Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2(12): 1002-1008 1002

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Document heading doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60014-3 2012 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. All rights reserved. 襃 Pharmacological properties of stramonium L. as a potential medicinal tree: An overview

1 2 3 1 Priyanka Soni *, Anees Ahmad Siddiqui , Jaya Dwivedi ,Vishal Soni 1Department of Herbal Drug Research, B.R. Nahata College of Pharmacy, Research Centre, Mhow Neemuch Road, Mandsaur 458001, 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, 110062, India 3Deptatment of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali University, Rajasthan, 304022, India

PEER REVIEW ABSTRACT

Peer reviewer India has a great wealth of Daturavariou sstramonium naturally ocD.cu rstramoniumring drugs which have great potential Ram Kumar Sahu, Associate Professor, ( ) pharmacological activities. D. stramonium is one of the widely well known Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, folklore medicinal herbs. The troublesome weed, is a plant with both poisonous Tekari, Raipur (C.G.)-493111, India. and medicinal properties and has been proven to have great pharmacological potential with + D. stromonium Tel: 91 771 6456853 a great utility and usage in folklore medicine. has been scientifically proven + Fax: 91 771 4004681 to contain , tannins, carbohydrates and proteins. This plant has contributed various E-mail: [email protected] pharmacological actions in the scientific field of Indian systems of medicines like Comments and antiasthmatic activities. The present paper presents an exclusive review work on the ethnomedical, phytochemical, pharmacological activities of this plant. From the time of immemorial, have been widely used as curative agents for variety of ailments. Present review gives a broad information about the bioactive constituents, ethnopharmacology along with the sc iDaturaentifica lstramonium.ly claimed m edicinal uses of The contents of this paper are highly beneficial to KEYWORDS scientists who want to work on this Datura stramonium (Detailsplant. on Page 1007) , Jimsonweed, Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology, Traditional uses, Pharmacology

1. Introduction well known folklore medicinal herb. It is a wild growing and was investigated as a local source for Plants have always played a major role in the treatment tropane alkaloids which contain a methylated nitrogen of human traumas and diseases worldwide. The demand atom (N-CH3) and include the anti-cholinergic drugs for medicinal plant is increasing in both developed and , and . From ancient civilization it developing countries due to growing recognition of natural was traditionally used for religious visionary purposes H product. erbal medicine is an important part oDaturaf both throughout the world and used by witchcraft in Cannabismedieval [1] E T S stramoniumtraditional a nD.d m stramoniumodern system of medicines . uropDaturae. he god lord hiva was known to smoke ( ) is a widespread annual and . People still provide the small thorn apple plant from the family. It is one of the widely during festivals and special days as offerings in

*Corresponding author: Priyanka Soni, Sr. Lecturer, Department of Pharmacognosy, Article history: B.R.Nahata College of Pharmacy, Mhow Neemuch Road, Mandsaur 458001 (M.P.), India. Received 21 Sep 2012 Tel: +919993346486 Received in revised form 30 Sep, 2nd revised form 3 Oct, 3rd revised form 16 Oct 2012 Fax: +917422-255504 Accepted 23 Nov 2012 E-mail: [email protected] Available online 28 Dec 2012 Priyanka Soni et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2(12): 1002-1008 1003 2. Regional and other names icons at temples. An extract made from the is taken orally for the treatment of and sinus infections, S U and stripped bark are applied exteD.rn astramoniumlly to treat swellings, anskrit: matta-virkshaha T E T burns and ulcers. he incidence of poisoning nglish: hornapDaturaple Datura is sporadic with a cluster of poisoning cases in the 1990s Hindi: Sadah- , Safed and 2000s, the United States media reported some cases Tamil: Umatai occurring mostly among adolescents and young adults dying Arab: Jonz-masal or becoming seriously ill from ingesting. Some medicinal Gujrat: Dhatoria uses of the plant are its anti-inflammatory property of Bengali: Dhattura all parts of the plant, stimulation of the central nervous Malayalam: Maraummam system, respiratory decongestion, treatment of dental and Marathi: Kanaka skin infections, alopecia and in the treatment of toothache. I t is a hallucinogenic plant that causes serious poisoning. 3. Scientific classification of D. stromonium Consumption of any part of the plant may result in a severe reaction that may lead to toxicity and occasionally cause diagnostic difficulties. Cases of Kingdom: Plantae poisoning have been reported after eating the berries. Division: Magnoliophyta Death may occur from heart failure after ingesting 125 Class: Magnoliopsida seeds, because the seeds contain the highest concentration Order: F S and has a rapid onset of action, thus may be potentially amily: Daturaolanaceae G useful as an alternative to atropine for the treatment of the enus: Datura stromonium muscarinic symptoms of organophosphate toxicity and some Species: of central anticholinergic effects. The wide distribution, the strong toxicity and the potential for occurrence in 4. Botanical description foodstuffs are responsible for the numerous incidents in [2] Datura humans . genus distributes over tropical andDatura warm 4.1. Plant appearance A temperate regions of Daturathe wor lanoxiad. bout tenD. sp stromoniumecies of are found, of which Datura and are D. stramonium most important drug plants. has long been known is an annual plant (Figure 1). The stem is B as a medicinal plant and as a pDaturalant all over herbaceous, branched and glabrous or only lightly hairy. y the world. Pre-historic use of in medicinal and cultivation the plant reaches a height of about one meter[7,8]. ceremonial rituals could be observed in aboriginal in Indian The branching stems are spreading, leafy, stout, erect, smooth sub-continent[3]. The therapeutic activities of most plants and pale yellowish green in color, branching repeatedly in are due to the presence of one or more of such components a forked manner. Leaves are hairy, big, simple dentate, oval like alkaloids, tannins, saponins and cardiac glycosides. glabrous, apposite veins of leaves are pale black, stalked, The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of 4-6 inch long, ovate and pale green. The upper surface is saponins, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols dark and grayish-green, generally smooth, the under surfaD.ce [4] A (F 1 ) and glycosides . tropine and scopolamine are competitive stramoniumpaler, and when dried, minutely wrinkled igure a . antagonists of muscarinic cholinergic receptors and are bears funnel shaped, white or purple coloured central nervous system depressants. All parts of the plant flowers, with 5 stamens and superior ovary (Figure 1b). The are toxic, but the highest amount of alkaloids is contained average length of flower is about 3 inches. The calyx is long, [4,5] M iD.n tstramoniumhe ripe seeds . any cases of accidental poisoning by tubular and somewhat a swollen below and very sharply five have been reported when these plants were angled surmounted by five sharp teeth. Corolla is funnel eaten accidentally[6]. shaped. Stem stalk is pale blue or greenish white. Seeds

A B C Figure 1. Datura stramonium . Datura D. stramonium D. stramonium a: plant (leaves and flowers); b: fruit; c: flower. Priyanka Soni et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2(12): 1002-1008 1004

[9,10] F are black, kidney shape and flat . ruits are as la“rge as applied to the scalp for the treatment of falling hair and ( E I walnu”ts and full of thorns hence the nglish name thorn dandruff. t is also applied toD. sm stromoniumooth painf ul wounds apple ) (Figure 1c). The plant is strong narcotic, but has a and sores. Seeds and leaves of were used peculiar action on the human which renders it very valuable to sedate hD.yst estromoniumrical and psychotic patients, also to treat as medicines. The whole plant is poisonous and the seeds insomnia. was used as hallucinogenic are the most active; neither dying nor boiling destroys the drug. It is also used to relax the smooth muscles of the T J I poisonous properties. he symptoms of acute imsonweed bronchial tubD.e astromoniumnd asthmatic bronchial spasm. t was poisoning included dryness of the mouth and extreme reported that was used internally to treat thirst, dryness of the skin, pupil dilate ion, impaired vision, madness, and depression. Externally it forms the , rapid heartbeat, confusion, restlessness, basis of ointment for burns and rheumatism[12]. It is also , and loss of consciousness[2]. used in the treatment of parkinsonism and . Its 4.2. Distributions leaves, applied after roasting, are useful in relieving pain. The bitter narcotic plant relieves pain and encourages the T D. stromonium healing process. he seeds of the plant are medicinally the is probably originated in Caspian Sea most active. Externally, the plant is used as a poultice in territories and spreaded to Europe in the first century. At treating fistulas, abscesses wounds and severe neuralgia. E A A S present it grows inD. w stromoniumaste places in urope, sia, merica copolamine is also found in the plant, which makes it and South Africa. is cultivated in Germany, a potent cholinergic-blocki hallucinogen that has been France, Hungary, South America and throughout the used to calm schizoid patients. Its leaves, containing [8] world . and atropine, can be used as an Daturaimmensely T 4.3. Cultivation and collection powerful mind-altering drug. he seeds of are analgesic, anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory and as such, they are used in the treatment of stomach and intestinal Thorn apple is easily cultivated, growing well in open, pain that results from worm infestation, toothache, and fever sunny situation. It flourishes in most moderately good soil from . The juice of its fruit is applied to the but grows best in calcareous rich soil, or in a good sandy scalp, to treat dandruff and falling hair. The growing plant S loam, with mould added. eeds are sown in open in works as an insect repeD.lla nstromoniumt, which protects neighboring May, in drill 3 feet apart, barely covered. Sown thinly, as plants from insects[2]. is mostly used as the plants attain a good size and grow freely from seed. anthelmintics and antiparasitic in Marche, Abruzzo and Thin out the young plants to a distance of 12 to 15 inches Latium. Records of continued use of the plant in these between each plant in the drill. The soil should be kept free sectors was collected from farmers and shepherds (mostly from weeds in the early stages. If the summer is hot and old people)[4,13]. dry, give a mulching of rotted cow-manure. If grown for leaf crop, the should be picked off as soon as formed, 6. Phytochemicals as in a wind the spines tear the leaves. In August the plant reaches to a hight of 1 meter and bears flowers and fruits. I A T n the end of ugust stems with leaves and flo°wering t°ops are he major tropane alkaloids hyoscyamine and scopolamine 45 C 50 C T collected and dried as soon as possible at to . he andDatura several minor tropane alkaloids have been identified T leaves should be gathered when the plant is in full bloom iD.n stramonium species. ypical examples of minor alkaloids in and carefully dried. They are generally harvested in late are tigloidin, aposcopolamine, apoatropin, summer. In August, the crop is cut by the sickle on a fine hyoscyamine N-oxide and scopolamine N-oxide17-20. 6 day in the morning, after the sun has dried off the dew, and 覾-ditigloyloxytropane and 7-hydroxyhyoscyamine are [2] the leaves are stripped from the stem, dried carefully as reported for the first time in this species . D. [8-10] D quickly as possible . stromonium istribution of hyoscyamine and scopolamine in T wasD. st ustromoniumdied. he production of hycyamine and 5. Ethanomedical uses scopolamine in has been investigated in the different plant parts, at different stages of their life cycle. The maximum contents were found in the stems and leaves Plant derived drugs come into use in the modern medicine of young plants, hyocyamine being always the predominate through the uses of plant material as indigenous cure in component. These compounds were included in many T [4] folkD.lo rstromoniume or traditional systems of medicine. he leaves phD.arm stromoniumacopieas because of their anticholinergic activities . of L. are used for the relief of headache contain variety of alkaloids including and vapours of leaf infusion is used to relive the pain of atropine, hyoscamine and scopolamine[14]. T S rheumatism and gout. he smoke from the burning leaf is D. stramoniumixty-four tropane alkaloids have been detected from E T 3 6 inhaled forD. th estromonium relief of asthma and bronchitis. uropean . wo new tropane alkaloids, -phenylacetoxy- , remedy of for haemorrhoid is to steam the 7-epoxynortropane and 7-hydroxyapoatropine were tentatively part over boiling water containing leaf. The fruit juice is identified. The alkaloids scopoline, 3-(hydroxyacetoxy) tropane, Priyanka Soni et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2(12): 1002-1008 1005 3-hydroxy-6-(2-methylbutyryloxy) tropane, 3覾-tigloyloxy-6- from the inhibition of central and peripheral muscarinic hydroxytropane, 3, 7-dihydroxy-6-tigloyloxytropane, 3-tigloyloxy- neurotransmission[19-21]. 6-propionyloxytropane, 3 phenylacetoxy-6,7-epoxytropane, 7.3. Acaricidal, repellent and oviposition deterrent properties 3-phenylacetoxy-6-hydroxytropane, aponor scopolamine, 3覾, 6 覾-ditigloyloxytropane and 7-hydroxyhyoscyamine are reported for the first time for this species[15]. Other alkaloids found in The ethanol extracts obtained from both leaf and seed D. stramonium á D. stromonium include[16]: Hygrine, 3 , 6覾-Ditigloyloxy- in (Solanaceae) were investigated for 7-hydroxytropane, 6-Hydroxyhyoscyamine, Pseudotropine, acaricidal, repellent and oviposition deterrent properties á T. urticae 3 -Tigloyloxytropane, Hydroxy-6-tigloyloxytropane, against adult two-spotted spider mites ( Koch) Phenylacetoxytropane, 3-Tigloyloxy-6-(2-methylbutyryloxy) tropane, (Acari: Tetranychidae) under laboratory conditions. Leaf and Hyoscyamine, 3-Tigloyloxy-6-isovaleroyloxy-7-hydroxytropane, seed extracts, which were applied in 167.25 and 145.75 g/ Scopolamine, Tropinone, Scopine, 6-Hydroxyacetoxytropane, 3,6- L concentrations, respectively (using a Petri leaf disc-spray Diacetoxytropane, 3-Tigloxyloxy-6-acetoxytropane, 3-Tigloyloxy- tower method), caused 98% and 25% mortality among spider á D. stramonium 2-methylbutyryloxytropane, 3 , 6覾-Ditiglotoxytropane, 3-Acetoxy- mite adults after 48 h. These results suggest that 6-isobutyryloxytropan, 3-(2-Phenylpropionyloxy) tropane, Littorine, extracts could be used to manage the two-spotted spider 6-Hydroxyapoatropine, 3覾, 6覾-Ditigloyloxy-7-hydroxytropane, mite[22]. 3-Tropoyloxy-6-acetoxytropane, 3,6-Dihydroxytropane, 3 7.4. Antimicrobial Activity T 3 T 6 7 覾- igloyloxytropáane, - igloyloxy- -propionyloxy- - hydroxytropane, 3 -Apotropoyloxytropane, Aposcopolamine, ’ D. stromonium Datura inoxia 3 6 D 3 (3 A ) T 覾, 覾- itiágloyloxytropane, - - cetoxytropoyloxy he methanol extracts of and tropane, 3 -Tigloyloxy-6-hydroxytropane, Tropine, showed activity against Gram positive bacteria in a dose 3-Acetoxytropane, 3-Hydroxy-6-acetoxytropane, 3-Hydroxy-6- dependent manner. Little or no antimicrobial activity was Escherichia coli Psuedomonas aeruginosa methylbutyryloxytropane, 3-Tigloloxy-6-isobutyryloxytropane, found against and [23]. Aponorscopolamine, 7-Hydroxyhyoscyamine, Meteloidine, 3覾, 6覾 The anti-microbial activity of combined crude ethanolic D. stromonium Terminalia arjuna Withania -Ditigloyloxytropane. extract of , and D. somnifera The phytochemical analysis of the plant revealed that in cup plate diffusion method for antibacterial and stramonium contained saponins, tannins and alkaloids and antifungal activity. The extracts were subjected to screening to Staphylococcus glycosides. The secondary metabolites identified in the plant detect potential antimicrobial activity against aureus, Bacillus subtilus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella materials in the study of Banso A and Adeyemo S showed pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus Candida albicans antimicrobial activity[17]. and with compare Ciprofloxacin standard drug[24]. 7. Pharmacological activity 7.5. Anticancer activity

7.1. Antiasthmatic activity An integrated approach is needed to manage cancer using the growing body of knowledge gained through scientific D. stromonium in asthma treatment and possible effects developments. Thousands of herbal and traditional compounds on prenatal development was studied. Exposure of the foetus are being screened worldwide to validate their use as anti- D. stromonium D. stromonium to when a mother use it for asthma, will cancerous drugs. in therapeutic dose of 0.05- cause a continuous release of , resulting in the 0.10 g was used to cure cancer. Likely unsafeproduce vomiting, desensitization of nicotinic receptors, this could ultimately hypertension, loss of consciousness may lead to coma but may result in permanent damage to the foetus. Therefore we interact with anti-cholinergic drugs[25]. conclude that this African herbal remedy should be used 7.6. Antiinflamatory activity with caution during pregnancy[18]. 7.2. Anticholinergic activity Coriandrum sativum C. sativum , D. stromonium ( ) and Azadirachta indica A. indica ( ) are traditionally used in D. stramonium C. The alkaloids found in , are organic esters treatment of inflammation. Ethanolic extracts of fruits of sativum D. stromonium used clinically as anticholinergic agents. Jimson weed has , leaves of . Ethanolic extracts of fruits C. sativum D. stromonium A. indica been reported as a drug of abuse and has been involved in of , leaves of and were the accidental poisoning of humans and animals. Symptoms subjected to preliminary screening for anti-inflammatory of acute jimson weed poisoning included dryness of the activity in albino rats. All ethanolic extracts exhibited mouth and extreme thirst, dryness of the skin, pupil significant anti-inflammatory activity comparable to the dilation and impaired vision, urinary retention, rapid standard drug diclofenac sodium against carrageenan induced A. indica heartbeat, confusion, restlessness, hallucinations, and loss rat paw edema method. Among these plant showed of consciousness. The anticholinergic syndrome results maximum anti-inflammatory activity per hour[26]. Priyanka Soni et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2(12): 1002-1008 1006 7.7. Larvicidal and mosquito repellent activities Serum creatinine levels were however significantly raised in the rats administered with ethanol extract at D. stromonium Ethanolic extracts of leaves of were the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight. The biochemical and evaluated for larvicidal and mosquito repellent activities haematological parameters were also affected[31]. The Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi Culex against and effects of acute, subacute and chronic administration quinquefasciatus . The LD50 values for larvicidal activity were of alkaloids atropine and scopolamine, the main Aedes aegypti, D. stromonium found to be 86.25, 16.07 and 6.25 mg/L against constituents of the active principle of , Anopheles stephensi Culex quinquefasciatus and respectively. with toxic properties, were studied in male Albino Wistar D. stromonium i.p. The ethanolic leaves extract of provided rats. After acute administration of dose 100 mg/kg of D. stramonium complete protection time (mosquito repellency) of 2.7, 71.7 total alkaloids to the seeds of , there were Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and 117.7 min against and no remarkable changes in general appearance and no Culex quinquefasciatus at higher concentration (1%)[27]. deaths occurred in any experimental group. Twenty four hour after total alkaloids of seeds, a significant reduction 7.8. Pesticide toxicity in indices of liver, spleen brain and kidney function and some biochemical and haematological parameters were D. stromonium Extract of was effective in countering the observed. The red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin toxicity of the cypermethrin pesticide toxicity[28]. and white blood cells were significantly higher in the treated groups than the control group. Subacute study 7.9. Antifungal activity for four weeks showed no resulting mortality or signs of toxicity. In chronic study, the synthetic alkaloids D. i.p. Antifungal activity of a concoction brewed from administered at daily doses of 4.2 mg/kg of atropine stromonium, Calotropis gigantea, A. indica (neem) and cow and 1.6 mg/kg of scopolamine, did not produce death. manure (T1) followed by methanol-water (70/30 v/v) extracts However diarrhoea and hypoactivity were observed. The D. stromonium, Calotropis gigantea A. indica of and T2 relative weight of liver was significantly less than that of Fusarium mangiferae against . The study proved that the the control group[32]. concoction-brewed compost T1 is effective, inexpensive, 7.12.Biopesticide with antifungal activity easy to prepare and constitutes a sustainable and eco- friendly approach to control floral malformation in mango when it is sprayed at bud break stage and again at fruit set Biopesticides (leaf extracts) obtained from eight Vitex negundo, Polyathia longifolia, Vinca stage[29]. plants ( rosea, Withania somnifera, Lawsonia inermis, Adhotoda 7.10. Vibriocidal activity zylanica, D. stromonium and Hyptis suaveolens ) showed antifungal activities against the fungal pathogen in vitro Fusarium oxysporum Cajanus A simple screening assay was employed for the ( ) of wilt of pigeon pea ( Vibrio cholerae Vibrio cajan in vivo in vitro standard strain of , 12 isolates of L.). Both and higher concentration cholerae Vibrio parahaemolyticus non-O1, and . Aqueous of ethanotic leaf extracts of all eight plants showed and organic solvent extracts of different parts of the plants complete inhibition in linear growth and sporulation in were investigated by using the disk diffusion method. test fungi[33]. Extracts from 16 were selected on account 7.13. Protective agent in severe organophosphate toxicity of the reported traditional uses for the treatment of cholera and gastrointestinal diseases, and they were assayed for Lawsonia vibriocidal activitie. The results indicated that Treatment of patients following an organophosphate inermis Saraca indica, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia ’ , (OP) exposure can deplete a hospital s entire supply belerica, Allium sativum D. stromonium , and served as of atropine. Given the possibility of multiple severe broad-spectrum vibriocidal agents[30]. exposures after a terrorist attack using OP nerve agents, there exists a need for either greater atropine stores or 7.11. Toxicity studies D. the development of alternative . Jimsonweed ( stromonium ) contains atropine and other anticholinergic D. Toxicity studies of ethanol extract of the leaves of compounds and is common and readily available. It is stromonium in rats. Two doses of 50 and 200 mg/kg of used recreationally for its central anticholinergic effects the extract were administered to the rats for five weeks. and is easy to be made into an extract by boiling the Parameters studied were the indices of liver and kidney crushed seeds. The extract has rapid onset of effects and function and some biochemical and haematological may be useful for treatment of OP poisoning. Pretreatment D. stromonium parameters. Feed intake, final body weight, serum AST, with extracts significantly increases ALT, billurubin, total protein, urea and the electrolyte survival following severe dichlorvos exposure[34]. studied were not affected by the extract administration. Priyanka Soni et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2(12): 1002-1008 1007 8. Safety aspect usage as folklore medicine. The phytochemical investigations showed the presence of saponins, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, Careful consideration of the toxicity of the plant is required flavonoids, phenols and glycosides. Atropine and scopolamine before its use. Its ingestion induces characteristic symptoms. are competitive antagonists of muscarinic cholinergic receptors The mouth becomes dry, an intense thirst develops, the vision and are central nervous system depressants. The present gets blurred with prominent and the heart rate paper presents an exclusive review work on the ethnomedical, increases. This is followed by hallucinations, , and loss phytochemical, pharmacological activities of this plant. of motor coordination which may lead to command ultimately to Research frontiers death by respiratory failure[35]. From the time of immemorial, plants have been widely used as curative agents for varieties of ailments. Present study 9. Quantitative standards gives a broad information about the bioactive constituents, ethnopharmacology along with the scientifically claimed D. stramonium Dosage: 5 0-100 mg of dried leaf or the same amount in infusion. medicinal uses of . Total ash: Not more than 20.0%. Related reports Total : Not less than 0.05% calculated as hyoscyamine. Foreign matter: N ot more than 3.0% of stem having a diameter This review work may facilitate the enrichment of concept exceeding 5 mm. and the possible outcome from the use and consumption of D. stramonium Acid insoluble ash: Not more than 4.0%. . The content is different from that of Maibam et al et al Rasila Devi1 and Das Sanjita 2012, who also described D. the neurotoxic properties and medicinal properties of 10. Conclusion stramonium . Innovations and breakthroughs Present review gives a broad information about the bioactive constituents, ethnopharmacology along with the scientifically Jimson weed is a plant with both poisonous and medicinal D. stramonium claimed medicinal uses of . Several alkaloids, properties and has been scientifically proven to have great carbohydrates, fat, proteins and tannins have been reported to pharmacological potential with a great utility and usage as D. stramonium be present in different parts of . The plant shows folklore medicine. This plant has been used in curing different various types of activities such as analgesic and antiasthamatic types of diseases. The alkaloids isolated from the plants are activity which may be due to the presence of the investigated also found to be toxic to the animals and 48 alkaloids have been active chemical constituents. The pharmacological studies so determined in total. in vitro in vivo far have been performed and . Therefore, there is Applications a need of investigation and quantification of phytoconstituents D. stramonium and pharmacological profile. This review papers advancing knowledge of in respect to their ethnomedical, phytochemical, and pharmacological activities. Conflict of interest statement This review paper provides complete information of this plant regarding ethnomedical, phytochemical, and pharmacological We declare that we have no conflict of interest. activities to researchers.

Peer review Acknowledgements From the time of immemorial, plants have been widely used as curative agents for varieties of ailments. Present review The authors thanks to Director B R Nahata College of Pharmacy, gives a broad information about the bioactive constituents, Mandsaur College of Pharmacy and Management for their kind ethnopharmacology along with the scientifically claimed D. stramonium support. medicinal uses of . The contents of paper are highly beneficial to scientists who want to work on this plant. Comments References Background D. stramonium Indian medicinal plants Linn is one of the widely well known [1] K irtikar JD, Basu BD. . Allahabad: Lalit D. stramonium folklore medicinal herb. is a plant with both Mohan Basu; 1994, p. 1229-1231. [2] D as S, Kumar P, Basu SP. Review article on phytoconstituents and poisonous and medicinal properties and has been proven to Datura stramonium J Drug Del Therap have great pharmacological potential with a great utility and therapeutic potentials of linn. Priyanka Soni et al./Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2(12): 1002-1008 1008 2 Soc Trop Med Hgy 78 2012; (3): 4-7. 1984; : 134-135. [3] P arashuram M. Isolation of 11,12,13,17-Tetrahydroxy- [20] D iker D, Markovitz D, Rothman M, Sendovski U. Coma as a Datura stramonium Eur (Hydroxymethyl)-10-Nitrodotriacontahydrospiro[Indeno[ presenting sign of seed tea poisoning. ’ J Int Med 18 5,6-A] Hexacene-2,2 -Pyran]=3,6(1H,18bh) Dione and its 2007: (4): 336-338. spectroscopic characterization and biological activities of [21] B oumba A, Mitselou A, Vougiouklakis T. Fatal poisoning from Datura stramonium Asian J Bioch Datura stramonium Vet Human Toxicol bimetals from seeds of . ingestion of seeds. Pharm Res 3 46 2011; (1): 501-506. 2005; : 81-82. [4] S hagal MH, Modibbo UU, Liman AB. Pharmacological [22] K urnal NA, Yalcin SCC. Acaricidal, repellent and oviposition Datura stramonium Datura stramonium justification for the ethnomedical use of deterrent activities of L. against adult Tetranychus urticae J Pest Sci 14 stem-bark extract in treatment of diseases caused by some (Koch). 2009; : 54-57. Int Res Pharm Pharmaco 2 pathogenic bacteria. 2012; (1): 16- [23] T akhi D, Ouinten M. Study of antimicrobial activity of 19. secondary metabolites extracted from spontaneous plants Adv Environm Biol [5] O seni OA, Olarinoye CO, Amoo IA. Studies on chemical from the area of Laghouat, Algeria. 2011; Datura 5 compositions and functional properties of thorn apple ( (2): 469-476. stramonium Afric J Food Sc 5 L) Solanaceae, i 2011; (2): 40-44. [24] S harma MC, Sharma S. Phytochemical, preliminary [6] D evi MR, Meenakshi B, Paul SB, Sharma GD. 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