Human-sun conflicts in East , Indonesian

Gabriella Fredriksson1

Institutefor Biodiversityand Ecosystem Dynamics, Universityof Amsterdam Mauritskade61, 1090 GT Amsterdam,Netherlands

Abstract: Interviewswith farmers(1998-2000) in 5 communitiesalong the edge of the Sungai Wain ProtectionForest, East Kalimantan,Indonesian Borneo, indicated that crop damage caused by sun (Helarctos malayanus) was higher than normal following the 1997-98 El Nifno Southern Oscillation Event. Widespreaddrought and forest fires reduced habitatand fruit availabilityfor sun bears on the islands of Borneo and .The main source of antagonismtoward bears resulted from the damage they caused to stands of old coconut trees, which frequentlykilled the trees. This promptedfarmers to seek removal of the bears. Bear damage to annualcrops generally spurreda less hostile reaction. Experiments with metal sheeting affixed to the trunks of coconut trees to deter climbing by bears were successful, at least in the short term (<3 years). Inexpensive and easily applicablecrop-protection devices such as this could help protectsun bears in the future,as increased human-bear conflicts are anticipated due to rapid human population growth, unabated forest destructionand fragmentation,and increased susceptibilityof remainingforests to fires.

Key words: coconut, crop damage, Helarctos malayanus, ,Kalimantan, , tree protection

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Most of bearsare opportunisticomnivores that were first planted close to forest habitat. Early reports of de- may be consideredpests when attractedto human-related from colonialists in Indonesia described ways foods. NorthAmerican bears (grizzly bears arctos terring or killing maraudingbears in fruit plantations and Americanblack bears U. americanus)are known to (O-Viri 1925), even when adjacentforest habitat was still effects of timber use apiaries,crops, orchardfruits, garbage, and livestock extensive. In recentyears, the combined for food (Ambrose and Sanders 1978, Knight and Judd harvesting and forest fires have significantly reduced 1983, Garshelis et al. 1999). They also may afflict forest coverage in Kalimantan(Curran et al. 2004, Fuller on Indone- considerable damage to timber stands (Stewart et al. et al. 2004). Increasedhuman encroachment human-wildlifeconflicts 1999). In Japan,Asiatic black bears (U. thibetanus)raid sian forests has led to increased and crops, orchards,and fish farms (Huygens and Hayashi (Meijaard1999, Rijksen Meijaard1999), although conflicts 1999). Sloth bears(Melursus ursinus) have been reported little information is available on specifically to damage sugarcaneand groundnutplantations (Iswar- with sun bears. sun bearhabitat iah 1984). Andean bears (Tremarctosornatus) in South On the islandsof Borneo and Sumatra, or forest America have been reported to predate on livestock has recentlybeen severely reduced damagedby 1997-98 El Nifio SouthernOscillation (Goldstein2002). Until a few decades ago bountieswere fires linked to the 5.2 million ha of land, of commonly used as a means of reducing or eliminating (ENSO) event. Approximately ha were were burned in 4 bears to protect crops or livestock (Azuma and Torii which 2.6 million forest, East Kalimantanalone 1980, Swenson et al. 1994, Mattsonand Merrill2002). monthsin the provinceof (Siegert tree-bone In , sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) et al. 2001). Sun bear fruit resources(mainly declined in bured forests, with tree probablycommenced crop-raiding when attractivefoods fruits) significantly mortality(>10 cm dbh) reaching >90% in certainareas (van Nieuwstadt 2002, G. Fredriksson, unpublished data). Insects, an alternative bear food (Wong et al. were also reduced (G. Fredriksson, [email protected] 2002), significantly

130 SUN BEAR-HUMANCONFLICTS * Fredriksson 131

bear-relatedcrop damage; and (3) to find ways of alleviating the most disturbingtypes of sun bear damage.

Study area The study was carried out in 5 farming communities along the south- ern and easternperiphery of the Sungai Wain Protection Forest (SWPF), near ,East Kalimantan,Indone- sian Borneo (1?16'S and 116?54'E; Fig. 1). The reserve covers a lowland dipterocarpforest watercatchment area of approximately10,000 ha. Forest fires entered the SWPF in early March 1998, initially from a neighboring state-owned logging concession, but subsequently from surroundingagricultural fields, affect- ing some 60% of the reserve. After the fires in 1998, connections to forest areasnorth and west of the reservewere significantlyreduced. To the south and east the reserve is borderedby agricul- turalplots, unproductivegrassland, and shrublands.At the time this study com- menced, the SWPF consisted of ap- proximately40 km2 of primaryforest and 40 km2 of regenerating burned forest; 20 km2 was affected human Fig. 1. Five farming communities adjacent to the Sungai Wain by Protection Forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, surveyed for sun bear encroachment(Fredriksson 2002). damage, 1990-2000. unpublisheddata). Suitablesun bearhabitat in these fire- Methods affected areas has become progressively fragmented, Interviews increasing the chances of edge-related conflict with Informal hoiusehold interviews were conducted in 5 humans(Woodroffe and Ginsberg 1998). farming comnlunities around the SWPF (Fig. 1) to Although some fruits (e.g. Ficus spp.) are generally compile infornnation on sun bear damage to crops and availableyear-round, abundant fruiting in forests in this orchards.Interv views were initiatedjust afterthe 1998 fires region occurs at intervalsof about 2-10 years (Medway and continuedi n 1999 and 2000. Each year, my assistants 1972, Ashton et al. 1988, Curranand Leigthon 2000). and I interview(ed 99 farmersrepresenting 40% of the 246 After the large-scale forest fires in 1997-98, a wide- families in these communities. The number of farmers spreadfruiting failure prevailedfor more than one year. interviewedin each communitywas proportionalto the The combinationof rapidloss of habitatas well as inter- numberof inhaibitants in that community.We attempted annual shortages of food may increasinglycompel sun to carry out thee same numberof interviews annually in bears to seek nearby human food sources, especially each communiity, though the identity of interviewees crops planted along the forest edge. differed slightly over the years. We focused on farmers The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine who had lived in the areaat least 5 years before the fires type and extent of crop damage caused by sun bears; and those wh(o frequently visited or worked in their (2) to assess reactions of farmersto different types of gardens, as o pposed to landowners who visit their

Ursus 16(1):130-137 (2005) 132 SUN BEAR-HUMANCONFLICTS * Fredriksson orchardson an irregularbasis. Because our selection of trees growing near protected trees (n = 75) were farmersfor interviewingwas not random,we cannot be monitoredsimultaneously. sure that inadvertent biases did not arise. In one communityall familiesrelied on farmingfor theirincome; in the remaining4 communities approximately80% of Results families did. We posed questionsregarding ethnic origin Farmer profiles and practices of farmers,farming history, farmingpractices, types and Most interviewed farmersnear the SWPF were im- amount of crops grown, and location of the farm in migrantsfrom other islands (, ), with only relationto the forest edge. Informationon crop damage 18% originating from Boreo (Dayak or Pasir tribes). was recordedthrough interviews with as much detail as The averagesize of gardens,owned or leased, was 2.6 ha possible, including species and quantity of crops fed (SD = 0.4). Farmershad lived in the area on averagefor upon, number of trees damaged and type of damage, 20 years (SD = 7). Mixed orchards(43%), snakefruit frequency of bear visits, bear crop raiding behavior, plantations(24%), bananas (8%), vegetables (7%, such as damage to crops by other wildlife species, and methods cassava, beans [Fabaceae],spinach [Basellaceae]), rice used to reduce wildlife-relatedcrop damage. Whenever (Poaceae, 7%) and coconut trees (Palmae, 6%), consti- possible we directlyobserved crop damage in the gardens. tuted the main crops in the area. Snakefruitis a contin- uously fruiting low-growing palm species, and several Damage mitigation trials tree species in the mixed orchardsalso produced fruits We attempted to reduce sun bear consumption of throughoutthe year, even thoughtheir wild congenersin farmer's fruits through conditioned taste aversion with the forest were more seasonal. thiabendazole (TBZ). TBZ-induced conditioned taste aversionhas been used to reduceconsumption of human- Crop damage related foods and livestock by American black bears The main wildlife species reported to raid gardens (Tement and Garshelis 1999) and several species of throughout the study period were bearded pigs (Sus canids (Gustavson et al. 1983). TBZ powder (Sigma barbatus,98% of gardens),followed by sun bears(43%), Chemical, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA) was mixed into barking deer (Muntiacus spp., 42%), (20%, samples of ripe fruit (14-23 mg TBZ/g food) that were [Viverridae]), squirrels (12%, [Sciuridae]), and other targetedby sun bears in gardens or orchards.TBZ was species, includingmacaques [Macaca spp.] and pythons mixed thoroughly in the soft, ripe pulp of breadfruit, [Pythonreticulatus] (raiding chicken coops). Nearlyone- pineapple,and papaya.Diluted TBZ, as opposed to TBZ quarter(22%) of farmersreported that sun bears raided powder,was injectedinto snakefruitbecause it has a hard their gardensbefore the 1997-98 forest fires and fruiting mesocarp.Treated fruits were placed where farmersindi- failure. This increased to over half (56%) in 1998 cated that sun bears had enteredtheir gardensrecently. and 1999, the first 2 post-fire years, and declined to We attemptedto inhibit sun bears from climbing and 39% in 2000. damaging coconut palms by nailing smooth metal Sun bears most often damaged coconut trees (36%), sheeting aroundthe tree trunks,between the heights of followed by snakefruit(32%) and a variety of fruits in 0.5-1 m from the base extending 2-3 m up the trunk. mixed orchards (breadfruit [Moraceae] 12%; durian Two types of metal sheeting were used: new zinc sheets [Bombacaceae]8%; rambutan [Sapindaceae] 8%; mango and recycled metal sheets produced from old food [Anacardiaceae]4%). Damage to coconut trees was containers.The price of the latterwas 50% less/m2 than particularlydisliked by farmers because sun bears fed zinc plates. In one garden all remaining undamaged primarily on the growth shoot (palmite), frequently coconut trees (n = 15) were protected with metal killing >20 year-old fruit-bearingtrees (Fig. 2). Only sheeting. In 5 gardensthat had been repeatedlytargeted on rareoccasions did sun bearsfeed on the coconutfruits. by sun bears, 2-4 coconut trees were protected with Farmershad less antagonismtoward bears that fed on ripe metal sheeting interspersed among unprotected palm fruits from orchards or snakefruit, because trees or trees. Because one of the aims was to test an inexpensive snakefruitpalms were rarelydamaged and usually only method to discourage sun bears from damaging trees, a small portionof the crop was consumedby bears. The farmers were involved in placing the metal sheeting. only accountof attemptedlivestock depredationinvolved During subsequentinterviews, we evaluated success of a sun bear trying to breakinto a chicken coop. the metal sheeting in deterringbears from climbing as Farmersgenerally considered financiallosses related well as condition of the sheeting. Unprotectedcoconut to sun bear damage to be low and few farmersfelt that

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bears. Two farmersindicated that they K.. . 4 had looked into a hunter who ?Iyl hiring ; i . : .i could speara bearclimbing down from m~~~~~~~~..... !.... a coconuttree. 2 farmersadmitted A ? Only ?.?c?- to killing bearsbefore this studyperiod, but this type of information was difficult to obtain during interviews, as such killing is illegal and farmers may have fearedprosecution. Sun bears did not consume any of the 15 TBZ-treatedfruit samples that 4-* we placed in gardens in an attemptto create conditioned taste aversions to- ward garden fruits. None of the -30 coconut trees that we protected with metal sheeting were subsequently climbed by bears. Several unprotected trees (n = 27) growing near protected trees were damaged by bears. An additional small number of coconut trees were covered with metal sheeting by farmers, and none of these were subsequentlyclimbed by bears during the study.

Sun bear crop-raiding behavior All farmerswho reportedsun bear visits to their gardens stated that sun Fig. 2. Coconut palm tree damaged (and probably killied) by a sun bears entered their during the in gardens bear a garden adjacent to the Sungai Wain Protection Forest, East sun bearsbuilt nests Kalimantan,Indonesia 1998 (photo courtesy D. & J. Gar hForelst, night. Frequently, in small orchardtrees, usually close to the maintrunk, 2-5 m from the ground. financial compensation was justified. Moreover, no These nests were createdby bears breakingsurrounding active wildlife authorityexisted in the districtto whom branches toward them and constructing a 'V' shaped farmerscould forwardcomplaints or damage claims. In structure(in contrastto flatplatforms usually out on limbs a few cases, where entirecoconut standshad been killed constructed by [Pongo pygmaeus], which by bears or when a large portion of a small stand of also live in the surroundingforest). These nests appeared snakefruithad been consumed by a bear, farmersasked to function as resting platforms rather than feeding our surveyteam for compensationor removalof the bear. platforms, which were occasionally encountered in fruiting trees within the forest. Such nests in orchards Mitigation practices and trials possibly provide some security,because they are off the Most farmers(57%) used to guardtheir gardens, ground and offer a wider olfactory 'view' to detect followed by small wooden fences (32%), and regular approachinghumans or dogs. Bears probablyleft these nocturnalcheck-ups of theirgardens (6%). None of these nests before daybreakas no farmerreported seeing bears were efficient in keeping sun bears out. Poisoned fruit in the morning. baits were put out by a small number of farmers. Although these poisoned baits were primarilytargeted againstbearded pigs, a varietyof wildlife could be killed Discussion by this. Some farmerssurrounded their garden with wire Main causes for human-carnivoreconflicts concern neck snares,mainly for pigs and barkingdeer, but a few the perceivedrisk of predationon humansand livestock also put out locally made foot snaresdesigned to capture (Sillero-Zubiriand Laurenson2001, Treves and Karanth

Ursus 16(1):130-137 (2005) 134 SUNBEAR-HUMAN CONFLICTS * Fredriksson

2003). In places where bears are feared and hated, it is rarely effective (O-Viri 1925). TBZ trials attempted generally for either or both of these reasons (polar duringthis study were unsuccessful,possibly because of bear [Ursus maritimus],Gjertz and Persen 1987; brown the availabilityof untreatedfruits in gardens or due to bear and Americanblack bear, Herrero1985; , humanor chemical scent residueson treatedfruits which Rajpurohit and Krausman 2000; Asiatic black bear, repelled the bears. Chauhan 2003; Andean bear, Goldstein 2002). No Reducing availabilityof crops near forested areas is reliablereports of sun bears killing humans or livestock likely to be the most effective means of mitigating were found in the literatureor discovered during this human-wildlife conflicts. Naughton-Treveset al. (1998) study. Hence, there has been little negative publicity recommendedthat, in general,crops attractiveto wildlife regardingthis species. Duringthis study, however, some should be planted >500 m from the forest edge and that farmersfound them to be troublesomepests, especially non-palatableplants should be plantedbetween the forest in the 2 years after the fires and during the subsequent and human agriculturalfields. This recommendationis fruitingfailure in the neighboringforest. not be feasible aroundSungai Wain, where >250 farmers Althoughbearded pigs were the main agriculturalpest would need to be translocatedand their fields replaced in the gardens around the SWPF, farmers were less with unpalatable vegetation. High human population antagonistictoward this species than toward sun bears. densities and the complicating factors linked to land- This was because beardedpigs primarilytargeted annual ownership and compensation issues obstruct these crops (corn, cassava, pineapples), whereas bears fre- mitigationoptions in the Indonesiancontext. quently killed productive coconut trees by feeding on Electricfencing has been an effective deterrentagainst the palmite. If bears had only eaten the coconuts, the damage to agricultural crops and apiaries in North effect would have been much less detrimental,and even America and Japan (Jonkeret al. 1998, Garsheliset al. could have been beneficial,to fruitproduction (Siex and 1999, Huygens and Hayashi 1999). We did not Struhsaker1999). experimentwith electricfences, as this type of mitigation Few recent reportshave been written about sun bear was not deemed applicable for small-scale private or Sumatra crop raiding. Fetherstonhaugh(1940:21) reported that farmers in Indonesia. Farmers in Borneo "the Malayan sun bear is an inoffensive jungle dweller would not have funds or easy access to the necessary futureas it and unlike some species, conflicts very little with human materials.This methodshould be tested in the activities when it comes in contact with cultivation,the could potentiallymitigate sun bear-humanconflicts near glaring exception being coconuts to which the bears are protectedareas or commercialplantations. financial losses due to bear a positive menace ... but there is nothing to fear from Compensation for used on lands in North their presence near other forms of cultivation". O-Viri depredationhas been private et al. (1925), on the other hand, described at length how sun America and Europe (Cozza et al. 1996, Wagner bears devastatedcoconut plantationswhere they fed on 1997). Although popularwith the public, compensation the source of the and the palmite and damagedpapaya plantations, sugarcane, does not address problem(Witmer In some cases translocationor removal pineapple, and fruit orchards. Several Dutch colonial Whittaker2001). used and Torii sources mention damage in plantationsdue to sun bear of the nuisance bears has been (Azuma Neither of these depredations,especially to coconut stands (van Balen 1980, Garshelis 1989). mitigation to the Indonesian 1914, Feuilletau-deBruyn 1933, Nederlandsch-Indische procedures would currently apply forest conservationand wildlife Vereeniging1939). In otherparts of Boreo and Sumatra, context as management level of attentionor sun bearshave been reportedto entersugarcane fields (L. have not reacheda sufficient public Nyagang, local resident, Long Apari, East Kalimantan, support. human-wildlife conflicts in Indonesia are Indonesia, personal communication, 2001), and more Increased linked to the reductionof forest habitats.We recentlyto feed on fruitsin oil palm plantations(Nomura likely rapid increase in conflicts with bears shortly 2003; T. Maddox,Zoological Society of London,, noticed a sharp the forest burned,coincident with Sumatra,Indonesia, personal communication, 2001). aftermuch of adjacent the increased that Sun bearswere frequentlykilled by colonial plantation a fruiting failure. Despite problems officials assisted local owners at the turn of the twentieth century by various this caused, no government conflicts. This led local farmers means,the most effective being shootingbears when they farmers with wildlife choice but to climb down a fruit tree. Poisons, primarilyphosphor, to feel that they had no attempt killing even this was were used to kill nuisance pigs in those days, and nuisance themselves, though law. Often farmers help from although meant to target sun bears as well, these were prohibitedby requested Ursus 16(1):130-137 (2005) SUN BEAR-HUMANCONFLICTS * Fredriksson 135

this study was carriedout (each districtin Indonesiahas a native species as its logo, which is also used as a mascot to representthe districton postage stamps,for local sports teams, and at publicevents). The selection of the sun bear as the official logo and mascot (Fig. 3) seemed to instill a sense of pride and ownershipin the species. In addition,a multi-stakeholdermanagement body was establishedfor managementof the reserve, fully funded by the local government, where the issue of human- wildlife conflicts has finally received a place on the managementagenda. It still remainsto be seen, though, whetherthis slow attitudechange toward bears and forest conservation will translate into behavioral changes and tolerance of low-level agriculturallosses related to crop raiding, associated with living and farming at a forest edge.

Acknowledgments I am grateful to the IndonesianInstitute of Sciences (LIPI)for permittingme to do field researchon sun bears, as well as to the Forest Research Institute (BPK- )for their research invitation and support. I thankmy field assistantsL. Nyagang,Trisno, Rachman, Agusdin, Babam and Iman from Sungai Wain, and students Whiwien, Eko, Joned, and Ali from the BALIKPAPANMulawarman University, Samarinda, for their assistance with the surveys. Financial supportfor field work was received from the Foundation.D. Garshelis Fig. 3. Balikpapan district logo, East Kalimantan, Tropenbos Indonesia, featuring the sun bear as its new mascot. providedongoing logistical and technicalsupport for the study,provided useful commentson an earlierdraft of the as well as the TBZ for the taste-aversion our research team, and we helped them develop non- manuscript, trials. S.B.J. Menken, V. and M. Lammertink, lethal means of protecting their crops. Nijman, O. and E. are also thankedfor useful Metal sheeting placed around the trunks of large Huygens Meijaard coconut trees functioned well to deter sun bears from commentson earlierdrafts of this paper. climbing up to the growth shoot. These metal sheets can be obtained locally, at a low cost, and are easily Literaturecited installed. The will need to be sheeting likely replaced AMBROSE, J.T., ANDO.T. SANDERS.1978. Magnitude of black every 3-4 years, as it deterioratesquickly due to high beardepredation on apiariesin NorthCarolina. Proceedings humidity,but this appearsmanageable to these farmers. of the EasternBlack Bear Workshop4:167-177. This method is likely to become more widespreadas its ASHTON,P.S., T.J. GIVNISH,AND S. APPANAH. 1988. Staggered effectiveness becomes known, and this process could floweringin the Dipterocarpaceae-New insights into floral inductionand the in be hastened through conservation education programs. evolution of mast fruiting the aseasonal AmericanNaturalist 132:44-66. During this study conservation education programs tropics. AZUMA,S., ANDH. TORII.1980. of human activities on were initiated targeting schools, local communities, and Impact survival of the black bear. local on forest functions Japanese InternationalConfer- governmentagencies, focusing ence on Bear Researchand 4:171-179. and the role of wildlife. These Management programsslowly brought CHAUHAN,N.P.S. 2003. Human casualties and livestock about a local in attitudetoward forest conserva- change depredation by black and brown bears in the Indian tion and sun bears. In 2001 the sun bear was chosen by Himalaya, 1989-98. Ursus 14:84-87. the local government via a public poll to become the COZZA,K., R. Fico, M.L. BAISTINI, AND E. ROGERS.1996. official logo and mascot of the Balikpapan district where The damage-conservationinterface illustrated by predation

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