traders would deal ing the quality ethic as a backdrop to bers to align with the EU system, and for a final blow to ambient “ permissive- technical capability in business. the developing economies to conform to ness ”. However it has its proponents Despite the noticeable improve- the principles laid out in the WTO Tech- also : Professor Tsuneo Matsumoto, ment in the security of the Internet, nical Barriers to Trade. Graduate School of Law, Hitotsubashi there was a long way to go before the

40 ISO Focus July-August 2004 consumer felt totally reassured. Was it thus value, given to standards devel- Standards – an indispen- possible, asked Mr. Steven Cole, Senior oped with consumer input needed to sable cog in the Vice-President, Council of Better be constantly voiced. Participants sug- regulatory mechanism Business Bureaus, USA, to count on gested that the development of a set of the self-discipline of the trades-peo- criteria for participation, with further The workshop sought to explore ple to ensure the Internet themselves, benchmarking against such criteria, effective mechanisms by which vol- since there was no enforcement ? Was and inclusion in the new ISO Business untary standards interact with regula- self-regulation an effective tool ? The Plans of a template with a clear fund- tory regimes to ensure that products and response varied, he said ; systems such as ing mechanism for consumer represen- services meet consumers’ expectations the trustmark concept of shopping on the tation could be a way forward. for safety, performance, fitness of pur- internet with recognized and approved Environmental issues were very pose, pricing redress and other criteria. traders, had has considerable success in special case, and the second breakout In the course of the workshop, the USA ; trustmark programmes were a group recognized their importance but the issue of enforcement was con- three-legged stool, requiring high stand- stressed the need for political will to stantly either present or in the wings. ards, accessible dispute resolution and address environmental concerns, that Among the array of instruments exer- a trustmark. Not all the problems had were particularly difficult to imple- cising varying degrees of “ constraint ”, been solved, however, he said, such as ment for developing countries due to along with regulations and self-regula- the issue of funding of systems, keeping the costs of certification. There was a tions, came voluntary and consensus- them independent and trusted. However, need for a mechanism to make envi- based International Standards, one of argued Steven Cole, the trustmark con- ronmental standards more effective, the most useful of these tools. The cept and global trustmark alliance are and to carry out a survey to study how level of consensus that transcends timely and useful, despite some improve- they were being implemented. This national frontiers that is provided by ments and issues to resolve, namely a concerned in particular the ISO 14020 ISO standards propels them forward as heightened focus on dispute resolution series of standards that were not being actors on the international stage ; they implementation, a need to rethink forms used sufficiently. can credibly support national policy of self-regulation and the possible role E-commerce, that theoretically goals and be relevant and useful in the of international standard-setting from could open the world to consumers, increasingly international market. organizations such as ISO. The Internet still suffered from the handicap of and e-commerce companies are global, the difficulty of access for develop- Speakers, moderators and rapporteurs at whence a need for consistency, flexibil- ing countries, as well as an overdose the workshop, from left to right, top row to ity and high standards. of information, with its accompany- bottom. Josef Tržický, General Director of the Section for Consumer Protection and Internal Breakout groups then tackled ing unreliability and the insecurity Market of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, themes of particular concern. Talking involved in the transaction. The OECD Czech Republic ; Bruce Farquhar, Consultant, about consumer participation, attend- Guidelines on e-commerce was an Canada ; Anne Ferguson, Vice Chair, Consumer ees noted the greater reliance being excellent start, and some good national Representation in Standardization, British placed on standards at both national standards exist, but the group felt that Standards Institution (BSI-CPC) ; Otakar Kunc, Director, Czech Standards Institute (CSNI), and international level, but remarked an ISO standard on e-commerce would Czech Republic; Caroline Warne, COPOLCO how it was growing even more difficult gain wider acceptance. Chair ; Nadeˇžda Klabusayová, Associate to find and fund consumer representa- Professor, Technical University of Ostrava, tives, and looked at alternative funding Department of Business Administration, models. The added credibility, and Czech Republic ; Second row : Steve Williams, ž Standards Officer, TTSB, Trinidad and Tobago ; Herman Schipper, Head International and European Affairs, NEN, Netherlands ; Tsuneo Matsumoto, Japanese Consumer Council, Graduate School of Law, Hitosubashi University, Japan ; Bill Dee, Representative, Standards Australia International ; Steven J. Cole, Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Council of Better Business Bureaus, USA ; Libor Dupal, Director, Czech Consumer Association, Czech Republic ; Bottom row : Agnes Ratz-Ludanyi, MSZT, Hungary ; Elizabeth Nielsen, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada ; Anna Fielder, Director, Office for Developed and Transition Economies, Consumers International ; Dana Kissinger, Secretary ISO/COPOLCO. Absent : Lothar Maier, University of Applied Sciences, President, DIN Consumer Council, Germany.

ISO Focus July-August 2004 41 Developments and Initiatives

been developed that would further compress video. In 2001, a Call for The unrelenting advance Evidence was issued asking the indus- try to bring evidence that video could of video compression be further compressed compared to MPEG-4. The evidence confirmed the By Leonardo Chiariglione, Digital bound to get a solution. This was the validity of the request, and the decision to develop a new part (part 10) of the Media Strategist, Convenor of case of video compression. The prob- lem was to reduce the number of bits/s MPEG-4 standard – called Advanced ISO / IEC JTC 1 / SC 29 / WG 11, Video Coding (AVC) – was taken, the Moving Pictures Experts Group required to store or transmit video signals. The smart people were the this time in collaboration with ITU-T (MPEG) working group thousands of researchers who invested (as had been the case for MPEG-2). ISO/IEC 14496-15:2004, Information ver since people first realized time and effort to reduce the bitrate of technology – Coding of audio-visu- that digital technologies could digital video to low levels. al objects – Part 15 : Advanced Video be used to store and transmit It did not happen overnight. E Coding (AVC), was approved as FDIS video signals with greater fidelity, the The first applications were driven in July 2003. problem of the amount of bits required by the idea that people would like to to do so became apparent. The ana- communicate with video in addition to logue television signals still in com- audio. In the early 1990s the first stan- AVC – video compression mon use today have a bandwidth of dard produced by the Moving Picture of the new generation about 5 MHz. Converted into bits, this Experts Group or MPEG (Working There is an understandable generates 216 Mbit/s (million bits per Group 11 of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29) tendency on the part of salesmen to second) some 20 times more than the targeted storage of digital video on overstate the quality of their “ wares ” ; bitrate of a good ADSL modem ! compact disc (CD). MPEG-1, as the MPEG could similarly boast the won- Ask smart people to solve a standard is called, is used in hundreds ders of its new “ product ”. This is not, well-formulated problem and you are of millions of Video CD players. In the mid-1990s, MPEG devel- however, what MPEG does for the oped MPEG-2 that audio and video compression stan- is being used in dards it develops. When a compression hundreds of mil- standard nears completion, “ verifica- tion tests ” are run, using sophisticated Photo © ISO lions of digital television set top techniques that transform the results of boxes and Digital a large number of subjective evalua- Versatile Disc tions into objective measures. For AVC (DVD) players. it was found that on average the com- In the late 1990s, MPEG developed MPEG-4 that is widely used to About the author move digital video Dr. Leonardo files on the web, to Chiariglione is view video on cell Convenor of the phones or to store Moving Pictures digital video in a Experts Group computer-friendly (MPEG), the fashion. working group All these which produced standards were the MPEG-1, characterized by MPEG-2 and advances in the MPEG-4 stand- technologies used ards that support rich-media applications on diverse delivery systems, MPEG-7, that to compress video supports advanced search and retrieval of signals. In 2000, audio-visual content and is developing MPEG started MPEG-21, the Multimedia Framework inquiring if new and MPEG-A, the MultimediaApplication technologies had Formats.

42 ISO Focus July-August 2004 pression performance of AVC is twice that of MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 part 2 (the original MPEG-4 standard). This is an impressive result and there is a lot of excitment in the industry at the possibilities opened up by this new standard. AVC can be used in at least two new ways : to replace older standards for the same type of application or to use the new standard for new applications. One Photo © ISO of the possibilities of the former is to use AVC as the video compres- sion of the new generation DVD that is being discussed in the appropriate ISO to go ahead fora. Another is to use AVC to pro- vide improved picture quality on such with guidelines for social constrained-bandwidth applications as video on mobile devices. When a new technology replac- responsibility es an old one in widely deployed appli- cations and devices there is always some resistance because of the need By Roger Frost, Press and Communication Manager, to cater for the transition between the ISO Central Secretariat old and the new. This is not, however, SO is to develop an International ISO system, ISO recognizes that the the case for new applications, such as Standard for social responsibility. work will need to be carried out “ in an digital video on the Internet, for which The objective is to produce “ a innovative manner ”, but insists that this there have been little more than trials. I guidance document, written in plain remains “ consistent with ISO’s funda- AVC can be the video compression language which is understandable and mental principles ”, including openness technology of choice – along with usable by non-specialists ” and not and transparency in the way it works. another successful MPEG technol- intended for use in certification. ISO Secretary-General Alan ogy for audio compression, Advanced The decision was taken at a sen- Bryden commented : “ ISO’s decision is Audio Coding (AAC) for what is likely ior ISO management meeting on 24-25 based on a thorough analysis of trends to become the marriage between net- June 2004 in Stockholm, following an and initiatives relating to social respon- works and media. international conference in the Swedish sibility and the active involvement of all Is this the end of the story for capital earlier the same week on 21- interested groups of stakeholders. The video compression ? Most likely not. 22 June. The conference provided a consensus achieved on the way forward In December 2003, MPEG issued a platform for stakeholders to give their for an ISO contribution illustrates the Call for Proposals for video compres- views on whether ISO should proceed broadening of the scope of our work sion technologies with “ scalable ” with work addressing the social respon- and the recognition that today, ISO not features, and in March 2004 received sibility (SR) of organizations and, if so, only provides a growing portfolio of a large number of responses. MPEG what form it should take. technical standards, but may also sup- is now busy working on a new video Based on the consistent and ply solutions and guidance on social compression standard that is expected supportive feedback from the confer- and environmental issues in the global to see the light toward the end of ence, ISO concluded that a further fea- economy. This new venture is obvious- 2006. sibility study was unnecessary and that ly of great interest to stakeholder groups Get ready for more compression SR work should be “ undertaken imme- such as consumers, NGO’s, labour and with more features ! diately ”. In taking its decision, ISO regulators whose participation and input acknowledges that “ social responsibil- ISO both needs and values.” ity involves a number of subjects and To develop the SR standard, issues that are qualitatively different ISO will set up a new working group from the subjects and issues that have answering directly to ISO’s Technical traditionally been dealt with by ISO. ” Management Board (TMB) that over- Since developing an SR stand- sees the activities of the organization’s ard will bring new and more varied 186 standards-developing technical sub- categories of stakeholders into the committees. As a first step, it has formed

ISO Focus July-August 2004 43 Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, who officially opened the ISO conference on social responsibility in Stockholm, is presented with Ms. Ziva Patir, ISO Vice-President a bouquet by Swedish Standards Institute Lars Flink, Managing Director, Swedish (technical management). (SIS) Chair Håkan Murby. Standards Institute (SIS), hosts to the conference. a task force to propose the terms of ref- The ISO SR conference, which The full resolution can be con- erence and operating processes for the was hosted by the Swedish Standards sulted on the SR conference Web site working group in time for consideration Institute (SIS), drew 355 participants created by ISO, along with the presen- at the TMB meeting in September 2004. from 66 countries, including 33 develop- tations made at the event, conference Even before that date, the ing countries, representing the principal photos and the AG’s report and recom- national standards institutes that com- stakeholder groups : business, govern- mendations. For the future, ISO will prise ISO’s worldwide membership are ment, labour, consumers, international consider developing a Web site as a being asked to submit by 15 August and nongovernmental organizations. means of disseminating good practice in 2004 their candidates for a twinned The major focus for discussion at the field of social responsibility. leadership and secretariat to the SR the conference was provided by the work Considering that the AG has working group, linking developed and of the advisory group (AG) on social successfully completed its mission, ISO developing countries. The experts to responsibility which ISO had set up in has now disbanded the group, thanking the working group will be appointed by early 2003 to help it decide on even- it and its Chair, Daniel Gagnier, Senior the ISO members from all stakeholder tual involvement in SR. The group had Vice-President, External and Corporate categories. Related international and developed an extensive report including Affairs, Alcan Inc., for their achieve- broadly based regional organizations an overview of SR initiatives worldwide ments. will also be able to appoint experts. identifying issues that should be taken ISO Deputy Secretary-General into account by ISO. It had concluded Kevin McKinley commented : “ The that ISO should go ahead with work on extent to which the issues raised by Easier participation for SR on condition that a set of key recom- the different stakeholder groups at the experts from developing mendations are met. On the day after the Stockholm conference mirrored those countries conference, ISO met the AG to discuss identified in the AG’s report confirms the the conference feedback and review the value of the work it has carried out for ISO intends to make it easier for report and recommendations. ISO over an 18-month period. Now it is experts from developing countries to At its own meeting on 24-25 up to ISO to address these issues and face participate, as well as from other stake- June, ISO basically accepted the AG’s the challenge holder categories with limited resources, recommendations and addresses them of develop- such as nongovernmental organizations, in its resolution 35/2004 to launch ISO ing practical consumer associations and others. A post work on SR that takes fully into account guidelines that will be created within the working group the elements identified by the AG in its benefit all the specifically to deal with stakeholder par- report and by other stakeholders at the stakeholders in ticipation, including funding. conference. social respon- In deciding to develop an SR sibility.” guidance standard, ISO emphasizes that Daniel Gagnier, Chair Advisory Group on Social it is intended to add value to, and not Responsibility, and Senior Vice-President, to replace, existing inter-governmental External and Corporate Affairs, Alcan Inc. agreements with relevance to social Kevin McKinley, ISO Deputy responsibility, such as the United Nations Secretary- Universal Declaration of Human Rights, General. and those adopted by the International Labour Organization (ILO), and other UN conventions. Furthermore, it recog- nizes the need to develop an agreement with ILO on cooperation between the Photos by Måns Diedrichs, Corporate two organizations in the area of social Communications, Swedish Standards responsibility. Institute (SIS).

44 ISO Focus July-August 2004 Coming up

Developments and Initiatives Standards of practice in dentistry. In the last decade, ISO/TC 106, Dentis- try’s work has increased substantially, with new work items demanding both new standards and the revision of exis- ting specifications, mainly due to the flood of new products and clinical techniques. Three main trends are res- ponsible : firstly, public appreciation of the importance of good teeth to a youthful and aesthetic appearance ; Photo © ISO Photo © ISO

Main Focus “ Chemicalization ” of agriculture and the food industry has significantly Food technologies increased the yields and food produc- secondly, the increasing desire for cos- The ISO Focus dossier on food techno- tion. However, with it has come a metic or aesthetic dentistry which invol- logies brings together the essence of widespread fear of chemicals, and the ves minimal size fillings and tooth- what is happening in standardization in demand is rising for more effective coloured filling materials such as poly- the varied and heterogeneous aspects of agricultural technologies, that maintain mer-ceramic composites and ceramics. the food industry. the nutritive value of the raw materials, Thirdly, the exponential increase in the In each country, the purveyance to its and that preserve the environment. use of titanium implants embedded in population of food in sufficient quantity, Food safety has become a universal the jaws as a foundation for the replace- of suitable quality and with inherent and absolute demand. In view of this, ment of a missing tooth or teeth. safety is a basic political requirement of the trend of work is changing with that country, and thus the production, the respect to transgenic materials, new A world of applications for gas possible export, and the necessary molecular biological methods, markers, calibration. The work of ISO/TC 158, import of food represent a prime focus techniques and technologies. Changes Analysis of gases, is mainly concerned of interest universally. International stan- are expected due to the need to with the calibration of gases and gas dardization in the agriculture and food describe novel qualitative and quanti- mixtures, and its market is that of the areas started in 1947, and today ISO tive methods for the detection of calibration of gas market, although the today has some 640 standards “ under its Genetically Modified materials, and to direct influence of what it does affects belt ” in the field. follow them in food, in human organ- the whole gas market. ISO/TC 34, Food products, serves as a isms and in the environment. Photo © ISO platform for developing ISO Internatio- TC 34’s work, that covers all the “ tradi- nal Standards, and harmonizing the rela- tional ” fields (cereals, tea and coffee, tions with those of other international milk and milk products, meat and organizations such as the CODEX Ali- poultry, fruits and vegetables, edible fats mentarius Commission and the Interna- and oils, etc.), now tackles new and spe- tional Dairy Federation. cific challenges in regard to genetically The most frequent demand to ISO/TC modified organisms (GMOs) and tracea- 34 and its subcommittees is to develop bility in the food chain. Good Manufac- International Standards related to analy- turing Practice has become a must for sis and test methods, and approximately the industry and consumers : ISO is fina- All gas analysing equipment needs cali- 65 % of standards cover such methods. lizing ISO 22000, Food safety manage- bration, and these standards have a big Most product-orientated subcommittees ment systems – Requirements throughout impact on a wide range of applications of TC 34 have developed one or more the food chain. And in the light of the where accurate knowledge of gas mixtu- standards for sampling of their products. accidents such as dioxin spills and the re composition is required. This can be Another important area : ISO’s vocabula- BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopa- for demonstration of compliance with ry standards are comprehensively used thy or “ Mad Cow Disease ”) affair, the regulations, for trade purposes, for in world trade and are accepted by other need for International Standards for industrial purposes, or for environmental international organizations. methods of analysis for feed are growing. purposes.

ISO Focus July-August 2004 Whether it’s Autumn or Spring in your region...... the environment is global.

ISO 14001

ISO 14004

Coming this Winter (or Summer), the revised ISO 14001* and ISO 14004*. The global EMS standards. www. .org * Already available as FDIS (Final Draft International Standards)