WWW.IRCF.ORG TABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES &IRCF AMPHIBIANS REPTILES • VOL &15, AMPHIBIANS NO 4 • DEC 2008 • 189 27(2):251–252 • AUG 2020

IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FEATURE ARTICLES First. ChasingRecords Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer of sayi) in Wisconsin:the Stout Four-eyed Frog, On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...... Joshua M. Kapfer 190 Pleurodema. The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis brachyops) and Humans on Grenada: (Cope 1869) A Hypothetical Excursion ...... Robert W. Henderson 198 RESEARCH ARTICLES on St. Martin . The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ...... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 Jöran Janse¹,. The Knight Elfriede Anole ( AnolisSchotsmans equestris) in 1Florida, Mark Yokoyama2, Julien Chalifour3, and Timothy P. van Wagensveld¹ ...... Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212 ¹Reptile Amphibian and Fish Conservation, The (RAVON), Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands ([email protected]) CONSERVATION ALERT²Association Les Fruits de Mer, Grande-Case, St. Martin . World’s Mammals in Crisis³Réserve ...... Naturelle Nationale de Saint-Martin, Grande-Case, St. Martin...... 220 . More Than Mammals ...... 223 . The “Dow Jones Index” of Biodiversity ...... Photographs by the senior author...... 225 HUSBANDRY . Captive Care of the Central Netted Dragon ...... Shannon Plummer 226 he Stout Four-eyedPROFILE Frog (Pleurodema brachyops) is native it is the fifth anuran species to be introduced and established Tto the northern .SouthKraig Adler: American A Lifetime Promoting and Central Herpetology American ...... after the Lesser Antillean Michael Frog L. Treglia(Eleutherodactylus 234 johnstonei), nations of Guyana,COMMENTARY northern Brazil (Roraima State), Martinique Frog (Eleutherodactylus martinicensis), Cuban Venezuela (including. TheIsla Turtles Margarita), Have Been Watching eastern Me ...... and northern Flat-headed Frog (Eleutherodactylus Eric Gangloff planirostris238 ), and Cuban

Colombia into theBOOK Pacific REVIEW lowlands of Panama from Azuero Treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) (Powell et al. 2015). to central Panama, and. Threatened Amphibians (La Marca of the World et al. edited 2010). by S.N. TheStuart, M. Hoffmann,Stout Four-eyed J.S. Chanson, N.A. Frogs Cox, were almost certainly introduced to species is considered introducedR. Berridge, P. Ramani,on Curaçao, and B.E. Young , ...... and the island as a consequence Robertof ornamental Powell 243 plant imports (e.g., Klein Bonaire (Hummelinck 1940; van Buurt 2005). Herein Powell et al. 2011).  CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Conservation Research Reports ...... 245 we present the first observationsNATURAL HISTORY of P. RESEARCH brachyops REPORTS on both: Summaries the of Published The Reports first on Natural Stout History Four-eyed ...... Frogs 247 were discovered on 24 Dutch and French sidesNEWBRIEFS of Sint ...... Maarten/St. Martin, where October 2015 ...... in the Sucker Garden 248area, specifically around  EDITORIAL INFORMATION ...... 251  FOCUS ON CONSERVATION: A Project You Can Support ...... 252

Front Cover. Shannon Plummer. Back Cover. Michael Kern Totat et velleseque audant mo Totat et velleseque audant mo estibus inveliquo velique rerchil estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque fugiatis maionsequat eumque moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia- ma derrovitae voluptam, as quos tur ma derrovitae voluptam, as accullabo.

Fig. 1. Amplexus of a male Cuban Treefrog (Osteopilus septentionalis) and a female Stout Four-eyed Frog (Pleurodema brachyops) in Philipsburg, .

Copyright © 2020. Jöran Janse. All rights reserved. 251 IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians ISSN 1098-6324 JANSE ET AL. IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 27(2):251–252 • AUG 2020 a hotel called Vicky’s Keys (18.034802°N, -63.037181°W; WGS 84) in Philipsburg, by Elfriede Schotsmans and Jöran Janse. In 2017, further sightings were in Grand-Case (18.104966°N, -63.052418°W; WGS 84) and in the French Quarter (18.0799970°N, -63.026434°W; WGS 84) by Mark Yokoyama, and in the northeastern area known as Cul-de- Sac (18.0991667°N, -63.025833°W; WGS 84) by Julien Chalifour. We believe these are the only sightings of these frogs on the island. Several individuals were observed at each of the four sites, which suggests that the species is widely dis- tributed in suitable habitat. Initial observations of P. brachyops followed heavy rain- falls when frogs were heard calling from a flooded basement that was under construction. Interestingly, a male Cuban Fig. 3. A Stout Four-eyed Frog (Pleurodema brachyops) from Philipsburg, Treefrog was observed in amplexus with a female Stout Four- Sint Maarten, engaged in deimatic behavior by exposing two inguinal poi- eyed Frog (Fig. 1). In a puddle outside the building, a pair son glands that resemble eyes. of P. brachyops in amplexus were making a foam nest, which confirms reproduction by this species on St. Martin (Fig. 2). Furthermore, during a herpetological inventory on St. Furthermore, during a nightly walk in the neighborhood that Eustatius in 2015, a resident mentioned toads coming out of same evening, an adult Stout Four-eyed Frog was encoun- the ground after heavy rainfall. These could be Stout Four- tered on a road and a foam nest was found in a partly flooded eyed Frogs since the considerable traffic in goods between meadow. The owners of the Vickey’s Keys Hotel knew about St. Martin/Sint Maarten and neighboring islands is probably the species from Curaçao but were uncertain how long they responsible for the introduction of other exotic species (e.g., had known about the species on St. Martin. Cuban Treefrogs and Green Iguanas, Iguana iguana) on We strongly encourage an island-wide survey to deter- (Powell et al. 2015). Therefore, we propose thorough ongo- mine the species’ distribution beyond the current adventitious ing searches on St. Eustatius and Saba for P. brachyops and observations. We also suggest a study to examine the poten- other introduced species. tially negative effects that these frogs could have as predators and or prey of native fauna. Stout Four-eyed Frogs exhibit Acknowledgements deimatic behavior to discourage predators, using ingui- We thank the owners and staff of Vicky’s Keys for informa- nal macroglands that resemble eyes (Martins 1989; Fig. 3). tion and a pleasant stay. However, if this tactic proves unsuccessful, and a predator bites the frog, it will release a toxic secretion (Lenzi-Mattos Literature Cited Hummelinck, P.W. 1940. Studies on the fauna of Curaçao, Aruba, Bonaire, and et al. 2005). What consequences these toxins could have on the Venezuelan Islands. No. 2. A survey of the mammals, lizards and mol- potential predators is unknown. luscs. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and Other Islands 1: 59–108. La Marca, E., F. Solís, R. Ibáñez, C. Jaramillo, Q. Fuenmayor, R. Reynolds, M. Trefaut Rodrigues, A. Mijares, and R. MacCulloch. 2010. Pleurodema brachy- ops. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T57283A11599287. Lenzi-Mattos, R., M.M. Antoniazzi, C.F.B. Haddad, D.V. Tambourgi, M.T. Rodrigues, and C. Jared. 2005. The inguinal macroglands of the frog Physalaemus nattereri (Leptodactylidae): structure, toxic secretion and rela- tionship with deimatic behaviour. Journal of Zoology 266: 385–394. Martins, M. 1989. Deimatic behavior in Pleurodema brachyops. Journal of Herpetology 23: 305–307. Powell, R., R.W. Henderson, M.C. Farmer, M. Breuil, A.C. Echternacht, G. van Buurt, C.M. Romagosa, and G. Perry. 2011. Introduced amphibians and reptiles in the greater Caribbean: Patterns and conservation implications, pp. 63–143. In: A. Hailey, B.S. Wilson, and J.A. Horrocks (eds.), Conservation of Caribbean Island Herpetofaunas, Volume 1: Conservation Biology and the Wider Caribbean. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands. Powell, R., R.W. Henderson, and J.S. Parmerlee, Jr. 2015. The Reptiles and Amphibians of the : St. Eustatius, Saba, and St. Maarten. Second edition, revised and expanded. Nature Guide Series No. 004. Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance, Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean. Fig. 2. Stout Four-eyed Frogs (Pleurodema brachyops) in amplexus making van Buurt, G. 2005. Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Aruba, Curaçao a foam nest in Philipsburg, Sint Maarten. and Bonaire. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt a/Main, Germany.

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