Esabine B. Vogel Biennials – Art on a Global Scale
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Sabine B. Vogel Biennials – EArt on a Global Scale Acknowledgements Here I would like to express my appreciation to everyone who en cour- aged and supported me while writing this book. I am grateful for all information and suggestions and any other form of assistance I received. Very special thanks go to my husband Erwin K. Bauer and my sons Benedikt, Laurenz and Jonas. I would also like to acknowledge the long- standing support of Susanna Wierichs and Eva Vogel whose generosity enabled me to undertake all the necessary traveling. I am also indebted to Martin Sturm and Genoveva Rückert of the OK Centrum in Linz and NWolfgang Träger. Documenta IX 1992, Jonathan Borofsky, Man walking to the sky, Wikipedia (see previous page) Wikipedia (see previous Man walking to the sky, Jonathan Borofsky, Documenta IX 1992, the statement The wider the vision narrower Grasso, Laurent Sharjah Biennale 2009, Penelope (from left to right) Jorge Pardo, Liverpool Biennale 2002, Sabine B. Vogel Biennials – Art on a Global Scale Edition Angewandte Book Series of the University of Applied Arts Vienna NEdited by Gerald Bast, Rector Contents Introduction 6 Preface I. The First Phase – Biennials in the Age of Modernity 14 The Creation of the Biennale 22 La Biennale di Venezia 23 The Pavilions 33 Biennials at the Beginning of the 20th Century 37 Biennials of the 1950’s 38 Documenta 39 Bienal de São Paulo 43 Biennials of the 1960’s and 1970’s 43 Triennale India 44 Biennale of Sydney 47 Biennials of the 1980’s 47 Cairo Biennale 49 Bienal de la Habana 52 International Istanbul Biennial II. The Second Phase – Biennials in the Age of Globalization 62 New Social and Political Developments 64 Liverpool Biennial, Echigo-Tsumari Triennial I69 Global Art and Contemporary Art 4 74 Biennials of the 1990’s 74 DAK’ART 76 Johannesburg Biennale 78 Sharjah Biennial 82 Riwaq Biennale 83 Taipei Biennale 85 Shanghai Biennale 87 Gwangju Biennale 89 Manifesta 91 berlin biennale for contemporary art 93 Biennials in the New Millenium 94 Thessaloniki Biennale, Athens Biennial 96 Moscow Biennale 99 Singapore Biennale III. Conclusion: Potential and Limitations of Biennials 107 Biennials as a Marketing Tool 108 Alternative Biennial Sites 110 Nationality Principle 112 Points of Contention 113 Biennale Conferences 115 Opportunities of Biennials Appendix 118 IV. List of New Biennials 120 V. Titles and Directors / Curators 125 VI. List of Literature A134 VII. List of Keywords 5.