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Understanding and Challenging Stigmatization of People with Pedophilia

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Understanding and Challenging Stigmatization of People with Pedophilia UNDERSTANDING AND CHALLENGING STIGMATIZATION OF PEOPLE WITH PEDOPHILIA DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt der Fakultät Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften der Technischen Universität Dresden von Dipl. Psych. Sara Jahnke geboren am 8.12.1986 in Zwickau eingereicht am 6.2.2015 verteidigt am 4.6.15 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Hoyer Prof. Dr. Roland Deutsch i Note. The present thesis is based on several published peer-reviewed articles, as listed below (in order of appearance within the thesis). In accordance with doctoral degree regulations of the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences of the Technische Universität Dresden, the text of these articles has been altered minimally to ensure consistency and to create a self-contained work. Sara Jahnke was the first and corresponding author for all listed publications. Section 4.1: Jahnke, S., & Hoyer, J. (2013). Stigmatization of people with pedophilia: A blind spot in stigma research? International Journal of Sexual Health, 25(3), 169-184. Adapted with permission from Taylor & Francis. Sara Jahnke worked out the theoretical background, conceptualization, and design of the review and conducted the literature search. She also wrote the corresponding article, for which she received feedback from Prof. Hoyer. Section 4.2: Jahnke, S., Imhoff, R., & Hoyer, J. (2015). Stigmatization of people with pedophilia: Two comparative surveys. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 21–34. Adapted with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media. Sara Jahnke researched the theoretical background of this publication, designed the study, and generated items for the scale assessing stigma. She and Prof. Imhoff were equally involved in the subsequent item selection process (including pretests of the scale and the analyses of pretest results). Sara Jahnke furthermore gathered data for Study I and developed a translated online version of the survey for Study II. She analyzed the data sets for both studies and wrote the complete article, receiving feedback and comments from both co-authors. Section 4.3: Jahnke, S., Schmidt, A., Geradt, M., & Hoyer, J. (2015). Stigma-related stress and its correlates among men with pedophilic sexual interests. Manuscript submitted for publication. Sara Jahnke developed the theoretical framework for this correlational study, which she also conceptualized. Before data collection, she received feedback from her co-authors that she integrated into the survey. She was fully in charge of the data collection and conducted all statistical analyses. Moreover, she wrote the complete article, adapting it to the feedback of her co-authors. ii List of Tables and Figures Section 5.1: Jahnke, S., Philipp, K. & Hoyer, J. (2014). Stigmatizing attitudes towards people with pedophilia and their malleability among psychotherapists in training. Child Abuse & Neglect. Advance Online publication. Adapted with permission from Elsevier. This study was part of Kathleen Philipp’s diploma thesis that Sara Jahnke supervised. Sara Jahnke contributed to the recruitment of participants and training institutes and continued data collection after Kathleen Philipp finished her diploma thesis. Sara Jahnke furthermore conducted all statistical analyses (with the exception of the analyses based on multilevel mixed models, which were performed by a statistician) and wrote the publication, integrating comments and feedback from both co-authors. iii List of Tables and Figures Acknowledgements This section is dedicated to the many wonderful people who have made this dissertation possible. First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor and mentor Prof. Dr. Jürgen Hoyer for his guidance, humor, and continuous support. By encouraging me to pursue my idea of studying the stigmatization of people with pedophilia, he greatly helped me to grow as an independent researcher. I am very grateful for the opportunity to conduct studies in this field, not only because of the fulfilling academic challenge, but also because I have always felt - and still feel - very affected by the personal tragedies caused by stigmatization. This dissertation is based on original publications that were realized within the MiKADO project (German acronym for “Sexual abuse of children: Etiology, Dunkelfeld and victims”). I wish to thank the German Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women, and Youth for funding this project. I also want to thank all people who were part of the MiKADO team for their expertise and open-mindedness. I will miss our MiKADO meetings and the great discussion that we had in seminars, cozy bars, and Finnish saunas! In particular, I wish to thank my co-authors Prof. Dr. Roland Imhoff and Dr. Alexander Schmidt for their support and advice. I also want to thank all students who have contributed to my research for their hard work and enthusiasm. A special thank you goes to Kathleen Philipp, Sylva Friedrich, Carolin Zettler, Konrad Rädlinger, and Wenke Kummer, all of whom have spent hours in the cold helping me to distribute hundreds of questionnaires. Special thanks are also due to Max Geradt for his challenging ideas and persistence in creating an academic seminar to discuss new perspectives of research on pedophilia, and to Dime for his help in recruiting people with pedophilia for online research. Moreover, I wish to thank Dr. Michael Höfler for his statistical advice, and Prof. Dr. Agustín Malón, Daniel Turner, and Dr. Stephen Crawcour for their constructive feedback regarding my papers. I am also indebted to Sven and the staff from FreibeuterFilm for allowing me to use excerpts from the documentary “Outing” in my research. The following postgraduate psychotherapy training institutes deserve to be acknowledged for encouraging their students iv List of Tables and Figures to participate in my study: Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Verhaltensmodifikation Bamberg, Ausbildungsinstitut für Verhaltenstherapie Regensburg, Berliner Akademie für Psychotherapie, Dresdner Akademie für Psychotherapie, Institutsambulanz und Tagesklinik für Psychotherapie der Technischen Universität Dresden, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Weiterbildungsstudiengang Psychologische Psychotherapie der Universität Würzburg, Zentrum für Psychotherapie Chemnitz. Finally, I want to thank the following friends and colleagues for their valuable critique and suggestions regarding my dissertation: Hannah Gerwin, Alexander Pohl, Ricarda Evens, Susan Schurig, Florian Hader, Tabea Schweden, Katharina Schierz, Julia Heinz, Lydia Exler, and Ulrike Schulz. v List of Tables and Figures Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures .................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................ xi Research Summary .............................................................................................. xii 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 2. Basic Considerations ........................................................................................ 3 2.1 Stigma ....................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Conceptualization .......................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Methodological Pitfalls of Studying Stigma ................................. 4 2.1.3 Areas of Stigma Research .............................................................. 6 2.2 Pedophilia ................................................................................................ 13 2.2.1 Conceptualization ........................................................................ 13 2.2.2 Methodological Pitfalls of Studying Pedophilia .......................... 16 2.2.3 Clinical Features of Pedophilia .................................................... 19 2.3 Child Sexual Offenses ............................................................................. 24 2.3.1 Definition of Child Sexual Abuse and Child Pornography Offenses ....................................................................................... 24 2.3.2 Risk Factors for Child Sexual (Re-)Offending ............................ 25 2.3.3 Treatment of People with Pedophilia as Primary Prevention ...... 28 3. Research Questions and Study Overview ....................................................... 31 3.1 General Objectives .................................................................................. 31 3.2 Study overview ........................................................................................ 31 4. Understanding Stigmatization of People with Pedophilia .............................. 35 4.1 Review - Stigmatization of People with Pedophilia: A Blind Spot in Stigma Research ...................................................................................... 35 4.1.1 Theory .......................................................................................... 36 4.1.2 Methods ....................................................................................... 38 4.1.3 Results ......................................................................................... 39 4.1.4 Discussion .................................................................................... 49 4.2 Study I and II - Stigmatization of People with Pedophilia: Two Comparative Surveys ..............................................................................
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