Dr Fatih Birol IEA Executive Director Istanbul, Turkey 20 December 2018
© OECD/IEA 2018 Today’s energy context
Mixed signals about the pace & direction of change in global energy: Oil markets are entering a period of renewed uncertainty & volatility Natural gas is on the rise: China’s rapid demand growth is erasing talk of a ‘gas glut’ Solar PV has the momentum while other key technologies & efficiency policies need a push Growing disconnect between climate goals and energy-market trends For the first time, the global population without access to electricity fell below 1 billion
Electricity is carrying great expectations, but questions remain over the extent of its reach in meeting demand & how the power systems of the future will operate
Policy makers need well-grounded insights about different possible futures & how they come about.
© OECD/IEA 2018 Global emissions are on the rise again
Global energy-related CO2 emissions
Gt CO2 35
30 CO2 emissions 25 Increase in 2017
20
15
10
5
Global CO2 emissions are on the rise in 2018; Even in advanced economies – where they had been flat for 5 years – emissions are set to increase in 2018
© OECD/IEA 2018 The new geography of energy
Energy demand 20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025202620272028202920302031203220332034203520362037203820392040 United StatesChina
EuropeanUnited StatesUnionChina
European UnionChinaIndia
European UnionAfricaIndia
European UnionAfricaIndia
SoutheastMiddle AsiaEast
SoutheastMiddle AsiaEast
1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 Mtoe In 2000, more than 40% of global demand was in Europe & North America and some 20% in developing economies in Asia. ByBy 2040,2040, thisthis situationsituation isis completelycompletely reversed.reversed. © OECD/IEA 2018 Fuelling the demand for energy
Change in global energy demand, 2017-2040 Renewables & nuclear Gas Oil Coal Mtoe 1 500 Nuclear 1 200 Other 900
600 Power Other Petro- Other 300 chemical
Renewables Industry Cars Power 0 Cars Power -300
-600 Advanced Developing Advanced Developing Advanced Developing Advanced Developing economies economies economies economies economies economies economies economies The increase in demand would be twice as large without continued improvements in energy efficiency, a powerful tool to address energy security & sustainability concerns
© OECD/IEA 2018 Can US shale alone avoid a turbulent oil market?
Global oil outlook
mb/d 105 Demand 100
95 Growth required from US shale 90
85 80 Growth from other sources 75 (at current project approval rates) 70 Currently producing fields 65 2010 2015 2020 2025
Oil demand looks robust in the near term; if approvals of new conventional projects remain low, market stability would require continuous exceptional growth in US shale
© OECD/IEA 2018 China – the emerging giant of gas demand
Net gas imports in 20172040 Shares in long-distance bcm 400 gas trade, 20172040
300
200
100 Pipeline LNG
0
-100 European Japan China India Southeast Union & Korea Asia Developing countries in Asia – led by China – dominate the rise in long-distance gas trade; more than 80% of the growth to 2040 comes in the form of LNG © OECD/IEA 2018 One planet, two coal worlds
Coal demand in select countries, 2017 and 2023
Mtce 3 000 2017
2 500 2023
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
United European Japan China India Southeast States Union and Korea Asia India and southeast Asia will lead coal demand growth while it will continue to decline in Europe and United States
© OECD/IEA 2018 Our energy destiny rests with governments
Total investment in energy supply to 2040: $42.3 trillion
Market-driven 30% 2018-2040 42.3 trillion dollars
Government-driven 70%
More than 70% of the $2 trillion required each year in energy supply investment either comes from state-directed entities or receives a full or partial revenue guarantee
© OECD/IEA 2018 Flexibility: the cornerstone of tomorrow’s power systems
Phases of integration with variable renewables share, 20172030
Integration phase 6 All sources of flexibility needed Germany 5 Italy United Kingdom 4 Targeted investment European Union in flexibility needed Italy China Germany 3 European Union UnitedUnited States KingdomIndia China 2 Mobilise existing India United States power system flexibility 1
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Wind and solar PV share of generation Higher shares of variable renewables raise flexibility needs and call for reforms to deliver investment in power plants, grids & energy storage, and unlock demand-side response
© OECD/IEA 2018 Two directions for nuclear power
Without policy changes Growth markets
160 160
GW GW Retirements 120 from 2017 120 20172040 80 80
Additions 40 to 2040 40 2017
United European Japan China Russia India States Union
The contribution of nuclear power could decline substantially in leading markets, while large growth is coming, as China takes first position within a decade
© OECD/IEA 2018 What if the future is electric?
Electricity demand Oil demand Energy-related CO2 emissions (thousand TWh) (mb/d) (Gt) 45 125 40
40 100 32 Scenario: 35 75 24 New Policies Future is Electric 30 50 16
25 25 8
20 2015 2020 2030 2040 2015 2020 2030 2040 2015 2020 2030 2040
Increased electrification leads to a peak in oil demand, avoids 2 million air pollution-
related premature deaths, but does not necessarily lead to large CO2 emissions reductions © OECD/IEA 2018 Can we unlock a different energy future?
Global energy-related CO2 emissions
36 Base Scenario Gt CO2
30
24
18 Existing and under construction Increased room Paris Agreement power plants, factories, buildings etc. to manoeuvre 12
6
2017 2025 2030 2035 2040
Coal plants make up one-third of CO2 emissions today and half are less than 15 years old; policies are needed to support CCUS, efficient operations and technology innovation
© OECD/IEA 2018 Conclusions
The links between energy & geopolitics are strengthening & becoming more complex, a major factor in the outlook for energy security
New dynamics in the oil demand and supply balance lead to unprecedented volatility in oil markets
The rapid growth of electricity brings huge opportunities; but market designs need to deliver both electricity and flexibility to keep the lights on
There is no single solution to turn emissions around: renewables, efficiency & a host of innovative technologies, including storage, CCUS & hydrogen, are all required
The future pathway for energy is open: governments will determine where our energy destiny lies
© OECD/IEA 2018 iea.org/weo
© OECD/IEA 2018