A Study of English Writing Teaching Mode Based on Computer Network
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Talk Bank: a Multimodal Database of Communicative Interaction
Talk Bank: A Multimodal Database of Communicative Interaction 1. Overview The ongoing growth in computer power and connectivity has led to dramatic changes in the methodology of science and engineering. By stimulating fundamental theoretical discoveries in the analysis of semistructured data, we can to extend these methodological advances to the social and behavioral sciences. Specifically, we propose the construction of a major new tool for the social sciences, called TalkBank. The goal of TalkBank is the creation of a distributed, web- based data archiving system for transcribed video and audio data on communicative interactions. We will develop an XML-based annotation framework called Codon to serve as the formal specification for data in TalkBank. Tools will be created for the entry of new and existing data into the Codon format; transcriptions will be linked to speech and video; and there will be extensive support for collaborative commentary from competing perspectives. The TalkBank project will establish a framework that will facilitate the development of a distributed system of allied databases based on a common set of computational tools. Instead of attempting to impose a single uniform standard for coding and annotation, we will promote annotational pluralism within the framework of the abstraction layer provided by Codon. This representation will use labeled acyclic digraphs to support translation between the various annotation systems required for specific sub-disciplines. There will be no attempt to promote any single annotation scheme over others. Instead, by promoting comparison and translation between schemes, we will allow individual users to select the custom annotation scheme most appropriate for their purposes. -
Collection of Usage Information for Language Resources from Academic Articles
Collection of Usage Information for Language Resources from Academic Articles Shunsuke Kozaway, Hitomi Tohyamayy, Kiyotaka Uchimotoyyy, Shigeki Matsubaray yGraduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University yyInformation Technology Center, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan yyyNational Institute of Information and Communications Technology 4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8795, Japan fkozawa,[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Recently, language resources (LRs) are becoming indispensable for linguistic researches. However, existing LRs are often not fully utilized because their variety of usage is not well known, indicating that their intrinsic value is not recognized very well either. Regarding this issue, lists of usage information might improve LR searches and lead to their efficient use. In this research, therefore, we collect a list of usage information for each LR from academic articles to promote the efficient utilization of LRs. This paper proposes to construct a text corpus annotated with usage information (UI corpus). In particular, we automatically extract sentences containing LR names from academic articles. Then, the extracted sentences are annotated with usage information by two annotators in a cascaded manner. We show that the UI corpus contributes to efficient LR searches by combining the UI corpus with a metadata database of LRs and comparing the number of LRs retrieved with and without the UI corpus. 1. Introduction Thesaurus1. In recent years, such language resources (LRs) as corpora • He also employed Roget’s Thesaurus in 100 words of and dictionaries are being widely used for research in the window to implement WSD. -
MASC: the Manually Annotated Sub-Corpus of American English
MASC: The Manually Annotated Sub-Corpus of American English Nancy Ide*, Collin Baker**, Christiane Fellbaum†, Charles Fillmore**, Rebecca Passonneau†† *Vassar College Poughkeepsie, New York USA **International Computer Science Institute Berkeley, California USA †Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey USA ††Columbia University New York, New York USA E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract To answer the critical need for sharable, reusable annotated resources with rich linguistic annotations, we are developing a Manually Annotated Sub-Corpus (MASC) including texts from diverse genres and manual annotations or manually-validated annotations for multiple levels, including WordNet senses and FrameNet frames and frame elements, both of which have become significant resources in the international computational linguistics community. To derive maximal benefit from the semantic information provided by these resources, the MASC will also include manually-validated shallow parses and named entities, which will enable linking WordNet senses and FrameNet frames within the same sentences into more complex semantic structures and, because named entities will often be the role fillers of FrameNet frames, enrich the semantic and pragmatic information derivable from the sub-corpus. All MASC annotations will be published with detailed inter-annotator agreement measures. The MASC and its annotations will be freely downloadable from the ANC website, thus providing -
From CHILDES to Talkbank
From CHILDES to TalkBank Brian MacWhinney Carnegie Mellon University MacWhinney, B. (2001). New developments in CHILDES. In A. Do, L. Domínguez & A. Johansen (Eds.), BUCLD 25: Proceedings of the 25th annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 458-468). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla. a similar article appeared as: MacWhinney, B. (2001). From CHILDES to TalkBank. In M. Almgren, A. Barreña, M. Ezeizaberrena, I. Idiazabal & B. MacWhinney (Eds.), Research on Child Language Acquisition (pp. 17-34). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla. Recent years have seen a phenomenal growth in computer power and connectivity. The computer on the desktop of the average academic researcher now has the power of room-size supercomputers of the 1980s. Using the Internet, we can connect in seconds to the other side of the world and transfer huge amounts of text, programs, audio and video. Our computers are equipped with programs that allow us to view, link, and modify this material without even having to think about programming. Nearly all of the major journals are now available in electronic form and the very nature of journals and publication is undergoing radical change. These new trends have led to dramatic advances in the methodology of science and engineering. However, the social and behavioral sciences have not shared fully in these advances. In large part, this is because the data used in the social sciences are not well- structured patterns of DNA sequences or atomic collisions in super colliders. Much of our data is based on the messy, ill-structured behaviors of humans as they participate in social interactions. Categorizing and coding these behaviors is an enormous task in itself. -
The British National Corpus Revisited: Developing Parameters for Written BNC2014 Abi Hawtin (Lancaster University, UK)
The British National Corpus Revisited: Developing parameters for Written BNC2014 Abi Hawtin (Lancaster University, UK) 1. The British National Corpus 2014 project The ESRC Centre for Corpus Approaches to Social Science (CASS) at Lancaster University and Cambridge University Press are working together to create a new, publicly accessible corpus of contemporary British English. The corpus will be a successor to the British National Corpus, created in the early 1990s (BNC19941). The British National Corpus 2014 (BNC2014) will be of the same order of magnitude as BNC1994 (100 million words). It is currently projected that the corpus will reach completion in mid-2018. Creation of the spoken sub-section of BNC2014 is in its final stages; this paper focuses on the justification and development of the written sub- section of BNC2014. 2. Justification for BNC2014 There are now many web-crawled corpora of English, widely available to researchers, which contain far more data than will be included in Written BNC2014. For example, the English TenTen corpus (enTenTen) is a web-crawled corpus of Written English which currently contains approximately 19 billion words (Jakubíček et al., 2013). Web-crawling processes mean that this huge amount of data can be collected very quickly; Jakubíček et al. (2013: 125) note that “For a language where there is plenty of material available, we can gather, clean and de-duplicate a billion words a day.” So, with extremely large and quickly-created web-crawled corpora now becoming commonplace in corpus linguistics, the question might well be asked why a new, 100 million word corpus of Written British English is needed. -
Comprehensive and Consistent Propbank Light Verb Annotation Claire Bonial,1 Martha Palmer2 1U.S
Comprehensive and Consistent PropBank Light Verb Annotation Claire Bonial,1 Martha Palmer2 1U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2University of Colorado, Boulder 12800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD, USA E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Recent efforts have focused on expanding the annotation coverage of PropBank from verb relations to adjective and noun relations, as well as light verb constructions (e.g., make an offer, take a bath). While each new relation type has presented unique annotation challenges, ensuring consistent and comprehensive annotation of light verb constructions has proved particularly challenging, given that light verb constructions are semi-productive, difficult to define, and there are often borderline cases. This research describes the iterative process of developing PropBank annotation guidelines for light verb constructions, the current guidelines, and a comparison to related resources. Keywords: light verb constructions, semantic role labeling, NLP resources 2. PropBank Background 1. Introduction PropBank annotation consists of two tasks: sense annotation and role annotation. The PropBank lexicon The goal of PropBank (Palmer et al., 2005) is to supply provides a listing of the coarse-grained senses of a verb, consistent, general-purpose labeling of semantic roles noun, or adjective relation, and the set of roles associated across different syntactic realizations. With over two with each sense (thus, called a “roleset”). The roles are million words from diverse genres, the benchmark listed as argument numbers (Arg0 – Arg6) and annotated corpus supports the training of automatic correspond to verb-specific roles. For example: semantic role labelers, which in turn support other Natural Language Processing (NLP) areas, such as Offer-01 (transaction, proposal): machine translation. -
Background and Context for CLASP
Background and Context for CLASP Nancy Ide, Vassar College The Situation Standards efforts have been on-going for over 20 years Interest and activity mainly in Europe in 90’s and early 2000’s Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) – 1987 Still ongoing, used mainly by humanities EAGLES/ISLE Developed standards for morpho-syntax, syntax, sub-categorization, etc. (links on CLASP wiki) Corpus Encoding Standard (now XCES - http://www.xces.org) Main Aspects" ! Harmonization of formats for linguistic data and annotations" ! Harmonization of descriptors in linguistic annotation" ! These two are often mixed, but need to deal with them separately (see CLASP wiki)" Formats: The Past 20 Years" 1987 TEI Myriad of formats 1994 MULTEXT, CES ~1996 XML 2000 ISO TC37 SC4 2001 LAF model introduced now LAF/GrAF, ISO standards Myriad of formats Actually…" ! Things are better now" ! XML use" ! Moves toward common models, especially in Europe" ! US community seeing the need for interoperability " ! Emergence of common processing platforms (GATE, UIMA) with underlying common models " Resources 1990 ! WordNet gains ground as a “standard” LR ! Penn Treebank, Wall Street Journal Corpus World Wide Web ! British National Corpus ! EuroWordNet XML ! Comlex ! FrameNet ! American National Corpus Semantic Web ! Global WordNet ! More FrameNets ! SUMO ! VerbNet ! PropBank, NomBank ! MASC present NLP software 1994 ! MULTEXT > LT tools, LT XML 1995 ! GATE (Sheffield) 1996 1998 ! Alembic Workbench ! ATLAS (NIST) 2003 ! What happened to this? 200? ! Callisto ! UIMA Now: GATE -
FERSIWN GYMRAEG ISOD the National Corpus of Contemporary
FERSIWN GYMRAEG ISOD The National Corpus of Contemporary Welsh Project Report, October 2020 Authors: Dawn Knight1, Steve Morris2, Tess Fitzpatrick2, Paul Rayson3, Irena Spasić and Enlli Môn Thomas4. 1. Introduction 1.1. Purpose of this report This report provides an overview of the CorCenCC project and the online corpus resource that was developed as a result of work on the project. The report lays out the theoretical underpinnings of the research, demonstrating how the project has built on and extended this theory. We also raise and discuss some of the key operational questions that arose during the course of the project, outlining the ways in which they were answered, the impact of these decisions on the resource that has been produced and the longer-term contribution they will make to practices in corpus-building. Finally, we discuss some of the applications and the utility of the work, outlining the impact that CorCenCC is set to have on a range of different individuals and user groups. 1.2. Licence The CorCenCC corpus and associated software tools are licensed under Creative Commons CC-BY-SA v4 and thus are freely available for use by professional communities and individuals with an interest in language. Bespoke applications and instructions are provided for each tool (for links to all tools, refer to section 10 of this report). When reporting information derived by using the CorCenCC corpus data and/or tools, CorCenCC should be appropriately acknowledged (see 1.3). § To access the corpus visit: www.corcencc.org/explore § To access the GitHub site: https://github.com/CorCenCC o GitHub is a cloud-based service that enables developers to store, share and manage their code and datasets. -
Informatics 1: Data & Analysis
Informatics 1: Data & Analysis Lecture 12: Corpora Ian Stark School of Informatics The University of Edinburgh Friday 27 February 2015 Semester 2 Week 6 http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/teaching/courses/inf1/da Student Survey Final Day ! ESES: The Edinburgh Student Experience Survey http://www.ed.ac.uk/students/surveys Please log on to MyEd before 1 March to complete the survey. Help guide what we do at the University of Edinburgh, improving your future experience here and that of the students to follow. Ian Stark Inf1-DA / Lecture 12 2015-02-27 Lecture Plan XML We start with technologies for modelling and querying semistructured data. Semistructured Data: Trees and XML Schemas for structuring XML Navigating and querying XML with XPath Corpora One particular kind of semistructured data is large bodies of written or spoken text: each one a corpus, plural corpora. Corpora: What they are and how to build them Applications: corpus analysis and data extraction Ian Stark Inf1-DA / Lecture 12 2015-02-27 Homework ! Tutorial Exercises Tutorial 5 exercises went online earlier this week. In these you use the xmllint command-line tool to check XML validity and run your own XPath queries. Reading T. McEnery and A. Wilson. Corpus Linguistics. Second edition, Edinburgh University Press, 2001. Chapter 2: What is a corpus and what is in it? (§2.2.2 optional) Photocopied handout, also available from the ITO. Ian Stark Inf1-DA / Lecture 12 2015-02-27 Remote Access to DICE ! Much coursework can be done on your own machines, but sometimes it’s important to be able to connect to and use DICE systems. -
Distributional Properties of Verbs in Syntactic Patterns Liam Considine
Early Linguistic Interactions: Distributional Properties of Verbs in Syntactic Patterns Liam Considine The University of Michigan Department of Linguistics April 2012 Advisor: Nick Ellis Acknowledgements: I extend my sincerest gratitude to Nick Ellis for agreeing to undertake this project with me. Thank you for cultivating, and partaking in, some of the most enriching experiences of my undergraduate education. The extensive time and energy you invested here has been invaluable to me. Your consistent support and amicable demeanor were truly vital to this learning process. I want to thank my second reader Ezra Keshet for consenting to evaluate this body of work. Other thanks go out to Sarah Garvey for helping with precision checking, and Jerry Orlowski for his R code. I am also indebted to Mary Smith and Amanda Graveline for their participation in our weekly meetings. Their presence gave audience to the many intermediate challenges I faced during this project. I also need to thank my roommate Sean and all my other friends for helping me balance this great deal of work with a healthy serving of fun and optimism. Abstract: This study explores the statistical distribution of verb type-tokens in verb-argument constructions (VACs). The corpus under investigation is made up of longitudinal child language data from the CHILDES database (MacWhinney 2000). We search a selection of verb patterns identified by the COBUILD pattern grammar project (Francis, Hunston, Manning 1996), these include a number of verb locative constructions (e.g. V in N, V up N, V around N), verb object locative caused-motion constructions (e.g. -
The Expanding Horizons of Corpus Analysis
The expanding horizons of corpus analysis Brian MacWhinney Carnegie Mellon University Abstract By including a focus on multimedia interactions linked to transcripts, corpus linguistics can vastly expand its horizons. This expansion will rely on two continuing developments. First, we need to develop easily used methods for each of the ten analytic methods we have examined, including lexical analyses, QDA (qualitative data analysis), automatic tagging, language profiles, group comparisons, change scores, error analysis, feedback studies, conversation analysis, and modeling. Second, we need to work together to construct a unified database for language studies and related sciences. This database must be grounded on the principles of open access, data-sharing, interoperability, and integrated structure. It must provide powerful tools for searching, multilinguality, and multimedia analysis. If we can build this infrastructure, we will be able to explore more deeply the key questions underlying the structure and functioning of language, as it emerges from the intermeshing of processes operative on eight major timeframes. 1. Introduction Corpus linguistics has benefitted greatly from continuing advances in computer and Internet hardware and software. These advances have made it possible to develop facilities such as BNCweb (bncweb.lancs.ac.uk), LDC (Linguistic Data Consortium) online, the American National Corpus (americannationalcorpus. org), TalkBank (talkbank.org), and CHILDES (childes.psy.cmu.edu). In earlier periods, these corpora were limited to written and transcribed materials. However, most newer corpora now include transcripts linked to either audio or video recordings. The development of this newer corpus methodology is facilitated by technology which makes it easy to produce high-quality video recordings of face-to-face interactions. -
The National Corpus of Contemporary Welsh 1. Introduction
The National Corpus of Contemporary Welsh Project Report, October 2020 1. Introduction 1.1. Purpose of this report This report provides an overview of the CorCenCC project and the online corpus resource that was developed as a result of work on the project. The report lays out the theoretical underpinnings of the research, demonstrating how the project has built on and extended this theory. We also raise and discuss some of the key operational questions that arose during the course of the project, outlining the ways in which they were answered, the impact of these decisions on the resource that has been produced and the longer-term contribution they will make to practices in corpus-building. Finally, we discuss some of the applications and the utility of the work, outlining the impact that CorCenCC is set to have on a range of different individuals and user groups. 1.2. Licence The CorCenCC corpus and associated software tools are licensed under Creative Commons CC-BY-SA v4 and thus are freely available for use by professional communities and individuals with an interest in language. Bespoke applications and instructions are provided for each tool (for links to all tools, refer to section 10 of this report). When reporting information derived by using the CorCenCC corpus data and/or tools, CorCenCC should be appropriately acknowledged (see 1.3). § To access the corpus visit: www.corcencc.org/explore § To access the GitHub site: https://github.com/CorCenCC o GitHub is a cloud-based service that enables developers to store, share and manage their code and datasets.