DOCSLIB.ORG

11 Tuesday 7 March 2017

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

TRANSCRIPT OF PROCEEDINGS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY HEARING Trans-Tasman Resources Limited Marine Consent Application HEARING at THE DEVON HOTEL, 390 DEVON STREET EAST, STRANDON, NEW PLYMOUTH on 7 March 2017 DECISION-MAKING COMMITTEE: Mr Alick Shaw (Chairperson) Mr Kevin Thompson (EPA Board Representative) Ms Sharon McGarry (Committee Member) Mr Gerry Te Kapa Coates (Committee Member) Hearing Proceedings Day 11 Tuesday 7 March 2017 Time Name Representing Topic Documents Submitted / Transcript Ref. Presented Page no's 9.04 Alick Shaw - DMC Chair Opening 1199 9.05 Dr Will Edwards Te Korowai O Representation 1199 Ngāruahine Trust 9.27 Cassandra Crowley Te Korowai O Representation 1206 Ngāruahine Trust 9.37 DMC Questions 1208 10.02 Phil McCabe KASM 1216 10.05 Cassandra Crowley and Dr Te Korowai O Closing statement Will Edwards Ngāruahine Trust 10.14 Karen Pratt Representation Presentation 1219 A quick introduction to begin NZ 45 Cape Egmont to Rangitikei River map 10.44 Morning break 1229 11.06 DMC Questions 1229 11.19 Fred McLay Taranaki Representation 1234 Regional Council 11.25 DMC Requested Mr McLay to 1236 expand on section 44 request from TRC 11.27 DMC Questions 1239 11.50 Harry Duynhoven Representation 1245 12.03 Break 1249 12.07 Catherine Cheung Climate Justice Representation NZ minerals permits - three 1249 Taranaki slides for presentation Hearings statement 12.23 DMC Questions 1254 12.29 Lunch break 1256 1.18 Nicola Patrick Representation 1256 1.29 DMC Questions 1260 1.39 Dr Lyndon DeVantier Climate Justice Representation Presentation by Climate Justice 1263 Taranaki Taranaki Inc Five slides for presentation 1.58 DMC Questions 1270 2.02 Roger Malthus Representation 1271 2.21 DMC Questions 1277 2.35 Bruce Boyd Representation EPA Presentation photos 1283 Map TTR photos Video 2.51 DMC Questions 1289 Devon Hotel, 390 Devon Street East, New Plymouth 07.03.17 2.53 Barbara Hammonds Nga Motu Marine Representation New Zealand Journal of Zoology 1290 Elsie Smith Reserve Society Rocky Shore Monitoring Report 2008 - 2015 TTRL NMMRS presentation 3.12 DMC Questions 1296 3.22 Malibu Hamilton Te Ngaru Roa ā Representation 1300 Maui 3.37 Afternoon break 1305 3.55 DMC Housekeeping 1305 3.58 DMC Questions 1306 4.03 John Milnes Representation 1308 4.15 DMC Questions 4.16 Sheryl Hart Raglan Sport Representation 1312 Fishing Club 4.24 DMC Questions 1315 4.33 Alessandra Keighley Representation 1319 4.41 DMC Questions 1321 4.41 Ruakura Waitai Representation 1322 4.57 DMC Questions 1326 5.02 Tanea Tangaroa Representation 1327 5.19 Mita Davis Representation 1330 5.31 Rochelle Bullock Reina Bennett Te Representation 1333 Kopere o Raehina Devon Hotel, 390 Devon Street East, New Plymouth 07.03.17 Rongoa 5.54 Break 1138 6.09 Harmony-Charm Carkeek- Representation 1139 Edwardson 6.21 Ian Steele New Plymouth Representation 1342 Sportfishing and Underwater Club 6.31 DMC Questions 1345 6.36 Andrew Purser Pātea and Representation 1347 Ted Gane Districts Boating Club 6.45 DMC Questions 1351 6.46 Vera Van Der Voorden Representation Statement of evidence 1352 6.58 DMC Questions 1356 6.59 Heather Cunningham Representation Statement of evidence 1356 7.22 June Penn Ra Puriri Representation 1362 7.38 Adjourned 1368 Devon Hotel, 390 Devon Street East, New Plymouth 07.03.17 Page 1199 [9.04 am] MR SHAW: Good morning everybody, just an announcement before we open today's hearing. At the moment, the Thursday hearings are scheduled 5 to begin sometime after 10.00 because we have one of our members with a meeting that morning. Things have been re-organised and we now expect that we'll be able to start -- in fact, not expect, we will be starting at 9.30 which will give everybody a bit of head space on the last day of the hearings here in New Plymouth. I've got no other 10 announcements, no procedural matters that I wish to announce. Anything from any of the parties? Mr Holm? [9.05 am] 15 MR HOLM: No, sir. Thank you. MR SHAW: Other counsel? No. All right, well that being the case we will begin with Te Korowai O Ngāruahine Trust. Who is appearing there? Ms Crowley, Doctors Tester and Edwards? 20 DR EDWARDS: Just Dr Edwards. MR SHAW: Just Dr Edwards, okay. All right. And this is a representation, Dr Edwards, is that right? 25 DR EDWARDS: Yes. MR SHAW: Okay. Well, if you would just introduce yourself and we will begin. 30 DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) Just by way of explanation to the Panel, I acknowledge Te Āti Awa. I'm not doing my brother-in-law's job here as the interpreter. The Ngāruahine submission has not yet begun. 35 (Māori content) INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: My acknowledgments to Te Āti Awa who laid down the mat of speaking yesterday. 40 DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: I acknowledge also the peaceful tone that was set in terms of taking to one's enemy with peaceful thoughts of mind, and so this 45 is Ngāruahine supporting that concept. DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) Devon Hotel, 390 Devon Street East, New Plymouth 07.03.17 Page 1200 INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: We do not consider these people behind us to be our enemies but, rather, the abuse of the environment; that is our enemy. DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) 5 INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: And so we take on that enemy with thoughts of peace and love and we establish our credentials in terms of our whakapapa, our genealogical tables. 10 DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) [9.10 am] INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: Mr Edwards has just recited the whakapapa, the lineage, 15 from Te Atua, that is the realm of the Gods coming down to us, humanity. Kia ora. DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) 20 INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: So at this point I will follow on from the footsteps of my senior tribal counterparts from the Whanganui area in terms of our presentation. DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) 25 INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: And, finally, also from the presentation, the deep kōrero, deep explanations that were given by Ngā Rauru and Ngāti Ruanui yesterday. 30 DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: And so it is appropriate that that genealogy be recited. There is a genealogy that is recited within our kōhanga reo, our schools of learning for our younger children. 35 DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: So the realms of deeper knowledge have already been delved into by those who presented yesterday. At this point in time 40 my focus -- our focus, will be on the effects, the impacts of this particular kaupapa on our children, on our grandchildren and descendants. DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) 45 INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: Within this genealogy Rongo is the elder. DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) Devon Hotel, 390 Devon Street East, New Plymouth 07.03.17 Page 1201 INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: In saying that, though, we also lay out the specific kōrero for Tangaroa the deity of the ocean. 5 DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: And then down to us, humanity living upon the face of the earth. 10 DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: From a Māori world-view perspective all of these things are connected. 15 DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: Aotea's world-view perspective was laid out yesterday and today also. 20 DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: So I say here today that is correct, that Ngā Rauru and Ngāti Ruanui and Ngāruahine be the ones to present our kōrero, our history on Aotea. 25 DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: It is totally inappropriate for someone from outside of our region to present those particular kōrero to you. No matter how 30 factual and accurate it may be, it is still inappropriate. DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: So that individual concerned, even though they may be 35 connected to us through other lines of descent and lineage, leave Aotea to talk about Aotea. DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) 40 INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: And so let me return to aspects of the karakia that was recited this morning, that karakia being one to acknowledge the morning dawn. DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) 45 INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: Te Haeata Te Ata refers to the morning sun as if a child is looking out from one's house towards the sun rising above the horizon. Devon Hotel, 390 Devon Street East, New Plymouth 07.03.17 Page 1202 [9.15 am] DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) 5 INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: Likewise, with a child who is looking into a house and is seeing a different kind of dawn emerging from within that house of discussion. 10 DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: So leave it for the ever shining sun Hei to being enlightenment, to bring clarification; so here we are, Aotea, bringing that clarification to you today. 15 DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: So in terms of bringing that enlightenment leave it for Aotea to bring that enlightenment, to bring that clarification in 20 regards to our environment. DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: It is best left for the elder sibling, rather the younger sibling, 25 to address those matters. DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: The report that was presented, the information that was 30 contained within, was retrieved mainly from text from books. We consider it to be a bastardisation of the true knowledge. DR EDWARDS: (Māori content) 35 INTERPRETER Mr Hammond: If it has come from a book it is merely a bastardisation. It is not based on our houses of discussion, our houses of true learning.
Recommended publications
  • 978-1-4964-4748-7.Pdf

    978-1-4964-4748-7.Pdf

    The Tyndale nonfiction imprint Visit Tyndale online at tyndale.com. Visit Tyndale Momentum online at tyndalemomentum.com. TYNDALE, Tyndale’s quill logo, Tyndale Momentum, and the Tyndale Momentum logo are registered trademarks of Tyndale House Ministries. Tyndale Momentum is the nonfiction imprint of Tyndale House Publishers, Carol Stream, Illinois. The Lord of the Rings is a trademark of the Saul Zaentz Company dba Tolkien Enterprises. Finding God in The Lord of the Rings Copyright © 2001 by Kurt Bruner; copyright © 2021 by Kurt Bruner and Jim Ware. All rights reserved. Cover illustration by Lindsey Bergsma. Copyright © Tyndale House Ministries. All rights reserved. Designed by Lindsey Bergsma Edited by Lisa A. Jackson All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the Holy Bible, New International Version,® NIV.® Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica, Inc.® Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide. Scripture quotations marked KJV are taken from the Holy Bible, King James Version. Scripture quotations marked NASB are taken from the New American Standard Bible,® copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission. Scripture quotations marked NLT are taken from the Holy Bible, New Living Translation, copyright © 1996. Used by permission of Tyndale House Publishers, Carol Stream, Illinois 60188. All rights reserved. Scripture quotations marked NKJV are taken from the New King James Version,® copyright © 1982 by Thomas Nelson. Used by permission. All
  • Perspectives of Research for Intangible Cultural Heritage

    Perspectives of Research for Intangible Cultural Heritage

    束 9mm Proceedings ISBN : 978-4-9909775-1-1 of the International Researchers Forum: Perspectives Research for Intangible Cultural Heritage towards a Sustainable Society Proceedings of International Researchers Forum: Perspectives of Research for Intangible Cultural Heritage towards a Sustainable Society 17-18 December 2019 Tokyo Japan Organised by International Research Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (IRCI), National Institutes for Cultural Heritage Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan Co-organised by Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, National Institutes for Cultural Heritage IRCI Proceedings of International Researchers Forum: Perspectives of Research for Intangible Cultural Heritage towards a Sustainable Society 17-18 December 2019 Tokyo Japan Organised by International Research Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (IRCI), National Institutes for Cultural Heritage Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan Co-organised by Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, National Institutes for Cultural Heritage Published by International Research Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (IRCI), National Institutes for Cultural Heritage 2 cho, Mozusekiun-cho, Sakai-ku, Sakai City, Osaka 590-0802, Japan Tel: +81 – 72 – 275 – 8050 Email: [email protected] Website: https://www.irci.jp © International Research Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (IRCI) Published on 10 March 2020 Preface The International Researchers Forum: Perspectives of Research for Intangible Cultural Heritage towards a Sustainable Society was organised by the International Research Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (IRCI) in cooperation with the Agency for Cultural Affairs of Japan and the Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties on 17–18 December 2019.
  • Circulation and Mixing in Greater Cook Strait, New Zealand

    Circulation and Mixing in Greater Cook Strait, New Zealand

    OCEANOLOGICA ACTA 1983- VOL. 6- N" 4 ~ -----!~- Cook Strait Circulation and mixing Upwelling Tidal mixing Circulation in greater Cook S.trait, Plume Détroit de Cook Upwelling .New Zealand Mélange Circulation Panache Malcolm J. Bowrnan a, Alick C. Kibblewhite b, Richard A. Murtagh a, Stephen M. Chiswell a, Brian G. Sanderson c a Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. b Physics Department, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. c Department of Oceanography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. Received 9/8/82, in revised form 2/5/83, accepted 6/5/83. ABSTRACT The shelf seas of Central New Zealand are strongly influenced by both wind and tidally driven circulation and mixing. The region is characterized by sudden and large variations in bathymetry; winds are highly variable and often intense. Cook Strait canyon is a mixing basin for waters of both subtropical and subantarctic origins. During weak winds, patterns of summer stratification and the loci of tidal mixing fronts correlate weil with the h/u3 stratification index. Under increasing wind stress, these prevailing patterns are easily upset, particularly for winds b1owing to the southeasterly quarter. Under such conditions, slope currents develop along the North Island west coast which eject warm, nutrient depleted subtropical water into the surface layers of the Strait. Coastal upwelling occurs on the flanks of Cook Strait canyon in the southeastern approaches. Under storm force winds to the south and southeast, intensifying transport through the Strait leads to increased upwelling of subsurface water occupying Cook Strait canyon at depth.
  • Taranaki-Whanganui Conservation Board Notice of Appeal

    Taranaki-Whanganui Conservation Board Notice of Appeal

    To The ReGistrar of the HiGh Court at WellinGton and To The Respondent and To The Applicant and To Other submitters This document notifies you that: 1 The appellant, being the Taranaki-WhanGanui Conservation Board (Conservation Board), will move the HiGh Court at WellinGton by way of appeal against the decision of the majority decision of the decision making committee of the Environmental Protection Authority (DMC), dated 3 AuGust 2017, public notice #EEZ000011, in which a marine consent and marine discharge consent was granted to Trans-Tasman Resources Limited (TTRL). The Application and Decision 2 TTRL applied for marine consents and marine discharge consents to enable it to mine iron sands in the South Taranaki BiGht, 22-36km offshore (Application). Up to 50 million tonnes of seabed material could be mined and processed each year, for up to 35 years. 3 The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) made its decision on the application through its DMC (Decision). The DMC’s Decision was split. Two of the DMC’s members considered that the consents should be refused. They took the view that: … overall the localised adverse environmental effects on the Patea Shoals and tangata whenua existing interests are unacceptable, and are not avoided, remedied or mitigated by the conditions imposed. We also have concerns reGardinG uncertainty and the adequacy of environmental protection within the coastal marine area (CMA).1 4 However, the Chair held the castinG vote, and exercised it in favour of granting consent. Accordingly, the “majority decision” was to grant consent. 5 The DMC made its Decision on 3 August 2017.
  • Blue Whale Ecology in the South Taranaki Bight Region of New Zealand

    Blue Whale Ecology in the South Taranaki Bight Region of New Zealand

    Blue whale ecology in the South Taranaki Bight region of New Zealand January-February 2016 Field Report March 2016 1 Report prepared by: Dr. Leigh Torres, PI Assistant Professor; Oregon Sea Grant Extension agent Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Marine Mammal Institute Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center 2030 SE Marine Science Drive Newport, OR 97365, U.S.A +1-541-867-0895; [email protected] Webpage: http://mmi.oregonstate.edu/gemm-lab Lab blog: http://blogs.oregonstate.edu/gemmlab/ Dr. Holger Klinck, Co-PI Technology Director Assistant Professor Bioacoustics Research Program Oregon State University and Cornell Lab of Ornithology NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Cornell University Hatfield Marine Science Center 159 Sapsucker Woods Road 2030 SE Marine Science Drive Ithaca, NY 14850, USA Newport, OR 97365, USA Tel: +1.607.254.6250 Email: [email protected] Collaborators: Ian Angus1, Todd Chandler2, Kristin Hodge3, Mike Ogle1, Callum Lilley1, C. Scott Baker2, Debbie Steel2, Brittany Graham4, Philip Sutton4, Joanna O’Callaghan4, Rochelle Constantine5 1 New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC) 2 Oregon State University, Marine Mammal Institute 3 Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University 4 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd. (NIWA) 5 University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences Research program supported by: The Aotearoa Foundation, The National Geographic Society Waitt Foundation, The New Zealand Department of Conservation, The Marine Mammal Institute at Oregon State University, The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies (NOAA/CIMRS), Greenpeace New Zealand, OceanCare, Kiwis Against Seabed Mining, and an anonymous donor.
  • Retrieval of Suspended Sediment Concentration in Near-Shore Coastal Waters Using MODIS Data

    Retrieval of Suspended Sediment Concentration in Near-Shore Coastal Waters Using MODIS Data

    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Retrieval of suspended sediment concentration in near-shore coastal waters using MODIS data A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy In Earth Science At Massey University, Palmerston North New Zealand Di Zhou 2012 1 Abstract: This study focuses on using remote sensing satellite data to retrieve water suspended sediment concentration (SSC) of near-shore coastal waters. Aqua/Terra Satellite MODIS 250m data of the south-western coast of the North Island, New Zealand was used. Two methods of analysis are used in this study to obtain an SSC map; non-liner optimisation and quasi-analytical. The non-linear optimisation method was used to fit an exponential function between reflectance and SSC, with SSC replaced by a linear relationship between SSC and reflectance in the near infrared domain. The optimisation result was used to convert Aqua/Terra MODIS images to SSC maps. The quasi-analytical method, a backscattering coefficient at 645nm is first derived from Aqua/Terra MODIS 250m Band 1 data using a quasi-analytical algorithm after applying a simple atmospheric correction routine. An empirical relationship was derived from laboratory experiments. Finally SSC maps were obtained by applying the empirical relationship to convert the backscattering coefficient to SSC. 2 Acknowledgements I would firstly like to thank my supervisor Mike Tuohy for his time and thoughtful advice throughout the preparation of this thesis.
  • Appendix C – Geotechnical Assessment

    Appendix C – Geotechnical Assessment

    Appendix C – Geotechnical Assessment Whanganui District Council Mill Road Structure Plan Geotechnical Assessment October 2017 Table of contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Scope of this report ......................................................................................................... 3 1.3 General Site Setting ........................................................................................................ 3 2. Published Geological Information .............................................................................................. 4 2.1 Geology .......................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Earthquakes .................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Known Active Faults ........................................................................................................ 6 2.4 Liquefaction Susceptibility ............................................................................................... 6 2.5 Slope Stability ................................................................................................................. 6 2.6 Site Sub-Soil Class .........................................................................................................
  • Seabed Mining (KASM), Posted a Facebook Page Inviting People to Turn up at the Stadium When Hearings Began

    Seabed Mining (KASM), Posted a Facebook Page Inviting People to Turn up at the Stadium When Hearings Began

    MINING MINEFIELD A company called Trans-Tasman Resources is having a second go at setting up a world-first project to mine iron ore from the seabed off South Taranaki’s coast. The company (TTR) has spent a decade and about $70 million to hone its case for Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) consent to take more than a billion tonnes of iron- bearing sand off the sea floor over 25 or so years. The process – which will return 90 percent of what’s extracted back to the seabed - will bring in about $400 million a year in off-shore ore sales, with our government getting about $6 million in annual royalties. The project is expected to increase Taranaki’s gross domestic product by about $220 million a year (half that of Methanex) and create about 300 jobs. Sound like a good deal? Somewhere between 13,733 and about 17,000 people (the total is disputed) don’t think so. Many people living in South Taranaki and further afield, local iwi, most of the fishing industry, and a close-neighbour oil company are worried about what it might do to the environment and local communities. That uncertainty has prompted their representative organisations and many individuals to fight the company to the bitter end. The case will be a precedent-setter under the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Act. Environmentalists don’t like the law, partly because it excludes climate change-causing emissions as grounds for objection, and partly because they reckon it’s the National government’s way of opening up our 200 kilometre-wide continental shelf to big overseas business.
  • The Christian Mythology of CS Lewis and JRR Tolkien

    The Christian Mythology of CS Lewis and JRR Tolkien

    Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Honors College at WKU Projects 2010 Roads to the Great Eucatastrophie: The hrC istian Mythology of C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien Laura Anne Hess Western Kentucky University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/stu_hon_theses Part of the Philosophy Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Hess, Laura Anne, "Roads to the Great Eucatastrophie: The hrC istian Mythology of C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien" (2010). Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Projects. Paper 237. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/stu_hon_theses/237 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College Capstone Experience/ Thesis Projects by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright by Laura Ann Hess 2010 ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is to analyze how C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien created mythology that is fundamentally Christian but in vastly different ways. This task will be accomplished by examining the childhood and early adult life of both Lewis and Tolkien, as well as the effect their close friendship had on their writing, and by performing a detailed literary analysis of some of their mythological works. After an introduction, the second and third chapters will scrutinize the elements of their childhood and adolescence that shaped their later mythology. The next chapter will look at the importance of their Christian faith in their writing process, with special attention to Tolkien’s writing philosophy as explained in “On Fairy-Stories.” The fifth chapter analyzes the effect that Lewis and Tolkien’s friendship had on their writing, in conjunction with the effect of their literary club, the Inklings.
  • Temporal and Spatial Lags Between Wind, Coastal Upwelling, and Blue Whale Occurrence Dawn R

    Temporal and Spatial Lags Between Wind, Coastal Upwelling, and Blue Whale Occurrence Dawn R

    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Temporal and spatial lags between wind, coastal upwelling, and blue whale occurrence Dawn R. Barlow1*, Holger Klinck2,3, Dimitri Ponirakis2, Christina Garvey4 & Leigh G. Torres1 Understanding relationships between physical drivers and biological response is central to advancing ecological knowledge. Wind is the physical forcing mechanism in coastal upwelling systems, however lags between wind input and biological responses are seldom quantifed for marine predators. Lags were examined between wind at an upwelling source, decreased temperatures along the upwelling plume’s trajectory, and blue whale occurrence in New Zealand’s South Taranaki Bight region (STB). Wind speed and sea surface temperature (SST) were extracted for austral spring–summer months between 2009 and 2019. A hydrophone recorded blue whale vocalizations October 2016-March 2017. Timeseries cross-correlation analyses were conducted between wind speed, SST at diferent locations along the upwelling plume, and blue whale downswept vocalizations (D calls). Results document increasing lag times (0–2 weeks) between wind speed and SST consistent with the spatial progression of upwelling, culminating with increased D call density at the distal end of the plume three weeks after increased wind speeds at the upwelling source. Lag between wind events and blue whale aggregations (n = 34 aggregations 2013–2019) was 2.09 ± 0.43 weeks. Variation in lag was signifcantly related to the amount of wind over the preceding 30 days, which likely infuences stratifcation. This study enhances knowledge of physical-biological coupling in upwelling ecosystems and enables improved forecasting of species distribution patterns for dynamic management. A central pursuit of ecology is to decipher and understand the complex relationships between biological organ- isms and their physical environment.
  • An Introduction to C. S. Lewis

    An Introduction to C. S. Lewis

    An Introduction to C. S. Lewis Clive Staples Lewis—C. S. Lewis to many readers—was born in Belfast, Ireland, on November 29, 1898. His parents were Albert James Lewis, a solicitor, and Florence Augusta Lewis. Lewis had one brother, Warren Hamilton Lewis, with whom he remained close for all of his life. Lewis read widely as a child, but dearly enjoyed stories about animals and nature, a theme which resurfaced in his later work The Chronicles of Narnia. Lewis and his brother Warren even created an imaginary world called Boxen in which animals lived and talked together. Coupled with Lewis’ love of creating worlds filled with anthropomorphic animals and lively natural settings was his love for ancient literature, including the epic sagas of Iceland, Norse mythology, and Greek and Medieval literature. Readers familiar with his work will recognize how these these genres and themes influenced the trajectory of his life’s work. In his early years of education, Lewis attended several private preparatory schools in Britain, including Wynyard School in Hertfordshire (1908), Campbell College in Belfast (1910), and Cherbourg House at Malvern, Worcestershire (1911). Due to poor health, though, he never remained at these schools for long. It was during his time in Worcestershire that Lewis pronounced himself an atheist, a belief he held onto until 1929 when he became a theist and then a Christian. In December 1916, Lewis received a scholarship to study at University College, Oxford. His life of academic study took a tremendous turn, however, for in 1917 Lewis enlisted in the British Army. After training, Lewis attained the rank of Second Lieutenant with the Third Battalion of the Somerset Light Infantry.
  • Tolkien's Inspirations and Influences in His Book, Intentionally It Seems

    Tolkien's Inspirations and Influences in His Book, Intentionally It Seems

    Last updated 9 March 2008 Tolkien’s inspirations and influences on his works An alphabetical entry list compiled by Ardamir of the Lord of the Rings Fanatics Forum (http://www.lotrplaza.com/forum/) While reading J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography by Humphrey Carpenter about 2½ years ago, I noticed that he mentions many of Tolkien's inspirations and influences in his book, intentionally it seems. I took the opportunity to start listing these inspirations along with their sources, and have since then used many other sources for my list. I am listing elements in Tolkien's works in alphabetical order, along with their respective inspirations, and the sources I have used. Many of the inspirations are (very) speculative, and those I have marked with a '?', but some are obvious. The list is not meant (at least not yet) to be a detailed investigation of Tolkien's inspirations but rather to include just the relevant information and gather all the inspirations in one place for each entry. I know that it has many defects, and it is somewhat lacking in sources and references, but I am constantly improving it while adding more and more inspirations. I would greatly appreciate it if other people would take a look at it and tell me what they think about it, and also suggest additions and improvements. I am not making the list just for the benefit of myself, but for everyone. I update the list almost every day. Bolded (emphasized) parts of quotes by me. Entries that are names are in italics. Entries for text passages can be found in a separate section at the end.