Establishing Procedures and Guidelines for Pedestrian Treatments at Uncontrolled Locations
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CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES Illinois Center for Transportation Series No. 17-021 UILU-ENG-2017-2021 ISSN: 0197-9191 ESTABLISHING PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES FOR PEDESTRIAN TREATMENTS AT UNCONTROLLED LOCATIONS Prepared By Yan Qi, Ph.D., P.E. Ryan Fries, Ph.D., P.E. Huaguo Zhou, Ph.D., P.E. Abdur Rab Raghunandan Baireddy Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Auburn University Research Report No. FHWA-ICT-17-016 A report of the findings of ICT PROJECT R27-167 Establishing Procedures and Guidelines for Pedestrian Treatments at Uncontrolled Locations Illinois Center for Transportation TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA-ICT-17-016 N/A N/A 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date ESTABLISHING PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES FOR PEDESTRIAN TREATMENTS AT August 2017 UNCONTROLLED LOCATIONS 6. Performing Organization Code N/A 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Yan Qi, Ryan N. Fries, Huaguo Zhou, Abdur Rab, and Raghunandan Baireddy ICT-17-021 UIUL 2017-2021 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Illinois Center for Transportation N/A Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 11. Contract or Grant No. University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign R27-167 205 North Mathews Avenue, MC-250 Urbana, IL 61801 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Illinois Department of Transportation (SPR) Final Report: 8/15/2015–8/15/2017 Bureau of Material and Physical Research 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 126 East Ash Street FHWA Springfield, IL 62704 15. Supplementary Notes Conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 16. Abstract Pedestrians are the most vulnerable road users. The risks to pedestrians crossing at uncontrolled locations are much higher than at signalized intersections. There has been an increasing trend in pedestrian deaths during the past decade. Specifically, pedestrian fatality as percent of total fatalities indicates an increasing trend in a ten-year period from 2005 to 2014. Several research projects funded by both federal and state transportation agencies have attempted to identify effective strategies for improving pedestrian safety within their jurisdictions. However, very little research was conducted on pedestrian safety at uncontrolled locations in Illinois. The objectives of the project were to identify the best practices of approving pedestrian crossings and pedestrian-crossing treatments at uncontrolled locations and to develop procedures and guidelines to be used by the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) and local agencies. To achieve the research goal, the team conducted a comprehensive literature review of related studies and existing guidelines, a survey and interview of Illinois transportation engineers, statistical analysis of Illinois pedestrian-crash data from 2010 to 2014, and a field review of selected high-crash corridors (HCC) in Illinois. This study identified several common issues associated with the high-pedestrian-crash-prone roads, e.g., speeding, poor lighting, noncompliance with posted signage, inadequate or missing signage, or lack of conspicuity. Several geometric features were also proven to be related to pedestrian crashes; for instance, long crossing distances, insufficient sight distance, and inappropriate placement of bus stops and parking were proved to affect pedestrian safety. In addition, pedestrian-crossing treatments were classified into five categories in the study, and their effectiveness and suitable conditions were assessed and identified. Based on the research findings, a guidebook was compiled with a comprehensive discussion of strategies and treatments to enhance pedestrian safety at uncontrolled locations. The target audiences for this guidebook are transportation professionals, highway designers, traffic engineers, law enforcement officers, and safety specialists who may be involved in efforts to reduce pedestrian crashes at uncontrolled locations. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement pedestrian safety, crosswalks, unsignalized intersections, No restrictions. This document is available through the pedestrian treatment, midblock location, guidelines National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161. 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 83 pp + N/A appendices Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized ACKNOWLEDGMENT, DISCLAIMER, MANUFACTURERS’ NAMES This publication is based on the results of ICT-R27-167 ESTABLISHING PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES FOR PEDESTRIAN TREATMENTS AT UNCONTROLLED LOCATIONS. ICT-R27-167 was conducted in cooperation with the Illinois Center for Transportation; the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT), Division of Highways; and the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Members of the Technical Review panel (TRP) were the following: Kyle Armstrong–TRP Chair, IDOT Tim Sheehan–Former TRP Chair, IDOT Mike Amsden, City of Chicago Alan Ho, FHWA Cory Jucius, IDOT Randal Laninga, IDOT Jon McCormick, IDOT Marshall Metcalf, IDOT Dan Mlacnik, IDOT Tim Peters, IDOT Gary Sims, IDOT Jim Stoner, IDOT Jonathan Lloyd (IDOT), Nicholas Stoffer (City of Peoria), Bret Wetherill (City of Peoria), Wendy Firsching (SIUE), and Sima Moradi Bajestani (SIUE) helped with the high-crash corridors (HCC) field review of the project. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Illinois Center for Transportation, the Illinois Department of Transportation, or the Federal Highway Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Trademark or manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the object of this document and do not constitute an endorsement of product by the Federal Highway Administration, the Illinois Department of Transportation, or the Illinois Center for Transportation. i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This research project was conducted to improve the engineering design practices related to pedestrian crossings at locations where vehicular traffic is not controlled by signals (midblock locations, stop-sign-controlled intersections, or uncontrolled intersections). The objectives of the proposed project were to identify the best practices of approving pedestrian crossings and pedestrian-crossing treatments at uncontrolled locations and to develop procedures and guidelines to be used by Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) and local agencies for appropriate deployment of crosswalks and other treatments. A plethora of research has been conducted to identify the effectiveness of treatments aimed at improving pedestrian safety. In particular, many treatments have been studied at crosswalk locations. Although many of these research findings have been included in state and national design guidelines and policies, most of this support focuses on crosswalks where vehicles are controlled by traffic signals. There exists a need to provide transportation engineers with guidance about the best practices for locating and selecting treatments for pedestrian crossings at uncontrolled locations. Approving pedestrian crossings at dangerous locations can cause safety problems for pedestrians and liability issues for the approving agencies. Recommending inappropriate pedestrian-crossing treatments at uncontrolled locations can also cause pedestrian-safety problems and inefficient use of public funds. This research project was conducted by researchers at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville and Auburn University, for the Illinois Department of Transportation and through the Illinois Center for Transportation. The overarching goal was to improve the location and implementation decisions related to pedestrian crossings at uncontrolled locations in Illinois. A key product of this study is a guidebook intended for use by transportation engineers at the state, county, and local level, throughout Illinois. The researchers first reviewed published literature on pedestrian safety and the effectiveness of various practices. Next, they interviewed transportation engineers in various IDOT districts and surveyed engineers who design crosswalks for Illinois counties and/or local municipalities. After that, an analysis of pedestrian-crash data in Illinois was completed; and locations with high crash rates were visited and reviewed. Last, the researchers combined all these findings into a guidelines document. This study was conducted over about two years, between August 2015 and August 2017. The primary product of this project are the proposed guidelines, included as Appendix A of this document. Implementing these recommended practices can improve pedestrian safety by guiding transportation engineers to approve crossings only at locations capable of providing adequate pedestrian safety. Additionally, the guidelines will provide those engineers with direction about which treatments are most appropriate for a particular location, facilitating application of the research results in practice. IDOT customers will benefit from improved pedestrian safety and increased design consistency for pedestrian-crossing treatments. Although these guidelines could suggest particular crosswalks