Evaluation of Potential Indicators of Virus Removal During Advanced Physical Treatment of Wastewater
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Evaluation of Potential Indicators of Virus Removal During Advanced Physical Treatment of Wastewater Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Morrison, Christina Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 01:15:42 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/642154 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL INDICATORS OF VIRUS REMOVAL DURING ADVANCED PHYSICAL TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER by Christina Marie Morrison __________________________ Copyright © Christina Marie Morrison 2020 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2020 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to acknowledge my dissertation and comprehensive exam committees, my lab mates, my collaborators, my classmates, and my coursework professors for helping me throughout my PhD studies. I would also like to acknowledge my friends and family for their support through the good and that bad. I could not have accomplished this without the help of others. 3 DEDICATION This work is dedicated to both my maternal and paternal grandmothers (Suzy and Arlene). I am blessed to have such amazing women to look up to. I love you both dearly. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 13 1. Background ............................................................................................................................... 13 2. Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 14 3. Dissertation Format ................................................................................................................... 15 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 17 1. Potable Water ............................................................................................................................ 17 2. Microbial Water Quality of Wastewater: Viruses .................................................................... 21 3. Virus Detection ......................................................................................................................... 30 4. Virus Removal by Physical Treatment ..................................................................................... 37 PRESENT STUDY...................................................................................................................... 53 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 60 APPENDIX A .............................................................................................................................. 95 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 96 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 97 2. Materials & Methods ................................................................................................................ 99 3. Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................... 104 4. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 112 References ................................................................................................................................... 113 Appendix A, Supplementary Material: ....................................................................................... 124 APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................................ 128 5 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 129 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 130 2. Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................ 134 3. Results ..................................................................................................................................... 138 4. Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 141 5. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 146 References ................................................................................................................................... 148 APPENDIX C ............................................................................................................................ 163 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 164 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 165 2. Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................ 166 3. Results & Discussion .............................................................................................................. 171 4. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 178 References ................................................................................................................................... 179 Appendix C, Supplementary Material I: ..................................................................................... 196 Appendix C, Supplementary Material II: .................................................................................... 201 6 LIST OF FIGURES Appendix A Figure 1…………………………………………………………………………….120 Figure 2…………………………………………………………………………….121 Figure S1…………………………………………………………………………...126 Appendix B Figure 1…………………………………………………………………………….157 Figure 2…………………………………………………………………………….158 Figure 3…………………………………………………………………………….159 Appendix C Figure 1…………………………………………………………………………….186 Figure 2…………………………………………………………………………….187 Figure 3…………………………………………………………………………….187 Figure 4…………………………………………………………………………….188 Figure 5…………………………………………………………………………….189 Figure 6…………………………………………………………………………….190 Figure 7…………………………………………………………………………….191 Figure 8…………………………………………………………………………….192 Figure 9…………………………………………………………………………….193 Figure S1…………………………………………………………………………...197 Figure S2…………………………………………………………………………...198 Figure S3…………………………………………………………………………...199 7 LIST OF TABLES Literature Review Table 1………………………………………………………………………………..22 Table 2………………………………………………………………………………..24 Table 3………………………………………………………………………………..49 Appendix A Table 1………………………………………………………………………………122 Table 2………………………………………………………………………………122 Table 3………………………………………………………………………………122 Table 4………………………………………………………………………………123 Table S1……………………………………………………………………………..125 Table S2……………………………………………………………………………..125 Table S3……………………………………………………………………………..126 Appendix B Table 1………………………………………………………………………………160 Table 2………………………………………………………………………………161 Table 3………………………………………………………………………………162 Appendix C Table 1………………………………………………………………………………194 Table 2………………………………………………………………………………195 Table S1……………………………………………………………………………..201 8 ABSTRACT The increasing threat of water scarcity throughout the world has led to the implementation of potable wastewater reuse. During potable wastewater reuse, final treated wastewater effluent is purified to drinking water quality. This is performed to augment current drinking water sources. However, treated wastewater effluent is of degraded quality when compared to conventional drinking water sources, therefore extensive treatment and quality monitoring is required for the protection of public health. Removal of pathogens, particularly viruses, is a major concern during wastewater reuse, as sewage is a significant source of enteric pathogens. Viruses are the smallest of enteric pathogens and have physical attributes which allow for persistence in the environment for extended periods of time while maintaining viability. Therefore, strict requirements pertaining to virus removal during wastewater reuse are enforced. Treatment facilities are required to demonstrate the capability of different treatment technologies implemented for virus removal. This is largely done by the spiking of laboratory propagated MS2 coliphage, which is recommended by the National Water Research Institution Framework for Direct Potable Reuse (2015).