The Ethnic Minorities Overview

IPP220

World Bank financed Guiyang Transportation Project

Public Disclosure Authorized

The Indigenous People Development Plan Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Chinese Cross-Culture Consulting Center (CCCCC), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China

February 2007 Public Disclosure Authorized Foreword

From Feb. to Jun. 2006, the China Cross-Cultural Consulting Center (CCCCC) at the Sun Yat-sen University was consigned by Guiyang Transportation Project Management Office of World Bank Loan to conduct an independent social assessment on Guiyang Transportation Project.

The villages/communities selected as key investigated locations are 1) the areas with inconvenient traffic; 2) the ethnic minorities’ compact or mixed villages/communities; 3) the economic underdevelopment regions. The objects of SA are a). to learn the basic ecological, social, economic, cultural and ethnic minority’s situation in the affected areas; b). to learn the expectations and attitudes of the directly and indirectly stakeholders; c). to learn the rural poverty in the affected areas, to assess the project’s anti-poverty function for the rural areas; d).to learn the social, economic and cultural background of the minorities in the affected areas; e). to assess the project’s social impacts.

The social assessment team composed of 11 experts gave the PRA training to county/district/city officials and professionals involved in the SA from Feb 19 to 20, and went to the 22 investigated villages in the 6 counties/districts on Feb 21 for a 16- day PRA investigation. From May 30 to June 15, SA team conducted the key investigation on the ethnic minorities’ compact villages again. Though those 2 investigations, SA team have collected the following data: a). Present natural, geographic, traffic, ecological environment and social/economic development situations of the project affected region; b). detail materials on the investigated villages/communities’ land resource, demographic, livelihood, family economy, traffic situation, religion and so on. c). the information on education, medical treatment and health service in the affected region; d) the gender, ethnic minorities issues in project affected region.

2 From Mar. 11 to 30, we classified and reviewed the above data and analysis the questionnaires by the SPSS software. Each team prepared its own sub-report and then held a discussion meeting, based on which the first report of social assessment was completed. From June 20 to Oct. 10, the SA team revised the SA report according to the suggestions from World Bank and the complementary investigating data.

According to the detail data collected by SA team and the suggestions from SA Team, the World Bank ascertains it need to do the indigenous people plan for the ethnic minorities in the project affected area. Consigned by Guiyang Transportation Project Management Office, CCCCC started to collect data of ethnic minorities in affected area on May 20. And field investigation was conducted by 9-member team from May 30 to Jun. 15 at Huaxi District, Baiyun District, Wudang District, Qinzhen District, Xiuwen County, Xifeng County, Kaiyang County and Nanming County. 7 minorities’ villages, which are Jiading Village of Huaxi District, Heishitou Village of Baiyun District, PianpoVillage of Wudang District, Dagu Village of Qinzhen City, Hongxing Villageof Xiuwen County, Hekan Village of Xifeng County and Wangdong Village of Kaiyang County, were selected as the objects of key investigation. This investigation focused on collecting the first-hand data on minorities’ living and production, minorities’ needs and suggestions on project. CCCCC reviewed these data from Jun. 16 to 25, 2006, and finished the first version of “the Indigenous people plan”. From Aug. 20 to Oct. 30, the SA team revised the IPP according to the suggestions from World Bank and the complementary investigating data.

This social assessment was conducted successfully thanks to the support from the officials at the Guiyang World Bank Project Management Office, including Mr. He Jun, Mr. Peng Kejiang, Ms. Li Wanzhu and Mr. Deng Huajun; the county/district traffic authorities in the project affected region, which are Kaiyang County, Xifeng County, Xiuwen County, Qinzhen City, Huaxi District, Wudang District, Nanming District and Baiyun District; the local cadres and people in the investigated villages/communities. During the SA and IPP preparing and conducting stage, Ms.

3 Zou YoulanMr. Liu Zhefu, Mr. Pan Deke and Mr. Zengjun from the World Bank gave us valuable suggestions and instructions. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to them here.

4 Abstract

The China Cross-Cultural Center Consulting (CCCCC) at the Sun Yat-sen University was consigned by Guiyang World Bank financial Traffic Project management office to conduct an independent social assessment on Guiyang Traffic Project. This SA aimed a). to learn the basic ecological, social, economic, cultural and ethnic situation in the affected areas, to demonstrate the feasibility of this project on the cultural and social levels; b). to learn the project stakeholders’ expectations and attitudes to ensure this project is accepted by them; c). To learn the rural poverty in the affected areas, to assess the project’s anti-poverty function for the rural areas; d).to learn the social, economic and cultural background of the minorities in the affected areas, to assess the project’s impacts on the local minorities’ development, to determine whether it is necessary to make a special development plan for the minorities in the affected areas; e). to assess the project’s social impacts, so as to ensure the potential social problems can be fully understood and valued, and to propose specific measures to avoid and abate such negative impacts. The result of SA suggests that it’s necessary to do the indigenous people plan to reduce the potential negative impacts on local minorities. Consigned by Guiyang Transportation Project Management Office, CCCCC did the investigation on the minorities’ development in the affected area, and finished the indigenous people plan. There are 13 original ethnic minorities in the project affected area, which are Miao, Bouyei, Tujia, Yi,Dong, Gelao, Bai, Hui, Zhuang, Shui, Mongol and Li. Miao and Bouyei people are the main original minorities in the affected area. Miao people still keep the intact indigenous culture, and are with the lowest economic development compared to the Han and Bouyei people in the project affected area. And Bouyei people’s culture has been similar to Han people, but they still have a specific sense of identification.

5 The economic development of the minority villages in the affected area is low in general. Villagers’ persistent income resources are food and cash crops planting and family animal husbandry. Since 2000, the cash corps planting and migrant working have been the key resource of cash income. The traffic problems are outstanding in the minorities’ area. Most of roads closed to minorities’ villages are with sandstone and muddy surfaces and obstructed in rainy days. The villagers have a strong call for the construction and transformation of rural highways. And the bad traffic condition also leads to the low commercial level of local farm products. There are no popular strong religions in the affected region. Actually the minority people here have a weak belief in religion. As for the potential involuntary resettlement issues, most minority villagers tend to get compensated in cash and housing, just a few people want to get compensated by land reallocation and job arrangement. Based on our investigation and analysis, the SA team thinks that the Guiyang Transportation Project is help to improve traffic condition of affected minorities’ area; accelerate local economic development and poverty reduction; advance the minorities’ development and keep the good ethnic relations; increase local people’s income and relief the employment difficulty of rural surplus labor. The project construction might change the geologic structure of some sections; destroy the ground vegetation to some extent. During construction, there might be new pressures on the local rural public security and inconveniences to the villagers’ life and production. And with the increase of economic and cultural connections between different ethnic groups, there will lead to some ethnic cultural changes. Some local minority officials suggest giving enough attention on the sub-road building, and establishing a valid rural road maintaining institution. Some minority people suggest that the road builders should protect the local soil, not disturb the local residents’ living, and the government should be responsible for the social security during the roads building.

6 The SA team suggests that in the project design and execution, it need pay attention to the protection, restoration and reconstruction of important means of production and livelihood (fields, houses, etc) and water facilities (slope ponds, reservoirs, canals, etc), lest any inconvenience should be caused to the production and life of the local masses. The SA team suggests setting up a participation mechanism for the affected target groups; encouraging villagers to take part in the course of project decision- making, execution and supervision. It needs to focus on improving the living situation of ethnic minorities in project affected area and protecting the traditional ethnic cultures. The SA team suggests setting up the channels of complaint and feedback, and a consultation system, and providing the necessary legal aid to deal with the suggestions and complaints from the affected minorities. Establish the monitoring and evaluating system to understand the impacts led by the project, and deal with the questions on time.

7 Content

FOREWORD...... 2 ABSTRACT ...... 5 CHAPTER 1: THE OVERVIEW OF PROJECT AND PROJECT AFFECTED AREA ...... 9 1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW ...... 9 1.2 THE AFFECTED AREA OVERVIEW ...... 11 1.3 THE OVERVIEW OF SOCIAL ASSESSMENT AND MINORITY INVESTIGATION ...... 17 CHAPTER 2: THE ETHNIC MINORITIES OVERVIEW...... 19 2.1 POPULATION AND DISTRIBUTION...... 19 2.2 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ...... 26 2.3 THE ETHNIC RELATIONS ...... 27 2.4 HISTORY AND CULTURE...... 28 CHAPTER 3: THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE ETHNIC MINORITIES..... 32 3.1 THE OVERVIEW ...... 32 3.2 THE INCOME STRUCTURE ...... 33 3.3 FAMILY ECONOMIES ...... 38 CHAPTER 4: LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND IDEAS FOR FORMULATION OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE PLAN ...... 40 4.1 ETHNIC POLICIES AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK...... 40 4.2 GENERAL IDEA FOR FORMULATION OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE PLAN ...... 42 CHAPTER 5: PROJECT AND THE AFFECTED MINORITIES’ DEVELOPMENT...... 44 5.1 THE TRAFFIC SITUATION IN AFFECTED MINORITIES’ AREA...... 44 5.2 THE PROJECT IMPACTS ON THE MINORITY’S ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ...... 46 5.3 THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS AND RELIEF MEASURES...... 53 CHAPTER 6: MINORITY VILLAGERS’ PARTICIPATION MECHANISM...... 60 6.1 THE PARTICIPATION TO PROJECT DECISION ...... 60 6.2 THE PARTICIPATION TO THE PROJECT CONSTRUCTION ...... 62 6.3 THE PARTICIPATION TO THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT...... 63 CHAPTER 7: PROJECT SUPERVISION AND EVALUATION...... 64 7.1 SUPERVISION MECHANISM...... 64 7.2 EVALUATION MECHANISM ...... 64 APPENDIX 1 ...... 65 APPENDIX 2 ...... 66 APPENDIX 3 ...... 67 APPENDIX 4 ...... 70 APPENDIX 5 ...... 71 APPENDIX 6 ...... 73 APPENDIX 7 ...... 79

8 Chapter 1: The overview of project and project affected area

1.1 Project overview

1.1.1 The project background

To achieve the development strategy of “Great Guiyang”, and promote the huge development of Guiyang traffic, Guiyang city community of CPC and municipal government approved “Decision on Implementation of Great Guiyang Strategy”. Based on this strategy, Guiyang municipal government created the “Guiyang Road Net Planning: 2002-2020”, in which planed to build and reconstruct: a). 500 kilometers county and town roads each year; b). 1000 kilometers indurated roads; c). 3000 kilometers class road connected to poor villages in 3 years to realize each poor village have the class entry road; d). keep managing and maintaining the county/ town/village roads.

The urban and rural traffic status in Guiyang can’t fit to the development needs of “Great Guiyang” strategy since the limitations from the geographic conditions and the low economic and social development. Even if Guiyang has come into being the traffic nets in small separate regions after the long time establishment, it hasn’t resovled the bottlenecks of Guiyang traffic. That is on one hand the shortage of circle connections among the trunk lines and a whole Guiyang traffic net, which leads to the urban radiative impacts can not be in good functions; on the other hand, rural roads are in low class, even under the class, which limit the rural social and economic development, and the labor and materials circulation along the road.

The government of P.R. China applied for the World Bank’s loan to resolve the above problems in Guiyang urban and rural traffic. In view of the urgent needs to change the present traffic situation, the World Bank has promised to list the Guiyang

9 Transportation Project into 2007 WB loan plan. This project was approved on Feb. 22, 2005 by Guizhou Provincial Development and Reform Commission. And the total investment will be RMB 16 billion yuan, in which 1 billion US dollar ( about RMB 8 bilion yuan) will be from the WB, the surplus will be raised by Chinese government.

1.1.2 The project contents

Guiyang Transportation Project is consisted of the following three sub-projects:

1. Urban road (Youzhajie~Xiaobi): It is class 1 urban arterial road whose length is about 6.59km. Its origination is Youzha Street in Nanming District and its destination is inside the bounder of Xiaobi Township, Huaxi District. 2. Rural road: There are 44 rural roads and the total length is about 916.03km. This sub-project will involved 7 Counties/districts/cities, 36 towns and 279 administrative villages. The technical standard is class 3 & 4 road issued by the Ministry of Communications of P. R. China. 3. Rural passenger transport stations: The sub-project mainly including 46 rural passenger transport stations.

This project will build a platform of development for the “Greater Guiyang” strategy, reduce the disparity between urban and rural areas, drive the urban-rural integration process, and promote the economic growth of Guiyang and the sustainable social, economic development.

10 1.2 The affected area overview

Guiyang City is situated in the east of the Yun-Gui Plateau and is a central city in Southwest China, presently being the capital and the political, economic, cultural and educational center of Guizhou Province. The city has a land area of 8034km2, a total population of 3.5085 million, and the per capita GDP is RMB 12683 Yuan at the end of 2004. Highway is the key means of transportation for Guiyang City; National Highways G321, G210, GZ065 and GZ050 and several provincial highways within its boundaries intersect each other, forming a pivot of highway traffic. By now, Guiyang City has got a traffic network that combines railway, highway and civil aviation.

Guiyang Transportation project involves 3 counties, 1 city and 4 districts affiliated to Guiyang City, that is Kaiyang County, Xifeng County, Qinzhen County; Huaxi District, Wudang District, Naming District and Qinzhen City. The affected population is 2.8281 million, in which the minority’s population is 467 thousand. The project includes 44 rural roads, 46 rural passenger transport stations and 1 urban road. The 44 rural roads will affect 231 administrative villages of 41 towns (Xiangs) in 8 Counties (city/districts) of Guiynag City directly. The regions affected directly by the 46 rural passenger transport stations include 41 administrative villages,3 foodstuff management stations, 1 transportation management station and 1 state tea farm in Guiyang City’s 6 Counties (city/districts). The urban road construction will affect directly 4 administrative villages in 2 Xiangs, and 1 residents committee. The total stakeholders led directly by this projector are 5103 households20850 persons, 66 shops12companies/factories(in which 5 companies’ buildings are involved to be backout), and 253 workers.

Table 1-1: the affected regions list

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Table1-2 The population distribution in project affected area

No County/district/city Population 1 Kaiyang County 43.69 2 Xifeng County 25.97 3 Xiuwen County 30.67 4 Qinzhen City 51.81 5 Huaxi District 32.26 6 Wudang District 30.63 7 Baiyun District 17.32 8 Nanming District 50.46 total 282.81

Data source: Guiyang statistical bureau.2005.“2005 Guiyang Statistical Yearbook”. Beijing: Chinese Statistical Press.

Table 1-3 The population along the rural roads

The number The number of No County/city/district population of Road villages 1 Kaiyang County 10 65 122649 2 Xifeng County 8 56 50509 3 Xiuwen County 8 108 77375 4 Qinzhen City 4 18 92009 5 Huaxi District 2 17 11408 6 Wudang District 11 98 30590 7 Baiyun District 1 4 4793 total 44 366 389333 Data source: collect and calculate according to “The basic information of administrative villages along the rural roads”.

Table 1-4: The villages along the project roads No. County/city/district The number Affected Affected of Road towns administrative village 1 Kaiyang County 14 12 65 Rural road 2 Xifeng County 9 9 56 Rural road 3 Xiuwen County 6 6 108 Rural road 4 Wudang District 4 4 18 Rural road 5 Huaxi District 3 31 17 Rural road 6 Qinzhen City 7 7 98 Rural road 7 Baiyun District 1 1 4 Rural road 8 Nanming District 1 1 2 Urban Road Total 45 43 368 Data source: collect and calculate according to “The basic information of administrative villages along the rural roads”.

1 Note: Xiaobi Xiang in Huaxi District is affected by urban road.

16 1.3 The overview of social assessment and minority investigation

1.3.1 Social assessment

Guiyang Transportation Project Management Office of World Bank Loan consigned CCCCC at the Sun Yat-sen University to perform the social assessment of the project as an independent consulting agency on May, 2005. CCCCC did a lot preparing work of SA from Jul. 2005 to Jan. 2006. From Feb. 21 to Mar. 8, the SA team went to the 6 counties/city/districts for a 16-day PRA investigation. Through this investigation, the SA team collected the detail data on ecological, social, economic, cultural and minority situation in the affected areas. From Mar.11 to 30, the SA team analyzed investigation data and questionnaires, and wrote sub-report. And from April 1 to 30, the SA team worked on the first SA report and suggested that it was necessary to prepare the indigenous people plan for the ethnic minorities in project affected area.

1.3.2 Ethnic minority investigation

17 Aug. 20 to Oct. 30, the SA team revised the IPP according to the suggestions from World Bank and the complementary investigating data.

1.3.3 Data sources

The data used as reference for this report falls into the following categories:

a. Official statistical data: e.g., statistical and traffic yearbooks of the affected areas; national economic statistics; statistical statements compiled by investigated counties/city/district, towns and villages; b. Local literatures: local annals and historic records of the affected areas; c. Fieldwork data: e.g., oral interviews, participatory observations and questionnaires.

We use the above references in strict accordance with the following principles: (1) use statistical data as up-to-date as possible; (2) at the village level, try to use firsthand statistical data from fieldwork to ensure the objectiveness and accuracy; and (3) for the analysis and discussion of any issue, opinions and views from peasants and all levels of local government and organizations are integrated to provide comprehensive and essential information.

Chapter 2: the ethnic minorities overview

In the spring and autumn period, the indigenous people of Guiyang are Pu people. Yi people, Yue people and Man people moved here after the Three Kingdoms Period. In Yuan, Ming and Qin Dynasties, multiple ethnic groups have mixed up because a lot of Han officials, traders and students migrated to Guiyang. There are 50 ethnic groups in Guiyang City, 13 of which are original ethnic minorities. There are 19 ethnic minority’s xiangs, and 353 minority compact villages. In the area along the project roads, the main ethnic groups are Han, Bouyei and Miaop people. Those ethnic groups live together friendly and keep close relation. The minorities’ cultures are kept well, but their economic development is lower compared to Han people.

2.1 Population and distribution

2.1.1 The minorities’ structure and distribution in Guiyang City

According to the data of the 5th National Census in 2000, the minority population of Guiyang City was 573,900, accounting for 15.43% of the total population. At present, there are 13 aboriginal minorities in Guiyang City, such as Bouyei and Miao, of which the minorities with a population of above 10,000 include Miao, Bouyei, Tujia, Yi, Dong, Gelao, with a total population of 504,900. There are 19 national Xiangs and 353 minority villages in the city. In some Miao and Bouyei habitats, such as Pingzhai Village, Gaozhai Xiang, Kaiyang County and the Miao people around Guangzhong Village, the national cultures are well kept, where traditional festivals, traditional dresses, ornaments, music and dances have become a highlight these years. At present, the nationalities get along with each other generally and there is no major conflict between them. However, the minorities are economically backward.

Table 2-1: The ethnic minorities’ structure of Guiyang City in 2001

19 No Name Population(10thousand) remark 1 Miao 23.64 2 Bouyei 20.20 3 Tujia 2.13 4 Yi 2.76 5 Dong 1.49 6 Gelao 1.66 7 Bai 0.59 8 Hui 0.63 9 Man 0.31 10 Zhuang 0.38 11 Shui 0.25 12 Mongol 0.20 13 Li 0.13 Including the people 14 Other 3.02 unconfirmed ethnic identity. 15 Total 57.39 Data resource: The Ethnic Minority and Religion Bureau of Guiyang City. The economic and social development planning of ethnic minority and ethnic region(2002-2020). 2005.

Table 2-2: The ethnic minorities’ distribution of Guiyang City in 2000

No. County/city/district Population(10000) Proportion(%)

1 Xiuwen County 2.21 3.85 2 Kaiyang County 4.27 7.44 3 Xifeng County 1.19 2.07 4 Qinzhen City 11.8 20.56 5 Huaxi District 11.59 20.2 6 Wudang District 5.63 9.81 7 Baiyun District 3.14 5.47 8 Naming District 8.57 14.93 9 Xiaohe District 2.29 3.99 10 Yunyan District 6.7 11.67 Total 57.39 100 Data resource: The Ethnic Minority and Religion Bureau of Guiyang City. The economic and social development planning of ethnic minority and ethnic region(2002-2020). 2005.

Since 1949, the ethnic minority’s population has increased evidently:

Table2-3: The increase of the ethnic minority’s population in Guiyang City

20 year 1958 1964 1982 1990 2000 Total population 631397 905293 1319432 1664709 3718400 Ethnic minorities population 84949 104774 167792 227576 573919 The proportion (%) 13.45 11.57 12.61 13.67 15.43 Data resource: 1. The Ethnic Minority and Religion Bureau of Guiyang City. The economic and social development planning of ethnic minority and ethnic region(2002-2020). 2005. 2.Guiyang Chorography Compilation Committee. Guiyang City: ethnography. Guiyang: People’s Publishing House of Guiyang. 1999.

600000 500000 400000 300000 et hni c minor i t y' s popul ai t on 200000 100000 0 1958 1964 1982 1990 2000 Figure2-1: The increase of the ethnic minorities’ population in Guiyang City 20 15 15. 43 t he pr opor t i on È 13. 67 13. 45 12. 61 of t he et hni c 11. 57 10 mi nor i t i es t o t he t ot al 5 popul at i on 0 1958 1964 1982 1990 2000 Figure 2-2: The change of the proportion of the ethnic minorities to the total population

2.1.2 The ethnic minorities’ structure and distribution in the affected area 1The ethnic minorities’ structure

21 There are 13 original ethnic minorities in project affected area, in which the main original ethnic minorities are Bouyei and Miao people. At the end of 2004, the population of the ethnic minorities is 467013 in the affected area, in which Miao people are 193228, and Bouyei people are 155495.

Table2-4: The ethnic minorities’ structure in the affected area No Name Population remark 1 Miao 193228 2 Bouyei 155495 3 Tujia 17870 4 Yi 23647 5 Dong 12428 6 Gelao 13471 7 Bai 5441 8 Hui 5785 9 Man 2604 10 Zhuang 2983 11 Shui 2012 12 Mongol 1534 13 Li 780 Including the people 14 other 29735 unconfirmed ethnic identity. 15 Total 467013 Data source: according to “The county/city/district ethnic minorities’ basic information”.

Mi a o 200000 Bouyei 180000 Tuj i a 160000 Yi 140000 Do n g 120000 Gel ao 100000 Bai 80000 Hu i 60000 Ma n 40000 Zhuang 20000 Shui 0 Mongol Popul at i on Li ot her

Figure2-4: The ethnic minorities’ structure in the affected area

2The ethnic minorities’ distribution There are multiple ethnic groups in project affected area. The main ethnic groups are Han, Bouyei and Miao people. The ethnic minorities mainly concentrate in the mountainous areas or valleys marched with other county/city/district. They often live together, but not excluding the mixed habitation.

Table 2-5: The distribution of ethnic minorities’ compact region in the affected area

county/city/district Minorities’ autonomy Minorities’ compact town village Huaxi 7 72 Wudang 2 18 Baiyun 2 22 Kaiyang 3 49 Xifeng 1 20 Xiuwen 1 38 Qinzhen 3 118 Nanming 4 Yunyan 4 Xiaohe 8 Total 19 353 Data resource: The Ethnic Minority and Religion Bureau of Guiyang City. The economic and social development planning of ethnic minority and ethnic region(2002-2020). 2005.

The main ethnic minorities along the project roads are Miao and Bouyei people. Miao people live in the mountainous areas. And Bouyei people’s villages are often close to streams, and have more paddy fields.

Table 2-5: The ethnic minorities’ distribution in the affected area

minorities minorities Ethnic monorities population county/city/district autonomy compact total Miao Bouyei Others town village population +XD[L'LVWULFW 2 2 117021 62827 41446 12748 :XGDQJ'LVWULFW 3 56287 23607 19580 13100 %DL\XQ'LVWULFW 1 31169 7284 15116 8769 .DL\DQJ'LVWULFW 1 3 45024 19572 24402 1050 ;LIHQJ'LVWULFW 1 7 9367 7577 1508 282

23 ;LXZHQ&RXQW\ 3 21945 12268 6397 3280 4LQ]KHQ&LW\ 28 120000 39881 25117 55002 1DPLQJ'LVWULFW 1 66200 20212 21929 24059 7RWDO 4 48 467013 193228 155495 118290 Data resource: The Ethnic Minority and Religion Bureau of Guiyang City. The economic and social development planning of ethnic minority and ethnic region(2002-2020). 2005.

30 Hu a x i 25 Wudang 20 Bai y un Kai yang 15 Xi f eng 10 Xi uwen Qi n z h e n 5 Nanming 0 Minor i t i es' compact vi l l ages

Figure2-4: The distribution of the minorities’ compact villages in affected area

120000 Hu a x i 100000 Wudang 80000 Bai y un 60000 Kai yang Xi f eng 40000 Xi uwen 20000 Qi nzhen 0 Nanmi ng minor i t i es' popul at i on

Figure 2-5: The distribution of ethnic minorities’ population in affected area

Table 2-6: The distribution of ethnic minorities’ population along the project roads

24 The number The number NO county/city/district Minorities’ population of the roads of Villages 1 Kaiyang 10 65 21653 2 Xifeng 8 56 7292 3 Xiuwen 8 108 13676 4 Qinzhen 4 18 16329 5 Huaxi 2 17 2015 6 Wudang 11 98 4989 7 Baiyun 1 4 1134 8 Nanming 1 2 12537 Total 45 368 79625

Data source: according to “The basic information of administrative villages along the rural roads”

The SA team did the investigation in 9 minorities’ compact villages along the project roads, in which 3 are Miao people’s compact villages, 4 are Bouyei people’s compact villages, and 1 is the Miao/Bouyei/Han people mixed village. Table 2-7: The ethnic minorities’ population in investigated villages No village Town/Xiang Population Male Female Ethnic grups 1 Gaozhai 947 543 404 Miao Guangzhong Xiang, Village Kaiyang County 2 Zhaiji 5175 2736 2439 Miao Yantang Xiang, Village Kaiyang County 3 Qinshan Qinshan 1358 720 638 Miao Village Miao People’s Autonomous Xiang, Xifeng County 4 Jiuzhuang 904 485 419 Bouyei Zhuhua Town, Village Xifeng County 5 Jiuping 757 414 343 Bouyei Wugongqiao Xiang, Village Xiuwen County

25 6 Liutun 747 413 334 Bouyei Damu Xiang, Village Xiuwen County 7 Wanggang Xinpu 576 298 278 Bouyei Village Xiang, Wudang District 8 Jinjia Shawen 1037 539 498 Bouyei Village Town, Wudang District 9 Panzhai Weicheng 1186 631 555 Miao/Han/Bouyei Village Town, Qinzhen City Data source: Relevant statistical data from the investigatied village government.

2.2 Social organization

2.2.1 Traditional social organization

1“Yilang” organization It was the traditional social organization in Bouyei people. Its functions included accommodate villagers’ relation; arbitrate the dissensions; maintain the social order and protect the public interests. The organization leader was the old man with a lot of prestige, called Zhailao or Zhaizhu. The leader was voted by the old male villagers, and was the main organizer of village religious and unreligious activities. The “Yilang” has disappeared after 1949. At present, the Villager’s committee and village branch of CPC undertake the main functions of Yilang. 2. “Langkuan” organization It was the traditional social organization in Miao people. The structure and functions of Langkuan were similar to Bouyei people’s Yilang. At present, the Langkuan is still exiting, but has been very loose. Its impact on village decisions has decreased a lot.

2.2.2 Village branch of CPC

26 Village branch of CPC and villagers’ committee are responsible for administering village at present. The secretary of village branch of CPC often has more prestige and authority. The main members of village branch of CPC are appointed by upper CPC organization.

2.2.3 Villagers’ committee

The members of villagers’ committee are generated by public election each 3 years. The main members include the director, vice-director, accountant, peace director, and family planning carder and so on. These members are called village carders. They divide their work specific, and get the salary from upper government.

2.3 The ethnic relations

2.3.1 The relation between Han and minorities

In the investigated villages, Miao, Bouyei and Han people live together harmoniously. Miao people often less communicate with other ethnic groups since they live in mountainous area, where the traffic and communication are not so convenient. Bouyei people’s habitats are closer to Han people. Comparing with Miao people, Bouyei and Han people keep the closer relation, and the marriage between these two ethnic groups is very popular. Han culture has affected Bouyei a lot, for example language, customs and religion and so on. Bouyei people’s culture is similar to Han people.Miao people live in the mountainous areas with inconvenient traffic. Miao people’s culture is special and still kept the traditional features.

2.3.2 The relation between minorities

The Bouyei and Miao people had few connections in the history because of the distance and languages. Han people were the agency of the few economic connections between those two peoples. Since 1990s, the communication between those two peoples has been more frequent because of attending school and employment.

27 2.4 History and culture

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Guiyang was originally the area under the jurisdiction of Zangke Country. In the period of Warring States, it was subordinate to Yelang Country. The indigenous people at that time are Pu people. Then Guiyang belonged to Zangke Prefecture in the period of Western Han and Eastern Han dynasties. Other minorities such as Yi, Yue, Manren peoples moved into Guiyang during this period. Yi people is the ancestor of today’s Yi and Gelao peoples, Yue people’s offsprsing is today’s Bouyei people, and Manren people have been today’s Miao people. In the period of the Song Dynasty, Guiyang was called Guizhou. There were minorities named Shuiximan, Shuidongman, Gelaoren and Fanren. During the Yuan, Ming and Qin Dynasty, more and more Han people migrated to Guiyang. To the medium Qin Dynasy, Han people’s population has been over the minorities2.

2.4.1 Bouyei People

The Bouyei people were the aboriginal dwellers on the south-east Yunnan-Guizhiou Plateau. They evolved from the ancient "Luoyue" and "Liao" people. They have been variously known as the Dujunman (Dunjun barbarian) during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and subsequently as "Zhongmiao", "Zhongjia", "Bafan" during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Throughout these periods they always referred to themselves as "Bouyei" or "Burao". With the founding of the PRC in 1949, following consultation with the ethnic group it was decided to agree upon the official name of Bouyei.

The Bouyei people have their own language, which belongs to the Zhuang-Dai branch of the Zhuang-Dong group of the Chinese-Tibetan family. This language has no

2 Guiyang Chorography Compilation Committee. 1999. Guiyang City: ethnography. Guiyang: People’s Publishing House of Guiyang:pp1-7.

28 traditional written form and Han characters are widely used, although a written system based upon the Latin alphabet was created with government assistance after 1949. The Bouyeis favor river valleys and it is prime water county.

The Bouyeis are the "aboriginals" of Guizhou. Bouyei is the ethnic minority with the maximum population in Guiyang City. It mainly distribute in Huaxi District, Wudang District, Baiyun District, Kaiyang County, Xiuwen County, Qinzhen City and Xifeng District.The people are of Thai origin and related to the Zhuangs in Guangxi. They mostly spread over the south-western sector of Guizhou Province. Bouyei dress is dark and somber with colorful trimmings; ’best’ clothes come out on festival or market days. The Bouyeis marry early traditionally. Married women are distinguished by headgear symbols. The Bouyei tribespeople can also be shy and suspicious of foreigners. They have a similar way of life to the Miao and their language is closely related to those of the Zhuang and Dai. They practice polytheism and ancestor worship.

Figure2-6: Bouyei people’s female ethnic costume

29 2.4.2 Miao people

The Miaos are one of the most ancient of China’s ethnic groups, tracing their origins back more than 4,000 years. Prior to modernization of farming methods, they grew millet and buckwheat using the slash-and-burn methods. The Miao language has three main dialects, but there was no unified written script until 1956. Religions include nature and ancestor worship and Christianity.

Dispersed from southern China across northern Vietnam, Laos, and into Thailand, the Miaos (also known as the Hmongs), vary in dialect, styles of farming, and designation: Black, White, Red, blue, Flowery, and Cowrie Shell Miao among others. Many Miaos settled in distant mountains, raising millet and buckwheat by slash-and- burn farming, and their diet supplemented by domestic animals and hunting. Modernization, improved farming methods, organization of communes, and road building has been made difficult by the ragged terrain in which the Miaos are scattered. Miao people mainly distribute in Huaxi District, Kaiyang County, Xifeng County and Qinzhen County.

Miao people’s culture is special and still kept the traditional features. Their famous ethnic culture items include their ethnic costume, musical instrument (Lushen), dances and festivals. In the different region, the Miao people’s traditional festivals have a little bit different. In the investigated Miao villages, the traditional festivals include spring festival, bullfight festival (lunar calendar Jan. 5, 15 and 25), fish-killing festival (lunar calendar Mar. 3), convocation festival (lunar calendar Jun. 24), ghost festival (Zhongyuan Festival, lunar calendar July. 14), mid-autumn festival (lunar calendar Aug. 15) and so on. Miao people’s bullfight festival has been the representative of Miao traditional culture, and also the famous tourism festival. The Miao people’s traditional costume has been the special tourism souvenir and got more income. And the ethnic dance and musical instrument (Lushen) are more and more popular among the local people and tourists. The traditional festivals include spring

30 festival, bullfight festival (lunar calendar Jan. 5, 15 and 25), fish-killing festival (lunar calendar Mar. 3), convocation festival (lunar calendar Jun. 24), ghost festival (Zhongyuan Festival, lunar calendar July. 14), mid-autumn festival (lunar calendar Aug. 15) and so on.

Figure2-7: Miao people’s female ethnic costume

Chapter 3: The economic development of the ethnic minorities

3.1 The overview

In 2004, the gross output value of Guiyang City was RMB44.63 billion, an increase of 13.7% over the year before. The added value of the primary industry was RMB3.177 billion, an increase of 7.6% over the year before, that of the secondary industry RMB233.24 billion, an increase of 15.6%, that of the tertiary industry RMB178.62 billion yuan, an increase of 12.3%.

In the minority villages along the rural road and town passenger transport stations, the local minority people’s persistent income resources are food and cash crops planting and family animal husbandry. Before 1980s, the poverty is general in the affected minority area. The population of agricultural technologies has promoted most minorities’ absolute poverty reduction since 1980s. Since the recent 6 years, cash crops planting and labor export have started to replace the absolutely predominance of food crops planting and family animal husbandry, and have been the main force of local economic development.

The minorities are more underdevelopment compared to Han people because of the bad natural environment, inconvenient traffic and lower techniques. The poverty issue is more serious in the minorities’ area. At the end of 2002, there are 186 minority impoverished villages, accounting for 52.69% of the total minority villages3.

3 The Ethnic Minority and Religion Bureau of Guiyang City. 2005.The economic and social development planning of ethnic minority and ethnic region(2002-2020):pp12..

32 3.2 The income structure

The ethnic minorities’ persistent income resources are food and cash crops planting and family animal husbandry. Since 2000, the cash corps planting and migrant working have increased the income obviously.

3.2.1 Food and cash crops planting zCrop land

It is said that there is no 1 square meter flat in Guizhou. The crop lands of each investigated villages are shortage more or less. The per capita lands of the investigated minorities’ villages along the rural roads are 0.85mu, in which paddy field are 0.33mu, dry land are 0.52 mu.

Among the investigated minorities’ villages along the roads, Zhuhua village of Xifeng County holds the most per capita crop land, which are 2.51mu, and the village with the least per capita crop is Yantang village of Kaiyang County, which are 0.83mu.

Table 3-1: The crop lands in the investigated minorities’ villages

Unit:mu Crop Paddy per capita arable No Village Dry land field land 1 Guangzhong 799 40 759 0.84 Village 2 Yantang 4303 1106 3197 0.83 Village 3 Qinshan 2741.5 506 2235.5 2.02 Village(Xifeng) 4 Zhuhua Village 2271.4 407 1864.4 2.51 5 Wugongqiao 1018 270 748 1.34 Village 6 Damu Village 1127 455 672 1.51 7 Panzhai Village 1124 467 657 0.95 8 Wanggang 890 615 275 1.54 Village 9 Jinjia Village 995 672 323 0.96 Data source: Relevant statistical data from the investigated village government.

33 SA team’s sample investigation suggests that the per capita farm lands of interviewees’ families are less than 1 mu generally. Table 3-2: interviewee families’ crop land Unit: mu Village Per householder Paddy field Dry land NO crop land 1 Guangzhong 3.977 3.544 0.433 2 Yantang 4.497 3.353 1.144 3 Qinshan(Xifeng) 5.077 2.817 2.260 4 Zhuhua 5.500 3.422 2.078 5 Wugongqiao 3.760 2.067 1.693 6 Damu 5.419 2.806 2.613 7 Panzhai 3.094 1.584 1.510 8 Wang 6.541 3.009 3.532 Total average 4.955 2.736 2.219 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project SA Questionnaire (for the rural) analysis.

zCrops

The main food crops include paddy, corn and potato; the main cash corps is rape, ginger, garlic, shallot, tobacco, walnut and orange.

zLabor resource

The minorities in the affected area mainly work on agriculture. And the female minorities often undertake the animal breeding. The questionnaire suggests that 81% interviewees are working on agriculture at home (The questionnaire survey couldn’t include the out migrant workers), in which 66% are at the age between 31 and 60.

Table 3-3: the interviewees’ employment and age

employment Percentage Doing Doing non- Crosstabulation agriculture agriculture Migrant Total at home at home worker teacher Cadre other

a 21-30

g 6 0.5 4 0.5 1 0 12 e

31-40 27 2 4 0.5 0.5 0.25 34

34 41-50 19 0.5 1 0 0. 5 0.75 22 51-60 20 0.5 1 0 0.5 0 22 61-70 8 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 9 71-80 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Total 81 4 10 1 3 1 100 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project SA Questionnaire (for the rural) analysis.

zThe distribution of farm products The SA team’s investigation suggests that most farm products are for self- consumption, and a few for sale in the most investigated families. The food crops, e.g. paddy, corn mainly satisfy the family’s consumption; and the cash crops, e.g. rape, ginger, garlic, shallot, tobacco, walnut and orange are mainly for sale. Villagers usually sell their farm products in the town market where their village locates. In some villages, people take their products to town market by themselves or livestock; and in the other ones, people can take public vehicle to the market. Most sales in town market are just retail. The wholesale of farm products happen in the village. The out- of-town traders often go to the village to buy the villagers’ farm products in batches. Commonly, if a village’s traffic is convenient, the price here will be the higher. Table 3-4: the farm products prices in Qinshan Village, Xifeng County

No. The products Sale price (unit:yuan/jin) 1 capsicum 2.5~2.7 2 Ginger, garlic, tobacco, and 1.1 orange. 3 rape 1 4 walnut 4.5 5 shallot 1.2 6 Corn 0.56~0.57 7 Potato 0.24 8 rice 0.7 9 pig 650~800yuan per one Data source: intensive interview with the branch secretary of Qianshan Village, Qinshan Miao people’s autonomous town, Xifeng County.

3.2.2 Family animal husbandry

35 Family animal husbandry is very popular in the investigated minorities’ villages. Most of villagers breed livestock and poultry to satisfy the families’ daily needs of living and agricultural work. Except the impoverish family or the family with urgent needs, ordinary families don’t sale their animals. zlivestock The livestock in the investigated villages include pig, horse and cattle. A Family often breeds 1 to 2 pigs each year to satisfy the family’s meat consumption in a whole year. Cattle are the main farm animal and 85% families have more than 1 cattle. Few families have the horse, which are the vehicle of agricultural materials and farm products. zpoultry The poultry include chook, duck and goose, mainly used in festival, entertainment and rituals. And the daily consumption of poultry is not so many. 3.2.3 Migrant worker

zMigrant destination and employment

Since 1980s, there have been some migrant workers in the investigated villages. At the beginning, they often went to Pearl River Delta and Hainan province, and did construction worker. Since the middle of 1990s, the migrant workers are more and more, and have scattered to Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangshu provinces. Now the Yangtse Rive Delta and the Pearl River Delta are the two main labor import regions of 17 villages. At the same time, the villagers working in downtown Guiyang and the nearby factories and mines keep increasing. Most of migrant workers are employed as the manual workers in construction industry, manufacturing, textile mill and so on. A few migrants who got the secondary level education at least can do the office work.

zMigrating channels

36 Before 2000, the individual family’s social net of kindred and friends decided whether villagers could migrate and where they migrate to. Since 2000, the local government has begun to encourage the local labor export, and provide employment information to villagers, which have increased villagers’ migrating chances.

zMigrant workers’ sex and age distribution

Most migrant workers are at the age of 18 to 45. According to SA questionnaire survey, 87 % of investigated migrant workers are in this age range. And 67% of investigated migrant workers are male, and 20% are female. Migrants working out of Guizhou Province are often younger than 40 years old. As to the villagers working inside Guizhou Province, the age distribution is more diversity, including the young people just graduated from junior high school, and also the old men beyond 60 years old. And in this working group, the males are more than the females. Few older than 40 women are working outside.

Table 3-5: Migrant workers’ sex and age distribution Percentage Sex Total Male Femal 21-30 31 10 41 31-40 36 10 46 Age 41-50 10 0 10 51-60 3 0 3 Total 80 20 100 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project SA Questionnaire (for the rural) analysis. zMigrant worker’s income and contributions to family economy A villager working outside Guizhou Province can get the income from RMB 600 to 1500 Yuan per month, and contribute RMB 3000 to 7000 Yuan to his family every year. And the villager working inside the province can get from 400 to 1000 Yuan per month which is a little bit less, and provide his family RMB 2000 to 4000 Yuan each year. Now the income from migrated work has been the key income resource of many families.

37 3.3 Family economies

3.3.1 Family incomes

Most of investigated families’ incomes are comprised by cash and object. The cash incomes are mainly from migrated work and cash crop sale; the object incomes include food and cash crops, livestock, poultry and so on. 89.23% of inverviewees think that the planting, family animal breeding and migrant work are their three key income sources. In the investigated minorities’ villages, the per capita farmer income is from RMB 540 to 3700 Yuan. That of Guangzhong Village in Kaiyang Couty is RMB 540 yuan, which is the lowest in the 9 investigated villages. And that of Jinjia Village in Baiyun District is RMB 3628 Yuan, which is the highest. Table 3-6: The per capita farmer income in the investigated minorities’ villages NO. Village the per capita farmer income (Yuan) Guangzhong Yantang Qinshan(Xifeng) Zhuhua Wugongqiao Damu Panzhai Wanggang Jinjia Data source: Relevant statistical data from the investigated village government.

3.3.2Family expenditure

The main expenditures of a family are food, clothes, fuels, electricity fee, agricultural materials, commodities, transportation fee, education fee and gift fee. 92.61% of investigated families think that the food, agricultural materials and gift are their three huge expenditures.

Chapter 4: Legal Framework and Ideas for Formulation of the Indigenous People Plan

4.1 ethnic policies and Legal Framework

1. Different ethnic groups share equal political, economic, social and cultural rights

Different ethnic groups in the People’s Republic of China shall have equal rights for social, economic, cultural development. At minority inhabited areas, the regional ethnic autonomy system shall be implemented, and autonomous areas (autonomous region, prefecture, county) set up to exercise the autonomy and manage the nationality’s internal affairs. Pursuant to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China and the Regional National Autonomy Law of the People’s Republic of China, the minorities’ political rights shall be guaranteed so that they can manage their own affairs independently. The project areas are the areas where many ethnic groups live together harmoniously. Different ethnic groups intermarry often, and maintain their respective ethnic customs. In the national development policy and its enforcement, different ethnic groups enjoy equal rights and ethnic discrimination is seldom seen.

Under the legal framework of the regional national autonomy system, the minority population in the Guiyang City has the following rights:

The “Electoral Law” prescribes: “Nationwide minorities shall elect their representatives to the National People’s Congress; the Standing Committee of the NPC shall allocate quotas to the people’s congress of each province, autonomous region and municipality directly under the Central Government with reference to the population and distribution of each minority. An ethnic group extremely low in population shall have at least 1 representative.” “Autonomous regions and provinces

40 centrally-inhabited by many minorities shall have an additional 5% of quota of representatives as decided by the Standing Committee of the NPC.

The “Law of Regional National Autonomy of the PRC” stipulates, autonomous organs shall guarantee that all ethnic groups under their jurisdiction enjoy equal rights.

- Right to formulate autonomy regulations and specific ordinances, manage local finance and economic construction, train and use minority cadres, manage educational, cultural and scientific undertakings, use and develop national written and spoken languages

- Guarantee equal rights of scattered-living minorities. Scattered-living minorities refer to minorities living outside regional autonomy areas and those living in these areas but not practicing national regional autonomy.

- Minorities’ right to use their written and spoken languages

- Minorities’ right of freedom of religion

- Minorities’ right to reserve their customs, to be respected by other nationalities

- Right of minority cadres to take an important proportion in national autonomy areas

- Right of economic development of minority areas and preferential policies

- Minorities’ right to develop their cultural, educational and scientific undertakings

- Minorities’ title to preferential policies on planned parenthood

The State has enacted a series of preferential policies based on the above laws and regulations, and ensures their enforcement. Meanwhile, the Sichuan Provincial People’s Congress and its standing committee have enacted the related local bylaws based on the multinational presence and the national cultures in Sichuan, to guarantee the enforcement of the above State laws and regulations.

41 2. All ethnic groups enjoy equal right to develop occupied lands and protect their lawfully earned income “Law of Land Management of the People’s Republic of China”, “Method for Implementation of the Law of Land Management of Guizhou Province”, “Some Provisions on Determination of Land Ownership and Land-use Right”, “Rural Land Contracting Law of the People’s Republic of China”, “Opinions of the Guizhou Province Department of Land & Resources and the Department of Agriculture about the Notice on Doing Well in Farmland Management and Promoting the Agricultural Production Restructuring of the Ministry of Land & Resources and the Ministry of Agriculture” are the legal basis and institutional guarantee of the minorities’ land use right.

It is stipulated in the Regional National Autonomy Law that: “The autonomous organs at the autonomous minority area shall decide the ownership and use right of meadows and forests of the area under law”, “manage and maintain the local natural resources”, “No organization or individual is allowed to destroy grasslands and forests by any means”, “According to the law and the State’s unified planning, the natural resources that can be developed by the local area shall be developed and utilized rationally first”, etc.

The Multinational Development Program proposed by the project has a good legal foundation. Under the above legal framework, all ethnic groups in the project areas can have the right to participate in the project and be developed. This also provides a legal guarantee to the project and its specific coverage.

4.2 General Idea for Formulation of the Indigenous People Plan

The idea in formulating the IPP is to consider how to involve the ethnic minorities in the project areas extensively and benefit them equally by executing the project, so that they can go on a benign path of sustainable growth. 1. Promote the coordinated development of the economy, ecology and culture in the areas; 2. Promote the improvement of the household standard of living in the areas;

42 3. Promote the local development of high-quality human resources; 4. Promote the improvement of the agricultural, stockbreeding and technological level of different nationalities in the areas; 5. Promote and cultivate the market entry ability of the minorities in the areas; 6. Promote the participation of the minorities in the areas in the project and its execution, supervision.

Chapter 5: Project and the affected minorities’ development

5.1 The traffic situation in affected minorities’ area

By the end of 2003, Guiyang City had a total highway length of 3309km, of which that of national highways was 313km, provincial highways 370km, county highways 935km, country roads 1644km, special highways 47km, the density of the highway network was 0.14km/km2. In the affected area, there are 106km of expressways, 49km of Class-1 highways, 271km of Class-2 highways, 579km of Class-3 highways, 1506km of Class-4 highways and 798km of off-class highways.

In the affected area, the national and provincial highways are mostly expressways or Class-1 highways; the county highways are mostly Class-2 or3; the country roads mostly are Class-4 and the village roads are off-class.

The affected area features the karst landform and a complex of highlands, hills, basins, valleys and terraces. The local government and people have built many rural highways over years, yet the traffic problems are still outstanding. At present, 60% of minorities’ villages’ roads are with sandstone and muddy surfaces and obstructed in rainy days. The villagers have a strong call for the construction and transformation of rural highways. And at few villages, there have been radical acts against traffic facilities due to the longstanding problems.

Our investigation showed the respondents had low satisfaction with the existing traffic condition. 40% of the respondents were very dissatisfied with it, 32.7% were dissatisfied, and only 4.9% were very satisfied.

Table 5-1 Satisfaction of Respondents with Present Traffic Condition

44 (the rural)

Cumulative Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Very satisfied 4.9 5.0 5.0 Largely satisfied 16.0 16.1 21.0 Neither, nor 5.7 5.7 26.7 Dissatisfied 32.7 32.9 59.7 Very dissatisfied 40.0 40.3 100.0 Total 99.3 100.0 Missing System .7 Total 100.0 Data source: Guiyang Transportation Project questionnaire (for the rural project)

There are the following problems with highway construction in the affected minorities’ area: a. The problem of “focus on trunks and negligence of branches” is serious. Under the influence of some interested parties, some highway construction projects in the affected were pursuing immediate economic benefits and political influence excessively, and those trunk highways with great political and economic implications were valued, other than rural branch highways of minor influence. As far as the affected area is concerned, the national, provincial and county highways are high-class highways with few branches. Most of the rural areas they run through can hardly benefit from highway development. EThe construction guideline of “focus on construction and negligence of maintenance” and management system for rural highways have not been changed radically. Within the affected area, the rural highways have not been taken good care of. Under the prevailing highway management system, the rural highways have not been brought into the administration of the traffic authorities and are not supported financially for routine maintenance. Due to the lack of funds, some rural highways have not been well maintained and have been seriously destroyed. FThere is a strong sense of localism in highway planning, which is a key factor that impedes the highway development in the affected area. At present, there is a small number of inter-county and inter-Xiang (town) trunk highways in the affected

45 area, and the county and Xiang-level road network is relatively lagging behind. Some local officials think it is this strong sense of localism that has resulted in the segmentation in highway planning, construction and management and great wastes of highway resources.

5.2 The project impacts on the minority’s economic and social

development

The Guiyang Transportation Project will bring obvious impacts on affected minorities’ area. Especially the impacts of the rural roads sub-project and rural passenger transport stations sub-project will be huger. Some minority officials thought that the project would be 1. Good to the improvement of local traffic; 2. Good to the development of ethnic tourism and protect the traditional culture; 3. Good to develop local economy and poverty reduction; 4. Good to relief the problem of minorities’ surplus labors; 5. Good to the improvement of relations between ethnic groups, and enhancement of urban-rural relations; 6. Good to conduct nation ethnic policies. The minority informants though the project will bring the positive impacts on their living: 1. Good to villagers’ outing. 2. Good to children’s education. 3. Good to the transport of farm products. 4. Good to the relief of poverty. 5. Good to the transport of farm, sideline products and mineral resources. 6. Good to the development of local economy, and the reduction of the disparity with developed areas.

46 And they also worried about the potential negative impacts of the project, for example occupying farmland, damaging farmland and soil, bringing public security problems.

5.2.1 The social impacts analysis of rural roads project

The rural roads project will be good to change the bad traffic condition of the rural Guiyang City, facilitate the local economic development, advance the local women’s status, close the relations between ethnic groups, protect of ethnic cultures and enhance the urban-rural relations.

1. The impacts on minorities’ local traffic.

The SA team thinks the construction of rural road will be good to the improvement of local traffic. In the affected minorities’ area, the traffic problem has been the main obstacle to the local social development, and the local villagers have an urgent desire for traffic improvement. However, restricted by the local finance for highway construction, traffic development has been lagging behind for a long time, the villagers still have difficulty in outing, and there are even social conflicts in some places. In recent years, there have been frequent cases of appeal to the superior authorities by reason of highway traffic. The respondent local minorities’ officials and ordinary villagers think the Guiyang Transportation Project will improve the highway traffic condition in the urban and rural areas of Guiyang greatly and have far-reaching significance for local social stability and healthy development

2. The impacts on local economic development and poverty reduction in minorities’ area

Our investigation reveals the respondents have great expectations for the project in promoting local economic development. On the forum at Wugongqiao Village, Xiuwen County, the investigators attempted to learn the local people’s attitude to the project by sequencing. As to the most positive impact of the project, 21 people who took part in sequencing thought it to be “good to economic development” without exception. Jinjia Village, Baiyun District is a habitat of the Bouyei people. Thanks to

47 superior geographic and traffic conditions, great achievements have been made in business and capital invitation in recent years. It is thought by the local cadres if the traffic condition of the village and its surrounding areas could be further improved, the mineral and tourist resources of village will be developed and utilized further to boost local economic development. At Qingshan Village, Xifeng County, retailers from other places are not willing to purchase farm and sideline products from this village because the highway condition there is poor, so that the villagers of this village have often to sell farm and sideline products at prices lower than the market level by 20% to 30%. The respondents think economic poverty is directly related with traffic. It is suggested that the farm products prices are lower in the most of impoverished villages; the villagers have a few chances to connect with the outside, the more unemployment of surplus labor need to be transferred. The establishment of rural roads will facilitate the poverty reduction. The local villagers said the price of the farm products, the family income will increase after the road construction. And the convenient traffic will create non-agricultural employment for impoverished people. The highway project will be good to the development of local economy and enrich more poor people.

3. The impacts on minority women

Due to the inconvenience in traffic, the investigated villages usually have a low level of agricultural revenue. Male adults of some families have to work outside for higher income. After 2000, with the outward migration of many male adults, women have become the main force in the agricultural production of the investigated villages, with sharply increased labor intensity and family burden. Panzhai Village, Qingzhen City is inhabited by Miao and Han people, has 1186 people in 329 households, of which the Miao population accounts for 30%, the Han population 60%, and other minorities from other places 10%. At present, over 200 villagers are working outside, and the agricultural production of the village, children’s education and support of the elderly are undertaken by housewives mainly. Due to inconvenient traffic and high travel

48 costs, some villagers working outside would come home every 2 to 3 years. Unable to bear the heavy burden, some women have to move out with their husbands. At the end of 2005, 99 couples of the village were outside all the year round, and over 50 couples had not returned home for at least 5 years, resulting in serious problems in children’s education and support of the elderly. The villagers think the highway project will help relieve their disparity with developed areas, and gradually reduce the blind outflow of local young adults gradually, relieve women’s burden, and greatly improve the children’s education and the living standard of the elderly.

4. The impacts on ethnic relation and protecting ethnic culture

The respondent minority villagers think, though the state ethnic policies have generally benefited them and the relationship between nationalities in the affected area is harmonious, there is still a mental gap between many minority villagers and the Han people because the minority population mostly resides in mountain areas or areas of inconvenient traffic where the economic and educational level is relatively low and there is limited communication with the outside. At some places, the minority population (especially the youth) has an inadequate perception of the national culture and weak identification with their own nationality. At some minority villages investigated, many villagers think they have little difference from the Han nationality in lifestyle. Some minority officials think only by improving the traffic condition in the minority areas can the communication between minority villagers and the outside be strengthened and they realize the value of their own culture. Only when the minorities are let out can they return and can the relationship between nationalities be improved radically.

During the investigation at Pingzhai Village, Gaozhai Xiang, Kaiyang County, the appraisal team spent the Bullfight Festival on January 25 in the Miao calendar (22 Feb 2006) and had the chance to experience the holiday atmosphere of the local Miao people. According to the locals, the traditional Bullfight Festival was held at January 5, 15 and 25 every year. During the festival, the Miao people of the nearby villages

49 would gather to watch bullfights and dance in a warm atmosphere. In recent years, the local government has publicized the Bullfight Festival in order to develop tourist resources and mobilize the Miao villagers from the surrounding villages to participate. However, on the above 150km distance from the seat of Kaiyang County to Pingzhai Village, a nearly 80km road section had sandstone or muddy surface and was too sharp to drive. Except the local officials invited, there are few visitors. The local officials think only when the highway traffic condition has been greatly improved can the Bullfight Festival attract move visitors to drive the development of the local national tourism. Only in this way can the local Miao villagers realize the role of the national culture in promoting economic development, effectively protect and develop the national culture. The local Miao villagers think when the highway is completed, there will surely be more participants in the festival, and the Miao and Han people will have more interactions and connections. Meanwhile, tourist development will help solve the employment problem of the local villagers and improve their household income greatly.

5. The impacts on urban-rural relations

In the affected area, there are many bazaars named by animals, such as cat bazaar, horse bazaar and dog bazaar, because these bazaars used to be open on the corresponding days. Restricted by traffic, the rural bazaars in the affected area have a long opening period, usually 7 days, and economic connections between urban and rural areas have been affected to some extent. At some places, though new bazaars have been planned, villagers from surrounding areas could hardly have enough time for scheduling. At Panzhai Village, Qingzhen City, since there are great passenger flows through this village, the local villagers planned to set up a bazaar several years ago for the convenience of trade with the nearby villages. However, this plan has not been realized, because the villagers would spend too much time on travel. The traffic inconvenience has restricted the scope and frequency of travel of the local villagers. Our sampling survey shows, 82.71% of the respondents would go to the seat of the Xiang/town they belong to. 95% of the respondents say, they go to the urban area of

50 Guiyang less than once a year on average. The local villagers think the highway project will be convenient for their outing and make the rural areas more closely connected to the urban areas. At remote Guangzhong Village, Kaiyang County, the villagers rarely go out and have few chances to go downtown, and their ideology is thought by the local cadres as “conservative”. Some villagers think the main reason for this is the traffic inconvenience, and they have little contact with the outside, especially with the so-called “advanced urban civilization”. They think after the highway is completed, they will be more open-minded and have more ideas about economic development.

Case 5-1

WS, male, 48, Miao nationality, farmer at Guangzhong Village, Kaiyang County

After the highway was completed, we could bypass the muddy road from our village to Guiyang. We can go via Guiding County without going through the seat of Kaiyang County and can arrive in Guiyang in 4 hours. In this way, it is much easier for us to go downtown. We can go there more often to visit my relatives and friends, see something new, and they can also visit my home often and take back specialties, such as vegetables. The air is good here and vegetables are grown with farm manure and completely nuisance-free. These things are rare for townsmen. 6 The impacts on the development of minorities’ education

The minority villagers at the points of investigation pay much attention to their children’s education. Restricted by the traffic condition, the natural resources of the local rural areas could not be fully developed and utilized, and farm and sideline products could not be exported successfully. In a relatively undeveloped rural society, many minority villagers expect their children could change fate by receiving education. Living scattered, the teaching points at the village level could not meet the educational demand of the local villagers’ children. Many villagers have to send their children to nearby villages or the seat of the Xiang/town government for education.

51 As far as the affected area is concerned, junior high schools are found at the Xiang/town level only. Children at the villages have to attend school elsewhere but are meeting with traffic difficulties.

Zhuhua Village, Xifeng County is a habitat of the Bouyei nationality, where many villagers’ children have dropped out without finishing their junior high school studies due to the poor traffic condition. Owing to the low education level, some young people have to farm at home. We made a sampling survey of the villagers above 20 years and below 65 years of this village. As a result, of the 23 respondents, 17% were illiterate, 61% had received primary school education only, 22% graduated from junior high school, and no one had received senior high school education. Due to early dropout, the youth of the village mostly gets married and bears a child early, and local economy has been stagnant.

Most of the respondent local minority officials and villagers say, the improvement of the highway traffic condition will bring new opportunities to the development of local rural education and greatly facilitate the improvement of the rural population quality, the development of rural economy and society.

5.2.2 The social impacts analysis of rural passenger transport stations

1. The impacts on traffic development

In the affected area, the construction of the rural passenger transport stations was always neglected before. This project will change this situation, and reduce the villagers’ difficulties of taking bus. This project will also good to the development of the farm products transportation.

2. The impacts on local economic development

This project will improve the circulation speed of rural population and goods, which will drive the development of local carrying trade, farm products machining and tourism. The local minority villagers may get the multiple income resources after the project construction.

52 3. The impacts on the living of minority villagers

The change of local inconvenient traffic led by the project will be good to the communication between the local minority villagers and the outside.

4. The impacts on ethnic cultural intercourse

The project will bring more communication chances to the people from different ethnic groups or rural and urban areas, and also provide a space for such communication.

5.3 The negative impacts and relief measures

5.3.1 Potential negative impacts

Local officials and villagers look forward to improving the traffic condition. Many of them expressed that the building road was the thing with no negative effects at all. They didn’t pay attention to the potential questions led by the project construction. Though this project is more benefits than ventures as a whole, we still need to understand the potential problems.

1. The impacts on natural environment

Though this project is focused on expansion, with little new land occupation, highway construction might change the geologic structure of some sections, destroy the ground vegetation to some extent and result in some unforeseeable environmental consequences due to the complex landforms along the highway.

2. Requisition & resettlement’s impacts on villagers’ living

The stations will locate the population impacted area, and will lead to the issues of requisition & resettlement. According to present project design, the requisition & resettlement will not involve too many families. But as to the affected families, they need adapt to the huge change in the future.

3. The impacts on local rural public security

53 During construction, with the inflow of migrant workers, there might be new pressures on the local rural public security and inconveniences to the villagers’ life and production.

4. The impacts on traffic safety

Highway construction might bring safety concerns while improving the traffic condition and accordingly, higher requirements are imposed on the local farmers’ sense of traffic safety.

5. The impacts on traditional minority cultures

When the traffic condition has been improved, the local minorities will have increased opportunities of contact with the outside. With the increase of economic and cultural connections between different nationalities, there will be more cultural interactions. Though the improvement of the traffic condition will not have any negative impacts on the national cultures, the economically disadvantaged minorities will have a greater mental pressure, and their traditional lifestyle and values will meet with new trials.

5.3.2 Relief measures

1. Minimize farmland occupation and destruction of water facilities and other infrastructures.

Though the project is focused on the rural road network in the affected area, farmland occupation and destruction to the existing rural water facilities along the highway is still inevitable, imposing some negative impacts on the farmers’ life and production. These adverse factors have been considered in the road design. We also learned from the investigation the water facilities at the points of investigation are out of repair and have a leak or collapse. Accordingly, We have asked the construction organization to minimize farmland occupation and destruction of water facilities and other infrastructures, and do the plan to repair, or restore damaged farmland infrastructure,

54 dewponds, canals, rural highways and tractor-plowing paths, and try best to repair other production and living facilities along the highway to avoid any potential dispute arising from the project.

2. Establish and perfect the decision-making mechanism that involves the affected minority’s population to guarantee the successful implementation of the project.

In order that the affected minority’s population can benefit fully from the project, an effective mechanism that involves the affected minority’s population has been established and perfected to guarantee the successful implementation of the project. Specifically, the project teams composed of villager representatives will be set up in the affected area and involved in the project’s planning, implementation and supervision, so that the local farmers’ immediate interests can be fully considered. Meanwhile, complaint and feedback channels have been set up, and the workshops involving the project office, county/Xiang government, representative of the villagers’ committee and ordinary minority villagers held regularly to work out countermeasure against many problems, especially tough ones.

3. Provide more job opportunities to the minority’s population

Most rural areas in the affected minority’s area face the serious problem of insufficient farmland. Generation of rural minority’s population is also closely associated with the extreme shortage of cultivation area and the excess of rural surplus labor. Considering the actual financial standing and the employment trend of the rural surplus labor in the affected area, we will give priority to the minority’s population along the highway when construction personnel are recruited for the highway project. This will not only reduce construction costs, but also increase the local minority farmers’ income, relieving the poverty problem to some extent.

55 4. Integrate the project with the regional development strategy to facilitate the comprehensive development of minority’s economy and society.

Driving the minority’s economic development is the greatest expectation of the interested parties in the affected area for this project. Accordingly, the project will be integrated with the regional development strategy to facilitate the development of local economy and society. As the capital of Guizhou Province, Guiyang City plays a vital role in driving the economic and social development of the province. Centering on the strategic goal of “Constructing Greater Guiyang” and the strategy of “Revitalizing the City with Industry”, the Guiyang Municipal Government has expressed the intent to create an industrial pattern with focus on hi-tech industries and manufacturing supported by advantageous industries. It is regarded as the focus of rural efforts of the government in the future to continue the agricultural restructuring and strengthen the construction of agriculture and rural infrastructure. Modification of the rural road network inclusive of county/Xiang highways is the center of this project. In our opinion, only when the project is integrated with the regional development strategy can the coordinated development of minority’s economy and society be promoted and the social benefits of the project be realized in a better way.

5. Actively guide the granting and use of the compensation money for land requisition and house relocation.

Land and house are important resources of direct concern with the masses, and relate to the relations between the government and the public. If things are not properly handled, conflicts might result. In highway construction, land requisition and house relocation is the focus and a difficult point of all matters, the amount of the compensation money and how to hand it to the villagers in full are the focal concern of all villagers. We have carried out strictly regulatory and financial publication to

56 disclose compensation rates, measurements and appraisal ratings. When the compensation money is fixed, we will published to the villagers for the purpose of participation and supervision. The minority villagers will be also encouraged to participate in land requisition, resettlement and granting of the compensation money. Since agricultural tax has been abolished locally, land value has increased over the past. The compensation rate for land requisition will be increased accordingly. The compensation money will be transferred to the farmers’ accounts on a full-amount and timely basis without going through the Xiangs, towns, administrative villages and villager teams.

6. Focus on improving the ethnic minorities’ economic and social development.

The product and income resource is simple in minorities’ villages. The agriculture is the main income source of minorities’ family. The minorities are poorer, and the family incomes of most minorities’ villages are lower. The huge difficulties of some minorities’ villages in project affected area include traffic, education, employment and marriage, in which the essential one is bad traffic. The project will pay attention to these minorities’ difficulties, and arrange minorities and poor people to participate to road building preferentially. And the local goventments have decided to combine with series policies of providing more valid commercial information to minorities, improving the farm products distribution conditions of minorities’ villages, giving investment to rural infrastructure, education and labor export and so on.

7. Protect the cultural landscape along the highway, take effective measures to guarantee and facilitate the development of traditional minority cultures.

57 Though the project might bring immediate economic benefits to the affected area in the short run, its social impacts, especially on the traditional minority cultures, will be seen over time. The construction organization will protect the modes of production and lifestyles of the minorities in the affected area from the project, and take effective measures to guarantee and facilitate the development of these cultures.

8. The project should protect the rights and interests of women and children.

Due to the traditional ideology, the women in the affected area are to some extent inhibited from taking part in public activities. We will ask the construction organization give equal opportunities to the local women when recruiting workers, and refuse to recruit underage child labor.

9. Strengthen the traffic safety education for the affected population.

Since most farmers in the affected area lack the sense of traffic safety, we plan to educate them on traffic safety, especially for students of high and primary schools. Meanwhile, effective measures should be taken to prevent traffic accidents, such as setting up enough deceleration zones, signboards, indicators, at village entries, exits, roads near schools and kindergartens, and imposing speed limits during school hours.

10. Set up a rural highway management mechanism to ensure the project is long acting.

We learned from the investigation due to the lack of any special administration or maintenance fund, or a long-acting management mechanism for rural highways, most rural highways within the investigated area have fallen into the abnormal cycle of construction, destruction and reconstruction. To avoid the problem of focus on construction and negligence of maintenance in highway construction, and ensure the

58 project plays a lasting role, the project construct organization and local government have agreeed on settin up a highway administration to be specifically responsible for the management and maintenance of rural highways. In this way, highway construction can hardly have a sustainable and promotional effect on the development of local economy and society.

Chapter 6: Minority Villagers’ Participation mechanism

Though investigating in the minorities’ villages along the project road, we collected their basic informations, and understood their social and economic situation; their suggestions and opinions on project. During the project preparetion, we conducted the minorities’ participation under the directiong of the government.

6.1 The participation to project decision

An investigation team composed by CCCCC experts and project officials did the investigation in the affected minority villages to understand minorities’ basic situation, needs and suggestions, to analyze the project potential impacts, and to conduct the minorities’ participation to the project decision.

6.1.1. Villager meeting

Through the villager meetings involving different ethnic minorities, sexes, ages, degrees of richness and residences, the investigated team made the contents of the project widely known, then collected information (such as issue ranking, resource distribution map, seasonal life calendar by sex and farm work calendar), and verified the information, analyze and summarize the problems, find out a solution together with the villagers.

6.1.2. Mapping

1. Resource distribution map and social map Though helping the villagers to draw the resource distribution map of the village, the investigated team understood the locations of the communes and the present situation of the rivers and roads. The work team has fully discussed the existing problems, difficulties in resource utilization and solutions thereto with the villagers, with special concern on the activities to be carried out in an area.

60 2. Seasonal and daily life calendar Through helping the villages to draw the seasonal life calendar by sex of different ethnic minorities, the work team learned the differences of the social genders and the women’s concern about the project’s activities by investigating the farming activities in different seasons of women and men of different nationalities and their roles in the family.

6.1.3. Questionnaire and intensive interview

1. Questionnaire The method of questionnaire survey is also used for this plan based on the “Semi- structured Investigation Questionnaire of Social Assessment for Guiyang Transportation Project” designed by CCCCC in advance. The questionnaire analysis helps complement the data collected via PRA and fieldwork. 2. Intensive interview The intensive interview was also conducted to collect the more detail information, and confirm the investigated data. The informants were selected from the questionnaire survey.

6.1.4. The process of project decision participation

Though the PRA kit, the investigation team conducted the minority villages’ participation to project decision. a) Training. The investigation team held the PRA train for the representatives of all stakeholders. b) Collect and analyze secondhand social and economic information of the affected areas. c) Held the villagers’ group discussions to understand villagers’ opinions on the project. d) Drawing maps (community map, social map, seasonal activity chart, daily life & product chart in busy and slack seasons, resource distribution map, resource change map and outgoing frequency chart, etc) e) Conducting door to door investigation after understanding the basic

61 information of the minority village by questionnaire and intensive interviews. f) Data analysis, file establishment and discuss the preliminary report and conclusions. g) Feed back. Submit the investigation result and report to the decision stakeholders and the investigated villages, and give the suggestions on alleviating the negative impacts of the project.

6.2 The participation to the project construction

6.2.1 The project construction

The project will create favorable conditions for local people to participate in the project. The project authorities can provide the employments preferentially to minorities in such forms as earth excavation, roadbed leveling, etc to relieve the local employment problem and increase the farmers’ income.

6.2.2 The materials provision

The project builders will get the construction and living materials from the local minority villages which will facilitate the distribution of local farm products and improve minorities’ income.

6.2.3 The logistic services

The project builders will give more chances to local minorities of providing the logistic services for the project construction. Getting the chances of providing logistic services will improve the minorities especially the female minorities’ income.

6.2.3 The social security

Minority villagers are concerned about public security during construction. The construction organization will minimize the interference of construction with the local villagers’ life and production, and employ minority villagers to keep the local social security.

62 6.3 The participation to the project management

6.3.1 Negotiation Mechanism

To keep a long-acting management mechanism for rural traffic, we will establish the negotiation platform for the government and minorities which are composed by the management group from county government to ordinary villagers.

6.3.2 Daily monitoring

The traffic management departments of county/district/city will create the conditions to let minorities participate to the project daily monitoring in the permission of law. And minority villagers will participate to the local road maintenance committee which is responsible for the management and maintenance of rural highways, and get the salary from the project.

6.3.3 Dealing with the accidents

We will establish the mechanism of dealing with the accidents which should include the detail approaches to result the accidents of social security and traffic. And the local minorities will participate to deal with those accidents.

6.3.4 Complaints and legal aid

The project management departments will establish the institution of collecting and dealing with complaints and suggestions, and provide the legal aid to affected people.

63 Chapter 7: Project Supervision and Evaluation

7.1 Supervision Mechanism

As required by the World Bank, 3 independent and closely cooperating supervisory mechanisms will be established:

a. Supervisory mechanism set up by the farmers in the project areas;

b. Supervision and evaluation by the supervisory personnel of the World Bank;

c. Supervision by all levels of government supervisory departments.

7.2 Evaluation Mechanism

The project’s social assessment is an important basis of the project design and establishment, and also an essential procedure in the project’s execution and supervision. To guarantee the IPDP’s execution, the project social assessment will include the evaluation of the IPDP’s execution, the understanding of the IPDP’s execution, the provision of an observation report will submit to the World Bank and the Guiyang PMO. The project’s social assessment will be:

a. Executed by an independent academic institution outside the project region or province;

b. The supervisory and observational organ must be determined by the World Bank and Guiyang PMO through negotiation;

c. The observation report must be submitted to the World Bank and the Guiyang PMO;

The observation results will be fed back to all levels of project offices timely for timely rectification.

Appendix 1

The SA team structure

Name Title Assignment Organization Chief Assessment Leader of the Assessment Group, with Zhou Daming Expert, Prof., CCCCC at ZSU general responsibility for assessment doctor tutor Deputy leader of the Assessment Group, Liu Zhiyang Investigator, Ph.D. CCCCC at ZSU coordination and organization of assessment Investigation team member, door-to-door L Junbiao Investigator, Ph.D. CCCCC at ZSU interview, composition of general report Investigation team member, door-to-door Yang Xiaoliu Investigator, Ph.D. CCCCC at ZSU interview Jiangxi Investigator, Investigation team member, door-to-door Hu Mingwen Agricultural associate professor interview University Guizhou Investigator, Investigation team member, door-to-door Xin Qishun Academy of assistant reseacher interview Social Sciences Dong Wei M.A Questionnaire analysis CCCCC at ZSU Investigation team member, door-to-door Guizhou Dai Cheng Investigator, M.A interview University Investigation team member, door-to-door Guizhou Dong Qingkui Investigator, M.A interview University Investigation team member, door-to-door Guizhou Chen Zhengyan Investigator, M.A interview University

Appendix 2

The Group Discussion Outline for the Officials from Project Affected

counties/cities/districts z To understand the project affected counties/cities/districts’ general situations, the economic and social development and traffic planning, development problems, the potential projects impacts and so on. z To select the investigated roads and villages. z To collect the relevant data and literatures. Note: The SA team need write down each participator’s name, ethnic, position, telephone number. The participators should be the officials of bureaus of traffic, poverty reduction, women development, development planning, education, medical treatment, tourism, ethnic group and religion, agriculture, industry.

Appendix 3

The Interview Outline for Minority Village Cadres

I. Map

1. Community map 2. Community resources distribution map 3. Community traffic map (mark the mail road, hospital, school, market, bridge, historic site, water source, irrigation system and so on). IIThe villages’ general information 1. The demographic characters (population, sex, ethnic group, religion, career, the proportion between agricultural and nonagricultural population etc.) 2. The village’s natural resources (land, forest, mine) and the utilization system. 3. The village’s incomes, income resources and proportion, and the economic rank in the town. 4. The village’s migrant workers 5. The per capita net income 6. Means of livelihood (agriculture, nonagricultural, stockbreeding, hunting, collection and others); 7. Food safety and household indebtedness; 8. Villager’s Outing and intercourse; 9. Rural infrastructure (school, health center, road, etc); 10. Different ways to obtain resources, educational and medical services and decision making opportunities; 11. Number and distribution of poor villages and populations; 12. The village’s poverty issue: is it a impoverish village? What’s the poor population? How about their poverty? Why are they poor? Are there any poverty reduction project?

67 13. What are the mail farm products in villages? Are there any town village enterprises? Where do the products sell to? Where are the markets? 14. How many cars, trucks, motorcycle, agricultural motor vehicles are there in villages? 15. How many hospitals are there near the village? How far is the nearest hospital? How long does it take to this hospital by which way? Are there any accidents led by the delayed medical treatment? 16. How may school (primary school and junior high school) are there in village? Are there any dropouts? Why did they drop out? What is the proportion between dropout girls and boys? How far is the nearest school? How long does it take to this school by which way? How many roads do the children need to cross to go to school? 17. How many markets are close to the village? How often are the market days? 18. How many road are close to or in the villageWhich classes are these roads? 19. Are there any important historic and cultural relic and tourism region? 20. How many ethnic groups are in the village? What is population of each ethnic group? What are different among these ethnic groups? 21. How about the relations between these ethnic groups? How about each ethnic group’s economic development? 22. How far is the village from downtown Guiyang? How many are there buses to downtown Guiyang everyday? How much is single ticket? 23. How far is the village from the county? How many are there buses to the county everyday? How much is single ticket? 24. How far is the village from the town? How many are there buses to the town everyday? How much is single ticket? 25. Are there roads to downtown Guiyang, the county and the town? How abut the roads? III. Attitudes towards Road Construction 1. In your opinion, what benefits will the construction of this highway bring to the village?

68 2. How will your village cooperate with the government in constructing this expressway? 3. Which difficulties do you think in such cooperation? 4. Do you think the expressway construction will negatively affect your original ecological environment anyway? 5. Who do you think will benefit the greatest from this construction?

Notes: This outline also applies to township-level group discussions or interviews with cadres. Topics of interview may be adjusted accordingly as the case may be always for the purpose of understanding the economic, social and cultural background of the affected areas, as well as village, township cadres’ attitudes towards the Project.

Appendix 4

The group discussion outline for minority villager

1. Do you know the Guiyang Traffic Project? What information did you from where at when? What else information do you want to know? 2. Which impacts will the Guiyang Traffic Project bright to you? 3. What kind of mpacts will bright to you during the construction of Guiyang Traffic Project? 4. What are your attentions? Please rank them. 5. Who will benefit most from this project? 6. What are your suggestions? Please rank them. 7. What are the problems of your village development? Please rank them.

Appendix 5

Personal Interview Outline for minority villagers 1. In your opinion, is your village poor or rich relative to the other villages under the county? If poor, why? Except for individual efforts, what should the government do? 2. How do you think of your village’s level of public services (medical treatment and health care, sanitary facilities, shopping, culture and entertainment, employment services)? 3. Where are farm products of your family sold mainly? By which means are they shipped out? 4. Who do you associate often? By which means? How are you benefited there from? 5. Which member(s) of your family go(es) downtown often? For what? By which vehicle? 6. How do you think of your village’s traffic environment (road facilities and vehicle flow)? 7. Have you heard that Guiyang borrows from the World Bank for improvement of its traffic conditions? How do you, your family, friends and neighbors regard this? 8. Do you approve of or object to the construction of this road? If objecting, give your reason. 9. What benefits do you think will this road bring to your village? How will villagers be affected (both positive and negative, including environment, traffic safety, outgoing)? 10. Will the construction influence your production and life? How will you prepare? How do you hope to solve this? What help do you need? 11. How will you cooperate in the construction of this road (providing labor service, raw materials, etc.)? 12. Do you plan to buy any new vehicle after its completion? Do you think there will be any job opportunity for you after the construction?

71 13. What about your family’s present per capita arable land? If the Project is executed, how much land of your family will be acquired? Arable land, dry land or upland? 14. In which form are you willing to get settled (cash compensation, provision of new house, job arrangement, combining cash compensation with provision of new house)? 15. Are you aware of the compensation criteria for field occupation and resident relocation? Are you satisfied with the house and job to be arranged? 16. How much do you wish to get compensated? How long do you hope to get this amount? How will you use it? 17. Which method of land acquisition and displaced resettlement do you think is reasonable? 18. Who do you think will be most benefited from the road construction? 19. Can the road construction provide more opportunities to your village’s economic development? Can this improve your personal and household economic position? 20. Do you think all children of the right age can go to school normally during the road construction? If not, what’s your suggestion? 21. What influences will the construction of this road have on your village’s existing natural environment (e.g., tail gas pollution, noise pollution)? And what impacts on your village’s cultural, historic heritages and religious, scenic spots? 22. What impacts will the construction of this road have on women’s production and life? What about their requirements and suggestions on this Project? (for women only) 23. What impacts will the construction of this road have on your ethnic group’s means of production, livelihood and customs? What do you suggest about this? (for minorities only). 24. Do the daily life map and the four seasons map. 25. Do the daily traffic map and daily communication map

72 Appendix 6

Questionnaire of Minority development for (World Bank Financed)

Guiyang Transportation Project No.: ______

Location of investigation: ______Team, ______Village, ______Township/Town, ______County, ______Province Name of respondent: Interviewer: Time of investigation: ______Month ______Day, 2006

1. Information on family members Name of householder ______

Kinship with Sex Age Nationality Religion Marriage Education Occupation householder 1 M 1 Han 1 Buddhism 1 Married 1 Illiterate 1 Agriculture 1 Householder 2 F 2 Miao 2 2 2 Semiliterate engaged at home

N 2 Spouse 3 Bouyei Christianity Unmarried 3 Primary school 2 Non-agriculture o

. 3 Child 4 Dong 3 Islam 3 Divorced 4 Junior high engaged at home o f 4 Daughter or 5 Hui 4 Taoism 4 Bereft of school (specify occupation) m

e son in law (pls. 5 Local spouse 5 Senior high 3 Working outside m 5 Grandchild specify) religion school 4 Student b e r 6 Parent 6 None 6 Secondary 5 Soldier s 7 Grandparent 7 Others (pls. school 6 People’s teacher 8 Sibling specify) 7 Junior college 7 State cadre (incl. 9 Others (pls. 8 Undergraduate those engaged by specify) 9 Postgraduate contract & retired) 8 None; 9 Others 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2. Your family’s daily expenses in 2005 were ______yuan, the three most important items are

73 1 food 2 clothes 3 Production expenses (including Bouyeing seed, fertilizer, means of production, etc.) 4 Costs of traffic 5 Educational expenses, 6 Expenses for medical treatment and health care 7the living expenditure excep food and clothing 8Expenditures for keeping social relaitons 9Expenditures for supporting the elderly 10Others 3. Your family’s total income in 2005 were ______yuan, the income resources include ______(multi-choice). The biggest income is : 1Food and cash crop planting 2Livestock and poultry breeding 3Family handicraft industry 4Family workshop 5business6migrant working 7wage 8other 4. Your family’s vehicles in possession: Intended purchase Quantity in time: No intent Name None hand 1. This/next year, 2. 3 of purchase years later Bicycle Tricycle Motorcycle Agricultural motor vehicle Truck passenger car

II. Villager’s living and production 1. Your family’s have total lands mu, in which dry land mu, paddy field mu, the land grain for green mu, forest mu; pound mu; orchard mu. Your family has cattle pigs goats and sheep horse other . your family has chooks ducks gooses other . 2. Merchandizing of household products in 2005 Products yield Quantity Quantity The The transportation retained on sale market market’s for home- location use

74 F o o d

c r o p

a s h

c r

o p s

p o u

l t r y l i v e s

t o c k

r H a a f t n

d i

o Ã

t h e r s

3. When was your house built? Year ______, area; ______m2, approx. cost: _____ yuan. 4. A. Have your family installed a telephone? (1) Yes (2) No B. The source of your family’s drinking water is ; irrigation water is : (1) Tape water (2) Well water (3) River water (4) Others

The drinking water fee is ; the irrigation water fee is .

C. Your family uses the fuel of: (1) Timber (2) Coal (3) Coal gas (4) Natural gas (5) Others 5. Except your village, you often go to (more than 5 times per month) multi- choice

75 1downtown Guiyang 2County seat 3town seat 4other town (please specify) 5other villages (please specify) 6other 6 Are there road to those places? If no, please specify where no road is. 1yes 2no 7. What are your main purposes of going downtown? (multi - choice) (1) Sell some farm products at country fair (2) Buy some daily goods (3) Buy agricultural means of production (4) See a doctor (5) Visit relatives or friends (6) No purpose, for fun only (7) Others ( ) 8. Whom do you often go to those places with? (multi - choice) 1 yourself 2 with your husband/wife 3 with children (4 with relatives or friends 5 others( ) 9. By which means do you go downtown? (1) On foot (2) Household non-motor vehicle (3) Household motor vehicle (4) Public means of transport (5) Others 10. Are you satisfied with your village’s traffic conditions? (1) Very satisfied (2) Basically satisfied (3) So so (4) Not so satisfied (5) Very dissatisfied 11. Do you think the traffic is convenient for children of your village to go to school? (1) Very convenient (2) Somewhat convenient (3) So so (4) Inconvenient (5) Very inconvenient 12. Your family has members ever work or working outside? How often they going home ______

III. The villager’s suggestions and opinions on project 1. Do you know Guiyang Transportation project? (1) Yes (2) No

76 2. If yes, from which channel did you get aware? (1) Mass media (2) Government’s notice (3) Relative/friend (4) Others ( ) 3. Which project information did you know? (multi - choice) 1the beginning date 2the project conduction seat 3land requisition or house dismantlement plan 4compensation policy 5issues relevant to road construction 6not so clear, just know this project 7 not know at all 8other( ) 4what else information do you want to know? 1the beginning date 2the project conduction seat 3land requisition or house dismantlement plan 4compensation policy 5issues relevant to road construction 6other( ) 5. Do you think the construction of the road bring you any development opportunity? (1) Yes (2) No (3) Uncertain (4) D.K. 6. Do you think the construction of this road bring your and negative impacts? (1) Yes (2) No (3) Uncertain (4) D.K. 7. Will your living be affected during the construction of this road? (1) Yes (2) No 8Are you willing to participate in the construction? (1) Yes (2) No (3) Uncertain If yes, how will you participate? (1) Provide labor (2) provide construction materials (3) trade near the building site (4) other ( ) 9. Land requisition issue: a. will the project occupy your land? (1) Yes (2) No (3)D.K. b. If the road construction has to occupy your field, in which manner do you expect to get compensated?

77 (1) Currency (2) Land (3) Job arrangement by government (4) Others( ) C. How long do you hope to get compensated after the land acquisition? (1) 2 months (2) Half a year (3) Above 1 year D. In case of compensation by currency, which mode do you desire? (1) At a time (2) By installments (3) Anyway 10.a. will project occupy your house? (1) Yes (2) No (3)D.K. b. If the highway construction needs to relocate you, are you willing? (1) Yes (2) No (3) No answer c. If yes, how would you like to be compensated? (1) Pay money (2) Rehousing (3) Job arrangement (4) Others d. If you are to move, where will you move? (1) Near the original dwelling place (2) other counties in Guiyang (3) Town (4) Others e.If your children are to be engaged in this Project, who do you prefer, son or daughter? (1) Son (2) Daughter (3) Either

78 Appendix 7

Investigation team in Bouyei Village (Wanggang Village in Wudang District)

Investigation team in Miao Village in Xifeng County

79 Investigation team and Miao People (Pingzhai Village in Kaiyang District)

Bouyei Villagers’ needs and suggestions of project (Wugongqiao Village in Xiuwen District)

80 Bouyei women in Qinshan Village of Qinzhen City

Mal and Female work division of Miao people in Kaiyang County