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General Casimir Pulaski: a Fight

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General Casimir Pulaski: a Fight Casimir Pulaski, Polish Patriot of his father (based on the Austro-Hungarian model). These were the hussars. These were the true modern cavalrymen for the Age of The United States of America: Reason. In battle, after they had discharged their carbines and A Balanced Examination pistols into the enemy, they were each expected to place “sword in hand, and setting up a shout, make the grand charge, galloping at by John Milton Hutchins full speed to within about twelve paces of the enemy, at which distance they are to raise themselves off their saddles, make a There are few personalities of the American Revolution who may [sword] stroke, and then stand fast.” In addition, the hussars were be as romantically portrayed as Count Casimir Pulaski. As with used to perform reconnaissance and to launch surprise raids on the most other successful cavalrymen in the Revolution and other enemy. wars, this romanticism comes with large doses of controversy. The fact that Pulaski long has been the favorite son of Polish- Americans only adds to the challenge of any balanced portrayal. Finally, there are many aspects about Pulaski’s life and death that probably will never be known for certain. Pulaski was born in the south-central portion of Poland. Even the year of his birth has been variously stated, anywhere from 1745 to 1757. His most recent biographer states that it was 1745. In a Poland that had many members of minor nobility, Pulaski’s father, Joseph Pulaski, was a member of the Polish gentry and a magistrate. It was Casimir Pulaski’s fate to be born into an era in which the very independence of Poland was threatened. Therefore, young Pulaski, specifically trained for the military by his schooling, naturally became embroiled in these troublesome times. There occurred in 1768 a second war involving the Polish Succession, in which members of the Polish nobility reacted against the King of Poland being a mere puppet of Russia. When these rebellious Poles formed a coalition called the Confederation of the Bar, Pulaski was among them. The war in which Pulaski and his family played a leading part did not go well for the Polish patriots. Even with Turkish assistance, the conflict went in favor of the invading Russians. While the Pulaski family was decimated in this conflict, Casimir Pulaski gained experience as a cavalryman and as a leader fighting a guerrilla war against a greater foe. This part of Pulaski’s military life also brought the first of many controversies that would continue to haunt the Pole. As a last, desperate measure to win the war, the Confederates of the Bar conspired to kidnap the king and to get him away from Russian influence. Although the king initially was spirited out of Warsaw, the plot ultimately failed and the king escaped. It was charged - the accuracy of the accusation is unclear - that the plotters would have killed the king if he had not proclaimed himself in favor of the revolutionaries. Thus, the Pulaski Monument on Monterrey Square in Savannah, Confederates, with Pulaski being identified as the ringleader, were Ga. branded by a conservative Europe as inchoate regicides. This emphasis on true light cavalrymen by the premier warrior- Not only did Pulaski come of age in an era of political upheaval, it king of Europe inspired other countries to adopt the hussar model also was a time in which there was a resurgence of the mounted of the charging swordsmen. The hussars added much new arm, although it would remain secondary to well drilled infantry mobility to the cavalry and returned the arm to a semblance of its with bayonets. Just prior to the Seven Years’ War, Frederick II of former reckless glory. Casimir Pulaski has been viewed as a Prussia wrote his Regulations for the Prussian Cavalry that was cavalryman of this type. Indeed, he often is depicted in the soon translated into English. In addition to upgrading his light uniform of a hussar. horsemen and his heavy dragoons, Frederick also vastly improved a third element to his cavalry that originally had been formed by 56 After fleeing Poland, Casimir Pulaski took up residence in France. checked their progress. He also rallied a few others in the retreat, It was a depressing time for the Pole and he temporarily was and by a seasonable attack on the enemy’s right flank, saved the imprisoned in 1775 for debt. Naturally, a war of liberation in far baggage, which would have otherwise fallen into their hands.” off North American would be appealing to such an adventurer. There was even more to the growing Pulaski legend. Following Pulaski contacted Silas Deane, the American representative in the battle, while Washington’s army was on the Lancaster Road, Paris, in October 1776 and broached the subject. In the spring of Pulaski was credited with saving the entire American army. “He 1777, Benjamin Franklin, also in Paris on behalf of America, wrote was out with a reconnoitering party,” wrote Johnson, “and saw the a letter of introduction to General Washington for Pulaski and, whole British army advancing to attack the Americans. He shortly thereafter, Pulaski sailed for Massachusetts. immediately retreated and informed the Commander-in-chief.” Supposedly, only a violent rainstorm prevented Pulaski’s cavalry However, this was not an opportune time for a foreigner to be and supporting Virginia infantry from launching a holding action seeking a commission in the Continental Army. In February of on the advancing British. 1777, Washington already had complained of French officers, most of them mere adventurers, “coming in swarms from old France and Congress finally made a decision regarding Pulaski following the the Islands.” Washington politely sent Pulaski on to Congress in fighting on the Brandywine. The American army learned that Philadelphia, where the power of appointment lay. The American Congress had appointed Count Pulaski as commander of the politicians were put off by Pulaski’s suggestion that he serve only American cavalry on September 21st. While many Pulaski under the direct command of Washington or Lafayette, as well as partisans have therefore inaccurately called Pulaski the “Father of by Pulaski’s ideas regarding the conduct of a partisan-type of the American Cavalry,” it appears that this promotion to general warfare. On the other hand, the Congress was not completely was more of an administrative or staff assignment. Indeed, the disinterested in having an experienced European cavalryman on first major order of business for Pulaski in early October was a the payroll. matter of paperwork rather than active leadership. According to General Weedon’s orderly book, Pulaski was directed to “make a The first time that the Continental Congress considered the issue of Return of the Horse as soon as possible.” raising a mounted unit for the Grand Army before Boston was July, 1775 when a fully uniformed veteran of the Seven Years At the Battle of Germantown, which occurred a few weeks after War, a German-American who had served in a hussar regiment, Pulaski’s appointment, Pulaski again had an opportunity to shine. appeared before Congress and offered to lead fifty other mounted But if Pulaski had been impressive at the Brandywine, it was not to veterans to the Grand Army then before Boston. John Adams be repeated at Germantown, although Pulaski’s supporters have thought the man was “the most warlike and formidible Figure” hotly disputed this point for almost two centuries. According to carrying “a Light Gun Strung over his shoulder, a Turkish Sabre, historian Joseph Johnson, “General Pinckney was then aid to much superior to an high Land broad sword, very large, and General Washington, and says that Pulaski was ordered out with excellently fortifyed by his side-Holsters and Pistols upon his his horse, by the commander, to patrol the roads, and report the Horse.” The Congressional delegates were enthusiastic with the enemy’s advance -- but they passed him while he was asleep at a plan to form the Pennsylvania Hussar Company until they began to small house on the road, and Washington was embarrassed by their receive the expense vouchers for this Pennsylvania Hussar approach. General Pinckney ascribed the failure of Washington in Company. This and other actions were indicative of lukewarm this attack chiefly to Pulaski’s want of vigilance.” While this support for the maintenance of a mounted arm. charge (and Colonel Bland had been subject to somewhat similar criticism after the Battle of the Brandywine) may or may not be Nonetheless, Congress, enthused after the victories at Trenton and true, it certainly would be an exaggeration to blame the bungled Princeton in early 1777, authorized the formation of four affair at Germantown on the young Polish officer alone. However, Continental light horse regiments. These were the First Regiment it is true that Pulaski’s relations with some American officers under Colonel Theodoric Bland of Virginia; the Second under soured after Pulaski’s promotion and after the Battle of Colonel Elisha Sheldon of Connecticut; the Third under Colonel Germantown. George Baylor of Virginia; and the Fourth under Colonel Stephen Moylan of Pennsylvania. Compared with the rest of Washington’s The most notorious example of the personal differences which army, the cavalry appeared to be more favored especially in the arose between Pulaski, whose English was anything but fluent, and enthusiasm of its birth. A French officer, in America to report the other officers was when one of Pulaski’s imported Polish officers, progress of the war to his superiors in 1777, wrote home, Jan Zielinski, had a run-in with Colonel Stephen Moylan of the “Completely uniformed, the American cavalry presents a much Fourth Regiment.
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